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Poole JA, Zamora-Sifuentes JL, De Las Vecillas L, Quirce S. Respiratory Diseases Associated With Organic Dust Exposure. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2024:S2213-2198(24)00196-X. [PMID: 38423290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Organic dusts are complex bioaerosol mixtures comprised of dust and par ticulate matter of organic origin. These include components from bacteria, fungi, pollen, and viruses to fragments of animals and plants commonplace to several environmental/occupational settings encompassing agriculture/farming, grain processing, waste/recycling, textile, cotton, woodworking, bird breeding, and more. Organic dust exposures are linked to development of chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, asthma-like syndrome, byssinosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Risk factors of disease development include cumulative dust exposure, smoking, atopy, timing/duration, and nutritional factors. The immunopathogenesis predominantly involves Toll-like receptor signaling cascade, T-helper 1/T-helper 17 lymphocyte responses, neutrophil influx, and potentiation of manifestations associated with allergy. The true prevalence of airway disease directly attributed to organic dust, especially in a workplace setting, remains challenging. Diagnostic confirmation can be difficult and complicated by hesitancy from workers to seek medical care, driven by fears of potential labor-related consequence. Clinical respiratory and systemic presentations coupled with allergy testing, lung function patterns of obstructive versus restrictive disease, and radiological characteristics are typically utilized to delineate these various organic dust-associated respiratory diseases. Prevention, risk reduction, and management primarily focus on reducing exposure to the offending dust, managing symptoms, and preventing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.
| | - Jose L Zamora-Sifuentes
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb
| | | | - Santiago Quirce
- Department of Allergy, La Paz University of Hospital, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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Lin C, Lane KJ, Chomitz VR, Griffiths JK, Brugge D. The Exposure Peaks of Traffic-Related Ultrafine Particles Associated with Inflammatory Biomarkers and Blood Lipid Profiles. TOXICS 2024; 12:147. [PMID: 38393242 PMCID: PMC10893127 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we explored the effects of ultrafine particle (UFP) peak exposure on inflammatory biomarkers and blood lipids using two novel metrics-the intensity of peaks and the frequency of peaks. We used data previously collected by the Community Assessment of Freeway Exposure and Health project from participants in the Greater Boston Area. The UFP exposure data were time-activity-adjusted hourly average concentration, estimated using land use regression models based on mobile-monitored ambient concentrations. The outcome data included C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2 (TNF-RII), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides and total cholesterol. For each health indicator, multivariate regression models were used to assess their associations with UFP peaks (N = 364-411). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status and education level, an increase in UFP peak exposure was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with an increase in TNF-RII and a decrease in HDL and triglycerides. Increases in UFP peaks were also significantly associated with increased IL-6 and decreased total cholesterol, while the same associations were not significant when annual average exposure was used. Our work suggests that analysis using peak exposure metrics could reveal more details about the effect of environmental exposures than the annual average metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lin
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (C.L.); (V.R.C.); (J.K.G.)
| | - Kevin J. Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Virginia R. Chomitz
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (C.L.); (V.R.C.); (J.K.G.)
| | - Jeffrey K. Griffiths
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (C.L.); (V.R.C.); (J.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Doug Brugge
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Lin C, Lane KJ, Griffiths JK, Brugge D. A new exposure metric for the cumulative effect of short-term exposure peaks of traffic-related ultrafine particles. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:615-628. [PMID: 34667309 PMCID: PMC9016093 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The adverse health outcomes of traffic-related ultrafine particles (UFPs) disproportionally impact near-highway neighborhoods. Current studies focus on either short-term health outcomes associated with short-term UFP exposures averaged over days or weeks, or long-term outcomes associated with long-term (yearly or longer) average UFP exposures. We hypothesized that frequent and repeated exposure to short-term UFP peaks that last for just hours could overwhelm or alter physiological defensive responses, resulting in long-term health issues. Herein, we propose a new exposure metric for measuring the cumulative effect of these peak exposures. METHOD We used UFP exposure data estimated by the Community Assessment of Freeway Exposure and Health (CAFEH) project, which recruited 704 participants from three pairs of near-highway/urban background neighborhoods in the Greater Boston Area between 2009 and 2012. CAFEH developed land use regression (LUR) models to estimate hourly averages of ambient UFP levels within the study areas based on mobile-monitored UFP data, and applied time-activity adjustment (TAA) to calculate adjusted final hourly estimates. Our alternative metric assigns cumulative peak exposure, which is determined as either the intensity (a high percentile of an individual's adjusted hourly UFP estimates) or the frequency (the number of hours with adjusted UFP estimates greater than a high percentile of all adjusted hourly UFP estimates of all participants in the study area) of UFP peaks. RESULTS After TAA was applied, for most of the time, our cumulative peak exposure metrics were not strongly correlated with the annual average. However, the level of correlation varied greatly from neighborhood to neighborhood (Spearman's R ranges from 0.39 to 0.97). CONCLUSION There was variation in UFP peak exposure that was not explained by the annual average, suggesting that our proposed peak metric distinct from annual average exposure metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lin
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin J Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Griffiths
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Doug Brugge
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Pandher U, Kirychuk S, Schneberger D, Thompson B, Aulakh G, Sethi RS, Singh B. Lung inflammation from repeated exposure to LPS and glyphosate. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:637-648. [PMID: 34626244 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural workplaces consist of multiple airborne contaminants and inhalation exposures induce respiratory effects in workers. Endotoxin (LPS) and glyphosate are two common airborne contaminants in agricultural environments. We have previously shown that exposure to a combination of LPS and glyphosate synergistically modulates immune reactions as compared to individual exposures. The immunopathogenesis of acute and chronic exposure to complex agricultural exposures including LPS and glyphosate is not known; therefore, we further investigated the lung cellular inflammatory differences in mice exposed to either a combination, or individual, LPS, and glyphosate for 1 day, 5 days, and 10 days. Exposure to a combination of LPS and glyphosate resulted in greater cellular inflammatory effects in lungs as compared to individual exposures to LPS or glyphosate. Repeated exposures to the combination of LPS and glyphosate resulted in robust infiltration of inflammatory cells in the perivascular, peribronchiolar, and alveolar regions, and increases of alveolar septal thicknesses and perivascular spaces in the lungs with intense intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) - 1 staining in the perivascular region, but minimal staining in the pulmonary artery endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upkardeep Pandher
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, P.O. Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Shelley Kirychuk
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, P.O. Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - David Schneberger
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, P.O. Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Brooke Thompson
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, P.O. Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Aulakh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - R S Sethi
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, SK, S7N 5B4, Saskatoon, Canada
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Ma H, Liu F, Yang X, Liu Q, Wang X, Xing X, Lin Z, Cao J, Li J, Huang K, Yan W, Liu T, Fan M, Chen S, Lu X, Gu D, Huang J. Association of short-term fine particulate matter exposure with pulmonary function in populations at intermediate to high-risk of cardiovascular disease: A panel study in three Chinese cities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112397. [PMID: 34116334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decline in pulmonary function contributes to increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although adverse effects of short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on pulmonary function have been recognized in healthy people or patients with respiratory disease, these results were not well illustrated among people with elevated CVD risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS A panel study was conducted in three Chinese cities with three repeated visits among populations at intermediate to high-risk of CVD, defined as treated hypertension patients or those with blood pressure ≥ 130/80 mmHg, who met any of the three conditions including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Individualized PM2.5 exposure and pulmonary function were measured during each seasonal visit. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to analyze the associations of PM2.5 concentrations with pulmonary function indicators, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC), maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMF), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). RESULTS Short-term PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with decreased pulmonary function and an increment of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 concentrations during lag 12-24 hour was associated with declines of 41.7 ml/s (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.7-75.7), 0.35% (95% CI: 0.01, 0.69), and 20.9 ml/s (95% CI: 0.5-41.3) for PEF, FEV1/FVC, and MMF, respectively. Results from stratified and sensitivity analyses were generally similar with the overall findings, while the adverse effects of PM2.5 on pulmonary functions were more pronounced in those who were physically inactive. CONCLUSIONS This study first identified short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with impaired pulmonary function and physical activity might attenuate the adverse effects of PM2.5 among populations at intermediate to high-risk of CVD. These findings provide new robust evidence on health effects of air pollution and call for effective prevention measures among people at CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Fangchao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xueli Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Xiaolong Xing
