1
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Levin M, Stark M, Ofran Y, Assaraf YG. Deciphering molecular mechanisms underlying chemoresistance in relapsed AML patients: towards precision medicine overcoming drug resistance. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:53. [PMID: 33446189 PMCID: PMC7809753 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a devastating disease with a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%. AML treatment has undergone significant changes in recent years, incorporating novel targeted therapies along with improvements in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation techniques. However, the standard of care remains cytarabine and anthracyclines, and the primary hindrance towards curative treatment is the frequent emergence of intrinsic and acquired anticancer drug resistance. In this respect, patients presenting with chemoresistant AML face dismal prognosis even with most advanced therapies. Herein, we aimed to explore the potential implementation of the characterization of chemoresistance mechanisms in individual AML patients towards efficacious personalized medicine. Methods Towards the identification of tailored treatments for individual patients, we herein present the cases of relapsed AML patients, and compare them to patients displaying durable remissions following the same chemotherapeutic induction treatment. We quantified the expression levels of specific genes mediating drug transport and metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and apoptosis, in order to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying intrinsic and/or acquired chemoresistance modalities in relapsed patients. This was achieved by real-time PCR using patient cDNA, and could be readily implemented in the clinical setting. Results This analysis revealed pre-existing differences in gene expression levels between the relapsed patients and patients with lasting remissions, as well as drug-induced alterations at different relapse stages compared to diagnosis. Each of the relapsed patients displayed unique chemoresistance mechanisms following similar treatment protocols, which could have been missed in a large study aimed at identifying common drug resistance determinants. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the need for standardized evaluation of key drug transport and metabolism genes as an integral component of routine AML management, thereby allowing for the selection of treatments of choice for individual patients. This approach could facilitate the design of efficacious personalized treatment regimens, thereby reducing relapse rates of therapy refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Levin
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Stark
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yishai Ofran
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel.
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2
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Rudd SG, Tsesmetzis N, Sanjiv K, Paulin CBJ, Sandhow L, Kutzner J, Hed Myrberg I, Bunten SS, Axelsson H, Zhang SM, Rasti A, Mäkelä P, Coggins SA, Tao S, Suman S, Branca RM, Mermelekas G, Wiita E, Lee S, Walfridsson J, Schinazi RF, Kim B, Lehtiö J, Rassidakis GZ, Pokrovskaja Tamm K, Warpman‐Berglund U, Heyman M, Grandér D, Lehmann S, Lundbäck T, Qian H, Henter J, Schaller T, Helleday T, Herold N. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors suppress SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity enhancing cytarabine efficacy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10419. [PMID: 31950591 PMCID: PMC7059017 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The deoxycytidine analogue cytarabine (ara-C) remains the backbone treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) as well as other haematological and lymphoid malignancies, but must be combined with other chemotherapeutics to achieve cure. Yet, the underlying mechanism dictating synergistic efficacy of combination chemotherapy remains largely unknown. The dNTPase SAMHD1, which regulates dNTP homoeostasis antagonistically to ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), limits ara-C efficacy by hydrolysing the active triphosphate metabolite ara-CTP. Here, we report that clinically used inhibitors of RNR, such as gemcitabine and hydroxyurea, overcome the SAMHD1-mediated barrier to ara-C efficacy in primary blasts and mouse models of AML, displaying SAMHD1-dependent synergy with ara-C. We present evidence that this is mediated by dNTP pool imbalances leading to allosteric reduction of SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity. Thus, SAMHD1 constitutes a novel biomarker for combination therapies of ara-C and RNR inhibitors with immediate consequences for clinical practice to improve treatment of AML.
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3
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Mura S, Fattal E, Nicolas J. From poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) to squalene as core material for the design of nanomedicines. J Drug Target 2019; 27:470-501. [PMID: 30720372 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1579822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article covers the most important steps of the pioneering work of Patrick Couvreur and tries to shed light on his outstanding career that has been a source of inspiration for many decades. His discovery of biodegradable poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanoparticles (NPs) has opened large perspectives in nanomedicine. Indeed, NPs made from various types of alkyl cyanoacrylate monomers have been used in different applications, such as the treatment of intracellular infections or the treatment of multidrug resistant hepatocarcinoma. This latest application led to the Phase III clinical trial of Livatag®, a PACA nanoparticulate formulation of doxorubicin. Despite the success of PACA NPs, the development of a novel type of NP with higher drug loadings and lower burst release was tackled by the discovery of squalene-based nanomedicines where the drug is covalently linked to the lipid derivative and the resulting conjugate is self-assembled into NPs. This pioneering work was accompanied by a wide range of novel applications which mainly dealt with the management of unmet medical needs (e.g. pancreatic cancer, brain ischaemia and spinal cord injury).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mura
- a Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Elias Fattal
- a Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- a Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Châtenay-Malabry , France
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4
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Zemanova J, Hylse O, Collakova J, Vesely P, Oltova A, Borsky M, Zaprazna K, Kasparkova M, Janovska P, Verner J, Kohoutek J, Dzimkova M, Bryja V, Jaskova Z, Brychtova Y, Paruch K, Trbusek M. Chk1 inhibition significantly potentiates activity of nucleoside analogs in TP53-mutated B-lymphoid cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62091-62106. [PMID: 27556692 PMCID: PMC5308713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for TP53-mutated lymphoid tumors are very limited. In experimental models, TP53-mutated lymphomas were sensitive to direct inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), a pivotal regulator of replication. We initially tested the potential of the highly specific Chk1 inhibitor SCH900776 to synergize with nucleoside analogs (NAs) fludarabine, cytarabine and gemcitabine in cell lines derived from B-cell malignancies. In p53-proficient NALM-6 cells, SCH900776 added to NAs enhanced signaling towards Chk1 (pSer317/pSer345), effectively blocked Chk1 activation (Ser296 autophosphorylation), increased replication stress (p53 and γ-H2AX accumulation) and temporarily potentiated apoptosis. In p53-defective MEC-1 cell line representing adverse chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Chk1 inhibition together with NAs led to enhanced and sustained replication stress and significantly potentiated apoptosis. Altogether, among 17 tested cell lines SCH900776 sensitized four of them to all three NAs. Focusing further on MEC-1 and co-treatment of SCH900776 with fludarabine, we disclosed chromosome pulverization in cells undergoing aberrant mitoses. SCH900776 also increased the effect of fludarabine in a proportion of primary CLL samples treated with pro-proliferative stimuli, including those with TP53 disruption. Finally, we observed a fludarabine potentiation by SCH900776 in a T-cell leukemia 1 (TCL1)-driven mouse model of CLL. Collectively, we have substantiated the significant potential of Chk1 inhibition in B-lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zemanova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Hylse
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Collakova
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Vesely
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Oltova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Borsky
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Zaprazna
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kasparkova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Janovska
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Verner
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kohoutek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Dzimkova
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Jaskova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yvona Brychtova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Paruch
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Trbusek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Wang F, Liu X, Liu C, Liu Z, Sun L. Effects of antibiotic antitumor drugs on nucleotide levels in cultured tumor cells: an exploratory method to distinguish the mechanisms of antitumor drug action based on targeted metabolomics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:223-30. [PMID: 26579450 PMCID: PMC4629260 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide pools in mammalian cells change due to the influence of antitumor drugs, which may help in evaluating the drug effect and understanding the mechanism of drug action. In this study, an ion-pair RP-HPLC method was used for a simple, sensitive and simultaneous determination of the levels of 12 nucleotides in mammalian cells treated with antibiotic antitumor drugs (daunorubicin, epirubicin and dactinomycin D). Through the use of this targeted metabolomics approach to find potential biomarkers, UTP and ATP were verified to be the most appropriate biomarkers. Moreover, a holistic statistical approach was put forward to develop a model which could distinguish 4 categories of drugs with different mechanisms of action. This model can be further validated by evaluating drugs with different mechanisms of action. This targeted metabolomics study may provide a novel approach to predict the mechanism of action of antitumor drugs.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AUC, area under the curve
- Antibiotic anticancer drugs
- CDP, cytidine diphosphate
- CTP, cytidine triphosphate
- DMEM, Dulbecco׳s modified eagle׳s cell culture media
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EC, energy charge
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GDP, guanosine diphosphate
- GMP, guanosine monophosphate
- GTP, guanosine triphosphate
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- Ion-pair HPLC
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Mechanisms of antitumor drug action
- Nucleotides
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PCA, principal component analysis
- Potential biomarkers
- Principal component analysis
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- RPMI-1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640
- TBAHS, tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- Targeted metabolomics analysis
- Tumor cells
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
- UTP, uridine triphosphate
- dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate
- dCDP, deoxycytidine diphosphate
- dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate
- dGMP, deoxyribonucleic monophosphate
- dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate
- dUDP, deoxyuridine diphpsphate
- dUTP, deoxyuridine triphosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Cuichai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 24 23986365; fax: +86 24 23986259.
