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Favell JW, Bui DT, Li J, Han L, Kitova EN, Schmidt EN, Brassard R, Kitov PI, St-Pierre Y, Mahal LK, Lemieux MJ, Macauley MS, Klassen JS. Elusive Protein-Glycosphingolipid Interactions Revealed by Membrane Anchor-Assisted Native Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21700-21709. [PMID: 39052014 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) present in cell membranes are implicated in a wide range of biological processes. However, studying GSL binding is hindered by the paucity of purified GSLs and the weak affinities typical of monovalent GBP-GSL interactions. Native mass spectrometry (nMS) performed using soluble model membranes is a promising approach for the discovery of GBP ligands, but the detection of weak interactions remains challenging. The present work introduces MEmbrane ANchor-assisted nMS (MEAN-nMS) for the detection of low-affinity GBP-GSL complexes. The assay utilizes a membrane anchor, produced by covalent cross-linking of the GBP and a lipid in the membrane, to localize the GBP on the surface and promote GSL binding. Ligands are identified by nMS detection of intact GBP-GSL complexes (MEAN-nMS) or using a catch-and-release (CaR) strategy, wherein GSLs are released from GBP-GSL complexes upon collisional activation and detected (MEAN-CaR-nMS). To establish reliability, a library of purified gangliosides incorporated into nanodiscs was screened against human immune lectins, and the results compared with affinities of the corresponding ganglioside oligosaccharides. Without a membrane anchor, nMS analysis yielded predominantly false negatives. In contrast, all ligands were identified by MEAN-(CaR)-nMS, with no false positives. To highlight the potential of MEAN-CaR-nMS for ligand discovery, a natural library of GSLs was incorporated into nanodiscs and screened against human and viral proteins to uncover elusive ligands. Finally, nMS-based detection of GSL ligands directly from cells is demonstrated. This breakthrough paves the way for shotgun glycomics screening using intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Favell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Duong T Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Edward N Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Raelynn Brassard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Pavel I Kitov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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2
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Colom MS, Vučinić J, Adolf‐Bryfogle J, Bowman JW, Verel S, Moczygemba I, Schiex T, Simoncini D, Bahl CD. Complete combinatorial mutational enumeration of a protein functional site enables sequence-landscape mapping and identifies highly-mutated variants that retain activity. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5109. [PMID: 38989563 PMCID: PMC11237556 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how proteins evolve under selective pressure is a longstanding challenge. The immensity of the search space has limited efforts to systematically evaluate the impact of multiple simultaneous mutations, so mutations have typically been assessed individually. However, epistasis, or the way in which mutations interact, prevents accurate prediction of combinatorial mutations based on measurements of individual mutations. Here, we use artificial intelligence to define the entire functional sequence landscape of a protein binding site in silico, and we call this approach Complete Combinatorial Mutational Enumeration (CCME). By leveraging CCME, we are able to construct a comprehensive map of the evolutionary connectivity within this functional sequence landscape. As a proof of concept, we applied CCME to the ACE2 binding site of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain. We selected representative variants from across the functional sequence landscape for testing in the laboratory. We identified variants that retained functionality to bind ACE2 despite changing over 40% of evaluated residue positions, and the variants now escape binding and neutralization by monoclonal antibodies. This work represents a crucial initial stride toward achieving precise predictions of pathogen evolution, opening avenues for proactive mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Solà Colom
- Institute for Protein InnovationBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
AI ProteinsBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jelena Vučinić
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse, IRIT UMR 5505, ANITI, Université Toulouse CapitoleToulouseFrance
| | - Jared Adolf‐Bryfogle
- Institute for Protein InnovationBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - James W. Bowman
- Institute for Protein InnovationBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
AI ProteinsBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Isabelle Moczygemba
- Institute for Protein InnovationBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
AI ProteinsBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Thomas Schiex
- MIAT, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, ANITI, INRAE UR 875ToulouseFrance
| | - David Simoncini
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse, IRIT UMR 5505, ANITI, Université Toulouse CapitoleToulouseFrance
| | - Christopher D. Bahl
- Institute for Protein InnovationBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
AI ProteinsBostonMassachusettsUSA
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3
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Stewart EL, Counoupas C, Steain M, Ashley C, Alca S, Hartley-Tassell L, von Itzstein M, Britton WJ, Petrovsky N, Triccas JA. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is a cellular receptor for delta inulin adjuvant. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:593-604. [PMID: 38757764 PMCID: PMC11296934 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Delta inulin, or Advax, is a polysaccharide vaccine adjuvant that significantly enhances vaccine-mediated immune responses against multiple pathogens and was recently licensed for use in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine SpikoGen. Although Advax has proven effective as an immune adjuvant, its specific binding targets have not been characterized. In this report, we identify a cellular receptor for Advax recognition. In vitro uptake of Advax particles by macrophage cell lines was substantially greater than that of latex beads of comparable size, suggesting an active uptake mechanism by phagocytic cells. Using a lectin array, Advax particles were recognized by lectins specific for various carbohydrate structures including mannosyl, N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose moieties. Expression in nonphagocytic cells of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a C-type lectin receptor, resulted in enhanced uptake of fluorescent Advax particles compared with mock-transfected cells. Advax uptake was reduced with the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and mannan to cells, which are known inhibitors of DC-SIGN function. Finally, a specific blockade of DC-SIGN using a neutralizing antibody abrogated Advax uptake in DC-SIGN-expressing cells. Together, these results identify DC-SIGN as a putative receptor for Advax. Given the known immunomodulatory role of DC-SIGN, the findings described here have implications for the use of Advax adjuvants in humans and inform future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Stewart
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Caroline Ashley
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sibel Alca
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - James A Triccas
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
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Díaz-Salinas MA, Jain A, Durham ND, Munro JB. Single-molecule imaging reveals allosteric stimulation of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain by host sialic acid. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk4920. [PMID: 39018397 PMCID: PMC466946 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Conformational dynamics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (S) mediate exposure of the binding site for the cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The N-terminal domain (NTD) of S binds terminal sialic acid (SA) moieties on the cell surface, but the functional role of this interaction in virus entry is unknown. Here, we report that NTD-SA interaction enhances both S-mediated virus attachment and ACE2 binding. Through single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer imaging of individual S trimers, we demonstrate that SA binding to the NTD allosterically shifts the S conformational equilibrium, favoring enhanced exposure of the ACE2-binding site. Antibodies that target the NTD block SA binding, which contributes to their mechanism of neutralization. These findings inform on mechanisms of S activation at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Díaz-Salinas
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Aastha Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Natasha D. Durham
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - James B. Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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5
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Jan HM, Wu SC, Stowell CJ, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Paul A, Patel KR, Muthusamy S, Lin HY, Ayona D, Jajosky RP, Varadkar SP, Nakahara H, Chan R, Bhave D, Lane WJ, Yeung MY, Hollenhorst MA, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Galectin-4 Antimicrobial Activity Primarily Occurs Through its C-Terminal Domain. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100747. [PMID: 38490531 PMCID: PMC11097083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Although immune tolerance evolved to reduce reactivity with self, it creates a gap in the adaptive immune response against microbes that decorate themselves in self-like antigens. This is particularly apparent with carbohydrate-based blood group antigens, wherein microbes can envelope themselves in blood group structures similar to human cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the innate immune lectin, galectin-4 (Gal-4), exhibits strain-specific binding and killing behavior towards microbes that display blood group-like antigens. Examination of binding preferences using a combination of microarrays populated with ABO(H) glycans and a variety of microbial strains, including those that express blood group-like antigens, demonstrated that Gal-4 binds mammalian and microbial antigens that have features of blood group and mammalian-like structures. Although Gal-4 was thought to exist as a monomer that achieves functional bivalency through its two linked carbohydrate recognition domains, our data demonstrate that Gal-4 forms dimers and that differences in the intrinsic ability of each domain to dimerize likely influences binding affinity. While each Gal-4 domain exhibited blood group-binding activity, the C-terminal domain (Gal-4C) exhibited dimeric properties, while the N-terminal domain (Gal-4N) failed to similarly display dimeric activity. Gal-4C not only exhibited the ability to dimerize but also possessed higher affinity toward ABO(H) blood group antigens and microbes expressing glycans with blood group-like features. Furthermore, when compared to Gal-4N, Gal-4C exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity. Even in the context of the full-length protein, where Gal-4N is functionally bivalent by virtue of Gal-4C dimerization, Gal-4C continued to display higher antimicrobial activity. These results demonstrate that Gal-4 exists as a dimer and exhibits its antimicrobial activity primarily through its C-terminal domain. In doing so, these data provide important insight into key features of Gal-4 responsible for its innate immune activity against molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Ming Jan
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carter J Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary L Vallecillo-Zúniga
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anu Paul
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sasikala Muthusamy
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsien-Ya Lin
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diyoly Ayona
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samata P Varadkar
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakahara
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rita Chan
- Infectious Disease Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Devika Bhave
- Infectious Disease Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William J Lane
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Y Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marie A Hollenhorst
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Infectious Disease Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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6
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Franchini M, Maggi F, Focosi D. ABO blood group-related mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2: an overview of systematic reviews. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:396-401. [PMID: 37727133 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Among the host genetic factors playing a role in the susceptibility to infectious diseases, the ABO blood group system is of utmost importance. Following the first reports in early 2020, the association between ABO blood groups and SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity has been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of systematic reviews regarding the link between ABO blood groups and such risks. The possible molecular mechanisms underlying these associations will also be discussed. ABO blood group has a robust association with susceptibility to infection but not with disease severity, and studies on long COVID anre still missing.Prov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Franchini M, Focosi D. Hyperimmune Plasma and Immunoglobulins against COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:214. [PMID: 38398723 PMCID: PMC10890293 DOI: 10.3390/life14020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019, the new SARS-CoV-2 virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family has been responsible for COVID-19 pandemic, a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Several antiviral therapies, mostly derived from previous epidemics, were initially repurposed to fight this not rarely life-threatening respiratory illness. Among them, however, the only specific antibody-based therapy available against SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first year of the pandemic was represented by COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). CCP, collected from recovered individuals, contains high levels of polyclonal antibodies of different subclasses able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tens of randomized controlled trials have been conducted during the last three years of the pandemic to evaluate the safety and the clinical efficacy of CCP in both hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients, whose main results will be summarized in this narrative review. In addition, we will present the current knowledge on the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune polyclonal immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, 46100 Mantua, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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8
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Hale RC, Morais D, Chou J, Stowell SR. The role of glycosylation in clinical allergy and immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:55-66. [PMID: 37717626 PMCID: PMC10872775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