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhennan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Keyong Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Weili Yan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Clinical Trial Unit, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Meng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
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Pandher U, Kirychuk S, Schneberger D, Thompson B, Aulakh G, Sethi RS, Singh B. Pulmonary inflammatory response from co-exposure to LPS and glyphosate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:103651. [PMID: 33812014 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural airborne work exposures are complex in nature and workplace exposures are a risk for respiratory outcomes in workers. Endotoxin and glyphosate are two common agents in agricultural exposures. While endotoxin (lipopolysaccaride, LPS) is a potent inflammatory agent it explains only a portion of the respiratory inflammatory response. The inflammatory potential when LPS is presented with another common agricultural respiratory agent, glyphosate, is not known. METHODS Mice were assigned to four treatment groups: control, LPS alone, glyphosate alone, glyphosate and LPS combined. Treatments were for 1, 5 or 10 days. RESULTS Five days of repeated exposure to the comintation of LPS and glyphosate resulted in higher neutrophil counts, myloperoxidase, TNF-α, IL-6, KC levels, and ICAM-1 and TLR-2 expression compared to the same length of treatment to LPS or glyphosate alone. After 10-days of exposure, inflammatory responses decreased, however leukocyte infiltration persisted along with increases in IL-4. CONCLUSIONS Glyphosate exposure modified LPS induced lung inflammatory responses and TLR-2 may be important in the modulated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upkardeep Pandher
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, P.O. Box 23, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Shelley Kirychuk
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, P.O. Box 23, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - David Schneberger
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, P.O. Box 23, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Brooke Thompson
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, P.O. Box 23, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Aulakh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - R S Sethi
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Baljit Singh
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
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van Leenen K, Jouret J, Demeyer P, Vermeir P, Leenknecht D, Van Driessche L, De Cremer L, Masmeijer C, Boyen F, Deprez P, Cox E, Devriendt B, Pardon B. Particulate matter and airborne endotoxin concentration in calf barns and their association with lung consolidation, inflammation, and infection. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5932-5947. [PMID: 33612235 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural operations are important sources of organic dust containing particulate matter (PM) and endotoxins, which have possible negative health consequences for both humans and animals. Dust concentrations and composition in calf barns, as well as the potential health effects for these animals, are scarcely documented. The objective of this study was to measure PM fractions and endotoxin concentrations in calf barns and study their associations with lung consolidation, respiratory tract inflammation, and infection in group-housed calves. In this cross-sectional study, samples from 24 dairy farms and 23 beef farms were collected in Belgium from January to April 2017. PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 (defined as particulate matter passing through a size-selective inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at a 1.0-μm, 2.5-μm, and 10-μm aerodynamic diameter, respectively) were sampled during a 24-h period using a Grimm aerosol spectrometer (Grimm Aerosol Technik Ainring GmbH & Co. KG). Endotoxin concentration was measured in the PM10 fraction. Thoracic ultrasonography was performed and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid was collected for cytology and bacteriology. Average PM concentrations were 16.3 µg/m3 (standard deviation, SD: 17.1; range: 0.20-771), 25.0 µg/m3 (SD: 25.3; range: 0.50-144.9), and 70.3 µg/m3 (SD: 54.5; range: 1.6-251.2) for PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10, respectively. Mean endotoxin in the PM10 fraction was 4.2 endotoxin units (EU)/µg (SD: 5.50; range: 0.03-30.3). Concentrations in air were 205.7 EU/m3 (SD: 197.5; range: 2.32-901.0). Lung consolidations with a depth of ≥1, ≥3, and ≥6 cm were present in 43.1% (146/339), 27.4% (93/339), and 15.3% (52/339) of the calves, respectively. Exposure to fine (PM1.0) PM fractions was associated with increased odds of lung consolidations of ≥1 cm (odds ratio, OR: 3.3; confidence interval (CI): 1.5-7.1), ≥3 cm (OR: 2.8; CI: 1.2-7.1), and ≥6 cm (OR: 12.3; CI: 1.2-125.0). The odds of having lung consolidations of ≥1 cm (OR: 13.9; CI: 3.4-58.8) and ≥3 cm (OR: 6.7; 1.7-27.0) were higher when endotoxin concentrations in the dust mass exceeded 8.5 EU/µg. Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid neutrophil percentage was positively associated with PM10 concentration, and epithelial cell percentage was negatively associated with this fraction. Concentration of PM2.5 was positively associated with epithelial cell percentage and isolation of Pasteurella multocida. Although concentrations of fine dust are lower in calf barns than in poultry and pig housings, in this study they were associated with pneumonia in calves. Dust control strategies for reducing fine dust fractions in calf barns may benefit human and animal respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K van Leenen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Jouret
- Belgian Center for Occupational Hygiene, Tramstraat 59, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - P Demeyer
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burgemeester van Gansberghelaan 115 Bus1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Vermeir
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Leenknecht
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Van Driessche
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L De Cremer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Masmeijer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Laboratory for Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Cox
- Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Devriendt
- Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Davis KU, Sheats MK. The Role of Neutrophils in the Pathophysiology of Asthma in Humans and Horses. Inflammation 2020; 44:450-465. [PMID: 33150539 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and debilitating chronic airway disease that affects people and horses of all ages worldwide. While asthma in humans most commonly involves an excessive type 2 immune response and eosinophilic inflammation, neutrophils have also been recognized as key players in the pathophysiology of asthma, including in the severe asthma phenotype where neutrophilic inflammation predominates. Severe equine asthma syndrome (sEAS) features prominent neutrophilic inflammation and has been increasingly used as a naturally occurring animal model for the study of human neutrophilic asthma. This comparative review examines the recent literature in order to explore the role of neutrophil inflammatory functions in the pathophysiology and immunology of asthma in humans and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Uchiumi Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
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9
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Nordgreen J, Edwards SA, Boyle LA, Bolhuis JE, Veit C, Sayyari A, Marin DE, Dimitrov I, Janczak AM, Valros A. A Proposed Role for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Damaging Behavior in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:646. [PMID: 33134341 PMCID: PMC7562715 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness can change our mood for the worse, leaving us sad, lethargic, grumpy and less socially inclined. This mood change is part of a set of behavioral symptoms called sickness behavior and has features in common with core symptoms of depression. Therefore, the physiological changes induced by immune activation, for example following infection, are in the spotlight for explaining mechanisms behind mental health challenges such as depression. While humans may take a day off and isolate themselves until they feel better, farm animals housed in groups have only limited possibilities for social withdrawal. We suggest that immune activation could be a major factor influencing social interactions in pigs, with outbreaks of damaging behavior such as tail biting as a possible result. The hypothesis presented here is that the effects of several known risk factors for tail biting are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteins produced by the immune system, and their effect on neurotransmitter systems. We describe the background for and implications of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandra A. Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ann Boyle
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christina Veit