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6
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Kotsantis P, Jones RM, Higgs MR, Petermann E. Cancer therapy and replication stress: forks on the road to perdition. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 69:91-138. [PMID: 25934360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated DNA replication occurs in cancer where it contributes to genomic instability. This process is a target of cytotoxic therapies. Chemotherapies exploit high DNA replication in cancer cells by modifying the DNA template or by inhibiting vital enzymatic activities that lead to slowing or stalling replication fork progression. Stalled replication forks can be converted into toxic DNA double-strand breaks resulting in cell death, i.e., replication stress. While likely crucial for many cancer treatments, replication stress is poorly understood due to its complexity. While we still know relatively little about the role of replication stress in cancer therapy, technical advances in recent years have shed new light on the effect that cancer therapeutics have on replication forks and the molecular mechanisms that lead from obstructed fork progression to cell death. This chapter will give an overview of our current understanding of replication stress in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kotsantis
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Higgs
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Petermann
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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7
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Yoon JY, Ishdorj G, Graham BA, Johnston JB, Gibson SB. Valproic acid enhances fludarabine-induced apoptosis mediated by ROS and involving decreased AKT and ATM activation in B-cell-lymphoid neoplastic cells. Apoptosis 2014; 19:191-200. [PMID: 24057147 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown synergize with a number of cytotoxic drugs in leukemic cells. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the first line therapy is based on the combination of fludarabine, a nucleoside analogue, and rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, and there are presently no HDAC inhibitors are used to manage CLL. In the present study, we found that the addition of valproic acid (VPA), a HDAC inhibitor, increases cell death in B-cell-neoplasm-derived cell lines, BJAB, NALM-6 and I-83. This increased apoptosis caused release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activation of caspases, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). The addition of a ROS scavenger inhibited cell death induced by the VPA-fludarabine combination. In contrast, blocking the death receptor pathway failed to inhibit VPA increased fludarabine induced apoptosis. Combination of VPA and fludarabine treatment decreased both total and phosphorylated levels of AKT, an important anti-apoptotic protein, and ATM, a pivotal protein in DNA damage response. Chemical inhibition of AKT or ATM was sufficient to enhance fludarabine-induced apoptosis. We next examined patient samples from a local clinical trial where relapsed CLL patients were treated with VPA and examined the effects of VPA on AKT and ATM in vivo. After 30 days, there was a reduction in ATM levels in three out of the four patients treated, while AKT phosphorylation was reduced only in one patient. Taken together, VPA reduces ATM levels, thereby increasing ROS-dependent cell death via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway when combined with fludarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yoon Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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8
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Antiretroviral therapy-induced mitochondrial toxicity: potential mechanisms beyond polymerase-γ inhibition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:110-20. [PMID: 24637942 PMCID: PMC4065195 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that competition between nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor triphosphate and endogenous deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) may lead to depletion of dNTP pools and mitochondrial dysfunction independent of polymerase-γ (pol-γ) inhibition. We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 75 adults (25 cases: HIV-infected patients with mitochondrial toxicity, 25 HIV-infected positive controls, and 25 HIV-negative controls). We observed statistically significant individual and group differences in ribonucleotide (RN) and deoxyribonucleotide (dRN) pools. The median values for the RN pools were 10,062 (interquartile range (IQR): 7,090-12,590), 4,360 (IQR: 3,058-6,838), and 2,968 (IQR: 2,538-4,436) pmol/10(6) cells for negative controls, positive controls, and cases, respectively. Cases had significantly higher absolute mitochondrial DNA copy number as compared with negative controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, cases had significantly higher expression levels of pol-γ, nucleotide transporters, cellular kinases, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) proteins as compared with controls. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) perturbs RN and dRN pools. Depletion of RN and dRN pools may be associated with ART-induced mitochondrial toxicity independent of pol-γ inhibition.
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9
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Klisovic RB, Blum W, Liu Z, Xie Z, Kefauver C, Huynh L, Zwiebel JA, Devine SM, Byrd JC, Grever MR, Chan KK, Marcucci G. Phase I study of GTI-2040, a ribonucleotide reductase antisense, with high dose cytarabine in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:1332-6. [PMID: 24015841 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.838764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that GTI-2040, a 20-mer oligonucleotide complementary to the R2 subunit mRNA of ribonucleotide reductase, combined with high dose cytarabine (HiDAC) would result in enhanced cytotoxicity by favoring Ara-CTP DNA incorporation. In a phase I dose escalation trial, adults (≥ 60 years) with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) received daily HiDAC plus infusional GTI-2040. Using a novel assay, evidence of intracellular drug accumulation and target R2 down-regulation was observed. GTI-2040/HiDAC can be administered safely. However, with no complete remissions observed, alternative doses and schedules may need to be investigated to achieve clinical activity in older patients with AML.
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10
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Kim YH, Moon JY, Kim EO, Lee SJ, Kang SH, Kim SK, Heo K, Lee Y, Kim H, Kim KT, Kim D, Song MS, Lee SW, Lee Y, Koh SS, Kim IH. Efficient targeting and tumor retardation effect of pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF)-specific RNA replacement in pancreatic cancer mouse model. Cancer Lett 2013; 344:223-31. [PMID: 24189457 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The soluble protein pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) plays an important role in pancreatic tumor progression and has begun to attract attention as a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. We herein present PAUF RNA-targeting gene therapy strategies with both targeting and therapeutic function using trans-splicing ribozyme (TSR) in pancreatic cancer. We developed adenoviral PAUF-targeting TSR (Rz) containing a PAUF-specific internal guide sequence (IGS) determined by library screening. This Rz harbors suicide gene, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) or firefly luciferase (Luc) as a transgene for 3' exon replacement of PAUF RNAs. Ad-Rz-TK, Rz harboring the HSV-tk, showed significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo as well as PAUF-dependent cell death in vitro via a successful trans-splicing reaction. Selective induction of Rz-controlled transgene in PAUF-expressing pancreatic cancer was confirmed through noninvasive in vivo imaging; a luminescence signal from Rz harboring Luc (Ad-Rz-Luc) was detectable only in pancreatic tumor sites, not in normal mice. In addition, a [(125)I] FIAU signal reflecting thymidine kinase expression through SPECT and ex vivo biodistribution was co-localized with the tumor sites when we treated with Ad-Rz-TK in orthotopic xenograft model. Taken together, these results imply that PAUF-targeting TSR can contribute to successful targeted gene therapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Kim
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Young Moon
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Kim
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Kang
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ki Kim
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Heo
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusun Lee
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Kim
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehong Kim
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Song
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Suji-Gu, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Wook Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Suji-Gu, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangsoon Lee
- Therapeutic Antibody Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seok Koh
- Therapeutic Antibody Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hoo Kim
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Myeloprotection by cytidine deaminase gene transfer in antileukemic therapy. Neoplasia 2013; 15:239-48. [PMID: 23479503 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer of drug resistance (CTX-R) genes can be used to protect the hematopoietic system from the toxicity of anticancer chemotherapy and this concept recently has been proven by overexpression of a mutant O(6)-methylguaninemethyltransferase in the hematopoietic system of glioblastoma patients treated with temozolomide. Given its protection capacity against such relevant drugs as cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), gemcitabine, decitabine, or azacytidine and the highly hematopoiesis-specific toxicity profile of several of these agents, cytidine deaminase (CDD) represents another interesting candidate CTX-R gene and our group recently has established the myeloprotective capacity of CDD gene transfer in a number of murine transplant studies. Clinically, CDD overexpression appears particularly suited to optimize treatment strategies for acute leukemias and myelodysplasias given the efficacy of ara-C (and to a lesser degree decitabine and azacytidine) in these disease entities. This article will review the current state of the art with regard to CDD gene transfer and point out potential scenarios for a clinical application of this strategy. In addition, risks and potential side effects associated with this approach as well as strategies to overcome these problems will be highlighted.
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12
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Sandoval MR, Balakrishnan K, Luthra R, Keating M, Gandhi V. DNA repair initiation induces expression of ribonucleotide reductase in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:876-83. [PMID: 23772636 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.813497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a heterodimer enzyme responsible for maintaining levels of deoxynucleotides needed for DNA replication. The M2 subunit of RR is known to increase in tandem with progression of cells into S phase, whereas the M1 subunit is expressed at steady-state. Since the expression level of the M2 subunit increases because the cells need deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) for replication, it is logical to hypothesize that the same increase will be seen during DNA repair. To test this, we used chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, which are replicationally quiescent and have low endogenous levels of RR and dNTPs. Cyclophosphamide was selected as the DNA damaging agent because of its clinical use in the treatment of CLL. DNA repair, measured by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation after 4 h treatment with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, increased in a dose-dependent manner at 3, 10 and 50 μM. The induction of DNA repair concomitantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of M2 subunit (median 1.6-fold; range 0.9-5.3). Maximum induction occurred at 10 μM after 4 h and correlated with [(3)H]thymidine incorporation (p = 0.02). In contrast, no change was observed in mRNA or protein levels of M1 subunit. We conclude that RR is regulated not only during replication but also during DNA repair, and in both cases M2 subunit expression is increased.
