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Gao X, Jin X, Wang W, Di X, Peng L, Li H, Liao B, Wang K. β-Adrenoceptors regulate urothelial inflammation and zonula occludens in the bladder outlet obstruction model. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111371. [PMID: 38103410 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-adrenoceptors (ADRBs) on the urothelial inflammation and zonula occludens (ZO) in a rat PBOO model and in an in vitro model. METHODS The PBOO model was established by ligating the bladder neck of rats. Twenty rats were divided into 4 groups: sham operation, PBOO + normal saline, PBOO + ADRB2 agonist, PBOO + ADRB3 agonist. PBOO rats were with treated with ADRBs agonists for 3 weeks. Human urothelial cells (HUCs) were subjected to ADRBs agonist treatment or hydrostatic pressure in an in vitro model. RESULTS In the PBOO group, there was a significant increase in the expression of MCP-1, IL-6 and RANTES compared to the sham group. By contrast, there was a post-PBOO decline in the expression of ZO-1 and ZO-2 in the urothelium. ADRB2 or ADRB3 agonists exhibited downregulated inflammatory cytokine expression and increased ZO expression in the PBOO model. The regulation of inflammation and ZO by ADRB2 and ADRB3 agonists in an in vitro model was found consistent with that in the PBOO model. Moreover, RhoA and ROCK inhibitors suppressed the expression of hydrostatic pressure-induced inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, RhoA agonist reversed the inhibitory effect of ADRBs agonists on the inflammatory secretion from HUCs. CONCLUSIONS ADRB2 and ADRB3 agonists increased ZO protein expression in HUCs in a rat PBOO model and in an in vitro model. Furthermore, ADRB2 and ADRB3 agonists inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines from HUCs by regulating the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuai Gao
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xingpeng Di
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Banghua Liao
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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Li P, Zheng Z, Qi J, Gao Y, Yang L, Li L, Gao C. HDAC3 improves intestinal function of mice by regulating cGAS-Sting pathway of intestinal glial cells. Mol Immunol 2023; 162:95-101. [PMID: 37666082 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
It is found that HDAC3 may be a potential therapeutic target for intestinal related diseases. At present, the role and mechanism of HDAC3 in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) have not been reported, which needs to be further explored. The SAP mouse model was established and the expression of HDAC3 was detected by immunohistochemistry. H&E staining showed the intestinal pathological state of SAP mice. The expression of HDAC3 was measured by real-time quantitative PCR (RT qPCR) and Western blot. Apoptosis kit was used to determine cell apoptosis rate. The level of inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA kits. The expressions of HDAC3, cGAS and Sting were significantly increased in SAP patients and SAP mice. Silencing HDAC3 promoted the proliferation and adhesion of intestinal glial cells and inhibited the inflammation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, silencing HDAC3 inhibited oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, silencing HDAC3 inhibited the activation of cGAS-Sting pathway in intestinal glial cells. More importantly, silencing HDAC3 alleviates intestinal barrier function in SAP mice. HDAC3 inhibition improves acute pancreatitis in mice by regulating cGAS-Sting pathway of intestinal glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaohui Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Experiential Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanyao Gao
- Department of Exocrine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Baoji High-tech Hospital, Baoji 721013, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changjun Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China.
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Ivanov AI, Lechuga S, Marino‐Melendez A, Naydenov NG. Unique and redundant functions of cytoplasmic actins and nonmuscle myosin II isoforms at epithelial junctions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:61-74. [PMID: 35673768 PMCID: PMC9489603 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrity and functions of epithelial barriers depend on the formation of adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs). A characteristic feature of AJs and TJs is their association with the cortical cytoskeleton composed of actin filaments and nonmuscle myosin II (NM-II) motors. Mechanical forces generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton are essential for junctional assembly, stability, and remodeling. Epithelial cells express two different actin proteins and three NM-II isoforms, all known to be associated with AJs and TJs. Despite their structural similarity, different actin and NM-II isoforms have distinct biochemical properties, cellular distribution, and functions. The diversity of epithelial actins and myosin motors could be essential for the regulation of different steps of junctional formation, maturation, and disassembly. This review focuses on the roles of actin and NM-II isoforms in controlling the integrity and barrier properties of various epithelia. We discuss the effects of the depletion of individual actin isoforms and NM-II motors on the assembly and barrier function of AJs and TJs in model epithelial monolayers in vitro. We also describe the functional consequences of either total or tissue-specific gene knockout of different actins and NM-II motors, with a focus on the development and integrity of different epithelia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I. Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Armando Marino‐Melendez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Nayden G. Naydenov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
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Basiglio CL, Crocenzi FA, Sánchez Pozzi EJ, Roma MG. Oxidative Stress and Localization Status of Hepatocellular Transporters: Impact on Bile Secretion and Role of Signaling Pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:808-831. [PMID: 34293961 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Most hepatopathies are primarily or secondarily cholestatic in nature. Oxidative stress (OS) is a frequent trait among them, and impairs the machinery to generate bile by triggering endocytic internalization of hepatocellular transporters, thus causing cholestasis. This is critical, since it leads to accelerated transporter degradation, which could explain the common post-transcriptional downregulation of transporter expression in human cholestatic diseases. Recent Advances: The mechanisms involved in OS-induced hepatocellular transporter internalization are being revealed. Filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton disorganization and/or detachment of crosslinking actin proteins that afford transporter stability have been characterized as causal factors. Activation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways leading to changes in phosphorylation status of these structures is involved, including Ca2+-mediated activation of "classical" and "novel" protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms or redox-signaling cascades downstream of NADPH oxidase. Critical Issues: Despite the well-known occurrence of hepatocellular transporter internalization in human hepatopathies, the cholestatic implications of this phenomenon have been overlooked. Accordingly, no specific treatment has been established in the clinical practice for its prevention/reversion. Future Directions: We need to improve our knowledge on the pro-oxidant triggering factors and the multiple signaling pathways that mediate this oxidative injury in each cholestatic hepatopathy, so as to envisage tailor-made therapeutic strategies for each case. Meanwhile, administration of antioxidants or heme oxygenase-1 induction to elevate the hepatocellular levels of the endogenous scavenger bilirubin are promising alternatives that need to be re-evaluated and implemented. They may complement current treatments in cholestasis aimed to enhance transcriptional carrier expression, by providing membrane stability to the newly synthesized carriers. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 808-831.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia L Basiglio
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernando A Crocenzi
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - Enrique J Sánchez Pozzi
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