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amin Sayyari
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniela E. Marin
- National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | | | - Andrew M. Janczak
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Valros
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Brooks D, Barr LC, Wiscombe S, McAuley DF, Simpson AJ, Rostron AJ. Human lipopolysaccharide models provide mechanistic and therapeutic insights into systemic and pulmonary inflammation. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.01298-2019. [PMID: 32299854 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01298-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key feature in the pathogenesis of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Sepsis and ARDS continue to be associated with high mortality. A key contributory factor is the rudimentary understanding of the early events in pulmonary and systemic inflammation in humans, which are difficult to study in clinical practice, as they precede the patient's presentation to medical services. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is a trigger of inflammation and the dysregulated host response in sepsis. Human LPS models deliver a small quantity of LPS to healthy volunteers, triggering an inflammatory response and providing a window to study early inflammation in humans. This allows biological/mechanistic insights to be made and new therapeutic strategies to be tested in a controlled, reproducible environment from a defined point in time. We review the use of human LPS models, focussing on the underlying mechanistic insights that have been gained by studying the response to intravenous and pulmonary LPS challenge. We discuss variables that may influence the response to LPS before considering factors that should be considered when designing future human LPS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brooks
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura C Barr
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Wiscombe
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Health Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - A John Simpson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony J Rostron
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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11
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Sigsgaard T, Basinas I, Doekes G, de Blay F, Folletti I, Heederik D, Lipinska-Ojrzanowska A, Nowak D, Olivieri M, Quirce S, Raulf M, Sastre J, Schlünssen V, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Siracusa A. Respiratory diseases and allergy in farmers working with livestock: a EAACI position paper. Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:29. [PMID: 32642058 PMCID: PMC7336421 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Farmers constitute a large professional group worldwide. In developed countries farms tend to become larger, with a concentration of farm operations. Animal farming has been associated with negative respiratory effects such as work-related asthma and rhinitis. However, being born and raised or working on a farm reduces the risk of atopic asthma and rhinitis later in life. A risk of chronic bronchitis and bronchial obstruction/COPD has been reported in confinement buildings and livestock farmers. This position paper reviews the literature linking exposure information to intensive animal farming and the risk of work-related respiratory diseases and focuses on prevention. Animal farming is associated with exposure to organic dust containing allergens and microbial matter including alive microorganisms and viruses, endotoxins and other factors like irritant gases such as ammonia and disinfectants. These exposures have been identified as specific agents/risk factors of asthma, rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, COPD and reduced FEV1. Published studies on dust and endotoxin exposure in livestock farmers do not show a downward trend in exposure over the last 30 years, suggesting that the workforce in these industries is still overexposed and at risk of developing respiratory disease. In cases of occupational asthma and rhinitis, avoidance of further exposure to causal agents is recommended, but it may not be obtainable in agriculture, mainly due to socio-economic considerations. Hence, there is an urgent need for focus on farming exposure in order to protect farmers and others at work in these and related industries from developing respiratory diseases and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sigsgaard
- Department of Environment Occupation & Health, Dept of Public Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Build. 1260, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - I Basinas
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G Doekes
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F de Blay
- Division of Asthma and Allergy, Department of Chest Diseases, University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - I Folletti
- Occupational Medicine, Terni Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - D Heederik
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Lipinska-Ojrzanowska
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - D Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, Member DZL, German Centre for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - M Olivieri
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Quirce
- Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Raulf
- IPA Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - J Sastre
- Department of Allergy, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Schlünssen
- Department of Environment Occupation & Health, Dept of Public Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Build. 1260, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J Walusiak-Skorupa
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Siracusa
- Formerly Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Farmers are routinely exposed to organic dusts and aeroallergens that can have adverse respiratory health effects including asthma. Horses are farm-reared large animals with similar exposures and can develop equine asthma syndrome (EAS). This review aims to compare the etiology, pathophysiology, and immunology of asthma in horses compared to farmers and highlights the horse as a potential translational animal model for organic dust-induced asthma in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Severe EAS shares many clinical and pathological features with various phenotypes of human asthma including allergic, non-allergic, late onset, and severe asthma. EAS disease features include variable airflow obstruction, cough, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation/remodeling, neutrophilic infiltrates, excess mucus production, and chronic innate immune activation. Severe EAS is a naturally occurring and biologically relevant, translational animal disease model that could contribute to a more thorough understanding of the environmental and immunologic factors contributing to organic dust-induced asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Katie Sheats
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kaori U. Davis
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jill A. Poole
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5990, USA
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13
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Natarajan K, Meganathan V, Mitchell C, Boggaram V. Organic dust induces inflammatory gene expression in lung epithelial cells via ROS-dependent STAT-3 activation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L127-L140. [PMID: 31042082 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00448.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to dust in agricultural and animal environments, known as organic dust, is associated with the development of respiratory symptoms and respiratory diseases. Inflammation is a key feature of lung pathologies associated with organic dust exposure, and exposure to organic dust induces the expression of several immune and inflammatory mediators. However, information on transcription factors and cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the production of immune and inflammatory mediators induced by organic dust is limited. In this study, we have identified STAT-3 as an important transcription factor controlling the induction of expression of immune and inflammatory mediators by poultry dust extracts in airway epithelial cells and in mouse lungs and delineated the cellular pathway for STAT-3 activation. Poultry dust extract activated STAT-3 phosphorylation in Beas2B and normal human bronchial epithelial cells and in mouse lungs. Chemical inhibition and siRNA knockdown of STAT-3 suppressed induction of immune and inflammatory mediator expression. Antioxidants suppressed the increase of STAT-3 phosphorylation induced by poultry dust extract indicating that oxidative stress [elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels] is important for the activation. Chemical inhibition and siRNA knockdown experiments demonstrated that STAT-3 activation is dependent on the activation of nonreceptor tyrosine-protein kinase 2 (TYK2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinases. Our studies show that poultry dust extract controls the induction of immune and inflammatory mediator expression via a cellular pathway involving oxidative stress-mediated STAT-3 activation by TYK2 and EGFR tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartiga Natarajan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Velmurugan Meganathan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Courtney Mitchell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
| | - Vijay Boggaram
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler, Texas
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Demange V, Barrera C, Laboissière A, Duquenne P, Simon X, Millon L, Reboux G, Grzebyk M. Effects of plant features on symptoms and airway inflammation in compost workers followed over 18 months. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2019; 75:191-200. [PMID: 30880640 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1584086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the plant features associated with increased irritation symptoms and levels of inflammation markers among compost workers (CWs). Ninety CWs were followed over 18 months, using questionnaires on respiratory symptoms, fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurements, spirometry, a methacholine bronchial challenge test, and quantification of specific immunoglobulins E (IgE) and G. CWs in plants processing the highest quantities of waste exhibited more airway irritation symptoms. So did the CWs in partially and fully indoor plants as compared to those in plants entirely outdoors. Working in sewage sludge versus green waste plants and having a high level of exposure were associated with higher levels of different IgE. The duration of employment decreased the FEV1 by 16 ml per year. Working in an indoor plant is linked to symptoms and inflammation markers in CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Demange