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Huang SYN, Murai J, Dalla Rosa I, Dexheimer TS, Naumova A, Gmeiner WH, Pommier Y. TDP1 repairs nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage induced by chain-terminating anticancer and antiviral nucleoside analogs. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:7793-803. [PMID: 23775789 PMCID: PMC3763526 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chain-terminating nucleoside analogs (CTNAs) that cause stalling or premature termination of DNA replication forks are widely used as anticancer and antiviral drugs. However, it is not well understood how cells repair the DNA damage induced by these drugs. Here, we reveal the importance of tyrosyl–DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) in the repair of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage induced by CTNAs. On investigating the effects of four CTNAs—acyclovir (ACV), cytarabine (Ara-C), zidovudine (AZT) and zalcitabine (ddC)—we show that TDP1 is capable of removing the covalently linked corresponding CTNAs from DNA 3′-ends. We also show that Tdp1−/− cells are hypersensitive and accumulate more DNA damage when treated with ACV and Ara-C, implicating TDP1 in repairing CTNA-induced DNA damage. As AZT and ddC are known to cause mitochondrial dysfunction, we examined whether TDP1 repairs the mitochondrial DNA damage they induced. We find that AZT and ddC treatment leads to greater depletion of mitochondrial DNA in Tdp1−/− cells. Thus, TDP1 seems to be critical for repairing nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage caused by CTNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shar-yin N Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA and Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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A phase I study of prolonged infusion of triapine in combination with fixed dose rate gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:685-95. [PMID: 22847785 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged exposure of cancer cells to triapine, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, followed by gemcitabine enhances gemcitabine activity in vitro. Fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine (FDR-G) has improved efficacy compared to standard-dose. We conducted a phase I trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and preliminary efficacy of prolonged triapine infusion followed by FDR-G. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Triapine was given as a 24-hour infusion, immediately followed by FDR-G (1000 mg/m(2) over 100-minute). Initially, this combination was administered days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle (Arm A, triapine starting dose 120 mg); but because of myelosuppression, it was changed to days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle (Arm B, starting dose of triapine 75 mg). Triapine steady-state concentrations (Css) and circulating ribonucleotide reductase M2-subunit (RRM2) were measured. RESULTS Thirty-six patients were enrolled. The MTD was determined to be triapine 90 mg (24-hour infusion) immediately followed by gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) (100-minute infusion), every 2 weeks of a 4-week cycle. DLTs included grade 4 thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and neutropenia. The treatment was well tolerated with fatigue, nausea/vomiting, fever, transaminitis, and cytopenias being the most common toxicities. Among 30 evaluable patients, 1 had a partial response and 15 had stable disease. Triapine PK was similar, although more variable, compared to previous studies using doses normalized to body-surface-area. Steady decline in circulating levels of RRM2 may correlate with outcome. CONCLUSIONS This combination was well tolerated and showed evidence of preliminary activity in this heavily pretreated patient population, including prior gemcitabine failure.
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Ali Osman K, Suleyman B, Metin O, Necati A, Alper S, Nuriye Yildirim O, Suleyman A, Onur E, Veli B, Celalettin C, Arife U, Ugur C, Mustafa B. Efficacy and Toxicity of Gemcitabine Plus Docetaxel Combination as a Second Line Therapy for Patients with Advanced Stage Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:463-7. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.2.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Cytostatic drugs in infants: A review on pharmacokinetic data in infants. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:3-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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An RNA aptamer that specifically binds pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor inhibits migration and growth of pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 313:76-83. [PMID: 21963224 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that a novel secretory protein, pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF), which is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer and mediates the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, we generated and characterized a 2'-fluoropyrimidine modified RNA aptamer (P12FR2) directed against human PAUF. P12FR2 binds specifically to human PAUF with an estimated apparent K(D) of 77nM. P12FR2 aptamer inhibits PAUF-induced migration of PANC-1, human pancreatic cancer cells, in a wound healing assay. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of P12FR2 decreased tumor growth by about 60% in an in vivo xenograft model with CFPAC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, without causing a loss of weight in the treated mice. Taken together, we propose here that PAUF-specific RNA aptamer, P12FR2, has the potential to be effective in the therapy of human pancreatic cancer.
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Zhang W, Tan S, Paintsil E, Dutschman GE, Gullen EA, Chu E, Cheng YC. Analysis of deoxyribonucleotide pools in human cancer cell lines using a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:411-7. [PMID: 21620803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides play a critical role in cell function, and determination of their levels is of fundamental importance in understanding key cellular processes involved in energy metabolism and molecular and biochemical signaling pathways. In this study, we determined the respective ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide pool sizes in different human cell lines using a simple sample preparation method and LC/MS/MS. This assay was used to determine alterations in deoxyribonucleotide pools in human pancreatic PANC1 cells in response to hypoxia and to treatment with either hydroxyurea or aphidicolin. The levels of all deoxyribonucleotide metabolites decreased with hypoxia treatment, except for dUMP, which increased by two-fold. This LC/MS/MS assay is simple, fast, and sensitive, and it represents a significant advance over previously published methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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19
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Ren J, Singh BN, Huang Q, Li Z, Gao Y, Mishra P, Hwa YL, Li J, Dowdy SC, Jiang SW. DNA hypermethylation as a chemotherapy target. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1082-93. [PMID: 21345368 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to partially reversible, somatically inheritable, but DNA sequence-independent traits that modulate gene expression, chromatin structure, and cell functions such as cell cycle and apoptosis. DNA methylation is an example of a crucial epigenetic event; aberrant DNA methylation patterns are frequently found in human malignancies. DNA hypermethylation and the associated expression silencing of tumor suppressor genes represent a hallmark of neoplastic cells. The cancer methylome is highly disrupted, making DNA methylation an excellent target for anti-cancer therapies. Several small synthetic and natural molecules, are able to reverse the DNA hypermethylation through inhibition of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). DNMT is the enzyme catalyzing the transfer of methyl groups to cytosines in genomic DNA. These reagents are studied intensively in cell cultures, animal models, and clinical trials for potential anti-cancer activities. It was found that accompanying DNA demethylation is a dramatic reactivation of the silenced genes and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, promotion of cell apoptosis, or sensitization of cells to other chemotherapeutic reagents. During the last few decades, an increasing number of DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi) targeting DNA methylation have been developed to increase efficacy with reduced toxicity. This review provides an update on new findings on cancer epigenetic mechanisms, the development of new DNMTi, and their application in the clinical setting. Current challenges, potential solutions, and future directions concerning the development of DNMTi are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- Cancer Center, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Valdez BC, Li Y, Murray D, Champlin RE, Andersson BS. The synergistic cytotoxicity of clofarabine, fludarabine and busulfan in AML cells involves ATM pathway activation and chromatin remodeling. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:222-32. [PMID: 20933509 PMCID: PMC3006064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA alkylating agents alone or with ionizing radiation have been the preferred conditioning treatment in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). In search of less toxic alternatives, we hypothesized that combination of busulfan (Bu), fludarabine (Flu) and clofarabine (Clo) would provide superior efficacy. At low concentrations, these drugs show synergistic cytotoxicity in Bu-resistant AML KBM3/Bu250(6) cells. Similar molecular responses were observed in other AML cell lines and in primary explanted AML cells. The [Clo+Flu+Bu] combination activates an intense DNA damage response through the ATM pathway, leading to cell cycle checkpoint activation and apoptosis. Phosphorylations of SMC1 and SMC3, and methylations of histones 3 and 4, are much more pronounced in cells exposed to [Clo+Flu+Bu] than [Clo+Flu], suggesting their relevance in the efficacy of the triple-drug combination. A possible mechanism for these observed synergistic effects involves the capability of [Clo+Flu] to induce histone methylations and subsequent chromatin remodeling, which may render the genomic DNA more accessible to Bu alkylation. The Bu-mediated DNA cross-linking may provide a feedback loop which perpetuates the DNA damage response initiated by [Clo+Flu] and commits the cells to apoptosis. Our results provide a conceptual mechanistic basis for exploring this triple-drug combination in pretransplant conditioning therapy for allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno C. Valdez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David Murray
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Ave., Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Richard E. Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Borje S. Andersson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030
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Transmembrane diffusion of gemcitabine by a nanoparticulate squalenoyl prodrug: An original drug delivery pathway. J Control Release 2010; 147:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Valdez BC, Andersson BS. Interstrand crosslink inducing agents in pretransplant conditioning therapy for hematologic malignancies. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:659-668. [PMID: 20577993 PMCID: PMC4346159 DOI: 10.1002/em.20603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite successful molecularly targeted, highly specific, therapies for hematologic malignancies, the DNA interstrand crosslinking agents, which are among the oldest and least specific cytotoxic drugs, still have an important role. This is particularly true in stem cell transplantation, where virtually every patient receives conditioning therapy with a DNA-alkylating agent-based program. However, due to concern about serious additive toxicities with combinations of different alkylating drugs, the last several years have seen nucleoside analogs, whose cytotoxic action follows vastly different molecular pathways, introduced in combination with alkylating agents. The mechanistic differences paired with different metabolic pathways for the respective drugs have clinically translated into increased safety without appreciable loss of antileukemic activity. In this report, we review pre-clinical evidence for synergistic antileukemic activity when nucleoside analog(s) and DNA-alkylating agent(s) are combined in the most appropriate manner(s), without a measurable decrease in clinical efficacy compared with the more established alkylating agent combinations. Data from our own laboratory using combinations of fludarabine, clofarabine, and busulfan as prototype representatives for these respective classes of cytotoxic agents are combined with information from other investigators to explain how the observed molecular events will result in greatly enhanced synergistic cytotoxicity. We further present possible mechanistic pathways for such desirable cytotoxic synergism. Finally, we propose how this information-backed hypothesis can be incorporated in the design of the next generation conditioning therapy programs in stem cell transplantation to optimize antileukemic efficacy while still safeguarding patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Borje S. Andersson
- Correspondence to: Borje S. Andersson, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 423, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030.