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A comprehensive review of the strategies to improve oral drug absorption with special emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Porazinski S, Parkin A, Pajic M. Rho-ROCK Signaling in Normal Physiology and as a Key Player in Shaping the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1223:99-127. [PMID: 32030687 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35582-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-ROCK signaling network has a range of specialized functions of key biological importance, including control of essential developmental processes such as morphogenesis and physiological processes including homeostasis, immunity, and wound healing. Deregulation of Rho-ROCK signaling actively contributes to multiple pathological conditions, and plays a major role in cancer development and progression. This dynamic network is critical in modulating the intricate communication between tumor cells, surrounding diverse stromal cells and the matrix, shaping the ever-changing microenvironment of aggressive tumors. In this chapter, we overview the complex regulation of the Rho-ROCK signaling axis, its role in health and disease, and analyze progress made with key approaches targeting the Rho-ROCK pathway for therapeutic benefit. Finally, we conclude by outlining likely future trends and key questions in the field of Rho-ROCK research, in particular surrounding Rho-ROCK signaling within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Porazinski
- Personalised Cancer Therapeutics Lab, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Parkin
- Personalised Cancer Therapeutics Lab, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- Personalised Cancer Therapeutics Lab, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Di ZS, Yang ZJ, Zhu MJ, Wang FF, Li LS, Xu JD. Regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier by and dysfunction of intestinal glial cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:1013-1021. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i16.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric glia is an important component of the enteric nervous system and forms a broad network in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Enteric glial cells (EGC) are located in all layers of the intestinal wall and respond to neurotransmitters and neuromodulators through signal transduction pathways. The enteric nervous system interacts with resident glial cells in the gut, and there is increasing evidence that EGC are involved in the regulation of epithelial function. Epithelial cells have important absorption and secretion functions and are also involved in the formation of intestinal epithelial barrier. Studies have found that the enteric glia is not only involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility and epithelial barrier function, but also in the formation of cellular molecular bridges between intestinal neurons, enteroendocrine cells, immune cells, and epithelial cells. This article reviews the recent progress in the understanding of the role of EGC in the intestinal barrier and defense functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Shan Di
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ze-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Min-Jia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei-Fei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Ma D, Cao Y, Wang Z, He J, Chen H, Xiong H, Ren L, Shen C, Zhang X, Yan Y, Yan T, Guo F, Xuan B, Cui Z, Ye G, Fang JY, Chen H, Hong J. CCAT1 lncRNA Promotes Inflammatory Bowel Disease Malignancy by Destroying Intestinal Barrier via Downregulating miR-185-3p. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:862-874. [PMID: 30615124 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) colon cancer-associated transcript-1 (CCAT1) has been reported to play a vital role in the development of cancer. Although the link between inflammation and cancer initiation is well established, whether CCAT1 is involved in inflammation and promotes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) malignancy remains undetermined. We aimed to investigate the expression of CCAT1 in IBD and the effect of CCAT1 overexpression on intestinal epithelial barrier function. METHODS The relationship between CCAT1 and the inflammation-related pathway was analyzed in both colorectal cancer (CRC) and IBD patients. Gene expression was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FD-4 flux measurement were used to test the effect of CCAT1 and miR-185-3p on intestinal epithelial barrier function. Luciferase assay was performed to validate the target site of miR-185-3p on 3'-UTR of MLCK mRNA. RESULTS Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that several inflammation-related genes were enriched in the CCAT1 high-expressed group of CRC patients. The relationship between CCAT1 and inflammation activation in IBD patients was further confirmed. CCAT1 expression positively correlated with MLCK, which acts as a protein kinase to phosphorylate myosin light chain and induces tight junction protein distribution, whereas it was negatively correlated with miR-185-3p in IBD tissues. We also determined that CCAT1 overexpression increased Caco-2 monolayer permeability and upregulated MLCK. Furthermore, CCAT1-induced MLCK overexpression and IBD disease progression were significantly attenuated by miR-185-3p. CONCLUSIONS The CCAT1/miR-185-3p/MLCK signaling pathway is strongly activated to destroy barrier function and promotes the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Gastroenterology and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaoqin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoqin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyao Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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NMIIA promotes tumor growth and metastasis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and EMT in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:5500-5515. [PMID: 30967633 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) protein plays an important role in cell cytokinesis and cell migration. The role and underlying regulatory mechanisms of NMIIA in pancreatic cancer (PC) remain elusive. We found that NMIIA is highly expressed in PC tissues and contributes to PC poor progression by using open microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and PC tissue arrays. NMIIA regulates β-catenin mediated EMT to promote the proliferation, migration, invasion, and sphere formation of PC cells in vitro and in vivo. NMIIA controls the β-catenin transcriptional activity by interacting with β-catenin. Moreover, MEK/ERK signaling is critical in MLC2 (Ser19) phosphorylation, which can mediate NMIIA activity and regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These findings highlight the significance of NMIIA in tumor regression and implicate NMIIA as a promising candidate for PC treatment.
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Luissint AC, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Inflammation and the Intestinal Barrier: Leukocyte-Epithelial Cell Interactions, Cell Junction Remodeling, and Mucosal Repair. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:616-32. [PMID: 27436072 PMCID: PMC5317033 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells that forms a dynamic, permeable barrier allowing for selective absorption of nutrients, while restricting access to pathogens and food-borne antigens. Precise regulation of epithelial barrier function is therefore required for maintaining mucosal homeostasis and depends, in part, on barrier-forming elements within the epithelium and a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in the mucosa. Pathologic states, such as inflammatory bowel disease, are associated with a leaky epithelial barrier, resulting in excessive exposure to microbial antigens, recruitment of leukocytes, release of soluble mediators, and ultimately mucosal damage. An inflammatory microenvironment affects epithelial barrier properties and mucosal homeostasis by altering the structure and function of epithelial intercellular junctions through direct and indirect mechanisms. We review our current understanding of complex interactions between the intestinal epithelium and immune cells, with a focus on pathologic mucosal inflammation and mechanisms of epithelial repair. We discuss leukocyte-epithelial interactions, as well as inflammatory mediators that affect the epithelial barrier and mucosal repair. Increased knowledge of communication networks between the epithelium and immune system will lead to tissue-specific strategies for treating pathologic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Crosstalk between Inflammation and ROCK/MLCK Signaling Pathways in Gastrointestinal Disorders with Intestinal Hyperpermeability. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:7374197. [PMID: 27746814 PMCID: PMC5056309 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7374197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The barrier function of the intestine is essential for maintaining the normal homeostasis of the gut and mucosal immune system. Abnormalities in intestinal barrier function expressed by increased intestinal permeability have long been observed in various gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), celiac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Imbalance of metabolizing junction proteins and mucosal inflammation contributes to intestinal hyperpermeability. Emerging studies exploring in vitro and in vivo model system demonstrate that Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase- (ROCK-) and myosin light chain kinase- (MLCK-) mediated pathways are involved in the regulation of intestinal permeability. With this perspective, we aim to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of inflammation and ROCK-/MLCK-mediated pathways leading to intestinal hyperpermeability in gastrointestinal disorders. In the near future, it may be possible to specifically target these specific pathways to develop novel therapies for gastrointestinal disorders associated with increased gut permeability.