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité au Travail (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Coralie Barrera
- UMR/CNRS 6249, Chrono-Environnement, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Besançon, Besançon, France
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Audrey Laboissière
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Duquenne
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité au Travail (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Xavier Simon
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité au Travail (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- UMR/CNRS 6249, Chrono-Environnement, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Besançon, Besançon, France
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Gabriel Reboux
- UMR/CNRS 6249, Chrono-Environnement, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Besançon, Besançon, France
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Michel Grzebyk
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité au Travail (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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15
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Exposure to field vs. storage wheat dust: different consequences on respiratory symptoms and immune response among grain workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:745-757. [PMID: 29804141 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to understand the differential acute effects of two distinct wheat-related dusts, such as field or stored wheat dust handling, on workers' health and how those effects evolved at 6 month intervals. METHODS Exposure, work-related symptoms, changes in lung function, and blood samples of 81 workers handling wheat and 61 controls were collected during the high exposure season and 6 months after. Specific IgG, IgE, and precipitins against 12 fungi isolated from wheat dust were titrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay, and electrosyneresis. The level of fungi was determined in the workers' environment. Levels of exhaled fraction of nitrogen monoxide (FENO) and total IgE were obtained. Exposure response associations were investigated by mixed logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS The recent exposure to field wheat dust was associated with a higher prevalence for five of six self-reported airway symptoms and with a lower FENO than those in the control population. Exposure to stored wheat dust was only associated with cough. No acute impact of exposure on respiratory function was observed. Exposure to field wheat dust led to workers' sensitization against the three field fungi Aureobasidum, Cryptococcus, and Phoma, although exposure to storage wheat dust was associated with tolerance. The level of Ig remained stable 6 months after exposure. CONCLUSION The clinical picture of workers exposed to field or storage wheat dust differed. The systematic characterization of the aerosol microbial profile may help to understand the reasons for those differences.
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16
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Gregory JA, Kemi C, Ji J, Karén J, Delin I, Gerde P, Pieper MP, Adner M, Larsson K. Effects of tiotropium bromide on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in mice exposed to organic dust. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 48:203-210. [PMID: 29247703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute exposure to organic dust (OD) in pig barns induces intense airway inflammation with neutrophilia and hyperresponsiveness. This reaction is likely associated with increased cholinergic activity. Therefore, the involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in the reaction to acute exposure of OD was investigated in mice using the long-acting muscarinic antagonist tiotropium. METHODS BALB/c mice received tiotropium (2-200 ng) intranasally on day 1 of the study. On days 2-4, mice received vehicle or OD (25 μg) intranasally. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine was assessed 24 h following the last OD exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, lung tissue and blood were collected for analyses. RESULTS Organic dust elevated airway responsiveness to methacholine compared with controls (PBS) assessed as Newtonian resistance (1.5 ± 0.1 vs 0.9 ± 0.1 cm H2O x s/mL), tissue damping (12.4 ± 1.4 vs 8.9 ± 0.9 cm H2O∙s/mL) and tissue elastance (41.1 ± 5.3 vs 27.2 ± 2.5 cm H2O∙s/mL). Tiotropium (200 ng) decreased the Newtonian resistance and tissue damping after exposure to PBS or OD. Organic dust exposure increased inflammatory cells in BAL fluid by almost 400%, mainly due to neutrophil influx, which was unaffected by tiotropium. Organic dust increased levels of mainly Th1 mediators. Tiotropium treatment attenuated OD-induced release of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Tiotropium decreased the OD-induced increase of specific cytokines without influencing the OD-induced increase of airway responsiveness and neutrophil infiltration into the lungs. We conclude that the cholinergic pathway contributes to the pro-inflammatory effects caused by inhalation of OD from pig barns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Gregory
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Kemi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Ji
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Karén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Delin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael P Pieper
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Mikael Adner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Audi C, Baïz N, Maesano CN, Ramousse O, Reboulleau D, Magnan A, Caillaud D, Annesi-Maesano I. Serum cytokine levels related to exposure to volatile organic compounds and PM 2.5 in dwellings and workplaces in French farmers - a mechanism to explain nonsmoking COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:1363-1374. [PMID: 28503065 PMCID: PMC5426466 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although French farmers smoke less on average than individuals from the general population, they suffer more from COPD. Exposure to biological and chemical air pollutants in the farm may be the cause of these higher COPD rates. This study investigates the role of bio-contaminants, including the relationship of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fine particulate matter (of diameter of 2.5 µm [PM2.5]) objectively measured in the farm settings (dwellings and workplaces) to serum cytokines involved in COPD, in a sample of 72 farmers from 50 farms in the Auvergne region, France. Mean concentrations of VOCs were highest inside the home, while levels of PM2.5 were highest in workplaces (stables and granaries). After adjusting for confounders, high exposure to PM2.5 was significantly associated with a decreased level of serum cytokines (among others, IL13: β: −0.94, CI: −1.5 to −0.2, P-value =0.004; IL8: β: −0.82, CI: −1.4 to −0.2, P-value =0.005) and high exposure to VOCs according to a VOC global score with a decreased IL13 level (β: −0.5, CI: −0.9 to −0.1, P-value =0.01). Moreover, respiratory symptoms and diseases, including COPD, were associated with a decreased level of serum cytokines significantly in the case of IL5. An alteration of immune response balance in terms of cytokine levels in relation to indoor chemical air pollution exposure may contribute to respiratory health impairment in farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Audi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, UMRS 1136, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department, Medical School Saint-Antoine, Paris
| | - Nour Baïz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, UMRS 1136, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department, Medical School Saint-Antoine, Paris
| | - Cara N Maesano
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, UMRS 1136, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department, Medical School Saint-Antoine, Paris
| | | | - Damien Reboulleau
- Centre du Thorax de Nantes INSERM, UMR1087, Institut du thorax, Nantes
| | - Antoine Magnan
- Centre du Thorax de Nantes INSERM, UMR1087, Institut du thorax, Nantes
| | - Denis Caillaud
- Respiratory Diseases Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, UMRS 1136, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department, Medical School Saint-Antoine, Paris
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18
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Post-injury and resolution response to repetitive inhalation exposure to agricultural organic dust in mice. SAFETY 2017; 3. [PMID: 29387711 PMCID: PMC5788309 DOI: 10.3390/safety3010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of organic dusts in agricultural environments causes airway inflammatory diseases. Despite advances in understanding the airway response to dust-induced inflammation, less is known about the transition from lung injury to repair and recovery. The objective of this study was to define the post-inflammation homeostasis events following organic dust-induced lung injury. Using an established protocol, mice were intranasally treated with swine confinement facility organic dust extract (ODE) daily for 3 weeks (repetitive exposure) or treated daily with ODE for 3 weeks followed by no treatment for 1–4 weeks (recovery period) whereupon lavage fluid, lung tissue, and sera were processed. During recovery period, a significant decrease was observed in ODE-induced neutrophil levels after 1 week, lymphocytes at 2 weeks, and macrophages at 4 weeks in the lavage fluid. ODE-induced lung cellular aggregates and bronchiolar compartment inflammation were diminished, but persisted for 4 weeks post-injury. Alveolar inflammation resolved at 3 weeks. ODE-induced lung neutrophils were cleared by 3 weeks, B-cells by 2 weeks, and CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells by 4 week recovery period. Collectively, these results identify important processes during recovery period following agricultural dust-induced inflammation, and present possible strategies for improving lung repair and resolution.