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Phadke MS, Krynetskaia NF, Mishra AK, Krynetskiy E. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase depletion induces cell cycle arrest and resistance to antimetabolites in human carcinoma cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:77-86. [PMID: 19628630 PMCID: PMC2766228 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.155671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional protein that acts at the intersection of energy metabolism and stress response in tumor cells. To elucidate the role of GAPDH in chemotherapy-induced stress, we analyzed its activity, protein level, intracellular distribution, and intranuclear mobility in human carcinoma cells A549 and UO31 after treatment with cytarabine, doxorubicin, and mercaptopurine. After treatment with cytosine arabinoside (araC), enzymatically inactive GAPDH accumulated in the nucleus. Experiments on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching with green fluorescent protein-GAPDH fusion protein in the live cells treated with araC demonstrated reduced mobility of green fluorescent protein-GAPDH inside the nucleus, indicative of interactions with nuclear macromolecular components after genotoxic stress. Depletion of GAPDH with RNA interference stopped cell proliferation, and induced cell cycle arrest in G(1) phase via p53 stabilization, and accumulation of p53-inducible CDK inhibitor p21. Neither p21 accumulation nor cell cycle arrest was detected in GAPDH-depleted p53-null NCI-H358 cells. GAPDH-depleted A549 cells were 50-fold more resistant to treatment with cytarabine (1.68 +/- 0.182 microM versus 0.03 +/- 0.015 microM in control). Depletion of GAPDH did not significantly alter cellular sensitivity to doxorubicin (0.05 +/- 0.023 microM versus 0.035 +/- 0.0154 microM in control). Induction of cell cycle arrest in p53-proficient carcinoma cells via GAPDH abrogation suggests that GAPDH-depleting agents may have a cytostatic effect in cancer cells. Our results define GAPDH as an important determinant of cellular sensitivity to antimetabolite chemotherapy because of its regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali S Phadke
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Cohen S, Megherbi M, Jordheim LP, Lefebvre I, Perigaud C, Dumontet C, Guitton J. Simultaneous analysis of eight nucleoside triphosphates in cell lines by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3831-40. [PMID: 19805008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a new method for the simultaneous determination of eight endogenous ribonucleoside triphosphates and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates based on a combination of a selective sample preparation and an ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The sample preparation was based on a protein precipitation coupled with a solid phase extraction using a weak-anion-exchange cartridge. The analytical separation of the nucleotides was achieved on a porous graphitic carbon stationary phase with a binary elution gradient program employing ion-pairing reagents (diethylamine and hexylamine) and organic eluent (methanol). The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in both negative and positive multiple reaction monitoring modes. The calibration assay used the stable isotope labelled analogs of each compounds as standard. Standard calibrations were from 0.25 to 10pmol injected according to deoxyribonucleotides and from 12.5 to 3000pmol injected according to ribonucleotides. The within-run precision of the assay was less than 14.5% and the between-run precision was less than 12.4% for each analytes. Assay accuracy was in the range of 92.3-107.6%. This method allows the determination of NTP and dNTP pools from lysats of several cell lines or peripheral blood mononuclear cell from patient. Assays were performed with different preparation of cells to confirm the quality and the relevance of the described method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Cohen
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Toxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, F-69495 Pierre-Bénite, France
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Sztiller-Sikorska M, Jakubowska J, Wozniak M, Stasiak M, Czyz M. A non-apoptotic function of caspase-3 in pharmacologically-induced differentiation of K562 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1451-62. [PMID: 19627286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several anticancer drugs with diverse chemical structures can induce differentiation of cancer cells. This study was undertaken to explore the potential contribution of caspase-3 to pharmacologically-induced differentiation of K562 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We assessed differentiation by measuring the expression of glycophorin A and haemoglobin synthesis in K562 cells treated with low concentrations of doxorubicin, hydroxyurea, cytosine arabinoside, cisplatin and haemin. Caspase-3 activation, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and viability were assessed by FACS. GATA-1-binding activity was evaluated by EMSA. KEY RESULTS Treatment of K562 cells with low concentrations of the tested drugs activated caspase-3 but did not trigger detectable apoptosis. Instead, elevated levels of haemoglobin-positive and glycophorin A/caspase-3-double-positive cells were observed, suggesting involvement of caspase-3 in drug-induced differentiation. Inhibition of caspase-3 activity significantly reduced the ability of K562 cells to execute the differentiation programme. Mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation was observed, indicating involvement of the mitochondrial pathway. Binding activity of GATA-1, transcription factor responsible for differentiation and cell survival, was not diminished by increased caspase-3 activity during drug-stimulated differentiation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results could explain how anticancer drugs, with diverse structures and modes of action, can stimulate erythroid differentiation in leukaemic cells with appropriate genetic backgrounds. Our findings imply that some similarities exist between pharmacologically-induced differentiation of erythroleukaemic cells and normal erythropoiesis, both involving caspase-3 activation at high levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-X(L) and chaperone protein Hsp70 (heat shock protein 70). Therefore, the functions of caspase-3, unrelated to cell death, can be extended to pharmacologically-induced differentiation of some cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sztiller-Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Chelation of intracellular iron with the antifungal agent ciclopirox olamine induces cell death in leukemia and myeloma cells. Blood 2009; 114:3064-73. [PMID: 19589922 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-209965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Off-patent drugs with previously unrecognized anticancer activity could be rapidly repurposed for this new indication. To identify such compounds, we conducted 2 independent cell-based chemical screens and identified the antimicrobial ciclopirox olamine (CPX) in both screens. CPX decreased cell growth and viability of malignant leukemia, myeloma, and solid tumor cell lines as well as primary AML patient samples at low-micromolar concentrations that appear pharmacologically achievable. Furthermore, oral CPX decreased tumor weight and volume in 3 mouse models of leukemia by up to 65% compared with control without evidence of weight loss or gross organ toxicity. In addition, oral CPX prevented the engraftment of primary AML cells in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse models, thereby establishing its ability to target leukemia stem cells. Mechanistically, CPX bound intracellular iron, and this intracellular iron chelation was functionally important for its cytotoxicity. By electron paramagnetic resonance, CPX inhibited the iron-dependent enzyme ribonucleotide reductase at concentrations associated with cell death. Thus, in summary, CPX has previously unrecognized anticancer activity at concentrations that are pharmacologically achievable. Therefore, CPX could be rapidly repurposed for the treatment of malignancies, including leukemia and myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kirschbaum
- Division of Hematology, City of Hope National Cancer Center, Duarte, USA.