While glycans are among the most abundant macromolecules on the cell with widespread functions, their role in immunity has historically been challenging to study. This is in part due to difficulties assimilating glycan analysis into routine approaches used to interrogate immune cell function. Despite this, recent developments have illuminated fundamental roles for glycans in host immunity. The growing field of glycoimmunology continues to leverage new tools and approaches to uncover the function of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in immunity. Here we utilize clinical vignettes to examine key roles of glycosylation in allergy, inborn errors of immunity, and autoimmunity. We will discuss the diverse functions of glycans as epitopes, as modulators of antibody function, and as regulators of immune cell function. Finally, we will highlight immune modulatory therapies that harness the critical role of glycans in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Hale
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Dominique Morais
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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9
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Butler EA, Parikh R, Grandi SM, Ray JG, Cohen E. ABO and Rh blood groups and risk of infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:797. [PMID: 37964217 PMCID: PMC10647048 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with non-O and Rh-positive blood types are purported to be more susceptible to infection, including SARS-CoV-2, but there remains uncertainty about the degree to which this is so for both non-viral and viral infections. METHODS We systematically reviewed Embase and PubMed from January 1st 1960 to May 31st 2022. English-language publications were selected that separately investigated the relation between ABO and/or Rh blood group and risk of SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pooled odds ratios (ORp) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were then generated for each. RESULTS Non-O blood groups had a higher ORp for SARS-CoV-2 than O blood groups, both within 22 case-control studies (2.13, 95% CI 1.49- 3.04) and 15 cohort studies (1.89, 95% CI 1.56- 2.29). For non-SARS-CoV-2 viral infections, the respective ORp were 1.98 (95% CI 1.49-2.65; 4 case-control studies) and 1.87 (95% CI 1.53-2.29; 12 cohort studies). For non-viral infections, the ORp were 1.56 (95% CI 0.98-2.46; 13 case-control studies) and 2.11 (95% CI 1.67-6.67; 4 cohort studies). Rh-positive status had a higher ORp for SARS-CoV-2 infection within 6 case-control studies (13.83, 95% CI 6.18-30.96) and 6 cohort studies (19.04, 95% CI 11.63-31.17), compared to Rh-negative persons. For Rh status, non-SARS-CoV-2 infections, the ORp were 23.45 (95% CI 16.28-33.76) among 7 case-control studies, and 9.25 (95% CI 2.72-31.48) within 4 cohort studies. High measures of heterogeneity were notably observed for all analyses. CONCLUSIONS Non-O and Rh-positive blood status are each associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in addition to other viral and non-viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ana Butler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rushil Parikh
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia M Grandi
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel G Ray
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eyal Cohen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Zhu L, Li H, Luo T, Deng Z, Li J, Zheng L, Zhang B. Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Critical Review on Structure, Preparation, Their Potential as a Food Bioactive Component, and Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15908-15925. [PMID: 37851533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for infant feeding. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a unique group of oligosaccharides in human milk. Great interest in HMOs has grown in recent years due to their positive effects on various aspects of infant health. HMOs provide various physiologic functions, including establishing a balanced infant's gut microbiota, strengthening the gastrointestinal barrier, preventing infections, and potential support to the immune system. However, the clinical application of HMOs is challenging due to their specificity to human milk and the difficulties and high costs associated with their isolation and synthesis. Here, the differences in oligosaccharides in human and other mammalian milk are compared, and the synthetic strategies to access HMOs are summarized. Additionally, the potential use and molecular mechanisms of HMOs as a new food bioactive component in different diseases, such as infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, diabetes, and allergy, are critically reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of HMOs in basic research and application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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11
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Yu W, Li Y, Liu D, Wang Y, Li J, Du Y, Gao GF, Li Z, Xu Y, Wei J. Evaluation and Mechanistic Investigation of Human Milk Oligosaccharide against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16102-16113. [PMID: 37856320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Four human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), and 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), were assessed for their possible antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) in vitro. Among them, only 2'-FL/3-FL exhibited obvious antibinding activity against direct binding and trans-binding in competitive immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The antiviral effects of 2'-FL/3-FL were further confirmed by pseudoviral assays with three SARS-Cov-2 mutants, with a stronger inhibition effect of 2'-FL than 3-FL. Then, 2'-FL/3-FL were studied with molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis analysis, showing that the binding sites of 2'-FL on RBD were involved in receptor binding, in addition to a tighter bond between them, thus enabling 2'-FL to be more effective than 3-FL. Moreover, the immunomodulation effect of 2'-FL was preliminary evaluated and confirmed in a human alveolus chip. These results would open up possible applications of 2'-FL for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections by competitive binding inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Yu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Li
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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12
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Gopal SV, Sanker V, Pandian S, Vignesh T, Vardhan M S K, Tipandjan A, Cadiravane S. Association Between Blood Groups and COVID-19 CT Severity: A Retrospective Analysis From a Tertiary Care Center. Cureus 2023; 15:e46506. [PMID: 37927694 PMCID: PMC10624934 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 infection can have varied severity; presenting symptoms include fever, coughing, headaches, sore throats, exhaustion, muscle aches, loss of taste or smell, rhinorrhea, stomach pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. In various parts of the world, including India, researchers have looked into the relationship between blood type and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 infection severity and blood group. METHODOLOGY A total of 1,222 COVID-19 patients with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmation of being COVID-positive were included in the study. Mortality rates, demographic information, comorbid illnesses, epidemiological information, laboratory test results, and comorbid disorders were all retrieved. Each participant's RH type and Groups A, B, O, and AB were determined. IBM SPSS software version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for the statistical analysis. For a normal distribution, quantitative variables were shown as mean standard deviation (SD), and for a non-normal distribution, median (interquartile range (IQR)). Frequency and percentages were used to present qualitative characteristics. RESULTS Out of the 1,222 patients included in the study, 369 were normal, 406 were mild, 317 were moderate, and 130 were severe based on COVID-19 CT severity scoring. Among the blood groups, O positive (+) was the most common with 503 (41.2%) study participants, and AB negative (-) was the least common with seven (0.6%) participants. DISCUSSION In our study, comparing various blood groups, blood group O individuals have the highest risk of developing severe COVID-19 illness, and blood group AB individuals have a reduced risk. In terms of Rh status, patients who are Rh-positive are at increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection when compared with Rh- individuals. In the Indian population, blood group O is the commonest, and blood group AB is the least prevalent. Most of the individuals were Rh+, and the rest were Rh-. This is attributed to the increased infection rate in individuals with O+ blood type seen in our study when compared with other studies. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that individuals with blood groups A, B, and AB may be at a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection, while blood group O might provide some protective effect. These results align with previous studies worldwide, suggesting that blood groups could influence the susceptibility to and severity of viral infections. The study emphasizes the need for further research with larger sample sizes and diverse populations to validate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Vengadesh Gopal
- Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, IND
| | - Vivek Sanker
- General Surgery, Noorul Islam Institute of Medical Science (NIMS) and Research Foundation, Trivandrum, IND
| | - Saravanan Pandian
- General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, IND
| | - Thiruvalluvan Vignesh
- General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, IND
| | - Krishna Vardhan M S
- General Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, IND
| | - Arun Tipandjan
- Radiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, IND
| | - Sharini Cadiravane
- General Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, IND
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13
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Pérez-Segura V, Caro-Carretero R, Rua A. Changing face of socio-economic vulnerability and COVID-19: An analysis of country wealth during the first two years of the pandemic. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290529. [PMID: 37639404 PMCID: PMC10461814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There are numerous academic studies on the relationship between population wealth and the incidence of COVID-19. However, research developed shows contradictory results on their relationship. In accordance with this question, this work pursues two objectives: on the one hand, to check whether wealth and disease incidence have a unidirectional and stable relationship. And on the other hand, to find out if the country's statistical production capacity is masking the real incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to achieve this objective, an ecological study has been designed at international level with the countries established as study units. The analytical strategy utilized involves the consecutive application of cross-sectional analysis, specifically employing multivariate linear regression daily throughout the first two years of the pandemic (from 03/14/2020 to 03/28/2022). The application of multiple cross-sectional analysis has shown that country wealth has a dynamic relationship with the incidence of COVID-19. Initially, it appears as a risk factor and, in the long term, as a protective element. In turn, statistical capacity appears as an explanatory variable for the number of published COVID-19 cases and deaths. Therefore, the inadequate statistical production capacity of low income countries may be masking the real incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Pérez-Segura
- University Institute of Studies on Migrations, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Caro-Carretero
- Industrial Organization Department, ICAI-School of Engineering, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rua
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Wu SC, Arthur CM, Jan HM, Garcia-Beltran WF, Patel KR, Rathgeber MF, Verkerke HP, Cheedarla N, Jajosky RP, Paul A, Neish AS, Roback JD, Josephson CD, Wesemann DR, Kalman D, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Cummings RD, Stowell SR. Blood group A enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood 2023; 142:742-747. [PMID: 37367252 PMCID: PMC10294591 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), ABO(H) blood group antigens are among the most recognized predictors of infection. However, the mechanisms by which ABO(H) antigens influence susceptibility to COVID-19 remain incompletely understood. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, which facilitates host cell engagement, bears significant similarity to galectins, an ancient family of carbohydrate-binding proteins. Because ABO(H) blood group antigens are carbohydrates, we compared the glycan-binding specificity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD with that of galectins. Similar to the binding profile of several galectins, the RBDs of SARS-CoV-2, including Delta and Omicron variants, exhibited specificity for blood group A. Not only did each RBD recognize blood group A in a glycan array format, but each SARS-CoV-2 virus also displayed a preferential ability to infect blood group A-expressing cells. Preincubation of blood group A cells with a blood group-binding galectin specifically inhibited the blood group A enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas similar incubation with a galectin that does not recognize blood group antigens failed to impact SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can engage blood group A, providing a direct link between ABO(H) blood group expression and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew F Rathgeber
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hans P Verkerke
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anu Paul
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew S Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - John D Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Kalman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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15
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Bui D, Favell J, Kitova EN, Li Z, McCord KA, Schmidt EN, Mozaneh F, Elaish M, El-Hawiet A, St-Pierre Y, Hobman TC, Macauley MS, Mahal LK, Flynn MR, Klassen JS. Absolute Affinities from Quantitative Shotgun Glycomics Using Concentration-Independent (COIN) Native Mass Spectrometry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1374-1387. [PMID: 37521792 PMCID: PMC10303200 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (nMS) screening of natural glycan libraries against glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) is a powerful tool for ligand discovery. However, as the glycan concentrations are unknown, affinities cannot be measured directly from natural libraries. Here, we introduce Concentration-Independent (COIN)-nMS, which enables quantitative screening of natural glycan libraries by exploiting slow mixing of solutions inside a nanoflow electrospray ionization emitter. The affinities (Kd) of detected GBP-glycan interactions are determined, simultaneously, from nMS analysis of their time-dependent relative abundance changes. We establish the reliability of COIN-nMS using interactions between purified glycans and GBPs with known Kd values. We also demonstrate the implementation of COIN-nMS using the catch-and-release (CaR)-nMS assay for glycosylated GBPs. The COIN-CaR-nMS results obtained for plant, fungal, viral, and human lectins with natural libraries containing hundreds of N-glycans and glycopeptides highlight the assay's versatility for discovering new ligands, precisely measuring their affinities, and uncovering "fine" specificities. Notably, the COIN-CaR-nMS results clarify the sialoglycan binding properties of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain and establish the recognition of monosialylated hybrid and biantennary N-glycans. Moreover, pharmacological depletion of host complex N-glycans reduces both pseudotyped virions and SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, suggesting that complex N-glycans may serve as attachment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong