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Staab E, Thiele GM, Clarey D, Wyatt TA, Romberger DJ, Wells AD, Dusad A, Wang D, Klassen LW, Mikuls TR, Duryee MJ, Poole JA. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway Mediates Inhalant Organic Dust-Induced Bone Loss. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158735. [PMID: 27479208 PMCID: PMC4968800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculture workers have increased rates of airway and skeletal disease. Inhalant exposure to agricultural organic dust extract (ODE) induces bone deterioration in mice; yet, mechanisms underlying lung-bone crosstalk remain unclear. Because Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 are important in mediating the airway consequences of ODE, this study investigated their role in regulating bone responses. First, swine facility ODE stimulated wild-type (WT) bone marrow macrophages to form osteoclasts, and this finding was inhibited in TLR4 knock-out (KO), but not TLR2 KO cells. Next, using an established intranasal inhalation exposure model, WT, TLR2 KO and TLR4 KO mice were treated daily with ODE or saline for 3 weeks. ODE-induced airway neutrophil influx and cytokine/chemokine release were similarly reduced in TLR2 and TLR4 KO animals as compared to WT mice. Utilizing micro-computed tomography (CT), analysis of tibia showed loss of bone mineral density, volume and deterioration of bone micro-architecture and mechanical strength induced by ODE in WT mice were significantly reduced in TLR4 but not TLR2 KO animals. Bone marrow osteoclast precursor cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry from exposed animals. In WT animals, exposure to inhalant ODE increased osteoclast precursor cell populations as compared to saline, an effect that was reduced in TLR4 but not TLR2 KO mice. These results show that TLR2 and TLR4 pathways mediate ODE-induced airway inflammation, but bone deterioration consequences following inhalant ODE treatment is strongly dependent upon TLR4. Thus, the TLR4 signaling pathway appears critical in regulating the lung-bone inflammatory axis to microbial component-enriched organic dust exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Staab
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey M. Thiele
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Dillon Clarey
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Wyatt
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Debra J. Romberger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Wells
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Anand Dusad
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Dong Wang
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Lynell W. Klassen
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Ted R. Mikuls
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Duryee
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Dusad A, Thiele GM, Klassen LW, Wang D, Duryee MJ, Mikuls TR, Staab EB, Wyatt TA, West WW, Reynolds SJ, Romberger DJ, Poole JA. Vitamin D supplementation protects against bone loss following inhalant organic dust and lipopolysaccharide exposures in mice. Immunol Res 2016; 62:46-59. [PMID: 25759026 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic bone loss is associated with airway inflammatory diseases; yet, strategies to halt disease progression from inhalant exposures are not clear. Vitamin D might be a potentially protective approach against noxious respirable environmental exposures. We sought to determine whether vitamin D supplementation represents a viable lung- and bone-protective strategy following repetitive inhalant treatments with organic dust extract (ODE) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. C57BL/5 mice were maintained on diets with low (1 IU/D/g) or high (10 IU/D/g) vitamin D for 5 weeks and treated with ODE from swine confinement facilities, LPS, or saline daily for 3 weeks per established intranasal inhalation protocol. Lungs, hind limbs, and sera were harvested for experimental outcomes. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were tenfold different between low and high vitamin D treatment groups with no differences between inhalant agents and saline treatments. Serum calcium levels were not affected. There was no difference in the magnitude of ODE- or LPS-induced inflammatory cell influx or lung histopathology between high and low vitamin D treatment groups. However, high vitamin D treatment reversed the loss of bone mineral density, bone volume, and bone micro-architecture deterioration induced by ODE or LPS as determined by micro-CT analysis. Bone-resorbing osteoclasts were also reduced by high vitamin D treatment. In the low vitamin D treatment groups, ODE induced the greatest degree of airway inflammatory consequences, and LPS induced the greatest degree of bone loss. Collectively, high-concentration vitamin D was protective against systemic bone loss, but not airway inflammation, resulting from ODE- or LPS-induced airway injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Dusad
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986350 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6350, USA
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McGovern TK, Chen M, Allard B, Larsson K, Martin JG, Adner M. Neutrophilic oxidative stress mediates organic dust-induced pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L155-65. [PMID: 26545900 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00172.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway exposure to organic dust (OD) from swine confinement facilities induces airway inflammation dominated by neutrophils and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). One important neutrophilic innate defense mechanism is the induction of oxidative stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that neutrophils exacerbate airway dysfunction following OD exposure by increasing oxidant burden. BALB/C mice were given intranasal challenges with OD or PBS (1/day for 3 days). Mice were untreated or treated with a neutrophil-depleting antibody, anti-Ly6G, or the antioxidant dimethylthiourea (DMTU) prior to OD exposure. Twenty-four hours after the final exposure, we measured airway responsiveness in response to methacholine (MCh) and collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid to assess pulmonary inflammation and total antioxidant capacity. Lung tissue was harvested to examine the effect of OD-induced antioxidant gene expression and the effect of anti-Ly6G or DMTU. OD exposure induced a dose-dependent increase of airway responsiveness, a neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation, and secretion of keratinocyte cytokine. Depletion of neutrophils reduced OD-induced AHR. DMTU prevented pulmonary inflammation involving macrophages and neutrophils. Neutrophil depletion and DMTU were highly effective in preventing OD-induced AHR affecting large, conducting airways and tissue elastance. OD induced an increase in total antioxidant capacity and mRNA levels of NRF-2-dependent antioxidant genes, effects that are prevented by administration of DMTU and neutrophil depletion. We conclude that an increase in oxidative stress and neutrophilia is critical in the induction of OD-induced AHR. Prevention of oxidative stress diminishes neutrophil influx and AHR, suggesting that mechanisms driving OD-induced AHR may be dependent on neutrophil-mediated oxidant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby K McGovern
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Chen
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Allard
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mikael Adner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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22
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Long term effect and allergic sensitization in newly employed workers in laboratory animal facilities. Respir Med 2015; 109:1164-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Gottipati KR, Bandari SK, Nonnenmann MW, Levin JL, Dooley GP, Reynolds SJ, Boggaram V. Transcriptional mechanisms and protein kinase signaling mediate organic dust induction of IL-8 expression in lung epithelial and THP-1 cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L11-21. [PMID: 25398986 PMCID: PMC4281698 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00215.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the agricultural work environment is a risk factor for the development of respiratory symptoms and chronic lung diseases. Inflammation is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of tissue injury and disease. Cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating lung inflammatory responses to agricultural dust are not yet fully understood. We studied the effects of poultry dust extract on molecular regulation of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a proinflammatory cytokine, in A549 and Beas2B lung epithelial and THP-1 monocytic cells. Our findings indicate that poultry dust extract potently induces IL-8 levels by increasing IL-8 gene transcription without altering IL-8 mRNA stability. Increase in IL-8 promoter activity was due to enhanced binding of activator protein 1 and NF-κB. IL-8 induction was associated with protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and inhibited by PKC and MAPK inhibitors. IL-8 increase was not inhibited by polymyxin B or l-nitroarginine methyl ester, indicating lack of involvement of lipopolysaccharide and nitric oxide in the induction. Lung epithelial and THP-1 cells share common mechanisms for induction of IL-8 levels. Our findings identify key roles for transcriptional mechanisms and protein kinase signaling pathways for IL-8 induction and provide insights into the mechanisms regulating lung inflammatory responses to organic dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteswara R Gottipati