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Jia XF, Ye F, Wang YB, Feng DX. ROCK inhibition enhances neurite outgrowth in neural stem cells by upregulating YAP expression in vitro. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:983-7. [PMID: 27482229 PMCID: PMC4962598 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous axonal regeneration of neurons does not occur after spinal cord injury because of inhibition by myelin and other inhibitory factors. Studies have demonstrated that blocking the Rho/Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway can promote neurite outgrowth in spinal cord injury models. In the present study, we investigated neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation in neural stem cells from the mouse subventricular zone after inhibition of ROCK in vitro. Inhibition of ROCK with Y-27632 increased neurite length, enhanced neuronal differentiation, and upregulated the expression of two major signaling pathway effectors, phospho-Akt and phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the Hippo pathway effector YAP. These results suggest that inhibition of ROCK mediates neurite outgrowth in neural stem cells by activating the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Feng Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jianyang People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Jianyang, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan-Bo Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Da-Xiong Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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13
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García Ponce A, Citalán Madrid AF, Vargas Robles H, Chánez Paredes S, Nava P, Betanzos A, Zarbock A, Rottner K, Vestweber D, Schnoor M. Loss of cortactin causes endothelial barrier dysfunction via disturbed adrenomedullin secretion and actomyosin contractility. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29003. [PMID: 27357373 PMCID: PMC4928053 DOI: 10.1038/srep29003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in vascular permeability occur during inflammation and the actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in regulating endothelial cell contacts and permeability. We demonstrated recently that the actin-binding protein cortactin regulates vascular permeability via Rap1. However, it is unknown if the actin cytoskeleton contributes to increased vascular permeability without cortactin. As we consistently observed more actin fibres in cortactin-depleted endothelial cells, we hypothesised that cortactin depletion results in increased stress fibre contractility and endothelial barrier destabilisation. Analysing the contractile machinery, we found increased ROCK1 protein levels in cortactin-depleted endothelium. Concomitantly, myosin light chain phosphorylation was increased while cofilin, mDia and ERM were unaffected. Secretion of the barrier-stabilising hormone adrenomedullin, which activates Rap1 and counteracts actomyosin contractility, was reduced in plasma from cortactin-deficient mice and in supernatants of cortactin-depleted endothelium. Importantly, adrenomedullin administration and ROCK1 inhibition reduced actomyosin contractility and rescued the effect on permeability provoked by cortactin deficiency in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest a new role for cortactin in controlling actomyosin contractility with consequences for endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander García Ponce
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Alí F Citalán Madrid
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Hilda Vargas Robles
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Chánez Paredes
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Department for Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Department for Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Clinic of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department for Vascular Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico-City, Mexico
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14
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Forteza R, Figueroa Y, Mashukova A, Dulam V, Salas PJ. Conditional knockout of polarity complex (atypical) PKCι reveals an anti-inflammatory function mediated by NF-κB. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2186-97. [PMID: 27226486 PMCID: PMC4945138 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical PKC, Par6, and Par3 constitute a conserved complex signaling cell asymmetry. In contrast to its role in other tissues, atypical PKC inhibits NF-κB activation in epithelia and may function in maintaining low levels of inflammation in addition to establishing apicobasal polarity. The conserved proteins of the polarity complex made up of atypical PKC (aPKC, isoforms ι and ζ), Par6, and Par3 determine asymmetry in several cell types, from Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes to vertebrate epithelia and neurons. We previously showed that aPKC is down-regulated in intestinal epithelia under inflammatory stimulation. Further, expression of constitutively active PKCι decreases NF-κB activity in an epithelial cell line, the opposite of the effect reported in other cells. Here we tested the hypothesis that aPKC has a dual function in epithelia, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in addition to having a role in apicobasal polarity. We achieved full aPKC down-regulation in small intestine villi and colon surface epithelium using a conditional epithelium-specific knockout mouse. The results show that aPKC is dispensable for polarity after cell differentiation, except for known targets, including ROCK and ezrin, claudin-4 expression, and barrier permeability. The aPKC defect resulted in increased NF-κB activity, which could be rescued by IKK and ROCK inhibitors. It also increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 decreased. We conclude that epithelial aPKC acts upstream of multiple mechanisms that participate in the inflammatory response in the intestine, including, but not restricted to, NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia Forteza
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Yolanda Figueroa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Anastasia Mashukova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 Department of Physiology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314
| | - Vipin Dulam
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Pedro J Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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15
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Naydenov NG, Feygin A, Wang D, Kuemmerle JF, Harris G, Conti MA, Adelstein RS, Ivanov AI. Nonmuscle Myosin IIA Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in vivo and Plays a Protective Role During Experimental Colitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24161. [PMID: 27063635 PMCID: PMC4827066 DOI: 10.1038/srep24161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a critical regulator of intestinal mucosal barrier permeability, and the integrity of epithelial adherens junctions (AJ) and tight junctions (TJ). Non muscle myosin II (NM II) is a key cytoskeletal motor that controls actin filament architecture and dynamics. While NM II has been implicated in the regulation of epithelial junctions in vitro, little is known about its roles in the intestinal mucosa in vivo. In this study, we generated a mouse model with an intestinal epithelial-specific knockout of NM IIA heavy chain (NM IIA cKO) and examined the structure and function of normal gut barrier, and the development of experimental colitis in these animals. Unchallenged NM IIA cKO mice showed increased intestinal permeability and altered expression/localization of several AJ/TJ proteins. They did not develop spontaneous colitis, but demonstrated signs of a low-scale mucosal inflammation manifested by prolapses, lymphoid aggregates, increased cytokine expression, and neutrophil infiltration in the gut. NM IIA cKO animals were characterized by a more severe disruption of the gut barrier and exaggerated mucosal injury during experimentally-induced colitis. Our study provides the first evidence that NM IIA plays important roles in establishing normal intestinal barrier, and protection from mucosal inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Alex Feygin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - John F Kuemmerle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Gianni Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY
| | - Mary Anne Conti
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298.,Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
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16