T. Bui
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Favell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelli A. McCord
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward N. Schmidt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fahima Mozaneh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Department
of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
- Poultry
Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Amr El-Hawiet
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria
University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7 V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Tom C. Hobman
- Department
of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
- Li
Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University
of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morris R. Flynn
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Wu SC, Jan HM, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Rathgeber MF, Stowell CS, Murdock KL, Patel KR, Nakahara H, Stowell CJ, Nahm MH, Arthur CM, Cummings RD, Stowell SR. Whole microbe arrays accurately predict interactions and overall antimicrobial activity of galectin-8 toward distinct strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5324. [PMID: 37005394 PMCID: PMC10067959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial glycan microarrays (MGMs) populated with purified microbial glycans have been used to define the specificity of host immune factors toward microbes in a high throughput manner. However, a limitation of such arrays is that glycan presentation may not fully recapitulate the natural presentation that exists on microbes. This raises the possibility that interactions observed on the array, while often helpful in predicting actual interactions with intact microbes, may not always accurately ascertain the overall affinity of a host immune factor for a given microbe. Using galectin-8 (Gal-8) as a probe, we compared the specificity and overall affinity observed using a MGM populated with glycans harvested from various strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to an intact microbe microarray (MMA). Our results demonstrate that while similarities in binding specificity between the MGM and MMA are apparent, Gal-8 binding toward the MMA more accurately predicted interactions with strains of S. pneumoniae, including the overall specificity of Gal-8 antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these results not only demonstrate that Gal-8 possesses antimicrobial activity against distinct strains of S. pneumoniae that utilize molecular mimicry, but that microarray platforms populated with intact microbes present an advantageous strategy when exploring host interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mary L Vallecillo-Zúniga
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew F Rathgeber
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Caleb S Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kaleb L Murdock
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakahara
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carter J Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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17
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Tsiftsoglou SA, Gavriilaki E, Touloumenidou T, Koravou EE, Koutra M, Papayanni PG, Karali V, Papalexandri A, Varelas C, Chatzopoulou F, Chatzidimitriou M, Chatzidimitriou D, Veleni A, Rapti E, Kioumis I, Kaimakamis E, Bitzani M, Boumpas DT, Tsantes A, Sotiropoulos D, Papadopoulou A, Sakellari I, Kokoris S, Anagnostopoulos A. Targeted genotyping of COVID-19 patients reveals a signature of complement C3 and factor B coding SNPs associated with severe infection. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152351. [PMID: 36805858 PMCID: PMC9928680 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We have attempted to explore further the involvement of complement components in the host COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease-19) immune responses by targeted genotyping of COVID-19 adult patients and analysis for missense coding Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (coding SNPs) of genes encoding Alternative pathway (AP) components. We have identified a small group of common coding SNPs in Survivors and Deceased individuals, present in either relatively similar frequencies (CFH and CFI SNPs) or with stark differences in their relative abundance (C3 and CFB SNPs). In addition, we have identified several sporadic, potentially protective, coding SNPs of C3, CFB, CFD, CFH, CFHR1 and CFI in Survivors. No coding SNPs were detected for CD46 and CD55. Our demographic analysis indicated that the C3 rs1047286 or rs2230199 coding SNPs were present in 60 % of all the Deceased patients (n = 25) (the rs2230199 in 67 % of all Deceased Males) and in 31 % of all the Survivors (n = 105, p = 0.012) (the rs2230199 in 25 % of all Survivor Males). When we analysed these two major study groups using the presence of the C3 rs1047286 or rs2230199 SNPs as potential biomarkers, we noticed the complete absence of the protective CFB rs12614 and rs641153 coding SNPs from Deceased Males compared to Females (p = 0.0023). We propose that in these individuals, C3 carrying the R102G and CFB lacking the R32W or the R32Q amino acid substitutions, may contribute to enhanced association dynamics of the C3bBb AP pre-convertase complex assembly, thus enabling the exploitation of the activation of the Complement Alternative pathway (AP) by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos A Tsiftsoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Eleni Gavriilaki
- Hematology Department-BMT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exochi, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece.
| | - Tasoula Touloumenidou
- Hematology Department-BMT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exochi, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | | | - Maria Koutra
- Hematology Department-BMT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exochi, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | | | - Vassiliki Karali
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, University General Hospital "Attikon", Αthens, Greece
| | - Apostolia Papalexandri
- Hematology Department-BMT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exochi, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - Christos Varelas
- Hematology Department-BMT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exochi, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - Fani Chatzopoulou
- Microbiology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzidimitriou
- Biomedical Sciences Alexander Campus International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Anastasia Veleni
- Infectious Disease Committee, G Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evdoxia Rapti
- Laboratory of Hematology and Hospital Blood Transfusion Department, University General Hospital "Attikon", NKUA, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kioumis
- Respiratory Failure Department, G Papanicolaou Hospital-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Milly Bitzani
- 1st Intensive Care Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Boumpas
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, University General Hospital "Attikon", Αthens, Greece
| | - Argyris Tsantes
- Laboratory of Hematology and Hospital Blood Transfusion Department, University General Hospital "Attikon", NKUA, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Damianos Sotiropoulos
- Hematology Department-BMT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exochi, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - Anastasia Papadopoulou
- Hematology Department-BMT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exochi, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - Ioanna Sakellari
- Hematology Department-BMT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exochi, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - Styliani Kokoris
- Laboratory of Hematology and Hospital Blood Transfusion Department, University General Hospital "Attikon", NKUA, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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18
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Bioaccumulation Pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins in Pacific Oyster Tissues. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0210622. [PMID: 36815797 PMCID: PMC10057954 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02106-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence of the contamination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the sewage, surface water, and even marine environment. Various studies have confirmed that bivalve mollusks can bioaccumulate SARS-CoV-2 RNA to detectable levels. However, these results do not provide sufficient evidence for the presence of infectious viral particles. To verify whether oysters can bind the viral capsid and bioaccumulate the viral particles, Pacific oysters were artificially contaminated with the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit (rS1). The bioaccumulation pattern of the rS1 in different tissues was investigated by immunohistological assays. The results revealed that the rS1 was bioaccumulated predominately in the digestive diverticula. The rS1 was also present in the epithelium of the nondigestive tract tissues, including the gills, mantle, and heart. In addition, three potential binding ligands, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2)-like substances, A-type histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-like substances, and oyster heat shock protein 70 (oHSP 70), were confirmed to bind rS1 and were distributed in tissues with various patterns. The colocalization analysis of rS1 and those potential ligands indicated that the distributions of rS1 are highly consistent with those of ACE 2-like substances and oHSP 70. Both ligands are distributed predominantly in the secretory absorptive cells of the digestive diverticula and may serve as the primary ligands to bind rS1. Therefore, oysters are capable of bioaccumulating the SARS-CoV-2 capsid readily by filter-feeding behavior assisted by specific binding ligands, especially in digestive diverticula. IMPORTANCE This is the first article to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein bioaccumulation pattern and mechanism in Pacific oysters by the histochemical method. Oysters can bioaccumulate SARS-CoV-2 capsid readily by filter-feeding behavior assisted by specific binding ligands. The new possible foodborne transmission route may change the epidemic prevention strategies and reveal some outbreaks that current conventional epidemic transmission routes cannot explain. This original and interdisciplinary paper advances a mechanistic understanding of the bioaccumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in oysters inhabiting contaminated surface water.
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19
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Rong Y, Wang X, Mao W, Chen M, Wang S, Wang PG, He Y, Kong Y. O-GalNAc glycosylation affects the immunogenicity of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1797-1800. [PMID: 36722411 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06583e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been widely used as an effective vaccine immunogen, although some limitations still remain. Herein, O-GalNAc glycosylated RBD (Tn-RBD) was synthesized as an antigen via in vitro glycosylation reactions. The inhibition ability against hACE2 binding of antibodies induced with Tn-RBD was 30-40% increased compared to that induced with RBD. This result implies that Tn-glycosylation might play important roles in the immunogenicity of the RBD protein, which should be considered in the design of novel vaccines to fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Rong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Xingyun Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Weian Mao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Min Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Shengjun Wang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yunjiao He
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yun Kong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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20
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Jajosky RP, Wu SC, Zheng L, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG, Josephson CD, Hollenhorst MA, Sackstein R, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. ABO blood group antigens and differential glycan expression: Perspective on the evolution of common human enzyme deficiencies. iScience 2023; 26:105798. [PMID: 36691627 PMCID: PMC9860303 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and play critical roles in human health and disease. Enzyme variants and deficiencies can lead to variable expression of glycans, which can affect physiology, influence predilection for disease, and/or directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. Although certain well-characterized enzyme deficiencies result in overt disease, some of the most common enzyme deficiencies in humans form the basis of blood groups. These carbohydrate blood groups impact fundamental areas of clinical medicine, including the risk of infection and severity of infectious disease, bleeding risk, transfusion medicine, and tissue/organ transplantation. In this review, we examine the enzymes responsible for carbohydrate-based blood group antigen biosynthesis and their expression within the human population. We also consider the evolutionary selective pressures, e.g. malaria, that may account for the variation in carbohydrate structures and the implications of this biology for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Biconcavity Inc, Lilburn, GA, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leon Zheng
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Audrey N. Jajosky
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, West Henrietta, NY, USA
| | | | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Blood Bank/Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie A. Hollenhorst
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Abstract
The galectin family consists of carbohydrate (glycan) binding proteins that are expressed by a wide variety of cells and bind to galactose-containing glycans. Galectins can be located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm, or can be secreted into the extracellular space. They can modulate innate and adaptive immune cells by binding to glycans on the surface of immune cells or intracellularly via carbohydrate-dependent or carbohydrate-independent interactions. Galectins expressed by immune cells can also participate in host responses to infection by directly binding to microorganisms or by modulating antimicrobial functions such as autophagy. Here we explore the diverse ways in which galectins have been shown to impact immunity and discuss the opportunities and challenges in the field.