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Shiva Kumar Bandari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Matthew W Nonnenmann
- Department of Occupational Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Jeffrey L Levin
- Department of Occupational Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Gregory P Dooley
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Stephen J Reynolds
- High Plains Intermountain Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Vijay Boggaram
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas;
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Jung CC, Liang HH, Lee HL, Hsu NY, Su HJ. Allostatic load model associated with indoor environmental quality and sick building syndrome among office workers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95791. [PMID: 24759685 PMCID: PMC3997416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates whether indoor environmental quality (IEQ) influences allostatic load (AL) and whether AL can be a predictor for sick building syndrome (SBS). We also assessed and compared the associations between AL and SBS versus 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and SBS. A total of 115 office workers from 21 offices completed self-reported SBS questionnaires, and provided 11 biomarkers for their AL. Multiple linear regressions and logistic regression analysis were applied to examine the correlations between IEQ and AL or 8-OHdG and between AL or 8-OHdG and SBS, respectively. Our data revealed that the neuroendocrine system was correlated with CO2, the difference between indoor and outdoor CO2 levels (dCO2), and the indoor-outdoor ratio of CO2 (CO2 I/O). Metabolic system effects were associated with illumination. The relationships between illumination, CO2, dCO2, CO2 I/O and 8-OHdG were consistent with those and AL in specific systems. Furthermore, we found that risks for SBS syndromes were related with neuroendocrine and metabolic system of the AL. 8-OHdG was associated with eye dryness or irritation, eye tiredness and vomiting. We conclude that IEQ significantly influences AL and that AL can be a predictor for reporting SBS with information on system-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan city, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hao Liang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan city, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Yun Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan city, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Jen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan city, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Bauer C, Kielian T, Wyatt TA, Romberger DJ, West WW, Gleason AM, Poole JA. Myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent signaling is critical for acute organic dust-induced airway inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:781-9. [PMID: 23492189 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0479oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic dust exposure within agricultural environments results in airway diseases. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 only partly account for the innate response to these complex dust exposures. To determine the central pathway in mediating complex organic dust-induced airway inflammation, this study targeted the common adaptor protein, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and investigated the relative contributions of receptors upstream from this adaptor. Wild-type, MyD88, TLR9, TLR4, IL-1 receptor I (RI), and IL-18R knockout (KO) mice were challenged intranasally with organic dust extract (ODE) or saline, according to an established protocol. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was assessed by invasive pulmonary measurements. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected to quantitate leukocyte influx and cytokine/chemokine (TNF-α, IL-6, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligands [CXCL1 and CXCL2]) concentrations. Lung tissue was collected for histopathology. Lung cell apoptosis was determined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay, and lymphocyte influx and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry. ODE-induced AHR was significantly attenuated in MyD88 KO mice, and neutrophil influx and cytokine/chemokine production were nearly absent in MyD88 KO animals after ODE challenges. Despite a near-absent airspace inflammatory response, lung parenchymal inflammation was increased in MyD88 KO mice after repeated ODE exposures. ODE-induced epithelial-cell ICAM-1 expression was diminished in MyD88 KO mice. No difference was evident in the small degree of ODE-induced lung-cell apoptosis. Mice deficient in TLR9, TLR4, and IL-18R, but not IL-1IR, demonstrated partial protection against ODE-induced neutrophil influx and cytokine/chemokine production. Collectively, the acute organic dust-induced airway inflammatory response is highly dependent on MyD88 signaling, and is dictated, in part, by important contributions from upstream TLRs and IL-18R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bauer
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Induced Sputum, Exhaled Nitric Oxide, and Particles in Exhaled Air in Assessing Airways Inflammation in Occupational Exposures. Clin Chest Med 2012; 33:771-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Poole JA. Farming-associated environmental exposures and effect on atopic diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109:93-8. [PMID: 22840248 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5300, USA.
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28
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Poole JA, Romberger DJ, Bauer C, Gleason AM, Sisson JH, Oldenburg PJ, West WW, Wyatt TA. Protein kinase C epsilon is important in modulating organic-dust-induced airway inflammation. Exp Lung Res 2012; 38:383-95. [PMID: 22897707 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2012.714841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic dust samples from swine confinement facilities elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine release from bronchial epithelial cells and monocytes, dependent, in part, upon dust-induced activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) isoform, PKCε. PKCε is also rapidly activated in murine tracheal epithelial cells following in vivo organic dust challenges, yet the functional role of PKCε in modulating dust-induced airway inflammatory outcomes is not defined. Utilizing an established intranasal inhalation animal model, experiments investigated the biologic and physiologic responses following organic dust extract (ODE) treatments in wild-type (WT) and PKCε knock-out (KO) mice. We found that neutrophil influx increased more than twofold in PKCε KO mice following both a one-time challenge and 3 weeks of daily challenges with ODE as compared with WT mice. Lung pathology revealed increased bronchiolar and alveolar inflammation, lymphoid aggregates, and T cell influx in ODE-treated PKCε KO mice. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine increased in PKCε KO + ODE to a greater magnitude than WT + ODE animals. There were no significant differences in cytokine/chemokine release elicited by ODE treatment between groups. However, ODE-induced nitric oxide (NO) production differed in that ODE exposure increased nitrate levels in WT mice but not in PKCε KO mice. Moreover, ODE failed to upregulate NO from ex vivo stimulated PKCε KO lung macrophages. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that PKCε-deficient mice were hypersensitive to organic dust exposure and suggest that PKCε is important in the normative lung inflammatory response to ODE. Dampening of ODE-induced NO may contribute to these enhanced inflammatory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5300, USA.