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Nitsche M, Christiansen H, Hermann RM, Lucke EM, Peters K, Rave-Frank M, Schmidberger H, Pradier O. The combined effect of fludarabine monophosphate and radiation as well as gemcitabine and radiation on squamous carcinoma tumor cell lines in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 84:643-57. [PMID: 18661380 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802241754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite proven antitumor activity of gemcitabine in chemoradiotherapy of advanced head and neck cancer, many authors refer to severe acute and late local and haematological toxicity. Fludarabine does imply nearly the same mechanisms of action as gemcitabine, inhibiting various enzymes involved in DNA replication. This investigation focuses on the combined effect of either fludarabine or gemcitabine and radiation on human squamous carcinoma cell lines in vitro, providing data for future decisions on head and neck chemoradiotherapy regimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS ZMK-1, A549, BW-225, GR-145, OH-65 and CaSki cell lines were incubated with either drug at defined schedules and irradiated at a single fraction dose of 2 Gy every 24 hours up to 8 Gy. Cytotoxic effects were measured by colony-forming assays, quantitative determination of apoptosis and isobologram analysis. RESULTS Incubation of fludarabine led to a radiosensitizing effect in the A549, CaSki and ZMK-1 cell lines and an additive effect in the BW-225, GR-145 and OH-65 cell lines. Treatment with gemcitabine only indicated significant radiosensitization in the CaSki cell line in combination with augmented resistance against gemcitabine application alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a potential radiosensitizing effect of fludarabine and its possible application in chemoradiotherapy of advanced head and neck carcinoma and possibly other tumor entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Nitsche
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Gottingen
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Klisovic RB, Blum W, Wei X, Liu S, Liu Z, Xie Z, Vukosavljevic T, Kefauver C, Huynh L, Pang J, Zwiebel JA, Devine S, Byrd JC, Grever MR, Chan K, Marcucci G. Phase I study of GTI-2040, an antisense to ribonucleotide reductase, in combination with high-dose cytarabine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3889-95. [PMID: 18559610 PMCID: PMC2993318 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase reduces the availability of the endogenous pool of deoxycytidine and may increase cytarabine (AraC) cytotoxicity. We performed a phase I dose escalation trial of AraC combined with GTI-2040, a 20-mer antisense oligonucleotide shown in preclinical studies to decrease levels of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, to determine the maximum tolerated dose in adults with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-three adults (ages 18-59 years) were enrolled in this dose escalation phase I trial, receiving high-dose AraC twice daily combined with infusional GTI-2040. An ELISA-based assay measured plasma and intracellular concentrations of GTI-2040. R2 protein changes were evaluated by immunoblotting in pretreatment and post-treatment bone marrow samples. RESULTS The maximum tolerated dose was 5 mg/kg/d GTI-2040 (days 1-6) and 3 g/m2/dose AraC every 12 hours for 8 doses. Neurotoxicity was dose limiting. Eight patients (35%) achieved complete remission. Mean bone marrow intracellular concentration of GTI-2040 were higher at 120 hours than at 24 hours from the start of GTI-2040 (P = 0.002), suggesting intracellular drug accumulation over time. Reductions in bone marrow levels of R2 protein (>50%) were observed at 24 and 120 hours. Higher baseline R2 protein expression (P = 0.03) and reductions after 24 hours of GTI-2040 (P = 0.04) were associated with complete remission. CONCLUSIONS GTI-2040 and high-dose AraC were coadministered safely with successful reduction of the intended R2 target and encouraging clinical results. The clinical efficacy of this combination will be tested in an upcoming phase II study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B. Klisovic
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William Blum
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shujun Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zhongfa Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zhiliang Xie
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tamara Vukosavljevic
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cheryl Kefauver
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - LeNguyen Huynh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jiuxia Pang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James A. Zwiebel
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven Devine
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John C. Byrd
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael R. Grever
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kenneth Chan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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30
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Mini E, Nobili S, Caciagli B, Landini I, Mazzei T. Cellular pharmacology of gemcitabine. Ann Oncol 2008; 17 Suppl 5:v7-12. [PMID: 16807468 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdj941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro 2'-deoxycytidine, dFdC) is the most important cytidine analogue developed since cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). The evidence of its potent antitumor activity in a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo tumor models has been successfully confirmed in the clinical setting. Despite structural and pharmacological similarities to Ara-C, gemcitabine displays distinctive features of cellular pharmacology, metabolism and mechanism of action. Following influx through the cell membrane via nucleoside transporters, gemcitabine undergoes complex intracellular conversion to the nucleotides gemcitabine diphosphate (dFdCDP) and triphosphate (dFdCTP) responsible for its cytotoxic actions. The cytotoxic activity of gemcitabine may be the result of several actions on DNA synthesis. dFdCTP competes with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) as an inhibitor of DNA polymerase. dFdCDP is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleoside reductase, resulting in depletion of deoxyribonucleotide pools necessary for DNA synthesis and, thereby potentiating the effects of dFdCTP. dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA and after the incorporation of one more nucleotide leads to DNA strand termination. This extra nucleotide may be important in hiding the dFdCTP from DNA repair enzymes, as incorporation of dFdCTP into DNA appears to be resistant to the normal mechanisms of DNA repair. Gemcitabine can be effectively inactivated mainly by the action of deoxycytidine deaminase to 2,2'-difluorodeoxyuridine. Also, 5'-nucleotidase opposes the action of nucleoside kinases by catalysing the conversion of nucleotides back to nucleosides. Additional sites of action and self-potentiating effects have been described. Evidence that up- or down-regulation of the multiple membrane transporters, target enzymes, enzymes involved in the metabolism of gemcitabine and alterations in the apoptotic pathways may confer sensitivity/resistance to this drug, has been provided in experimental models and more recently also in the clinical setting. Synergism between gemcitabine and several other antineoplastic agents has been demonstrated in experimental models based on specific pharmacodynamic interactions. Knowledge of gemcitabine cellular pharmacology and its molecular mechanisms of resistance and drug interaction may thus be pivotal to a more rational clinical use of this drug in combination regimens and in tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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31
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Cisplatin, gemcitabine and treosulfan is effective in chemotherapy-pretreated relapsed stage IV uveal melanoma patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 62:685-8. [PMID: 18084763 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of cisplatin, gemcitabine, and treosulfan (CGT) was evaluated in patients with chemotherapy pretreated relapsed AJCC stage IV uveal malignant melanoma. METHODS Patients received i.v./intrahepatic cisplatin, i.v. gemcitabine, and i.v. treosulfan (CGT) on day 1 and 8 as first-line (n = 1), second-line (n = 9), third-line (n = 1) or fourth-line (n = 1) therapy. Cisplatin, gemcitabine, and treosulfan (CGT)-therapy was repeated every 5 weeks until progression of disease occurred. A maximum of six CGT-cycles (mean, 2 cycles) was administered per patient. RESULTS No objective response was observed, six patients (50%) had stable disease and six (50%) patients progressed upon first reevaluation. Overall survival of all the 12 patients was 6 months. Patients with stable disease reached a median overall survival of 12 months, while patients with disease progression upon first reevaluation had a median overall survival of 4 months, only. Grade III/IV related hematotological side effects were experienced in six (leukopenia) and four (thrombocytopenia) patients. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with CGT may lead to disease stabilization and prolonged survival in a substantial proportion of progressive stage IV uveal melanoma patients, even following heavy chemotherapy treatment.
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Abstract
Objective. In the era of oral molecular kinase inhibitors, cytotoxic chemotherapy agents are somewhat overlooked, but remain the backbone of treatment for most cancers. Patients with non-gastrointestinal stromal tumor sarcomas, such as leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, and undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma (formerly called malignant fibrous histiocytoma), have received doxorubicin and ifosfamide as the backbone of their treatment for over 15 years or more. The goal of this article is to review the data that have led to the use of gemcitabine and docetaxel as a useful combination for patients with metastatic sarcomas, and to comment on possible synergy of the combination. Methods and results. The literature regarding the use of gemcitabine, docetaxel, or both, is reviewed, with emphasis on patients with metastatic sarcoma. Results. Activity of gemcitabine and docetaxel is observed in leiomyosarcoma and undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma. There is apparent schedule dependence of the combination in other cancers; it is unclear if schedule matters in patients with sarcomas. The dose and schedule of gemcitabine and docetaxel examined in phase II studies are probably too high for routine practice. Conclusions. The combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel is an effective option for patients with metastatic sarcoma, increasing the armamentarium for the practicing oncologist in treating this heterogeneous group of diseases. Given the low response rate to docetaxel as a single agent, it is likely that there is true clinical synergy of the combination. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Maki
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, New York 10021-6007, USA.
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33
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Karp JE, Giles FJ, Gojo I, Morris L, Greer J, Johnson B, Thein M, Sznol M, Low J. A phase I study of the novel ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP, Triapine) in combination with the nucleoside analog fludarabine for patients with refractory acute leukemias and aggressive myeloproliferative disorders. Leuk Res 2007; 32:71-7. [PMID: 17640728 PMCID: PMC2726775 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Triapine is a potent ribonucleotide reductase (RR) inhibitor that depletes intracellular deoxyribonculeotide pools, especially dATP. We designed a Phase I trial of Triapine followed by the adenosine analog fludarabine in adults with refractory acute leukemias and aggressive myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). Two schedules were examined: (A) Triapine 105 mg/m(2)/day over 4 h followed by fludarabine daily x 5 (24 patients, fludarabine 15-30 mg/m(2)/dose); (B) Triapine 200 mg/m(2) over 24h followed by 5 days of fludarabine 30 mg/m(2)/day (9 patients). Complete and partial responses (CR, PR) occurred in Schedule A (5/24, 21%), with CR occurring at the 2 highest fludarabine doses (2/12, 17%). In contrast, no CR or PR occurred in Schedule B. Four of the 5 responses occurred in patients with underlying MPD (4/14, 29%). Drug-related toxicities included fever and metabolic acidosis. Triapine 105 mg/m(2) followed by fludarabine 30 mg/m2 daily x 5 is active in refractory myeloid malignancies and warrants continuing study for patients with aggressive MPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Karp
- Leukemia Program, Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA.