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22
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Lemieux W, Perreault J, Leiva-Torres GA, Baillargeon N, Yanez JC, Chevrier MC, Richard L, Lewin A, Trépanier P. HLA and red blood cell antigen genotyping in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma donors. Future Virol 2023; 18:10.2217/fvl-2022-0058. [PMID: 36844192 PMCID: PMC9941981 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Aim: More data is required regarding the association between HLA allele and red blood cell (RBC) antigen expression in regard to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 susceptibility. Methods: ABO, RhD, 37 other RBC antigens and HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 were determined using high throughput platforms in 90 Caucasian convalescent plasma donors. Results: The AB group was significantly increased (1.5×, p = 0.018) and some HLA alleles were found to be significantly overrepresented (HLA-B*44:02, C*05:01, DPB1*04:01, DRB1*04:01 and DRB1*07:01) or underrepresented (A*01:01, B51:01 and DPB1*04:02) in convalescent individuals compared with the local bone marrow registry population. Conclusion: Our study of infection-susceptible but non-hospitalized Caucasian COVID-19 patients contributes to the global understanding of host genetic factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lemieux
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs & Innovation, Québec City & Montréal, Québec, G1V 5G3, Canada
| | - Josée Perreault
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs & Innovation, Québec City & Montréal, Québec, G1V 5G3, Canada
| | | | - Nadia Baillargeon
- Héma-Québec, Transfusion Medicine, Québec City & Montréal, Québec, H4R 2W7, Canada
| | | | | | - Lucie Richard
- Héma-Québec, Transfusion Medicine, Québec City & Montréal, Québec, H4R 2W7, Canada
| | - Antoine Lewin
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs & Innovation, Québec City & Montréal, Québec, G1V 5G3, Canada
| | - Patrick Trépanier
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs & Innovation, Québec City & Montréal, Québec, G1V 5G3, Canada
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23
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Waller H, Carmona-Vicente N, James A, Govender M, Hopkins FR, Larsson M, Hagbom M, Svensson L, Enocsson H, Gustafsson A, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson Å, Sjöwall J, Nordgren J. Viral load at hospitalization is an independent predictor of severe COVID-19. Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53:e13882. [PMID: 36190270 PMCID: PMC9874715 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hjalmar Waller
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Noelia Carmona-Vicente
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Axel James
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Melissa Govender
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Francis R Hopkins
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Enocsson
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Annette Gustafsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nilsdotter-Augustinsson
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Sjöwall
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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24
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Maass T, Ssebyatika G, Brückner M, Breckwoldt L, Krey T, Mallagaray A, Peters T, Frank M, Creutznacher R. Binding of Glycans to the SARS CoV-2 Spike Protein, an Open Question: NMR Data on Binding Site Localization, Affinity, and Selectivity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202614. [PMID: 36161798 PMCID: PMC9537997 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have used NMR experiments to explore the binding of selected glycans and glycomimetics to the SARS CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S-protein) and to its receptor binding domain (RBD). STD NMR experiments confirm the binding of sialoglycans to the S-protein of the prototypic Wuhan strain virus and yield dissociation constants in the millimolar range. The absence of STD effects for sialoglycans in the presence of the Omicron/BA.1 S-protein reflects a loss of binding as a result of S-protein evolution. Likewise, no STD effects are observed for the deletion mutant Δ143-145 of the Wuhan S-protein, thus supporting localization of the binding site in the N-terminal domain (NTD). The glycomimetics Oseltamivir and Zanamivir bind weakly to the S-protein of both virus strains. Binding of blood group antigens to the Wuhan S-protein cannot be confirmed by STD NMR. Using 1 H,15 N TROSY HSQC-based chemical shift perturbation (CSP) experiments, we excluded binding of any of the ligands studied to the RBD of the Wuhan S-protein. Our results put reported data on glycan binding into perspective and shed new light on the potential role of glycan-binding to the S-protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Maass
- University of Lübeck: Universitat zu LubeckInstitute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsGERMANY
| | - George Ssebyatika
- University of Lübeck: Universitat zu LubeckInstitute of BiochemistryGERMANY
| | - Marlene Brückner
- University of Lübeck: Universitat zu LubeckInstitute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsGERMANY
| | - Lea Breckwoldt
- University of Lübeck: Universitat zu LubeckInstitute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsGERMANY
| | - Thomas Krey
- University of Lübeck: Universitat zu LubeckInstitute of BiochemistryGERMANY
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- University of Lübeck: Universitat zu LubeckInstitute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsGERMANY
| | - Thomas Peters
- Institute for Chemistry and MetabolomicsUniversität zu LübeckRatzeburger Allee 16023562LübeckGERMANY
| | | | - Robert Creutznacher
- University of Lübeck: Universitat zu LubeckInstitute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsGERMANY
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25
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Cone Sullivan JK, Gleadall N, Lane WJ. Blood Group Genotyping. Clin Lab Med 2022; 42:645-668. [PMID: 36368788 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jensyn K Cone Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, The Neely Cell Therapy Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, #826, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Gleadall
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - William J Lane
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, Room 8002L, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Bullerdiek J, Reisinger E, Rommel B, Dotzauer A. ABO blood groups and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1381-1395. [PMID: 35364749 PMCID: PMC8973646 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is no doubt that genetic factors of the host play a role in susceptibility to infectious diseases. An association between ABO blood groups and SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the severity of COVID-19 has been suggested relatively early during the pandemic and gained enormously high public interest. It was postulated that blood group A predisposes to a higher risk of infection as well as to a much higher risk of severe respiratory disease and that people with blood group O are less frequently and less severely affected by the disease. However, as to the severity of COVID-19, a thorough summary of the existing literature does not support these assumptions in general. Accordingly, at this time, there is no reason to suppose that knowledge of a patient's ABO phenotype should directly influence therapeutical decisions in any way. On the other hand, there are many data available supporting an association between the ABO blood groups and the risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2. To explain this association, several interactions between the virus and the host cell membrane have been proposed which will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Bullerdiek
- Institute for Medical Genetics, University of Rostock, University Medicine, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 8, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
- Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Emil Reisinger
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Birgit Rommel
- Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dotzauer
- Laboratory of Virus Research, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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27
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Yeung ST, Premeaux TA, Du L, Niki T, Pillai SK, Khanna KM, Ndhlovu LC. Galectin-9 protects humanized-ACE2 immunocompetent mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011185. [PMID: 36325323 PMCID: PMC9621319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 remains a global health crisis even with effective vaccines and the availability of FDA approved therapies. Efforts to understand the complex disease pathology and develop effective strategies to limit mortality and morbidity are needed. Recent studies reveal circulating Galectin-9 (gal-9), a soluble beta-galactoside binding lectin with immunoregulatory properties, are elevated in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with moderate to severe disease. Moreover, in silico studies demonstrate gal-9 can potentially competitively bind the ACE2 receptor on susceptible host cells. Here, we determined whether early introduction of exogenous gal-9 following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humanized ACE2 transgenic mice (K18-hACE2) may reduce disease severity. Mice were infected and treated with a single dose of a human recombinant form of gal-9 (rh-gal-9) and monitored for morbidity. Subgroups of mice were humanely euthanized at 2- and 5- days post infection (dpi) for viral levels by plaque assay, immune changes measures by flow cytometry, and soluble mediators by protein analysis from lung tissue and bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid (BALF). Mice treated with rh-gal-9 during acute infection had improved survival compared to PBS treated controls. At 5 dpi, rh-gal-9 treated mice had enhanced viral clearance in the BALF, but not in the lung parenchyma. Increased T and dendritic cells and decreased neutrophil frequencies in the lung at 5 dpi were observed, whereas BALF had elevated levels of type-I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest a role for rh-gal-9 in limiting acute COVID-19. Further studies are required to determine the optimal design of gal-9 treatment to effectively ameliorate COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Yeung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Li Du
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Departments of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Satish K. Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kamal M. Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, ; Kamal M. Khanna,
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, ; Kamal M. Khanna,
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28
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Tapela K, Oyawoye FO, Olwal CO, Opurum PC, Amponsah JA, Segbedzi KAL, Tetteh B, Kumi-Ansah F, Mutungi JK, Obodai E, Amoako E, Agyemang S, Ndam NT, Ampofo WK, Rayner JC, Awandare GA, Paemka L, Bediako Y, Quashie PK. Probing SARS-CoV-2-positive plasma to identify potential factors correlating with mild COVID-19 in Ghana, West Africa. BMC Med 2022; 20:370. [PMID: 36184636 PMCID: PMC9527094 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Africa has recorded a relatively higher proportion of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases than the rest of the world, and West Africa-specific host factors could play a role in this discrepancy. Here, we assessed the association between COVID-19 severity among Ghanaians with their immune profiles and ABO blood groups. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from Ghanaians PCR-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive individuals. The participants were categorized into symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. Cytokine profiling and antibody quantification were performed using Luminex™ multiplex assay whereas antigen-driven agglutination assay was used to assess the ABO blood groups. Immune profile levels between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were compared using the two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. Multiple comparisons of cytokine levels among and between days were tested using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc test. Correlations within ABO blood grouping (O's and non-O's) and between cytokines were determined using Spearman correlations. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association of various cytokines with asymptomatic phenotype. RESULTS There was a trend linking blood group O to reduced disease severity, but this association was not statistically significant. Generally, symptomatic patients displayed significantly (p < 0.05) higher cytokine levels compared to asymptomatic cases with exception of Eotaxin, which was positively associated with asymptomatic cases. There were also significant (p < 0.05) associations between other immune markers (IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1Ra) and disease severity. Cytokines' clustering patterns differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. We observed a steady decrease in the concentration of most cytokines over time, while anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels were stable for at least a month, regardless of the COVID-19 status. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that genetic background and pre-existing immune response patterns may in part shape the nature of the symptomatic response against COVID-19 in a West African population. This study offers clear directions to be explored further in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesego Tapela
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fatima O Oyawoye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charles Ochieng' Olwal
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Precious C Opurum
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jones Amo Amponsah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kekeli Aku Lumor Segbedzi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Becky Tetteh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Joe K Mutungi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evangeline Obodai
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuella Amoako
- Department of Pediatrics, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Yemaachi Biotech Inc., 222 Swaniker St, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seth Agyemang
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nicaise Tuikue Ndam
- UMR261 MERIT and Head of IRD Branch in Benin-Nigeria-Togo-Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Kwabena Ampofo
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lily Paemka
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Yemaachi Biotech Inc., 222 Swaniker St, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Bediako
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Yemaachi Biotech Inc., 222 Swaniker St, Accra, Ghana.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Kojo Quashie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. .,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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Ho AD, Wu SC, Kamili NA, Blenda AV, Cummings RD, Stowell SR, Arthur CM. An Automated Approach to Assess Relative Galectin-Glycan Affinity Following Glycan Microarray Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:893185. [PMID: 36032675 PMCID: PMC9403319 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.893185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have highlighted the utility of glycan microarray analysis for the elucidation of protein-glycan interactions. However, most current glycan microarray studies analyze glycan binding protein (GBP)-glycan interactions at a single protein concentration. While this approach provides useful information related to a GBP's overall binding capabilities, extrapolation of true glycan binding preferences using this method fails to account for printing variations or other factors that may confound relative binding. To overcome this limitation, we examined glycan array binding of three galectins over a range of concentrations to allow for a more complete assessment of binding preferences. This approach produced a richer data set than single concentration analysis and provided more accurate identification of true glycan binding preferences. However, while this approach can be highly informative, currently available data analysis approaches make it impractical to perform binding isotherms for each glycan present on currently available platforms following GBP evaluation. To overcome this limitation, we developed a method to directly optimize the efficiency of assessing association constants following multi-GBP concentration glycan array analysis. To this end, we developed programs that automatically analyze raw array data (kdMining) to generate output graphics (kaPlotting) following array analysis at multiple doses. These automatic programing methods reduced processing time from 32.8 h to 1.67 min. Taken together, these results demonstrate an effective approach to glycan array analysis that provides improved detail and efficiency when compared to previous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D. Ho
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nourine A. Kamili
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna V. Blenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Matzhold EM, Körmöczi GF, Banfi C, Schönbacher M, Drexler-Helmberg C, Steinmetz I, Berghold A, Schlenke P, Wagner GE, Stoisser A, Kleinhappl B, Mayr WR, Wagner T. Lower Levels of ABO Anti-A and Anti-B of IgM, IgG and IgA Isotypes in the Serum but Not the Saliva of COVID-19 Convalescents. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154513. [PMID: 35956128 PMCID: PMC9369710 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with ABO type O, naturally possessing anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their serum, are underrepresented among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared with healthy controls. The ABO antibodies might play a role in the viral transmission. Therefore, we aimed to quantify anti-A/anti-B, including their subclasses IgM, IgG and IgA, in the serum and saliva of Caucasians (n = 187) after mild COVID-19 to compare them with individuals who had never been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Two samples were collected within two months after the diagnosis (median days: 44) and two months later. ABO antibodies were determined by flow cytometry. Additionally, total IgA in saliva and antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 were tested by ELISA. COVID-19 convalescents had significantly lower levels of anti-A/anti-B IgM, IgG and IgA in their serum than control subjects (p < 0.001). Interestingly, no significant differences were observed in saliva. ABO antibody levels remained stable over the period considered. No relation of ABO to the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was observed. Total IgA was lower in convalescents than in controls (p = 0.038). Whereas ABO antibodies in the saliva may not contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, individual pre-existing high serum concentrations of anti-A/anti-B may have a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Matzhold
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.D.-H.); (P.S.); (A.S.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-81438
| | - Günther F. Körmöczi
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.F.K.); (M.S.); (W.R.M.)