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Beckers CML, Knezevic N, Valent ET, Tauseef M, Krishnan R, Rajendran K, Hardin CC, Aman J, van Bezu J, Sweetnam P, van Hinsbergh VWM, Mehta D, van Nieuw Amerongen GP. ROCK2 primes the endothelium for vascular hyperpermeability responses by raising baseline junctional tension. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 70:45-54. [PMID: 25869521 PMCID: PMC4606924 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rho kinase mediates the effects of inflammatory permeability factors by increasing actomyosin-generated traction forces on endothelial adherens junctions, resulting in disassembly of intercellular junctions and increased vascular leakage. In vitro, this is accompanied by the Rho kinase-driven formation of prominent radial F-actin fibers, but the in vivo relevance of those F-actin fibers has been debated, suggesting other Rho kinase-mediated events to occur in vascular leak. Here, we delineated the contributions of the highly homologous isoforms of Rho kinase (ROCK1 and ROCK2) to vascular hyperpermeability responses. We show that ROCK2, rather than ROCK1 is the critical Rho kinase for regulation of thrombin receptor-mediated vascular permeability. Novel traction force mapping in endothelial monolayers, however, shows that ROCK2 is not required for the thrombin-induced force enhancements. Rather, ROCK2 is pivotal to baseline junctional tension as a novel mechanism by which Rho kinase primes the endothelium for hyperpermeability responses, independent from subsequent ROCK1-mediated contractile stress-fiber formation during the late phase of the permeability response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora M L Beckers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nebojsa Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Erik T Valent
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Tauseef
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kavitha Rajendran
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Corey Hardin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jurjan Aman
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Bezu
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Sweetnam
- Surface Logix-737, Concord Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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17
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Gehren AS, Rocha MR, de Souza WF, Morgado-Díaz JA. Alterations of the apical junctional complex and actin cytoskeleton and their role in colorectal cancer progression. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1017688. [PMID: 26451338 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1017688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer represents the fourth highest mortality rate among cancer types worldwide. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate their progression can prevents or reduces mortality due to this disease. Epithelial cells present an apical junctional complex connected to the actin cytoskeleton, which maintains the dynamic properties of this complex, tissue architecture and cell homeostasis. Several studies have indicated that apical junctional complex alterations and actin cytoskeleton disorganization play a critical role in epithelial cancer progression. However, few studies have examined the existence of an interrelation between these 2 components, particularly in colorectal cancer. This review discusses the recent progress toward elucidating the role of alterations of apical junctional complex constituents and of modifications of actin cytoskeleton organization and discusses how these events are interlinked to modulate cellular responses related to colorectal cancer progression toward successful metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Sartorio Gehren
- Program of Cellular Biology; Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Murilo Ramos Rocha
- Program of Cellular Biology; Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - José Andrés Morgado-Díaz
- Program of Cellular Biology; Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Yu LCH. Commensal bacterial internalization by epithelial cells: An alternative portal for gut leakiness. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1008895. [PMID: 26451337 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1008895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-existing paracellular and transcellular barrier defect in intestinal epithelium was documented in inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and intestinal obstruction. Mechanisms regarding tight junction disruption have been extensively studied; however, limited progress has been made in research on bacterial transcytosis. Densely packed brush border (BB), with cholesterol-based lipid rafts in the intermicrovillous membrane invagination, serves as an ultrastructural barrier to prevent direct contact of luminal microbes with the cellular soma. Evidence in in vitro epithelial cell cultures and in vivo animal models of bowel obstruction and antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection had indicated that nonpathogenic, noninvasive enteric bacteria may hijack the lipid raft-mediated endocytic pathways. Our studies have shown that low dose interferon-gamma (IFNγ) causes long myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)-dependent terminal web (TW) contraction and BB fanning, allowing bacteria to pass through the consequently widened intermicrovillous cleft to be endocytosed via caveolin-associated lipid rafts. Activation of intracellular innate immune receptors by bacteria-containing endosomes may further induce inflammatory and oxidative stress, leading to secondary tight junction damage. The finding of bacterial internalization preceding tight junction damage suggests that abnormal bacterial uptake by epithelial cells may contribute to the initiation or relapse of chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology; National Taiwan University ; Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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19
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Loma P, Guzman-Aranguez A, Perez de Lara MJ, Pintor J. Diadenosine tetraphosphate improves adrenergic anti-glaucomatous drug delivery and efficiency. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:141-7. [PMID: 25701803 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the dinucleotide P(1), P(4)-Di (adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (Ap4A) in improving adrenergic anti-glaucomatous delivery by modifying the tight junction proteins of the corneal epithelium was evaluated. Stratified human corneal epithelial cells (HCLE) were treated with Ap4A (100 μM) for 5 min and TJ protein levels and barrier function were analysed by western blotting and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), respectively. Western blot experiments showed a significant reduction at 2 h (45% reduction of ZO-1 and 65% reduction of occludin protein levels) as compared to non-treated (control) cells. Two hours after Ap4A treatment, TEER values were significantly reduced (65% as compared to control levels (p < 0.001)), indicating an increase in corneal barrier permeability. Topical application of Ap4A in New Zealand white rabbits two hours before the instillation of the hypotensor compounds (the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, brimonidine and the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, timolol), improved the delivery of these compounds to the anterior chamber as well as their hypotensive action on the intraocular pressure. The results obtained showed that, when Ap4A was topically applied two hours before the adrenergic compounds, the concentration of brimonidine in the aqueous humour increased from 64.3 ± 5.3 nM to 240.6 ± 8.6 nM and from 58.9 ± 9.2 nM to 183.7 ± 6.8 nM in the case of timolol, which also produces a more profound effect on IOP. Therefore, Ap4A treatment results in a better entrance of adrenergic anti-glaucomatous compounds within the eye and consequently improved therapeutic efficiency by increasing corneal epithelial barrier permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Loma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guzman-Aranguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Perez de Lara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Pintor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Loma P, Guzman-Aranguez A, Pérez de Lara MJ, Pintor J. Diadenosine tetraphosphate induces tight junction disassembly thus increasing corneal epithelial permeability. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1045-58. [PMID: 25297531 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Here, we have studied the effects of the dinucleotide P(1), P(4)-Di (adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (Ap4 A) on corneal barrier function conferred by the tight junction (TJ) proteins and its possible involvement in ocular drug delivery and therapeutic efficiency. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experiments in vitro were performed using human corneal epithelial cells (HCLEs) treated with Ap4 A (100 μM) for 5 min. Western blot analysis and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were performed to study the TJ protein levels and barrier function respectively. Intracellular pathways involved were determined using an ERK inhibitor and P2Y(2) receptor siRNAs. In in vivo assays with New Zealand rabbits, TJ integrity was examined by zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) staining. The hypotensive compound 5-methoxycarbonylamino-N-acetyltryptamine (5-MCA-NAT) was used to assess improved delivery, measuring its levels by HPLC and measuring intraocular pressure using 5-MCA-NAT, P2Y receptor antagonists and P2Y2 siRNAs. KEY RESULTS Two hours after Ap4 A pretreatment, TJ protein levels in HCLE cells were reduced around 40% compared with control. TEER values were significantly reduced at 2 and 4 h (68 and 52% respectively). TJ reduction and ERK activation were blocked by the ERK inhibitor U012 and P2Y(2) siRNAs. In vivo, topical application of Ap4 A disrupted ZO-1 membrane distribution. 5-MCA-NAT levels in the aqueous humour were higher when Ap4 A was previously instilled and its hypotensive effect was also increased. This action was reversed by P2Y receptor antagonists and P2Y(2) siRNA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Ap4 A increased corneal epithelial barrier permeability. Its application could improve ocular drug delivery and consequently therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Loma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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21
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Capaldo CT, Farkas AE, Hilgarth RS, Krug SM, Wolf MF, Benedik JK, Fromm M, Koval M, Parkos C, Nusrat A. Proinflammatory cytokine-induced tight junction remodeling through dynamic self-assembly of claudins. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2710-9. [PMID: 25031428 PMCID: PMC4161507 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-02-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barriers are vital components of the innate immune system. This barrier is provided by tight junctions and compromised by proinflammatory cytokine signaling. Study of claudin 4 live-cell protein dynamics shows that tight junctions are self-assembling systems that undergo remodeling through heterotypic claudin incompatibility. Tight junctions (TJs) are dynamic, multiprotein intercellular adhesive contacts that provide a vital barrier function in epithelial tissues. TJs are remodeled during physiological development and pathological mucosal inflammation, and differential expression of the claudin family of TJ proteins determines epithelial barrier properties. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in TJ remodeling are incompletely understood. Using acGFP-claudin 4 as a biosensor of TJ remodeling, we observed increased claudin 4 fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) dynamics in response to inflammatory cytokines. Interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α increased the proportion of mobile claudin 4 in the TJ. Up-regulation of claudin 4 protein rescued these mobility defects and cytokine-induced barrier compromise. Furthermore, claudins 2 and 4 have reciprocal effects on epithelial barrier function, exhibit differential FRAP dynamics, and compete for residency within the TJ. These findings establish a model of TJs as self-assembling systems that undergo remodeling in response to proinflammatory cytokines through a mechanism of heterotypic claudin-binding incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Capaldo
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Attila E Farkas
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Roland S Hilgarth
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mattie F Wolf
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremy K Benedik
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Charles Parkos
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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22
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Mouawad F, Aoudjit L, Jiang R, Szaszi K, Takano T. Role of guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 in complement-mediated RhoA activation in glomerular epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4206-18. [PMID: 24356971 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.506816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral glomerular epithelial cells (GEC), also known as podocytes, are vital for the structural and functional integrity of the glomerulus. The actin cytoskeleton plays a central role in maintaining GEC morphology. In a rat model of experimental membranous nephropathy (passive Heymann nephritis (PHN)), complement C5b-9-induced proteinuria was associated with the activation of the actin regulator small GTPase, RhoA. The mechanisms of RhoA activation, however, remained unknown. In this study, we explored the role of the epithelial guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEF-H1, in complement-induced RhoA activation. Using affinity precipitation to monitor GEF activity, we found that GEF-H1 was activated in glomeruli isolated from rats with PHN. Complement C5b-9 also induced parallel activation of GEF-H1 and RhoA in cultured GEC. In GEC in which GEF-H1 was knocked down, both basal and complement-induced RhoA activity was reduced. On the other hand, GEF-H1 knockdown augmented complement-mediated cytolysis, suggesting a role for GEF-H1 and RhoA in protecting GEC from cell death. The MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, and mutation of the ERK-dependent phosphorylation site (T678A) prevented complement-induced GEF-H1 activation, indicating a role for the ERK pathway. Further, complement induced GEF-H1 and microtubule accumulation in the perinuclear region. However, both the perinuclear accumulation and the activation of GEF-H1 were independent of microtubules and myosin-mediated contractility, as shown using drugs that interfere with microtubule dynamics and myosin II activity. In summary, we have identified complement-induced ERK-dependent GEF-H1 activation as the upstream mechanism of RhoA stimulation, and this pathway has a protective role against cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Mouawad
- From the Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada and
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23
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The P2Y6 receptor mediates Clostridium difficile toxin-induced CXCL8/IL-8 production and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81491. [PMID: 24278446 PMCID: PMC3838400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
C. difficile is a Gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the developed world. The pathogenesis of C. difficile infections (CDI) is driven by toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), secreted factors that trigger the release of inflammatory mediators and contribute to disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Neutrophils play a key role in the inflammatory response and the induction of pseudomembranous colitis in CDI. TcdA and TcdB alter cytoskeletal signaling and trigger the release of CXCL8/IL-8, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, from intestinal epithelial cells; however, little is known about the surface receptor(s) that mediate these events. In the current study, we sought to assess whether toxin-induced CXCL8/IL-8 release and barrier dysfunction are driven by the activation of the P2Y6 receptor following the release of UDP, a danger signal, from intoxicated Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells express a functional P2Y6 receptor and release measurable amounts of UDP upon exposure to TcdA/B. Toxin-induced CXCL8/IL-8 production and release were attenuated in the presence of a selective P2Y6 inhibitor (MRS2578). This was associated with inhibition of TcdA/B-induced activation of NFκB. Blockade of the P2Y6 receptor also attenuated toxin-induced barrier dysfunction in polarized Caco-2 cells. Lastly, pretreating mice with the P2Y6 receptor antagonists (MSR2578) attenuated TcdA/B-induced inflammation and intestinal permeability in an intrarectal toxin exposure model. Taken together these data outline a novel role for the P2Y6 receptor in the induction of CXCL8/IL-8 production and barrier dysfunction in response to C. difficile toxin exposure and may provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of CDI.