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34
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Giovannetti E, Mey V, Loni L, Nannizzi S, Barsanti G, Savarino G, Ricciardi S, Del Tacca M, Danesi R. Cytotoxic activity of gemcitabine and correlation with expression profile of drug-related genes in human lymphoid cells. Pharmacol Res 2007; 55:343-9. [PMID: 17296311 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and DNA polymerization with promising activity in hematologic malignancies. Gemcitabine enters the cell mostly via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1), while drug metabolism occurs by phosphorylation by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), 5'-nucleotidase (cN-II) and cytidine deaminase (CDA) are the main inactivating enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these determinants in gemcitabine cytotoxicity and analyze their expression in lymphoid cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT, and modulated by simultaneous addition of 2'-deoxycytidine (dCK natural substrate), tetrahydrouridine (CDA competitive inhibitor) and diethylpyrocarbonate (cN-II non-competitive inhibitor), while the expression of hENT1, dCK, cN-II, CDA and RR in WIL2-S, Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells as well as in lymphoid cells from 25 chronic lymphocytic B-leukemia (B-CLL) patients was studied with quantitative-PCR. Cell cycle modulation and induction of apoptosis were analyzed by cytofluorimetry and bisbenzimide staining. Gemcitabine was highly cytotoxic, increased the cells in S-phase and significantly enhanced apoptosis. The crucial role of metabolism in gemcitabine activity was confirmed by the significant modulation of cytotoxicity by inhibitors of dCK, CDA and cN-II. Furthermore, PCR demonstrated a correlation between gemcitabine sensitivity and expression of its determinants, and that their values were within those observed in patients. These data indicate that gemcitabine is cytotoxic against lymphoid cells, affecting cell cycle and apoptosis. Furthermore, chemosensitivity may be predicted on the basis of gene expression profile of critical determinants involved in gemcitabine mechanism of action, suggesting the use of pharmacogenetic profiling for treatment optimization.
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MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/genetics
- 5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/metabolism
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/genetics
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/genetics
- Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Patient Selection
- Predictive Value of Tests
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase/genetics
- Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giovannetti
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 55 Via Roma, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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35
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Svetlova M, Solovjeva L, Blasius M, Shevelev I, Hubscher U, Hanawalt P, Tomilin N. Differential incorporation of halogenated deoxyuridines during UV-induced DNA repair synthesis in human cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 4:359-66. [PMID: 15661659 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Double labeling of interphase and metaphase chromosomes by 5-chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU) and 5-iododeoxyuridine (IdU) has been used in studies of the dynamics of DNA replication. Here, we have used this approach and confocal microscopy to analyze sites of DNA repair synthesis during nucleotide excision repair (NER) in quiescent human fibroblasts. Surprisingly, we have found that when both precursors are added at the same time to UV-irradiated cells they label different sites in the nucleus. In contrast, even very short periods of simultaneous IdU+CldU labeling of S-phase cells produced mostly overlapped IdU and CldU replication foci. The differential labeling of repair sites might be due to compartmentalization of I-dUTP and Cl-dUTP pools, or to differential utilization of these thymidine analogs by DNA polymerases delta and epsilon (Poldelta and Polepsilon). To explore the latter possibility we used purified mammalian polymerases to find that I-dUTP is efficiently utilized by both Poldelta and Polepsilon. However, we found that the UV-induced incorporation of IdU was more strongly stimulated by treatment of cells with hydroxyurea than was incorporation of CldU. This indicates that there may be distinct IdU and CldU-derived nucleotide pools differentially affected by inhibition of the ribonucleotide reductase pathway of dNTP synthesis and that is consistent with the view that differential incorporation of IdU and CldU during NER may be caused by compartmentalization of IdU- and CldU-derived nucleotide pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Svetlova
- Laboratory of Chromosome Stability, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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36
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Hubeek I, Peters GJ, Broekhuizen AJF, Kaspers GJL. Modulation of cytarabine induced cytotoxicity using novel deoxynucleoside analogs in the HL60 cell line. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 23:1513-6. [PMID: 15571288 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200027727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In order to enhance the cytotoxicity of ara-C in the HL60 cell line the following deoxynucleoside analogs were used: cladribine, fludarabine and gemcitabine. HL60 cells were co-incubated with ara-C and each of the modulators at the ratios of their respective IC50s. Cytotoxicity was determined with the MTT-assay and drug interactions were evaluated with the combination index (CI) method (Calcusyn; Chou & Talalay). CI < 1, CI +/- 1 and > 1 indicate synergism, additive effect and antagonism, respectively. We observed moderate synergism between ara-C/cladribine and ara-C/gemcitabine, with CIs of 0.76 +/- 0.14 and 0.82 +/- 0.04, respectively. The interaction between ara-C/fludarabine resulted in moderate antagonism (CI = 1.29 +/- 0.11). In conclusion, in this in vitro study we showed that the cytotoxicity of ara-C can be succesfully modulated in the HL60 cell line by cladribine and gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hubeek
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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37
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Giovannetti E, Mey V, Danesi R, Mosca I, Del Tacca M. Synergistic cytotoxicity and pharmacogenetics of gemcitabine and pemetrexed combination in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2936-43. [PMID: 15131028 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gemcitabine is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and DNA synthesis and is an effective agent in the treatment of pancreas cancer. The present study investigates whether the multitargeted antifolate pemetrexed would be synergistic with gemcitabine against MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1, and Capan-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cells were treated with gemcitabine and pemetrexed, and the type of drug interaction was assessed using the combination index. Cytotoxicity of gemcitabine was examined with inhibitors of (a) deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), which activates gemcitabine by phosphorylation, and (b) 5'-nucleotidase (drug dephosphorylation) and cytidine deaminase (drug deamination), the main inactivating enzymes. The effects of gemcitabine and pemetrexed on cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry, and apoptosis was examined by fluorescence microscopy. Finally, quantitative, real-time PCR was used to study the pharmacogenetics of the drug combination. RESULTS Synergistic cytotoxicity and enhancement of apoptosis was demonstrated, mostly with the sequence pemetrexed-->gemcitabine. Pemetrexed increased cells in S phase, the most sensitive to gemcitabine, and a positive correlation was found between the expression ratio of dCK:RR and gemcitabine sensitivity. Indeed, pemetrexed significantly enhanced dCK gene expression (+227.9, +86.0, and +135.5% in MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1, and Capan-1 cells, respectively), and the crucial role of this enzyme was confirmed by impairment of gemcitabine cytotoxicity after dCK saturation with 2'-deoxycytidine. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the gemcitabine and pemetrexed combination displays schedule-dependent synergistic cytotoxic activity, favorably modulates cell cycle, induces apoptosis, and enhances dCK expression in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giovannetti
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Pisa, Italy
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38
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D'Ambrosi N, Costanzi S, Angelini DF, Volpini R, Sancesario G, Cristalli G, Volonté C. 2-ClATP exerts anti-tumoural actions not mediated by P2 receptors in neuronal and glial cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:621-30. [PMID: 14757162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the ATP analogue and P2 receptor agonist 2-ClATP on growth and survival of different neuronal (PC12, PC12nnr5 and SH-SY5Y) and glial (U87 and U373) cell lines, by the use of direct count of intact nuclei, fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis (FACS) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). 2-ClATP lowered the number of cultured PC12nnr5, SH-SY5Y, U87 and U373 cells to almost 5%, and of PC12 cells to about 35% after 3-4 days of treatment. EC(50) was in the 5-25 microM range, with 2-ClATP behaving as a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent. Analysis of the biological mechanisms demonstrated that pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (P2 receptor antagonist and nucleotidases inhibitor), but not Caffeine or CGS-15493 (P1 receptor antagonists) effectively prevented 2-ClATP-induced toxicity. 2-ClATP metabolic products (2-ClADP, 2-ClAMP, 2-Cladenosine) and new synthesis derivatives (2-CldAMP, 2-Cldadenosine-3',5'-bisphosphate and 2-CldATP) exerted similar cytotoxic actions. Inhibition of both serum nucleotidases and purine nucleoside transporters strongly reduced 2-ClATP-induced cell death, which was conversely increased by the nucleotide hydrolyzing enzyme apyrase. The adenosine kinase inhibitor 5-iodotubericidin totally prevented 2-ClATP or 2-Cladenosine-induced toxicity. In summary, our findings indicate that 2-ClATP exerts either cell cycle arrest or cell death, acting neither on P2 nor on P1 receptors, but being extracellularly metabolized into 2-Cladenosine, intracellularly transported and re-phosphorylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia D'Ambrosi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Rome, Italy