| | - Chiara Banfi
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Marlies Schönbacher
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.F.K.); (M.S.); (W.R.M.)
| | - Camilla Drexler-Helmberg
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.D.-H.); (P.S.); (A.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Ivo Steinmetz
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (G.E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Peter Schlenke
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.D.-H.); (P.S.); (A.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Gabriel E. Wagner
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (G.E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Anja Stoisser
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.D.-H.); (P.S.); (A.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Barbara Kleinhappl
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.S.); (G.E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Wolfgang R. Mayr
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.F.K.); (M.S.); (W.R.M.)
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.D.-H.); (P.S.); (A.S.); (T.W.)
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Inchingolo AD, Malcangi G, Ceci S, Patano A, Corriero A, Vimercati L, Azzollini D, Marinelli G, Coloccia G, Piras F, Barile G, Settanni V, Mancini A, De Leonardis N, Garofoli G, Palmieri G, Isacco CG, Rapone B, Scardapane A, Curatoli L, Quaranta N, Ribezzi M, Massaro M, Jones M, Bordea IR, Tartaglia GM, Scarano A, Lorusso F, Macchia L, Larocca AMV, Aityan SK, Tafuri S, Stefanizzi P, Migliore G, Brienza N, Dipalma G, Favia G, Inchingolo F. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines for Short- and Long-Term Immunity: A General Overview for the Pandemic Contrast. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8485. [PMID: 35955621 PMCID: PMC9369331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent COVID-19 pandemic produced a significant increase in cases and an emergency state was induced worldwide. The current knowledge about the COVID-19 disease concerning diagnoses, patient tracking, the treatment protocol, and vaccines provides a consistent contribution for the primary prevention of the viral infection and decreasing the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 disease. The aim of the present investigation was to produce a general overview about the current findings for the COVID-19 disease, SARS-CoV-2 interaction mechanisms with the host, therapies and vaccines' immunization findings. METHODS A literature overview was produced in order to evaluate the state-of-art in SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses, prognoses, therapies, and prevention. RESULTS Concerning to the interaction mechanisms with the host, the virus binds to target with its Spike proteins on its surface and uses it as an anchor. The Spike protein targets the ACE2 cell receptor and enters into the cells by using a special enzyme (TMPRSS2). Once the virion is quietly accommodated, it releases its RNA. Proteins and RNA are used in the Golgi apparatus to produce more viruses that are released. Concerning the therapies, different protocols have been developed in observance of the disease severity and comorbidity with a consistent reduction in the mortality rate. Currently, different vaccines are currently in phase IV but a remarkable difference in efficiency has been detected concerning the more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. CONCLUSIONS Among the many questions in this pandemic state, the one that recurs most is knowing why some people become more seriously ill than others who instead contract the infection as if it was a trivial flu. More studies are necessary to investigate the efficiency of the treatment protocols and vaccines for the more recent detected SARS-CoV-2 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Sabino Ceci
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Assunta Patano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Alberto Corriero
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Daniela Azzollini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Grazia Marinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Coloccia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Fabio Piras
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Barile
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Vito Settanni
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Nicole De Leonardis
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Grazia Garofoli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giulia Palmieri
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Biagio Rapone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Arnaldo Scardapane
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Luigi Curatoli
- Department Neurosciences & Sensory Organs & Musculoskeletal System, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Quaranta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
- Department Neurosciences & Sensory Organs & Musculoskeletal System, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mario Ribezzi
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Maria Massaro
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Megan Jones
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Luigi Macchia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Angela Maria Vittoria Larocca
- Hygiene Complex Operating Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Place Giulio Cesare 11 BARI CAP, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Migliore
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Nicola Brienza
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianfranco Favia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
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Wu SC, Kamili NA, Dias-Baruffi M, Josephson CD, Rathgeber MF, Yeung MY, Lane WJ, Wang J, Jan HM, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Cummings RD, Stowell SR, Arthur CM. Innate immune Galectin-7 specifically targets microbes that decorate themselves in blood group-like antigens. iScience 2022; 25:104482. [PMID: 35754739 PMCID: PMC9218387 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity can target a nearly infinite range of antigens, yet it is tempered by tolerogenic mechanisms that limit autoimmunity. Such immunological tolerance, however, creates a gap in adaptive immunity against microbes decorated with self-like antigens as a form of molecular mimicry. Our results demonstrate that the innate immune lectin galectin-7 (Gal-7) binds a variety of distinct microbes, all of which share features of blood group-like antigens. Gal-7 binding to each blood group expressing microbe, including strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, results in loss of microbial viability. Although Gal-7 also binds red blood cells (RBCs), this interaction does not alter RBC membrane integrity. These results demonstrate that Gal-7 recognizes a diverse range of microbes, each of which use molecular mimicry while failing to induce host cell injury, and thus may provide an innate form of immunity against molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nourine A. Kamili
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology, and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew F. Rathgeber
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melissa Y. Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William J. Lane
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Creutznacher R, Maass T, Veselkova B, Ssebyatika G, Krey T, Empting M, Tautz N, Frank M, Kölbel K, Uetrecht C, Peters T. NMR Experiments Provide Insights into Ligand-Binding to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13060-13065. [PMID: 35830336 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have used chemical shift perturbation (CSP) and saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR experiments to identify and characterize the binding of selected ligands to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein (S-protein) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We also subjected full-length S-protein to STD NMR experiments, allowing correlations with RBD-based results. CSPs reveal the binding sites for heparin and fondaparinux, and affinities were measured using CSP titrations. We then show that α-2,3-sialyllactose binds to the S-protein but not to the RBD. Finally, combined CSP and STD NMR experiments show that lifitegrast, a compound used for the treatment of dry eye, binds to the linoleic acid (LA) binding pocket with a dissociation constant in the μM range. This is an interesting finding, as lifitegrast lends itself well as a blueprint for medicinal chemistry, eventually furnishing novel entry inhibitors targeting the highly conserved LA binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Creutznacher
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thorben Maass
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Barbora Veselkova
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - George Ssebyatika
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Antiviral & Antivirulence Drugs (AVID), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Norbert Tautz
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Frank
- Biognos AB, Generatorsgatan 1, P.O. Box 8963, SE-402 74 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Knut Kölbel
- CSSB Center for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV) & Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- CSSB Center for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV) & Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Gavriilaki E, Tsiftsoglou SA, Touloumenidou T, Farmaki E, Panagopoulou P, Michailidou E, Koravou EE, Mavrikou I, Iosifidis E, Tsiatsiou O, Papadimitriou E, Papadopoulou-Alataki E, Papayanni PG, Varelas C, Kokkoris S, Papalexandri A, Fotoulaki M, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Zafeiriou D, Roilides E, Sakellari I, Anagnostopoulos A, Tragiannidis A. Targeted Genotyping of MIS-C Patients Reveals a Potential Alternative Pathway Mediated Complement Dysregulation during COVID-19 Infection. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2811-2824. [PMID: 35877417 PMCID: PMC9325260 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement dysregulation has been documented in adults with COVID-19 and implicated in relevant pediatric inflammatory responses against SARS-CoV-2. We propose that signatures of complement missense coding SNPs associated with dysregulation could also be identified in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). We investigated 71 pediatric patients with RT-PCR validated SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized in pediatric COVID-19 care units (November 2020-March 2021) in three major groups. Seven (7) patients suffered from MIS-C (MIS-C group), 32 suffered from COVID-19 and were hospitalized (admitted group), whereas 32 suffered from COVID-19, but were sent home. All patients survived and were genotyped for variations in the C3, C5, CFB, CFD, CFH, CFHR1, CFI, CD46, CD55, MASP1, MASP2, MBL2, COLEC11, FCN1, and FCN3 genes. Upon evaluation of the missense coding SNP distribution patterns along the three study groups, we noticed similarities, but also considerably increased frequencies of the alternative pathway (AP) associated with SNPs rs12614 CFB, rs1061170, and rs1065489 CFH in the MIS-C patients. Our analysis suggests that the corresponding substitutions potentially reduce the C3b-inactivation efficiency and promote slower and weaker AP C3bBb pre-convertase assembly on virions. Under these circumstances, the complement AP opsonization capacity may be impaired, leading to compromised immune clearance and systemic inflammation in the MIS-C syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Gavriilaki
- Hematology Department & BMT Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.T.); (E.-E.K.); (I.M.); (P.G.P.); (C.V.); (A.P.); (I.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Stefanos A. Tsiftsoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tasoula Touloumenidou
- Hematology Department & BMT Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.T.); (E.-E.K.); (I.M.); (P.G.P.); (C.V.); (A.P.); (I.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Evangelia Farmaki
- 1st Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hipporkation Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.F.); (E.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Paraskevi Panagopoulou
- 4th Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.P.); (E.P.-A.); (M.F.)
| | - Elissavet Michailidou
- 3rd Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.M.); (E.I.); (O.T.); (E.R.)
| | - Evaggelia-Evdoxia Koravou
- Hematology Department & BMT Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.T.); (E.-E.K.); (I.M.); (P.G.P.); (C.V.); (A.P.); (I.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Ioulia Mavrikou
- Hematology Department & BMT Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.T.); (E.-E.K.); (I.M.); (P.G.P.); (C.V.); (A.P.); (I.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Elias Iosifidis
- 3rd Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.M.); (E.I.); (O.T.); (E.R.)
| | - Olga Tsiatsiou
- 3rd Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.M.); (E.I.); (O.T.); (E.R.)
| | - Eleni Papadimitriou
- 1st Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hipporkation Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.F.); (E.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Efimia Papadopoulou-Alataki
- 4th Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.P.); (E.P.-A.); (M.F.)
| | - Penelope Georgia Papayanni
- Hematology Department & BMT Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.T.); (E.-E.K.); (I.M.); (P.G.P.); (C.V.); (A.P.); (I.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Christos Varelas
- Hematology Department & BMT Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.T.); (E.-E.K.); (I.M.); (P.G.P.); (C.V.); (A.P.); (I.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Styliani Kokkoris
- Laboratory of Hematology and Hospital—Blood Transfusion Unit, Medical School, University General Hospital “Attikon”, NKUA, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Apostolia Papalexandri
- Hematology Department & BMT Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.T.); (E.-E.K.); (I.M.); (P.G.P.); (C.V.); (A.P.); (I.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Maria Fotoulaki
- 4th Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.P.); (E.P.-A.); (M.F.)
| | - Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou
- 2nd Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.G.-T.); (A.T.)
| | - Dimitrios Zafeiriou
- 1st Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hipporkation Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.F.); (E.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Emmanuel Roilides
- 3rd Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.M.); (E.I.); (O.T.); (E.R.)
| | - Ioanna Sakellari
- Hematology Department & BMT Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.T.); (E.-E.K.); (I.M.); (P.G.P.); (C.V.); (A.P.); (I.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Achilles Anagnostopoulos
- Hematology Department & BMT Unit, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.T.); (E.-E.K.); (I.M.); (P.G.P.); (C.V.); (A.P.); (I.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Athanasios Tragiannidis
- 2nd Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.G.-T.); (A.T.)