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24
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McCole DF. Phosphatase regulation of intercellular junctions. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e26713. [PMID: 24868494 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.26713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular junctions represent the key contact points and sites of communication between neighboring cells. Assembly of these junctions is absolutely essential for the structural integrity of cell monolayers, tissues and organs. Disruption of junctions can have severe consequences such as diarrhea, edema and sepsis, and contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Cell junctions are not static structures, but rather they represent highly dynamic micro-domains that respond to signals from the intracellular and extracellular environments to modify their composition and function. This review article will focus on the regulation of tight junctions and adherens junctions by phosphatase enzymes that play an essential role in preserving and modulating the properties of intercellular junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; University of California, Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
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25
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Ivanov AI, Naydenov NG. Dynamics and regulation of epithelial adherens junctions: recent discoveries and controversies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:27-99. [PMID: 23445808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are evolutionarily conserved plasma-membrane structures that mediate cell-cell adhesions in multicellular organisms. They are organized by several types of adhesive integral membrane proteins, most notably cadherins and nectins that are clustered and stabilized by a number of cytoplasmic scaffolds. AJs are key regulators of tissue architecture and dynamics via control of cell proliferation, polarity, shape, motility, and survival. They are absolutely critical for normal tissue morphogenesis and their disruption results in pathological abnormalities in different tissues. Although the field of adherens-junction research dramatically progressed in recent years, a number of important questions remain controversial and poorly understood. This review outlines basic principles that regulate organization of AJs in mammalian epithelia and discusses recent advances and standing controversies in the field. A special attention is paid to the regulation of AJs by vesicle trafficking and the intracellular cytoskeleton as well as roles and mechanisms of adherens-junction disruption during tumor progression and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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26
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Billington N, Wang A, Mao J, Adelstein RS, Sellers JR. Characterization of three full-length human nonmuscle myosin II paralogs. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33398-410. [PMID: 24072716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin IIs (NM IIs) are a group of molecular motors involved in a wide variety of cellular processes including cytokinesis, migration, and control of cell morphology. There are three paralogs of the NM II heavy chain in humans (IIA, IIB, and IIC), each encoded by a separate gene. These paralogs are expressed at different levels according to cell type and have different roles and intracellular distributions in vivo. Most previous studies on NM II used tissue-purified protein or expressed fragments of the molecule, which presents potential drawbacks for characterizing individual paralogs of the intact protein in vitro. To circumvent current limitations and approach their native properties, we have successfully expressed and purified the three full-length human NM II proteins with their light chains, using the baculovirus/Sf9 system. The enzymatic and structural properties of the three paralogs were characterized. Although each NM II is capable of forming bipolar filaments, those formed by IIC tend to contain fewer constituent molecules than those of IIA and IIB. All paralogs adopt the compact conformation in the presence of ATP. Phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain leads to assembly into filaments, which bind to actin in the presence of ATP. The nature of interactions with actin filaments is shown with different paralogs exhibiting different actin binding behaviors under equivalent conditions. The data show that although NM IIA and IIB form filaments with similar properties, NM IIC forms filaments that are less well suited to roles such as tension maintenance within the cell.
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27
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Rao RK, Samak G. Bile duct epithelial tight junctions and barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e25718. [PMID: 24665411 PMCID: PMC3783222 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.25718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile ducts play a crucial role in the formation and secretion of bile as well as excretion of circulating xenobiotic substances. In addition to its secretory and excretory functions, bile duct epithelium plays an important role in the formation of a barrier to the diffusion of toxic substances from bile into the hepatic interstitial tissue. Disruption of barrier function and toxic injury to liver cells appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma. Although the investigations into understanding the structure and regulation of tight junctions in gut, renal and endothelial tissues have expanded rapidly, very little is known about the structure and regulation of tight junctions in the bile duct epithelium. In this article we summarize the current understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of bile duct epithelium, the structure and regulation of tight junctions in canaliculi and bile duct epithelia and different mechanisms involved in the regulation of disruption and protection of bile duct epithelial tight junctions. This article will make a case for the need of future investigations toward our understanding of molecular organization and regulation of canalicular and bile duct epithelial tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Rao
- Department of Physiology; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis, TN USA
| | - G Samak
- Department of Zoology; D.V.S. College; Shimoga, India
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Brown L, Waseem A, Cruz IN, Szary J, Gunic E, Mannan T, Unadkat M, Yang M, Valderrama F, O'Toole EA, Wan H. Desmoglein 3 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion by regulating activator protein 1 and protein kinase C-dependent-Ezrin activation. Oncogene 2013; 33:2363-74. [PMID: 23752190 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), the pemphigus vulgaris antigen, has recently been shown to be upregulated in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and has been identified as a good tumor-specific marker for clinical staging of cervical sentinel lymph nodes in head and neck SCC. However, little is known about its biological function in cancer. The actin-binding protein Ezrin and the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor are implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we report that Dsg3 regulates the activity of c-Jun/AP-1 as well as protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of Ezrin-Thr567, which contributes to the accelerated motility of cancer cells. Ectopic expression of Dsg3 in cancer cell lines caused enhanced phosphorylation at Ezrin-Thr567 with concomitant augmented membrane protrusions, cell spreading and invasive phenotype. We showed that Dsg3 formed a complex with Ezrin at the plasma membrane that was required for its proper function of interacting with F-actin and CD44 as Dsg3 knockdown impaired these associations. The increased Ezrin phosphorylation in Dsg3-overexpressing cells could be abrogated substantially by various pharmacological inhibitors for Ser/Thr kinases, including PKC and Rho kinase that are known to activate Ezrin. Furthermore, a marked increase in c-Jun S63 phosphorylation, among others, was found in Dsg3-overexpressing cells and the activation of c-Jun/AP-1 was further supported by a luciferase reporter assay. Taken together, our study identifies a novel Dsg3-mediated c-Jun/AP-1 regulatory mechanism and PKC-dependent Ezrin phosphorylation that could be responsible for Dsg3-associated cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brown
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - A Waseem
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - I N Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - J Szary
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - E Gunic
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - T Mannan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - M Unadkat
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - M Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - F Valderrama
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - E A O'Toole
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, London, UK
| | - H Wan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
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Naydenov NG, Baranwal S, Khan S, Feygin A, Gupta P, Ivanov AI. Novel mechanism of cytokine-induced disruption of epithelial barriers: Janus kinase and protein kinase D-dependent downregulation of junction protein expression. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e25231. [PMID: 24665409 PMCID: PMC3783224 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ductal epithelium plays a key role in physiological secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the digestive system. Loss of barrier properties of the pancreatic duct may contribute to the development of pancreatitis and metastatic dissemination of pancreatic tumors. Proinflammatory cytokines are essential mediators of pancreatic inflammation and tumor progression; however, their effects on the integrity and barrier properties of the ductal epithelium have not been previously addressed. In the present study, we investigate mechanisms of cytokine-induced disassembly of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) in a model pancreatic epithelium. Exposure of HPAF-II human pancreatic epithelial cell monolayers to interferon (IFN)γ disrupted integrity and function of apical junctions as manifested by increased epithelial permeability and cytosolic translocation of AJ and TJ proteins. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α potentiated the effects of IFNγ on pancreatic epithelial junctions. The cytokine-induced increase in epithelial permeability and AJ/TJ disassembly was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of Janus kinase (JAK) and protein kinase D (PKD). Loss of apical junctions in IFNγ/TNFα-treated HPAF-II cells was accompanied by JAK and PKD dependent decrease in expression of AJ (E-cadherin, p120 catenin) and TJ (occludin, ZO-1) proteins. Depletion of E-cadherin or p120 catenin recapitulated the effects of cytokines on HPAF-II cell permeability and junctions. Our data suggests that proinflammatory cytokines disrupt pancreatic epithelial barrier via expressional downregulation of key structural components of AJs and TJs. This mechanism is likely to be important for pancreatic inflammatory injury and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Somesh Baranwal