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39
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Sznol M. Revisiting ribonucleotide reductase as a target to enhance radiation and chemotherapy anti-tumor activity. Cancer J 2003; 9:247-50. [PMID: 12967134 DOI: 10.1097/00130404-200307000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sznol
- Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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40
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Pagliaro LC, Delpassand ES, Williams D, Millikan RE, Tu SM, Logothetis CJ. A Phase I/II study of strontium-89 combined with gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with androgen independent prostate carcinoma and bone metastases. Cancer 2003; 97:2988-94. [PMID: 12784333 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of the current study were to determine the maximum tolerated dose and to evaluate the efficacy of gemcitabine given in combination with strontium-89 to patients with androgen independent prostate carcinoma. METHODS Patients with androgen-independent prostate carcinoma and painful osteoblastic bone metastases were eligible. On a 12-week course, patients received gemcitabine (600 mg/m(2) or 800 mg/m(2)) on Days 1, 8, 15, 43, 50, and 57. A single dose of strontium-89 (55 microCi/kg) was administered on Day 8. RESULTS Fifteen patients were registered, and all were assessable for response and toxicity. Four patients were treated at Dose Level 1 (gemcitabine 600 mg/m(2)) without dose-limiting toxicity. Eleven patients received a total of 13 courses at Dose Level 2 (gemcitabine 800 mg/m(2)). Platelet nadirs of 25000-50000 platelets per microL were common at Dose Level 2, and 1 patient had Grade 4 thrombocytopenia that was dose-limiting. Granulocyte nadirs up to < 500 granulocytes per microL occurred in 4 patients at Dose Level 2 and were reversible. There were no responses, as measured by prostate specific antigen concentration, although 6 patients (40%) had stable disease. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that 800 mg/m(2) gemcitabine was the maximum tolerated dose for the combination. The study was terminated on the basis that an overall response rate > than 10% was unlikely. Further study at this dose level and schedule is not warranted. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance C Pagliaro
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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41
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Pereira S, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Theoretical study of ribonucleotide reductase mechanism-based inhibition by 2?-azido-2?-deoxyribonucleoside 5?-diphosphates. J Comput Chem 2003; 25:227-37. [PMID: 14648621 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.10375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
2'-azido-2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates are mechanism-based inhibitors of Ribonucleotide Reductase. Considerable effort has been made to elucidate their mechanism of inhibition, which is still controversial and not fully understood. Previous studies have detected the formation of a radical intermediate when the inhibitors interact with the enzyme, and several authors have proposed possible structures for this radical. We have conducted a theoretical study of the possible reactions involved, which allowed us to identify the structure of the new radical among the several proposals. A new reactional path is also proposed that is the most kinetically favored to yield this radical and ultimately inactivate the enzyme. The energetic involved in this mechanism, both for radical formation and radical decay, as well as the calculated Hyperfine Coupling Constants for the radical intermediate, are in agreement with the correspondent experimental values. This mechanistic alternative is fully coherent with remaining experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Pereira
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Gmeiner WH. Antimetabolite incorporation into DNA: structural and thermodynamic basis for anticancer activity. Biopolymers 2002; 65:180-9. [PMID: 12228923 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimetabolites are a class of effective anticancer drugs that structurally resemble naturally occurring biochemicals and interfere in essential biochemical processes. In this review, the recent literature describing investigations of the structural and thermodynamic basis for the anticancer activity of three antipyrimidines [1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytidine (AraC). 2',2'-difluoro deoxycytidine (dFdC), and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd)] is summarized. Our laboratory, and others, have shown that misincorporation of any of these three antipyrimidines into DNA perturbs the structure and decreases the stability of duplex DNA. These data are useful for rationalizing the effects of antipyrimidine misincorporation on the activities of proteins required for DNA replication and repair such as DNA topoisomerase 1 and DNA polymerases. The studies completed to date and summarized in this review demonstrate the utility of investigations into the structure-function relationships between antipyrimidine-substituted DNA complexed with DNA-modifying proteins for the purpose of understanding the basis for effective antipyrimidine cancer chemotherapy and the future design of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gmeiner
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Pagliaro LC, Millikan RE, Tu SM, Williams D, Daliani D, Papandreou CN, Logothetis CJ. Cisplatin, gemcitabine, and ifosfamide as weekly therapy: a feasibility and phase II study of salvage treatment for advanced transitional-cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:2965-70. [PMID: 12089226 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the feasibility, safety, and antitumor activity of weekly gemcitabine given in combination with low doses of cisplatin and ifosfamide in previously treated patients with advanced transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urothelium. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with measurable, metastatic or unresectable TCC who had received one or two prior chemotherapy regimens were eligible. On a 28-day course, doses of cisplatin 30 mg/m(2), gemcitabine 800 mg/m(2), and ifosfamide 1 g/m(2) were given on day 1 and then repeated on day 8 and day 15 unless there was dose-limiting hematologic toxicity. RESULTS Fifty-one patients were registered; 10 patients participated in a pilot study, after which 41 patients were registered onto the phase II protocol. Forty-eight patients (94.1%) had dose-limiting hematologic toxicity on day 8 or day 15. Nonhematologic toxicity of grade 3 or greater consisted mainly of nausea and vomiting (seven patients, 13.7%) and infection (seven patients, 13.7%). Responses could be assessed in 49 of 51 eligible patients; two complete responses (4.1%) and 18 partial responses (36.7%) were observed for an overall response rate of 40.8% (exact 95% confidence interval, 27% to 56%). CONCLUSION This regimen of cisplatin, gemcitabine, and ifosfamide is not feasible for weekly administration because of hematologic toxicity. Nevertheless, there was promising activity with only two doses per 28-day cycle. On the basis of these results, we have initiated a phase II trial of this combination given as a single dose every 14 days in patients with untreated, metastatic urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance C Pagliaro
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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44
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Offidani M, Mele A, Corvatta L, Marconi M, Malerba L, Olivieri A, Rupoli S, Alesiani F, Leoni P. Gemcitabine alone or combined with cisplatin in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:1273-9. [PMID: 12152996 DOI: 10.1080/10428190290026330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog with antitumor activity against solid tumor malignancies and leukemia. We evaluated its activity as a single agent and combining it with cisplatin in relapsed-refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Sixteen patients with advanced MM received intravenous gemcitabine 1250 mg/mq (days 1, 8 and 15) as a single agent for a total of 3 monthly courses. The responders received another three courses, and the non-responders received three courses of gemcitabine 1000 mg/mq (days 1, 8 and 15) plus cisplatin 80 mg/mq (day 1). No grade 4 hematological toxicity was seen after gemcitabine treatment, whereas > or = 3 grade neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were seen in 21 and 13% of the gemcitabine-cisplatin infusions, respectively. Non-hematological toxicity was negligible for both the regimens. After three courses of gemcitabine as a single agent, th e response rate was 31% (1 complete response, 1 partial response and 3 minimal response). Eight patients (50%) achieved stable disease and 3 (19%) had disease progression. Ten patients received gemcitabine-cisplatin and were evaluable for the response. Two patients progressed, four maintained stable disease whereas four patients, unresponsive to gemcitabine, obtained a response (3 partial response and 1 minimal response). With a median follow-up of 13 months (range 8-17.5), 7 patients (44%) died, 5 (31%) had disease progression, 1 (6%) relapsed, 1 was still in partial response (+11 months) and 2 (13%) had a stable disease. Median time to treatment failure (TTF) was 8 months (CI95%: 7.6-8.4) and median overall survival (OS) was 16 months (CI95%: 10-22). These results showed that gemcitabine and gemcitabine-cisplatin were feasible regimens and well tolerated in advanced relapsed-refractory MM. The response rates, the TTF and OS were similar to other salvage chemotherapy regimens; nevertheless, the quality of response was modest particularly after gemcitabine alone. Better results might be obtained combining gemcitabine with other chemotherapy compounds or with biologically based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Offidani
- Clinica di Ematologia, Ancona University, Umberto I Hospital, Italy.