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Pereira E, Felipe S, de Freitas R, Araújo V, Soares P, Ribeiro J, Henrique Dos Santos L, Alves JO, Canabrava N, van Tilburg M, Guedes MI, Ceccatto V. ABO blood group and link to COVID-19: A comprehensive review of the reported associations and their possible underlying mechanisms. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105658. [PMID: 35764188 PMCID: PMC9233352 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABO blood group is long known to be an influencing factor for the susceptibility to infectious diseases, and many studies have been describing associations between ABO blood types and COVID-19 infection and severity, with conflicting findings. This narrative review aims to summarize the literature regarding associations between the ABO blood group and COVID-19. Blood type O is mostly associated with lower rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while blood type A is frequently described as a risk factor. Although results regarding the risk of severe outcomes are more variable, blood type A is the most associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality, while many studies describe O blood type as a protective factor for the disease progression. Furthermore, genetic associations with both the risk of infection and disease severity have been reported for the ABO locus. Some underlying mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain the reported associations, with incipient experimental data. Three major hypotheses emerge: SARS-CoV-2 could carry ABO(H)-like structures in its envelope glycoproteins and would be asymmetrically transmitted due to a protective effect of the ABO antibodies, ABH antigens could facilitate SARS-CoV-2 interaction with the host’ cells, and the association of non-O blood types with higher risks of thromboembolic events could confer COVID-19 patients with blood type O a lower risk of severe outcomes. The hypothesized mechanisms would affect distinct aspects of the COVID-19 natural history, with distinct potential implications to the disease transmission and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pereira
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Stela Felipe
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Freitas
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Valdevane Araújo
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paula Soares
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jannison Ribeiro
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center of Ceará, José Bastos Av., Fortaleza, 60431-086, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Dos Santos
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Juliana Osório Alves
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natália Canabrava
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mauricio van Tilburg
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Guedes
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vânia Ceccatto
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Av., Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
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Janda A, Engel C, Remppis J, Enkel S, Peter A, Hörber S, Ganzenmueller T, Schober S, Weinstock C, Jacobsen EM, Fabricius D, Zernickel M, Stamminger T, Dietz A, Groß HJ, Bode SFN, Haddad ADM, Elling R, Stich M, Tönshoff B, Henneke P, Debatin KM, Franz AR, Renk H. Role of ABO Blood Group in SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Households. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857965. [PMID: 35602077 PMCID: PMC9120758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between certain ABO/Rh blood groups and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been proposed for adults, although this remains controversial. In children and adolescents, the relationship is unclear due to a lack of robust data. Here, we investigated the association of ABO/Rh blood groups and SARS-CoV-2 in a multi-center study comprising 163 households with 281 children and 355 adults and at least one SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individual as determined by three independent assays as a proxy for previous infection. In line with previous findings, we found a higher frequency of blood group A (+ 6%) and a lower frequency of blood group O (−6%) among the SARS-CoV-2 seropositive adults compared to the seronegative ones. This trend was not seen in children. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children had a significantly lower frequency of Rh-positive blood groups. ABO compatibility did not seem to play a role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission within the families. A correction for family clusters was performed and estimated fixed effects of the blood group on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and symptomatic infection were determined. Although we found a different distribution of blood groups in seropositive individuals compared to the reference population, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity or symptomatic infection was not increased in children or in adults with blood group A or AB versus O or B. Increasing age was the only parameter positively correlating with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, specific ABO/Rh blood groups and ABO compatibility appear not to predispose for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Janda
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna Engel
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sigrid Enkel
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Medicine Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hörber
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Ganzenmueller
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schober
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christof Weinstock
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, Ulm, Germany.,Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorit Fabricius
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Zernickel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Dietz
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Groß
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian F N Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anneke D M Haddad
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Elling
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stich
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tönshoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel R Franz
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanna Renk
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Nafakhi A, Rabeea IS, Al‐Darraji R, Nafakhi H, Mechi A, Al‐Khalidi A, alareedh M. Association of ABO blood group with in-hospital adverse outcome and long term persistent symptoms of COVID-19 infection: A single-center longitudinal observational study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e656. [PMID: 35620543 PMCID: PMC9125875 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims There are gaps in knowledge regarding the association between the ABO blood group and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immediate and long-term outcomes. We aimed to investigate the association of ABO blood group with COVID-19 in-hospital adverse outcomes and to determine whether ABO blood group is associated with post-COVID-19 persistent symptoms. Methods This was a single-center longitudinal observational study that included patients who presented with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 infection and a positive test for COVID-19 and were able to attend the out-patient clinic after 6 months following acute COVID-19. The main outcomes were intensive care unit admission, the requirement for respiratory support, in-hospital death, and persistent symptoms. χ 2 test and regression analysis were used to analyze the collected data. Results A total of 169 patients were enrolled for the assessment of in-hospital adverse outcomes of whom 86 patients were included for the assessment of persistent symptoms after the exclusion of deceased patients or patients not attended the out-patient clinic. Patients with blood group B had higher prevalence of in-hospital death compared to blood group O (39% vs. 13%, p = 0.01) and this persisted after adjusting for sex (odds ratio, OR [confidence interval, CI] = 1.4 [1.1-2.1], p = 0.04), while patients with blood group AB had higher prevalence of requiring respiratory support than blood group O (54% vs. 10%, p = 0.02) and this persisted after adjusting for age (OR [CI] = 1.5 [1.1-2.3], p = 0.02). Concerning the association of ABO blood group and long-term symptoms, blood group AB showed a higher prevalence of palpitation (p < 0.001) and dizziness (p = 0.02) than other blood groups. Conclusions Blood groups AB and B are significantly associated with respiratory support use and in-hospital death, respectively, compared to blood group O. Blood group AB is significantly associated with persistent palpitation and dizziness compared to other blood groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nafakhi
- Researcher Research UnitNajaf Health Bureau, Ministry of HealthNajafIraq
| | - Ihsan S. Rabeea
- Department of Clinical PharmacyFaculty of Pharmacy, University of KufaNajafIraq
| | - Rasha Al‐Darraji
- Allergy and Asthma Center, Specialized Centers DepartmentAl‐Sader Teaching Hospital, Najaf Health Bureau, Ministry of HealthNajafIraq
| | - Hussein Nafakhi
- Internal Medicine DepartmentMedicine College, University of KufaNajafIraq
| | - Ahmed Mechi
- Internal Medicine DepartmentMedicine College, University of KufaNajafIraq
| | - Alhan Al‐Khalidi
- Internal Medicine DepartmentMedicine College, Jabir Ibn Hayan Medical UniversityNajafIraq
| | - Mohammed alareedh
- Internal Medicine DepartmentMedicine College, University of KufaNajafIraq
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39
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Blenda AV, Kamili NA, Wu SC, Abel WF, Ayona D, Gerner-Smidt C, Ho AD, Benian GM, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Galectin-9 recognizes and exhibits antimicrobial activity toward microbes expressing blood group-like antigens. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101704. [PMID: 35148986 PMCID: PMC9019251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While adaptive immunity recognizes a nearly infinite range of antigenic determinants, immune tolerance renders adaptive immunity vulnerable to microbes decorated in self-like antigens. Recent studies suggest that sugar-binding proteins galectin-4 and galectin-8 bind microbes expressing blood group antigens. However, the binding profile and potential antimicrobial activity of other galectins, particularly galectin-9 (Gal-9), has remained incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that while Gal-9 possesses strong binding preference for ABO(H) blood group antigens, each domain exhibits distinct binding patterns, with the C-terminal domain (Gal-9C) exhibiting higher binding to blood group B than the N-terminal domain (Gal-9N). Despite this binding preference, Gal-9 readily killed blood group B–positive Escherichia coli, whereas Gal-9N displayed higher killing activity against this microbe than Gal-9C. Utilization of microarrays populated with blood group O antigens from a diverse array of microbes revealed that Gal-9 can bind various microbial glycans, whereas Gal-9N and Gal-9C displayed distinct and overlapping binding preferences. Flow cytometric examination of intact microbes corroborated the microbial glycan microarray findings, demonstrating that Gal-9, Gal-9N, and Gal-9C also possess the capacity to recognize distinct strains of Providencia alcalifaciens and Klebsiella pneumoniae that express mammalian blood group–like antigens while failing to bind related strains that do not express mammalian-like glycans. In each case of microbial binding, Gal-9, Gal-9N, and Gal-9C induced microbial death. In contrast, while Gal-9, Gal-9N, and Gal-9C engaged red blood cells, each failed to induce hemolysis. These data suggest that Gal-9 recognition of distinct microbial strains may provide antimicrobial activity against molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Blenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, South Carolina, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nourine A Kamili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William F Abel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Diyoly Ayona
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Gerner-Smidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alex D Ho
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guy M Benian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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40
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Eslami N, Aghbash PS, Shamekh A, Entezari-Maleki T, Nahand JS, Sales AJ, Baghi HB. SARS-CoV-2: Receptor and Co-receptor Tropism Probability. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:133. [PMID: 35292865 PMCID: PMC8923825 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent pandemic which arose from China, is caused by a pathogenic virus named "severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)". Its rapid global expansion has inflicted an extreme public health concern. The attachment of receptor-binding domains (RBD) of the spike proteins (S) to the host cell's membrane, with or without the help of other cellular components such as proteases and especially co-receptors, is required for the first stage of its pathogenesis. In addition to humans, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is found on a wide range of vertebrate host's cellular surface. SARS-CoV-2 has a broad spectrum of tropism; thus, it can infect a vast range of tissues, organs, and hosts; even though the surface amino acids of the spike protein conflict in the receptor-binding region. Due to the heterogeneous ACE2 distribution and the presence of different domains on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for binding, the virus entry into diverse host cell types may depend on the host cells' receptor presentation with or without co-receptors. This review investigates multiple current types of receptor and co-receptor tropisms, with other molecular factors alongside their respective mechanisms, which facilitate the binding and entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cells, extending the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 from this perspective can effectively help prevent this disease and provide more potent treatment strategies, particularly in vulnerable people with various cellular-level susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Eslami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jafari Sales
- Department of Microbiology School of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun BranchKazerun, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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41