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Shadab Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Alex Feygin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Pooja Gupta
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA; ; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA ; VCU Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA
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Kojima T, Yamaguchi H, Ito T, Kyuno D, Kono T, Konno T, Sawada N. Tight junctions in human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e24894. [PMID: 24665406 PMCID: PMC3805649 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions of the pancreatic duct are essential regulators of physiologic secretion of the pancreas and disruption of the pancreatic ductal barrier is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and progression of pancreatic cancer. Various inflammatory mediators and carcinogens can trigger tight junction disassembly and disruption of the pancreatic barrier, however signaling events that mediates such barrier dysfunctions remain poorly understood. This review focuses on structure and regulation of tight junctions in normal pancreatic epithelial cells and mechanisms of junctional disruption during pancreatic inflammation and cancer. We will pay special attention to a novel model of human telomerase reverse transcriptase-transfected human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells and will describe the roles of major signaling molecules such as protein kinase C and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in formation and disassembly of the pancreatic ductal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kojima
- Department of Pathology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan ; Department of Cell Science; Research Institute of Frontier Medicine; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ito
- Department of Surgery; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kyuno
- Department of Surgery; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kono
- Department of Pathology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan ; Department of Surgery; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Pathology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan ; Department of Cell Science; Research Institute of Frontier Medicine; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Sawada
- Department of Pathology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan
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31
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Ivanov AI. Structure and regulation of intestinal epithelial tight junctions: current concepts and unanswered questions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 763:132-48. [PMID: 23397622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium serves as a key interface between internal body compartments and the gut lumen. The epithelial layer forms a physical barrier that protects the body from the harmful environment of the lumen and also mediates vectorial fluxes of fluids, nutrients and waste. Increased permeability of the epithelial barrier is a common manifestation of different gastrointestinal diseases that enhances body exposure to external pathogens thereby exaggerating mucosal inflammation. Barrier properties of the intestinal epithelium are regulated by specialized adhesive plasma membrane structures known as tight junctions (TJs). It is gengrally believed that disease-related increase in intestinal permeability is caused by defects in TJ structure and functions. This chapter describes the molecular composition of intestinal epithelial TJs, basic mechanisms that regulate TJ functions in healthy gut mucosa as well as molecular events that contribute to increased mucosal permeability during intestinal inflammation. The chapter outlines our current understanding of TJ structure and dynamics and highlights several unresolved questions regarding regulation of this junctional complex under normal conditions and in gastroenterological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA.
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32
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Sumagin R, Robin AZ, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. Activation of PKCβII by PMA facilitates enhanced epithelial wound repair through increased cell spreading and migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55775. [PMID: 23409039 PMCID: PMC3569445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid repair of epithelial wounds is essential for intestinal homeostasis, and involves cell proliferation and migration, which in turn are mediated by multiple cellular signaling events including PKC activation. PKC isoforms have been implicated in regulating cell proliferation and migration, however, the role of PKCs in intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) wound healing is still not completely understood. In the current work we used phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a well recognized agonist of classical and non-conventional PKC subfamilies to investigate the effect of PKC activation on IEC wound healing. We found that PMA treatment of wounded IEC monolayers resulted in 5.8±0.7-fold increase in wound closure after 24 hours. The PMA effect was specifically mediated by PKCβII, as its inhibition significantly diminished the PMA-induced increase in wound closure. Furthermore, we show that the PKCβII-mediated increase in IEC wound closure after PMA stimulation was mediated by increased cell spreading/cell migration but not proliferation. Cell migration was mediated by PKCβII dependent actin cytoskeleton reorganization, enhanced formation of lamellipodial extrusions at the leading edge and increased activation of the focal adhesion protein, paxillin. These findings support a role for PKCβII in IEC wound repair and further demonstrate the ability of epithelial cells to migrate as a sheet thereby efficiently covering denuded surfaces to recover the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Sumagin
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Neunlist M, Van Landeghem L, Mahé MM, Derkinderen P, des Varannes SB, Rolli-Derkinderen M. The digestive neuronal-glial-epithelial unit: a new actor in gut health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:90-100. [PMID: 23165236 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The monolayer of columnar epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract--the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB)--is the largest exchange surface between the body and the external environment. The permeability of the IEB has a central role in the regulation of fluid and nutrient intake as well as in the control of the passage of pathogens. The functions of the IEB are highly regulated by luminal as well as internal components, such as bacteria or immune cells, respectively. Evidence indicates that two cell types of the enteric nervous system (ENS), namely enteric neurons and enteric glial cells, are potent modulators of IEB functions, giving rise to the novel concept of a digestive 'neuronal-glial-epithelial unit' akin to the neuronal-glial-endothelial unit in the brain. In this Review, we summarize findings demonstrating that the ENS is a key regulator of IEB function and is actively involved in pathologies associated with altered barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Neunlist
- INSERM UMR913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, CHU Hôtel Dieu, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes, France.
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Gao N, Huang J, He W, Zhu M, Kamm KE, Stull JT. Signaling through myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscles. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7596-7605. [PMID: 23362260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylates smooth muscle myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) to initiate contraction. We used a tamoxifen-activated, smooth muscle-specific inactivation of MLCK expression in adult mice to determine whether MLCK was differentially limiting in distinct smooth muscles. A 50% decrease in MLCK in urinary bladder smooth muscle had no effect on RLC phosphorylation or on contractile responses, whereas an 80% decrease resulted in only a 20% decrease in RLC phosphorylation and contractile responses to the muscarinic agonist carbachol. Phosphorylation of the myosin light chain phosphatase regulatory subunit MYPT1 at Thr-696 and Thr-853 and the inhibitor protein CPI-17 were also stimulated with carbachol. These results are consistent with the previous findings that activation of a small fraction of MLCK by limiting amounts of free Ca(2+)/calmodulin combined with myosin light chain phosphatase inhibition is sufficient for robust RLC phosphorylation and contractile responses in bladder smooth muscle. In contrast, a 50% decrease in MLCK in aortic smooth muscle resulted in 40% inhibition of RLC phosphorylation and aorta contractile responses, whereas a 90% decrease profoundly inhibited both responses. Thus, MLCK content is limiting for contraction in aortic smooth muscle. Phosphorylation of CPI-17 and MYPT1 at Thr-696 and Thr-853 were also stimulated with phenylephrine but significantly less than in bladder tissue. These results indicate differential contributions of MLCK to signaling. Limiting MLCK activity combined with modest Ca(2+) sensitization responses provide insights into how haploinsufficiency of MLCK may result in contractile dysfunction in vivo, leading to dissections of human thoracic aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gao
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Weiqi He
- Model Animal Research Center and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, 210061 Nanjing, China
| | - Minsheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, 210061 Nanjing, China
| | - Kristine E Kamm
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - James T Stull
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390.