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45
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Grusch M, Polgar D, Gfatter S, Leuhuber K, Huettenbrenner S, Leisser C, Fuhrmann G, Kassie F, Steinkellner H, Smid K, Peters GJ, Jayaram HN, Klepal W, Szekeres T, Knasmüller S, Krupitza G. Maintenance of ATP favours apoptosis over necrosis triggered by benzamide riboside. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:169-78. [PMID: 11840167 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2001] [Revised: 07/31/2001] [Accepted: 08/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic drug, benzamide riboside (BR) exhibited strong oncolytic activity against leukemic cells in the 5-10 microM range. Higher BR-concentrations (20 microM) predominantly induced necrosis which correlated with DNA strand breaks and subsequent depletion of ATP- and dATP levels. Replenishment of the ATP pool by addition of adenosine prevented necrosis and favoured apoptosis. This effect was not a pecularity of BR-treatment, but was reproduced with high concentrations of all trans-retinoic acid (120 microM) and cyanide (20 mM). Glucose was also capable to suppress necrosis and to favour apoptosis of HL-60 cells, which had been treated with necrotic doses of BR and cyanide. Apoptosis eliminates unwanted cells without affecting the microenvironment, whereas necrosis causes severe inflammation of surrounding tissues due to spillage of cell fluids into the peri-cellular space. Thus, the monitoring and maintenance of cellular energy pools during therapeutic drug treatment may help to minimize nonspecific side effects and to improve attempted drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grusch
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, University of Vienna, Austria
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46
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Adams DJ, Levesque MC, Weinberg JB, Smith KL, Flowers JL, Moore J, Colvin OM, Silber R. Nitric oxide enhancement of fludarabine cytotoxicity for B-CLL lymphocytes. Leukemia 2001; 15:1852-9. [PMID: 11753605 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2001] [Accepted: 07/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fludarabine is active but not curative in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Nitric oxide (NO) supplied from exogenous, NO-donating pro-drugs can also induce apoptosis and death of acute leukemia cells. This study investigated combinations of fludarabine with NO-donating pro-drugs for their cytotoxicity against freshly isolated B-CLL lymphocytes following a 72 h exposure in vitro. The median IC(50)for fludarabine was 2.2 microM (n = 85). The nitric oxide donors DETA-NO, PAPA-NO, and MAHMA-NO were also cytotoxic, and their effects were inversely related to rates of NO release. Neither DETA-NO depleted of NO nor DETA itself was effective, indicating that NO was required for cytotoxicity. Drug interactions were evaluated by a modified combination index method. Synergy was observed in combinations of fludarabine or nelarabine (506U78) with DETA-NO in 52% and 88% of samples, respectively. Interestingly, the combination of fludarabine and DETA-NO was more cytotoxic in B-CLL cells less sensitive to fludarabine. DETA-NO did not enhance the activity of other DNA anti-metabolites, topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, or alkylating agents. Finally, the anti-leukemic activity of fludarabine alone or in combination with DETA-NO was found to correlate with inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis. These results indicate that NO donors could enhance fludarabine therapy for B-CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Adams
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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47
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Léonce S, Pérez V, Lambel S, Peyroulan D, Tillequin F, Michel S, Koch M, Pfeiffer B, Atassi G, Hickman JA, Pierré A. Induction of cyclin E and inhibition of DNA synthesis by the novel acronycine derivative S23906-1 precede the irreversible arrest of tumor cells in S phase leading to apoptosis. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 60:1383-91. [PMID: 11723246 DOI: 10.1124/mol.60.6.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
S23906-1 is a diester derivative of 1,2-dihydrobenzo[b]acronycine with an unknown mechanism of action. This cytotoxic compound was 20-fold more potent than acronycine in inhibiting the proliferation of six tumor cell lines. Using a clonogenic assay of cell survival, the HT29 human colon carcinoma cell line was 100-fold more sensitive to S23906-1 than acronycine. Cell cycle analysis, by flow cytometry, showed that S23906-1 induced a partially reversible arrest of HT29 cells in G2+M at 1 microM and below and an irreversible arrest in S phase at 2.5 microM and above. These cell cycle effects were followed by cell death through apoptosis, quantified by annexin-V labeling. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed by complete prevention of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation after only 4 h of incubation with 5 microM S23906-1. Interestingly, under the same experimental conditions, a significant increase of cyclin E protein level was observed without any modification of cyclins D1, D2, D3, or A. This overexpressed cyclin E protein was not complexed with Cdk2, as shown by western blotting for Cdk2 in immunoprecipitates of cyclin E. Similar inhibition of BrdU incorporation and elevation of cyclin E protein were observed after treatment with cytosine arabinoside, which reversibly inhibited progression into S phase, but not after DNA damage induced by cisplatin. S23906-1 thus has a novel mechanism of action. A cell line resistant to S23906-1 showed that overexpression of cyclin E was implicated in the novel cytotoxic activity of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Léonce
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France.
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48
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Galmarini CM, Mackey JR, Dumontet C. Nucleoside analogues: mechanisms of drug resistance and reversal strategies. Leukemia 2001; 15:875-90. [PMID: 11417472 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NA) are essential components of AML induction therapy (cytosine arabinoside), effective treatments of lymphoproliferative disorders (fludarabine, cladribine) and are also used in the treatment of some solid tumors (gemcitabine). These important compounds share some general common characteristics, namely in terms of requiring transport by specific membrane transporters, metabolism and interaction with intracellular targets. However, these compounds differ in regard to the types of transporters that most efficiently transport a given compound, and their preferential interaction with certain targets which may explain why some compounds are more effective against rapidly proliferating tumors and others on neoplasia with a more protracted evolution. In this review, we analyze the available data concerning mechanisms of action of and resistance to NA, with particular emphasis on recent advances in the characterization of nucleoside transporters and on the potential role of activating or inactivating enzymes in the induction of clinical resistance to these compounds. We performed an extensive search of published in vitro and clinical data in which the levels of expression of nucleoside-activating or inactivating enzymes have been correlated with tumor response or patient outcome. Strategies aiming to increase the intracellular concentrations of active compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Galmarini
- Unité INSERM 453, Laboratoire de Cytologie Analytique, Faculté de Médécine Rockefeller, Lyon, France
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49
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Azuma A, Huang P, Matsuda A, Plunkett W. 2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-1-beta-D-arabino-pentofuranosylcytosine: a novel anticancer nucleoside analog that causes both DNA strand breaks and G(2) arrest. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 59:725-31. [PMID: 11259616 DOI: 10.1124/mol.59.4.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of 2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-1-beta-D-arabino-pentofuranosylcytosine (CNDAC) action was investigated in human lymphoblastoid CEM cells and myeloblastic leukemia ML-1 cells. CNDAC was metabolized to its 5'-triphosphate and incorporated into DNA, which was associated with inhibition of DNA synthesis. After incubation of cells with [(3)H]CNDAC, metabolites were detected in 3'-->5' phosphodiester linkage and at the 3' terminus of cellular DNA. Specific enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA demonstrated that the parent nucleoside and its 2'-epimer 2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-2-ribo-pentofuranosylcytosine accounted for approximately 65% of the total analogs incorporated into DNA and essentially all of the drug in the 3'-->5' phosphodiester linkage. In contrast, all detectable radioactivity at 3' termini was associated with 2'-C-cyano-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxycytidine. This de facto DNA chain-terminating nucleotide arises from an electronic characteristic and cleavage of the 3'-phosphodiester bond subsequent to the addition of a nucleotide to the incorporated CNDAC moiety by beta-elimination, a process that generates a single strand break in DNA. Investigation of the biological consequences of these actions indicated that, after incubation with cytostatic concentrations of CNDAC, cell cycle progression was delayed during S phase, but that cells arrested predominantly in the G(2) phase. This differed from the S phase-arresting actions of ara-C and gemcitabine, other deoxycytidine analogs that inhibit DNA replication but do not cause strand breaks. Thus, once incorporated into DNA, the CNDAC molecule appears to act by a dual mechanism that 1) delays the progress of further DNA replication, but 2) upon addition of a deoxynucleotide results in the conversion of the incorporated analog to a de facto DNA chain terminator at the 3' terminus of a single strand break. It is likely that DNA strand breaks trigger cell cycle arrest in G(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Azuma
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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50
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Zinzani PL, Baliva G, Magagnoli M, Bendandi M, Modugno G, Gherlinzoni F, Orcioni GF, Ascani S, Simoni R, Pileri SA, Tura S. Gemcitabine treatment in pretreated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: experience in 44 patients. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:2603-6. [PMID: 10893292 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2000.18.13.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine, a novel pyrimidine antimetabolite with a low-toxicity profile and activity in several solid tumors, in patients with relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between May 1997 and February 1999, 44 previously treated patients with mycosis fungoides (MF; n = 30) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified (PTCLU) with exclusive skin involvement (n = 14) were enrolled onto a two-institution, phase II trial and treated with gemcitabine. This drug was given on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day schedule at a dose of 1,200 mg/m(2) intravenously over 30 minutes for a total of three courses. RESULTS Of the 44 patients, five (11. 5%) achieved complete responses (CRs), 26 (59%) partial responses (PRs), and the remaining 13 showed no benefit from the treatment. Two of the CRs were histologically confirmed. The CR and PR rates were the same for patients with MF and those with PTCLU, respectively. No difference in terms of overall response rate was observed between relapsed and refractory patients. The median durations of CR and PR were 15 months (range, 6 to 22 months) and 10 months (range, 2 to 15 months), respectively. Treatment was well tolerated; hematologic toxicity was mild, and no nausea/vomiting or organ toxicity was recorded. CONCLUSION The results of the present phase II study show activity of gemcitabine as a single agent in patients with pretreated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Further studies that use gemcitabine alone or in combination with other drugs in earlier stages of the disease are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Zinzani
- Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology "Seràgnoli," University of Bologna, and Institute of Dermatology "Immacolata," Rome, Italy.
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