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Franchini M, Glingani C, Donno GD, Lucchini G, Beccaria M, Amato M, Castelli GP, Bianciardi L, Pagani M, Ghirardini M, Puma G, Presciuttini B, Costantino MT, Frigato M, Crosato V, Tiecco G, Mulè A, Papalia DA, Inglese F, Spreafico F, Garuti M, Pecoriello A, Cervi G, Greco G, Galavotti V, Santini T, Berselli A, Montalto C, Bertoletti R, Bellometti SA, Capuzzo E, Benazzi D, Grisolia G, Pajola F, Stradoni R, Zani M, Verzola A, Codeluppi V, Vesentini S, Bellocchio E, Candini M, Ambrosi G, Carandina F, Scarduelli C, Reggiani A, Casari S. Convalescent Plasma for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Single-Center Experience. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030420. [PMID: 35330170 PMCID: PMC8950373 DOI: 10.3390/life12030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Winter 2020, Italy, and in particular the Lombardy region, was the first country in the Western hemisphere to be hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. Plasma from individuals recovered from COVID-19 (COVID-19 convalescent plasma, CCP) was the first therapeutic tool adopted to counteract the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this retrospective cohort study, we report the experience of the city hospital of Mantua, Lombardy region, on the compassionate use of CCP in patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19. Between April 2020 and April 2021, 405 consecutive COVID-19 patients received 657 CCP units with a median anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (nAb) titer of 160 (interquartile range (IQR), 80−320). Their median age was 68 years (IQR, 56−78 years), and 62% were males. At enrollment, 55% of patients had an increased body mass index (BMI), and 25.6% had at least three comorbidities. The 28-day crude mortality rate was 12.6% (51/405). Young age (<68 years), mild disease (admission to low-intensity departments) and early treatment (<7 days from symptoms onset) with high nAb titer (≥320) CCP were found as independently associated with a favorable response to CCP treatment. No safety concerns were recorded, with a rate of CCP-related adverse reactions (all of mild intensity) of 1.3%. In our real-life experience, the first in the western world, early administration of high-titer CCP was a safe and effective treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0376-201234; Fax: +39-0376-220144
| | - Claudia Glingani
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Giuseppe De Donno
- Intensive Care Respiratory Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.D.D.); (M.B.); (F.I.); (F.S.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Lucchini
- Biostatistic Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Beccaria
- Intensive Care Respiratory Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.D.D.); (M.B.); (F.I.); (F.S.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Massimo Amato
- Emergency Department, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (M.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Gian Paolo Castelli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.P.C.); (A.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Leonardo Bianciardi
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, SS Trinità and San Marcellino Muravera (Cagliari) Hospital, ASL 8 Cagliari, 09043 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Mauro Pagani
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (M.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Marco Ghirardini
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of Asola, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (M.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Puma
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Barbara Presciuttini
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (M.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Maria Teresa Costantino
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (M.T.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Marilena Frigato
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (M.T.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Verena Crosato
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Clinic, University of Brescia and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.C.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Giorgio Tiecco
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Clinic, University of Brescia and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.C.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Alice Mulè
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Clinic, University of Brescia and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.C.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Dorothea Angela Papalia
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Clinic, University of Brescia and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.C.); (G.T.); (A.M.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Francesco Inglese
- Intensive Care Respiratory Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.D.D.); (M.B.); (F.I.); (F.S.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Fabio Spreafico
- Intensive Care Respiratory Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.D.D.); (M.B.); (F.I.); (F.S.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Martina Garuti
- Intensive Care Respiratory Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.D.D.); (M.B.); (F.I.); (F.S.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Antonietta Pecoriello
- Intensive Care Respiratory Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.D.D.); (M.B.); (F.I.); (F.S.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Giulia Cervi
- Intensive Care Respiratory Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.D.D.); (M.B.); (F.I.); (F.S.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Graziana Greco
- Intensive Care Respiratory Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.D.D.); (M.B.); (F.I.); (F.S.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Vanni Galavotti
- Intensive Care Respiratory Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.D.D.); (M.B.); (F.I.); (F.S.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (G.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Tiziana Santini
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of Asola, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (M.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Angela Berselli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.P.C.); (A.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlo Montalto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.P.C.); (A.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Riccardo Bertoletti
- Medical Direction, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (R.B.); (S.A.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Simona Aurelia Bellometti
- Medical Direction, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (R.B.); (S.A.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Enrico Capuzzo
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Dario Benazzi
- Emergency Department, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (M.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Gianpaolo Grisolia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy;
| | - Fabio Pajola
- Medical Direction, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (R.B.); (S.A.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Raffaello Stradoni
- General Direction, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Valcamonica, 25043 Breno, Italy;
| | - Matteo Zani
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Adriano Verzola
- Management Planning and Control Service, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy;
| | - Vito Codeluppi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Destra Secchia Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (V.C.); (S.V.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Silvia Vesentini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Destra Secchia Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (V.C.); (S.V.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Elisa Bellocchio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Destra Secchia Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (V.C.); (S.V.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Marco Candini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Destra Secchia Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (V.C.); (S.V.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Giorgina Ambrosi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Destra Secchia Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (V.C.); (S.V.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Carandina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Destra Secchia Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (V.C.); (S.V.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Cleante Scarduelli
- Intensive Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy;
| | - Albino Reggiani
- Cardiology Unit, Destra Secchia Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Casari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Carlo Poma Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Mantova, 46100 Mantova, Italy; (G.P.); (S.C.)
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Mariam SH. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic: Are Africa's Prevalence and Mortality Rates Relatively Low? Adv Virol 2022; 2022:3387784. [PMID: 35256885 PMCID: PMC8898136 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3387784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has been rapidly spreading since December 2019, and within a few months, it turned out to be a global pandemic. The disease affects primarily the lungs, but its pathogenesis spreads to other organs as well. However, its mortality rates vary, and in the majority of infected people, there are no serious consequences. Many factors including advanced age, preexisting health conditions, and genetic predispositions are believed to exacerbate outcomes of COVID-19. The virus contains several structural proteins including the spike (S) protein with subunits for binding, fusion, and internalization into host cells following interaction with host cell receptors and proteases (ACE2 and TMPRSS2, respectively) to cause the subsequent pathology. Although the pandemic has spread into all countries, most of Africa is thought of as having relatively less prevalence and mortality. Several hypotheses have been forwarded as reasons for this and include warmer weather conditions, vaccination with BCG (i.e., trained immunity), and previous malaria infection. From genetics or metabolic points of view, it has been proposed that most African populations could be protected to some degree because they lack some genetic susceptibility risk factors or have low-level expression of allelic variants, such as ACE2 and TMPRSS2 that are thought to be involved in increased infection risk or disease severity. The frequency of occurrence of α-1 antitrypsin (an inhibitor of a tissue-degrading protease, thereby protecting target host tissues including the lung) deficiency is also reported to be low in most African populations. More recently, infections in Africa appear to be on the rise. In general, there are few studies on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease in African contexts, and the overall costs and human life losses due to the pandemic in Africa will be determined by all factors and conditions interacting in complex ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon H. Mariam
- Infectious Diseases Program, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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43
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Peloso GM, Tcheandjieu C, McGeary JE, Posner DC, Ho YL, Zhou JJ, Hilliard AT, Joseph J, O’Donnell CJ, Efird JT, Crawford DC, Wu WC, Arjomandi M, Sun YV, Assimes TL, Huffman JE. Genetic Loci Associated With COVID-19 Positivity and Hospitalization in White, Black, and Hispanic Veterans of the VA Million Veteran Program. Front Genet 2022; 12:777076. [PMID: 35222515 PMCID: PMC8864634 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.777076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused symptomatic COVID-19 and widespread death across the globe. We sought to determine genetic variants contributing to COVID-19 susceptibility and hospitalization in a large biobank linked to a national United States health system. We identified 19,168 (3.7%) lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases among Million Veteran Program participants between March 1, 2020, and February 2, 2021, including 11,778 Whites, 4,893 Blacks, and 2,497 Hispanics. A multi-population genome-wide association study (GWAS) for COVID-19 outcomes identified four independent genetic variants (rs8176719, rs73062389, rs60870724, and rs73910904) contributing to COVID-19 positivity, including one novel locus found exclusively among Hispanics. We replicated eight of nine previously reported genetic associations at an alpha of 0.05 in at least one population-specific or the multi-population meta-analysis for one of the four MVP COVID-19 outcomes. We used rs8176719 and three additional variants to accurately infer ABO blood types. We found that A, AB, and B blood types were associated with testing positive for COVID-19 compared with O blood type with the highest risk for the A blood group. We did not observe any genome-wide significant associations for COVID-19 severity outcomes among those testing positive. Our study replicates prior GWAS findings associated with testing positive for COVID-19 among mostly White samples and extends findings at three loci to Black and Hispanic individuals. We also report a new locus among Hispanics requiring further investigation. These findings may aid in the identification of novel therapeutic agents to decrease the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 across all major ancestral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Peloso
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Catherine Tcheandjieu
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John E. McGeary
- Providence VA Healthcare System, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Daniel C. Posner
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuk-Lam Ho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jin J. Zhou
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Jacob Joseph
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Cardiology Section, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Cardiology Section, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jimmy T. Efird
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Dana C. Crawford
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Wen-Chih Wu
- Providence VA Healthcare System, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Mehrdad Arjomandi
- Medical Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Yan V. Sun
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
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König-Beihammer J, Vavra U, Shin YJ, Veit C, Grünwald-Gruber C, Gillitschka Y, Huber J, Hofner M, Vierlinger K, Mitteregger D, Weinhäusel A, Strasser R. In Planta Production of the Receptor-Binding Domain From SARS-CoV-2 With Human Blood Group A Glycan Structures. Front Chem 2022; 9:816544. [PMID: 35178379 PMCID: PMC8846405 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.816544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is important for infectivity and immune evasion. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is heavily glycosylated and host-derived glycan modifications contribute to the formation of specific immunogenic epitopes, enhance the virus-cell interaction or affect virus transmission. On recombinant viral antigens used as subunit vaccines or for serological assays, distinct glycan structures may enhance the immunogenicity and are recognized by naturally occurring antibodies in human sera. Here, we performed an in vivo glycoengineering approach to produce recombinant variants of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) with blood group antigens in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. SARS-CoV-2 RBD and human glycosyltransferases for the blood group ABH antigen formation were transiently co-expressed in N. benthamiana leaves. Recombinant RBD was purified and the formation of complex N-glycans carrying blood group A antigens was shown by immunoblotting and MS analysis. Binding to the cellular ACE2 receptor and the conformation-dependent CR3022 antibody showed that the RBD glycosylation variants carrying blood group antigens were functional. Analysis of sera from RBD-positive and RBD-negative individuals revealed further that non-infected RBD-negative blood group O individuals have antibodies that strongly bind to RBD modified with blood group A antigen structures. The binding of IgGs derived from sera of non-infected RBD-negative blood group O individuals to blood group A antigens on SARS-CoV-2 RBD suggests that these antibodies could provide some degree of protection from virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia König-Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Vavra