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Poole JA, Gleason AM, Bauer C, West WW, Alexis N, Reynolds SJ, Romberger DJ, Kielian T. αβ T cells and a mixed Th1/Th17 response are important in organic dust-induced airway disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109:266-273.e2. [PMID: 23010233 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic dust exposure in agricultural environments induces an inflammatory response that attenuates over time, yet repetitive dust exposures result in chronic lung diseases. Animal models resembling this chronic lung inflammatory response have been developed, yet the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well defined. OBJECTIVE Because mice repetitively exposed to organic dust extracts (DE) display increased CD3+ T cell lung infiltrates, we sought to determine the phenotype and importance of these cells. METHODS Mice received swine confinement DE repetitively for 3 weeks by established intranasal inhalation protocol. Studies were conducted with peptidoglycan (PGN) because it is a major DE component in large animal farming environments and has shared similar biologic effects with DE. Enumeration of T cells and intracellular cytokine profiles were conducted by flow cytometry techniques. Whole lung homogenate cytokines were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay. T cell receptor (TCR) αβ knockouts were used to determine the functional importance of αβ-expressing T cells. RESULTS DE increased lung-associated CD3+CD4+ T cells and interleukin (IL)-17 (but not IL-4, interferon [IFN]-γ, IL-10) producing CD4+ T cells. PGN treatment resulted in increased IL-17 and IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells. Both DE and PGN augmented expression of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th17 polarization in lung homogenates. DE-induced lung mononuclear aggregates and bronchiolar compartment inflammation were significantly reduced in TCR knockout animals; however, neutrophil influx and alveolar compartment inflammation were not affected. CONCLUSION Studies demonstrated that DE and PGN exposure promote a Th1/Th17 lung microenvironment and that αβ-expressing T cells are important in mediating DE-induced lung pathologic conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Aggregation/genetics
- Cell Aggregation/immunology
- Dust/immunology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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30
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Poole JA, Gleason AM, Bauer C, West WW, Alexis N, van Rooijen N, Reynolds SJ, Romberger DJ, Kielian TL. CD11c(+)/CD11b(+) cells are critical for organic dust-elicited murine lung inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:652-9. [PMID: 22822029 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0095oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic dust exposure in the agricultural industry results in significant lung disease. Macrophage infiltrates are increased in the lungs after organic dust exposures, yet the phenotype and functional importance of these cells remain unclear. Using an established intranasal inhalation murine model of dust-induced lung inflammation, animals were treated once or daily for 3 weeks with swine confinement organic dust extract (DE). Repetitive DE treatment for 3 weeks resulted in significant increases in CD11c(+)/CD11b(+) macrophages in whole lung-associated tissue. These cells displayed increased costimulatory molecule (CD80 and CD86) expression, enhanced phagocytic ability, and an increased production of IL-6, CXCL1, and CXCL2. Similar findings were observed with the CD11c(+)/CD11b(+) macrophage infiltrate after repetitive exposure to peptidoglycan, a major DE component. To determine the functional importance of macrophages in mediating DE-induced airway inflammation, lung macrophages were selectively depleted using a well-established intranasal clodronate liposome depletion/suicide strategy. First, macrophage depletion by clodronate liposomes resulted in significant reductions in airway neutrophil influx and TNF-α and IL-6 production after a single exposure to DE. In contrast, after repetitive 3-week exposure to DE, airway lavage fluid and lung tissue neutrophils were significantly increased in clodronate liposome-treated mice compared with control mice. A histological examination of lung tissue demonstrated striking increases in alveolar and bronchiolar inflammation, as well as in the size and distribution of cellular aggregates in clodronate-liposome versus saline-liposome groups repetitively exposed to DE. These studies demonstrate that DE elicits activated CD11c(+)/CD11b(+) macrophages in the lung, which play a critical role in regulating the outcome of DE-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985300 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5300, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Agriculture represents a major industry worldwide, and despite protection against the development of IgE-mediated diseases, chronic exposure to agriculture-related organic dusts is associated with an increased risk of developing respiratory disease. This article will review the literature regarding new knowledge of important etiologic agents in the dusts and focus on the immunologic responses following acute and repetitive organic dust exposures. RECENT FINDINGS Although endotoxin remains important, there is an emerging role of nonendotoxin components such as peptidoglycans from Gram-positive bacteria. Pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2 and intracellular nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors are partially responsible for mediating the inflammatory consequences. Repeated organic dust exposures modulate innate and adaptive immune function with a resultant adaptation-like response. However, repetitive exposures cause lung parenchymal inflammation, chronic disease, and lung function decline over time. SUMMARY The immunological consequences of organic dust exposure in the farming industry are likely explained by the diversity of microbial motifs in dust that can elicit differing innate immune receptor signaling pathways. Whereas initial activation results in a robust inflammatory response, repetitive dust exposures modulate immunity. This can result in low-grade, chronic inflammation, and/or protection against allergic disease.
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Sahlander K, Larsson K, Palmberg L. Daily exposure to dust alters innate immunity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31646. [PMID: 22355383 PMCID: PMC3280315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig farmers are exposed to organic material in pig barns on a daily basis and have signs of an ongoing chronic airway inflammation and increased prevalence of chronic inflammatory airway diseases, predominantly chronic bronchitis. Interestingly, the inflammatory response to acute exposure to organic dust is attenuated in farmers. The aim of the study was to closer characterize innate immunity features in blood and airways in farmers and in naïve, non-exposed, controls. The expression of pattern recognition receptors (TLR2, TLR4 and CD14) whose ligands are abundant in pig barn dust and adhesion proteins (CD11b, CD62L and CD162L) on blood and sputum neutrophils in pig farmers and soluble TLR2 and CD14 (sTLR2 and sCD14) in blood and sputum were assessed in pig farmers and previously unexposed controls. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from blood cells stimulated with LPS ex vivo was measured in the absence and presence of anti-ST2. We also examined, in a separate study population, serum levels of soluble ST2 (sST2), before and after exposure in a pig barn and a bronchial LPS challenge. Farmers had signs of ongoing chronic inflammation with increased number of blood monocytes, and decreased expression of CD62L and CD162 on blood neutrophils. Farmers also had lower levels of sTLR2 and sCD14 in sputum and reduced expression of CD14 on sputum neutrophils than controls. Exposure to organic dust and LPS induced increase of serum sST2 in controls but not in farmers. In conclusion, farmers have signs of local and systemic inflammation associated with altered innate immunity characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sahlander
- Lung and Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Lung and Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Lung and Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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May S, Romberger DJ, Poole JA. Respiratory health effects of large animal farming environments. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2012; 15:524-41. [PMID: 23199220 PMCID: PMC4001716 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2012.744288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With increases in large animal-feeding operations to meet consumer demand, adverse upper and lower respiratory health effects in exposed agriculture workers are a concern. The aim of this study was to review large animal confinement feeding operational exposures associated with respiratory disease with a focus on recent advances in the knowledge of causative factors and cellular and immunological mechanisms. A PubMed search was conducted with the keywords airway, farm, swine, dairy, horse, cattle inflammation, organic dust, endotoxin, and peptidoglycan, among items were published between 1980 and now. Articles were selected based on their relevance to environmental exposure and reference to airway diseases. Airway diseases included rhinitis, sinusitis, mucus membrane inflammation syndrome, asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and organic dust toxic syndrome. There is lower prevalence of immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated asthma and atopy in farmers and their children, but organic dust worsens existing asthma. Multiple etiologic factors are linked to disease, including allergens, organic dusts, endotoxins, peptidoglycans, and gases. Large animal confinement feeding operations contain a wide diversity of microbes with increasing focus on gram-positive bacteria and archaebacteria as opposed to gram-negative bacteria in mediating disease. Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like innate immune pathways respond to these exposures. Finally, a chronic inflammatory adaptation, tolerance-like response in chronically exposed workers occurs. Large animal confinement farming exposures produce a wide spectrum of upper and lower respiratory tract diseases due to the complex diversity of organic dust, particulates, microbial cell wall components, and gases and resultant activation of various innate immune receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara May