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yun-Ji Shin
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Veit
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse, Austria
| | - Yasmin Gillitschka
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Huber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Hofner
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Vierlinger
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Weinhäusel
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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45
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Chutipongtanate S, Morrow AL, Newburg DS. Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Potential Applications in COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020346. [PMID: 35203555 PMCID: PMC8961778 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health crisis with more than four million deaths worldwide. A substantial number of COVID-19 survivors continue suffering from long-COVID syndrome, a long-term complication exhibiting chronic inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Much effort is being expended to improve therapeutic outcomes. Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates known to exert health benefits in breastfed infants by preventing infection, maintaining immune homeostasis and nurturing healthy gut microbiota. These beneficial effects suggest the hypothesis that hMOS might have applications in COVID-19 as receptor decoys, immunomodulators, mucosal signaling agents, and prebiotics. This review summarizes hMOS biogenesis and classification, describes the possible mechanisms of action of hMOS upon different phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discusses the challenges and opportunities of hMOS research for clinical applications in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children′s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - David S. Newburg
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Correspondence: or
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46
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Cavezzi A, Menicagli R, Troiani E, Corrao S. COVID-19, Cation Dysmetabolism, Sialic Acid, CD147, ACE2, Viroporins, Hepcidin and Ferroptosis: A Possible Unifying Hypothesis. F1000Res 2022; 11:102. [PMID: 35340277 PMCID: PMC8921693 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.108667.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: iron and calcium dysmetabolism, with hyperferritinemia, hypoferremia, hypocalcemia and anemia have been documented in the majority of COVID-19 patients at later/worse stages. Furthermore, complementary to ACE2, both sialic acid (SA) molecules and CD147 proved relevant host receptors for SARS-CoV-2 entry, which explains the viral attack to multiple types of cells, including erythrocytes, endothelium and neural tissue. Several authors advocated that cell ferroptosis may be the core and final cell degenerative mechanism. Methods: a literature research was performed in several scientific search engines, such as PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, Chemical Abstract Service. More than 500 articles were retrieved until mid-December 2021, to highlight the available evidence about the investigated issues. Results: based on COVID-19 literature data, we have highlighted a few pathophysiological mechanisms, associated with virus-based cation dysmetabolism, multi-organ attack, mitochondria degeneration and ferroptosis. Our suggested elucidated pathological sequence is: a) spike protein subunit S1 docking with sialylated membrane glycoproteins/receptors (ACE2, CD147), and S2 subunit fusion with the lipid layer; b) cell membrane morpho-functional changes due to the consequent electro-chemical variations and viroporin action, which induce an altered ion channel function and intracellular cation accumulation; c) additional intracellular iron concentration due to a deregulated hepcidin-ferroportin axis, with higher hepcidin levels. Viral invasion may also affect erythrocytes/erythroid precursors, endothelial cells and macrophages, through SA and CD147 receptors, with relative hemoglobin and iron/calcium dysmetabolism. AB0 blood group, hemochromatosis, or environmental elements may represent possible factors which affect individual susceptibility to COVID-19. Conclusions: our literature analysis confirms the combined role of SA molecules, ACE2, CD147, viroporins and hepcidin in determining the cation dysmetabolism and final ferroptosis in the cells infected by SARS-CoV-2. The altered ion channels and electrochemical gradients of the cell membrane have a pivotal role in the virus entry and cell dysmetabolism, with subsequent multi-organ immune-inflammatory degeneration and erythrocyte/hemoglobin alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Cavezzi
- Eurocenter Venalinfa, San Benedetto del Tronto, AP, 63074, Italy
| | | | - Emidio Troiani
- Cardiology Unit, Social Security Institute, State Hospital, Cailungo, 47893, San Marino
| | - Salvatore Corrao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine Division,, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital Trust, Palermo, Italy
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47
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Cavezzi A, Menicagli R, Troiani E, Corrao S. COVID-19, Cation Dysmetabolism, Sialic Acid, CD147, ACE2, Viroporins, Hepcidin and Ferroptosis: A Possible Unifying Hypothesis. F1000Res 2022; 11:102. [PMID: 35340277 PMCID: PMC8921693 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.108667.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: iron and calcium dysmetabolism, with hyperferritinemia, hypoferremia, hypocalcemia and anemia have been documented in the majority of COVID-19 patients at later/worse stages. Furthermore, complementary to ACE2, both sialic acid (SA) molecules and CD147 proved relevant host receptors for SARS-CoV-2 entry, which explains the viral attack to multiple types of cells, including erythrocytes, endothelium and neural tissue. Several authors advocated that cell ferroptosis may be the core and final cell degenerative mechanism. Methods: a literature research was performed in several scientific search engines, such as PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, Chemical Abstract Service. More than 500 articles were retrieved until mid-December 2021, to highlight the available evidence about the investigated issues. Results: based on COVID-19 literature data, we have highlighted a few pathophysiological mechanisms, associated with virus-based cation dysmetabolism, multi-organ attack, mitochondria degeneration and ferroptosis. Our suggested elucidated pathological sequence is: a) spike protein subunit S1 docking with sialylated membrane glycoproteins/receptors (ACE2, CD147), and S2 subunit fusion with the lipid layer; b) cell membrane morpho-functional changes due to the consequent electro-chemical variations and viroporin action, which induce an altered ion channel function and intracellular cation accumulation; c) additional intracellular iron concentration due to a deregulated hepcidin-ferroportin axis, with higher hepcidin levels. Viral invasion may also affect erythrocytes/erythroid precursors, endothelial cells and macrophages, through SA and CD147 receptors, with relative hemoglobin and iron/calcium dysmetabolism. AB0 blood group, hemochromatosis, or environmental elements may represent possible factors which affect individual susceptibility to COVID-19. Conclusions: our literature analysis confirms the combined role of SA molecules, ACE2, CD147, viroporins and hepcidin in determining the cation dysmetabolism and final ferroptosis in the cells infected by SARS-CoV-2. The altered ion channels and electrochemical gradients of the cell membrane have a pivotal role in the virus entry and cell dysmetabolism, with subsequent multi-organ immune-inflammatory degeneration and erythrocyte/hemoglobin alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Cavezzi
- Eurocenter Venalinfa, San Benedetto del Tronto, AP, 63074, Italy
| | | | - Emidio Troiani
- Cardiology Unit, Social Security Institute, State Hospital, Cailungo, 47893, San Marino
| | - Salvatore Corrao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine Division,, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital Trust, Palermo, Italy
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48
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Boukhari R, Breiman A, Jazat J, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Martinez S, Damais-Cepitelli A, Le Niger C, Devie-Hubert I, Penasse F, Mauriere D, Sébille V, Dürrbach A, Le Pendu J. ABO Blood Group Incompatibility Protects Against SARS-CoV-2 Transmission. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:799519. [PMID: 35069504 PMCID: PMC8767008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.799519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABO blood groups appear to be associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the underlying mechanisms and their real importance remain unclear. Two hypotheses have been proposed: ABO compatibility-dependence (neutralization by anti-ABO antibodies) and ABO-dependent intrinsic susceptibility (spike protein attachment to histo-blood group glycans). We tested the first hypothesis through an anonymous questionnaire addressed to hospital staff members. We estimated symptomatic secondary attack rates (SAR) for 333 index cases according to spouse ABO blood group compatibility. Incompatibility was associated with a lower SAR (28% vs. 47%; OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.27–0.69), but no ABO dependence was detected in compatible situations. For the second hypothesis, we detected no binding of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 RBD to blood group-containing glycans. Thus, although no intrinsic differences in susceptibility according to ABO blood type were detected, ABO incompatibility strongly decreased the risk of COVID-19 transmission, suggesting that anti-ABO antibodies contribute to virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrien Breiman
- CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | | | - Nathalie Ruvoën-Clouet
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France.,Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Fanny Penasse
- Service Pharmacie, CH Bar sur Aube, Bar sur Aube, France
| | | | - Véronique Sébille
- Methodology and Biostatitics Unit, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Inserm, SPHERE U1246, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Dürrbach
- Service Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation, CHU Henri Mondor, Inserm, UMR 1186, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Créteil, France
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49
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Roles of Sialyl Glycans in HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:243-271. [PMID: 36175638 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing seasonal HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 (common cold), an ongoing zoonotic infection of highly lethal MERS-CoV in humans (MERS disease), and an ongoing pandemic SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) with high mutability giving some variants causing severe illness and death have been reported to attach to sialyl receptors via their spike (S) glycoproteins and via additional short spikes, hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoproteins, for HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1. There is lack of zoonotic viruses that are origins of HCoV-HKU1 and the first recorded pandemic CoV (SARS-CoV-2) for studies. In this chapter, we review current knowledge of the roles of sialyl glycans in infections with these viruses in distinct infection stages. Determination of the similarities and differences in roles of sialyl glycans in infections with these viruses could lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and transmission that is essential for combating infections with CoVs that recognize sialyl glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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50
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Nguyen L, McCord KA, Bui DT, Bouwman KM, Kitova EN, Elaish M, Kumawat D, Daskhan GC, Tomris I, Han L, Chopra P, Yang TJ, Willows SD, Mason AL, Mahal LK, Lowary TL, West LJ, Hsu STD, Hobman T, Tompkins SM, Boons GJ, de Vries RP, Macauley MS, Klassen JS. Sialic acid-containing glycolipids mediate binding and viral entry of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:81-90. [PMID: 34754101 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00924-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that host glycans influence severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides. Gangliosides embedded within an artificial membrane also bind to the RBD. The monomeric affinities (Kd = 100-200 μM) of gangliosides for the RBD are similar to another negatively charged glycan ligand of the RBD proposed as a viral co-receptor, heparan sulfate (HS) dp2-dp6 oligosaccharides. RBD binding and infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped lentivirus to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-expressing cells is decreased following depletion of cell surface Sia levels using three approaches: sialyltransferase (ST) inhibition, genetic knockout of Sia biosynthesis, or neuraminidase treatment. These effects on RBD binding and both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2 viral entry are recapitulated with pharmacological or genetic disruption of glycolipid biosynthesis. Together, these results suggest that sialylated glycans, specifically glycolipids, facilitate viral entry of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelli A McCord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Duong T Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim M Bouwman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Poultry Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dhanraj Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gour C Daskhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ilhan Tomris
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tzu-Jing Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steven D Willows
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew L Mason
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shang-Te Danny Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tom Hobman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen M Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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