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division; Department of Internal Medicine,; University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985300 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5300
| | - Debra J. Romberger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division; Department of Internal Medicine,; University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985300 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5300
- Veterans Administration Nebraska Western Iowa Healthcare System, Omaha, NE, 4101 Woolworth Ave., 68105
| | - Jill A. Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division; Department of Internal Medicine,; University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985300 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5300
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34
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Dodmane PR, Schulte NA, Heires AJ, Band H, Romberger DJ, Toews ML. Airway epithelial epidermal growth factor receptor mediates hogbarn dust-induced cytokine release but not Ca2+ response. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:882-8. [PMID: 21441380 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0419oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of workers in swine confinement facilities develops chronic respiratory disease. An aqueous extract of dust from these facilities (hogbarn dust extract [HDE]) induces IL-6 and IL-8 release and several other responses in isolated airway epithelial cells. The cell membrane receptors by which HDE initiates these responses have not been identified. Because several other inhaled agents induce airway epithelial cell responses through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, we hypothesized that HDE would activate EGFRs and that EGFRs would be required for some of the responses to HDE. Exposure of Beas-2B cells to HDE caused EGFR phosphorylation and downstream ERK activation, and both responses were blocked by the EGFR-selective kinase inhibitor AG1478. AG1478 and EGFR-neutralizing antibody reduced HDE-stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 release by about half. Similar EGFR phosphorylation and requirement of EGFRs for maximal IL-6 and IL-8 release were found with primary isolates of human bronchial epithelial cells. Because HDE-stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 release involve the Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase Cα, we hypothesized that HDE would induce intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. HDE exposure induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in Beas-2B cells and in primary cell isolates, but this response was neither mimicked by EGF nor inhibited by AG1478. Thus, HDE activates EGFRs and their downstream signaling, and EGFR activation is required for some but not all airway epithelial cell responses to HDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttappa R Dodmane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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Poole JA, Wyatt TA, Kielian T, Oldenburg P, Gleason AM, Bauer A, Golden G, West WW, Sisson JH, Romberger DJ. Toll-like receptor 2 regulates organic dust-induced airway inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:711-9. [PMID: 21278324 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0427oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic dust exposure in agricultural environments results in significant airway inflammatory diseases. Gram-positive cell wall components are present in high concentrations in animal farming dusts, but their role in mediating dust-induced airway inflammation is not clear. This study investigated the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, a pattern recognition receptor for gram-positive cell wall products, in regulating swine facility organic dust extract (DE)-induced airway inflammation in mice. Isolated lung macrophages from TLR2 knockout mice demonstrated reduced TNF-α, IL-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant/CXCL1, but not macrophage inflammatory protein-2/CXCL2 expression, after DE stimulation ex vivo. Next, using an established mouse model of intranasal inhalation challenge, we analyzed bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue in TLR2-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice after single and repetitive DE challenge. Neutrophil influx and select cytokines/chemokines were significantly lower in TLR2-deficient mice at 5 and 24 hours after single DE challenge. After daily exposure to DE for 2 weeks, there were significant reductions in total cellularity, neutrophil influx, and TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL1, but not CXCL2 expression, in TLR2-deficient mice as compared with WT animals. Lung pathology revealed that bronchiolar inflammation, but not alveolar inflammation, was reduced in TLR2-deficient mice after repetitive exposure. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine after dust exposure was similar in both groups. Finally, airway inflammatory responses in WT mice after challenge with a TLR2 agonist, peptidoglycan, resembled DE-induced responses. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the TLR2 pathway is important in regulating swine facility organic dust-induced airway inflammation, which suggests the importance of TLR2 agonists in mediating large animal farming-induced airway inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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Cleave J, Willson PJ, Town J, Gordon JR. Fractionation of swine barn dust and assessment of its impact on the respiratory tract following repeated airway exposure. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1090-1101. [PMID: 20574911 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.482916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of repeated exposure to a range of doses of swine barn dust (SBD) on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation were evaluated using a mouse model system. A number of components, including endotoxin and a number of feed proteins, were identified in SBD, and mice were exposed 20 min/d for 14 d to a log dilution series of nebulized SBD suspensions. AHR to methacholine was measured using head-out whole-body plethysmography, and the methacholine concentration inducing a 20% decrease in pulmonary airflow (PC(20) MCh) was calculated. At the end of the 14-d exposure period, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were recovered, cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, keratinocyte-derived chemokine [KC], and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) in BAL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and leukocytes in BAL were counted. The PC(20) MCh was significantly lower in the group of mice that were exposed to the highest concentration of SBD than in controls or the group exposed to the lowest level of dust. Likewise, the group that was exposed to the highest level of SBD had significantly higher levels of IL-1beta, KC, and TNF than controls and some other groups. There were substantially more lymphocytes and monocytes in the BAL from mice that were exposed to the higher levels of SBD for the 14-d period, but neutrophils were not a part of this response. The SBD exposures used in these experiments induced chronic inflammatory phenotype responses, as indicated by the predominance of lymphocytes and monocytes, but not neutrophils, in BAL and by inflammatory cytokines detected. The association between the PC(20)MCh and dose of SBD suggests that a threshold of susceptibility occurs after a relatively low, chronic exposure to SBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayda Cleave
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
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Sahlander K, Larsson K, Palmberg L. Altered innate immune response in farmers and smokers. Innate Immun 2009; 16:27-38. [PMID: 19675120 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909106317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig farmers and cigarette smokers are continuously exposed to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) have an increased prevalence of respiratory disorders, such as chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary decease (COPD). We hypothesized that markers of innate immunity, T-helper (Th) cell cytokine profile and acute responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli differ between smokers and farmers, who are exposed to organic material on a daily basis and healthy non-exposed subjects. Eleven non-smoking pig farmers, 12 non-farming smokers and 12 controls underwent bronchial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and exposure in a pig barn during 3 h on separate days. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and CD14 on blood monocytes and neutrophils and intracellular cytokine profile of Th cells were assessed before and 7 h after exposures. The same outcomes were analysed on peripheral blood and purified neutrophils from farmers and controls after stimulation ex vivo with dust from a pig barn and LPS. Circulating neutrophils and IL-13 and IL-4 producing Th cells were increased in smokers and farmers and TLR2 expression on blood monocytes was decreased in farmers compared with controls and smokers. After in vivo exposure, altered TLR expression was only observed in controls and the ex vivo stimulations showed an attenuated response in farmers compared to the control group. The inflammatory systemic response to pro-inflammatory stimuli is altered in farmers and smokers probably because of adaptive mechanisms arising from chronic exposure to organic material. This increased proportion of Th2 cells and reduced TLR2 expression may have health-related implications and may be related to the increased prevalence of respiratory disorders observed in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sahlander
- Lung and Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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