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Miyauchi JT, Piermarini PM, Yang JD, Gilligan DM, Beyenbach KW. Roles of PKC and phospho-adducin in transepithelial fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1. [PMID: 24062972 PMCID: PMC3779481 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The diuretic hormone aedeskinin-III is known to increase the paracellular Cl- conductance in Malpighian (renal) tubules of the mosquito Aedes aegypti via a G protein-coupled receptor. The increase serves the blood-meal-initiated diuresis and is associated with elevated levels of Ca2+ and phosphorylated adducin in the cytosol of tubule. In the present study we have cloned adducin in Aedes Malpighian tubules and investigated its physiological roles. Immunolabeling experiments are consistent with the association of adducin with the cortical cytoskeleton, especially near the apical brush border of the tubule. An antibody against phosphorylated adducin revealed the transient phosphorylation of adducin 2 min after stimulating tubules with aedeskinin-III. The PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide-I blocked the phosphorylation of adducin as well as the electrophysiological and diuretic effects of aedeskinin-III. Bisindolylmaleimide-I also inhibited fluid secretion in control tubules. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate increased phosphorylated adducin levels in Malpighian tubules, but it inhibited fluid secretion. Thus, the phosphorylation of adducin by PKC alone is insufficient to trigger diuretic rates of fluid secretion; elevated levels of intracellular Ca2+ may also be required. The above results suggest that the phosphorylation of adducin, which is known to destabilize the cytoskeleton, may (1) facilitate the traffic of transporters into the apical brush border supporting diuretic rates of cation secretion and (2) destabilize proteins in the septate junction thereby enabling paracellular anion (Cl-) secretion at diuretic rates. Moreover, PKC and the phosphorylation of adducin play a central role in control and diuretic tubules, consistent with the dynamic behavior of both transcellular and paracellular transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Miyauchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca, NY USA
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36
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Nagy A, Takagi Y, Billington N, Sun SA, Hong DKT, Homsher E, Wang A, Sellers JR. Kinetic characterization of nonmuscle myosin IIb at the single molecule level. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:709-22. [PMID: 23148220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.424671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin IIB (NMIIB) is a cytoplasmic myosin, which plays an important role in cell motility by maintaining cortical tension. It forms bipolar thick filaments with ~14 myosin molecule dimers on each side of the bare zone. Our previous studies showed that the NMIIB is a moderately high duty ratio (~20-25%) motor. The ADP release step (~0.35 s(-1)) of NMIIB is only ~3 times faster than the rate-limiting phosphate release (0.13 ± 0.01 s(-1)). The aim of this study was to relate the known in vitro kinetic parameters to the results of single molecule experiments and to compare the kinetic and mechanical properties of single- and double-headed myosin fragments and nonmuscle IIB thick filaments. Examination of the kinetics of NMIIB interaction with actin at the single molecule level was accomplished using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) with fluorescence imaging with 1-nm accuracy (FIONA) and dual-beam optical trapping. At a physiological ATP concentration (1 mm), the rate of detachment of the single-headed and double-headed molecules was similar (~0.4 s(-1)). Using optical tweezers we found that the power stroke sizes of single- and double-headed heavy meromyosin (HMM) were each ~6 nm. No signs of processive stepping at the single molecule level were observed in the case of NMIIB-HMM in optical tweezers or TIRF/in vitro motility experiments. In contrast, robust motility of individual fluorescently labeled thick filaments of full-length NMIIB was observed on actin filaments. Our results are in good agreement with the previous steady-state and transient kinetic studies and show that the individual nonprocessive nonmuscle myosin IIB molecules form a highly processive unit when polymerized into filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Nagy
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, HLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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37
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Leve F, Morgado-Díaz JA. Rho GTPase signaling in the development of colorectal cancer. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2549-59. [PMID: 22467564 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of Rho GTPases in major aspects of cancer development, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell polarity, adhesion, migration, and invasion, have recently been attracting increasing attention. In this review, we have summarized the current findings in the literature, and we discuss the participation of the Rho GTPase members RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 in the development of colorectal cancer, the second most lethal neoplasia worldwide. First, we present an overview of the mechanisms of Rho GTPase regulation and the impact that regulator proteins exert on GTPase signaling. Second, we focus on the participation of Rho GTPases as modulators of colorectal cancer development. Third, we emphasize the involvement of activation and expression alterations of Rho GTPases in events associated with cancer progression, such as loss of cell-cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Finally, we highlight the potential use of novel anticancer drugs targeting specific components of the Rho GTPase signaling pathway with antineoplastic activity in this cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Leve
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Divisão de Biologia Celular, Centro de Pesquisas, Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCa, Rio de Janeiro 2231050, Brazil
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38
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McBride WJ, Kimpel MW, McClintick JN, Ding ZM, Hyytia P, Colombo G, Edenberg HJ, Lumeng L, Bell RL. Gene expression in the ventral tegmental area of 5 pairs of rat lines selectively bred for high or low ethanol consumption. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:275-85. [PMID: 22579914 PMCID: PMC3383357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if there are common innate differences in gene expression or gene pathways in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) among 5 different pairs of rat lines selectively bred for high (HEC) or low (LEC) ethanol consumption: (a) alcohol-preferring (P) vs. alcohol-non-preferring (NP) rats; (b) high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) vs. low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats (replicate line pairs 1 and 2); (c) ALKO alcohol (AA) vs. nonalcohol (ANA) rats; and (d) Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) vs. alcohol-nonpreferring (sNP) rats. Microarray analysis revealed between 370 and 1340 unique named genes that significantly differed in expression between the individual line-pairs. Analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) and Ingenuity Pathways information indicated significant categories and networks in common for up to 3 line-pairs, but not for all 5 line-pairs; moreover, there were few genes in common in these categories and networks. ANOVA of the combined data for the 5 line-pairs indicated 1295 significant (p<0.01) differences in expression of named genes. Although no individual named gene was significant across all 5 line-pairs, there were 22 genes that overlapped in the same direction in 3 or 4 of the line-pairs. Overall, the findings suggest that (a) some biological categories or networks may be in common for subsets of line-pairs; and (b) regulation of different genes and/or combinations of multiple biological systems (e.g., transcription, synaptic function, intracellular signaling and protection against oxidative stress) within the VTA (possibly involving dopamine and glutamate) may be contributing to the disparate alcohol drinking behaviors of these line-pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J McBride
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-4887, USA.
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Regulation of adherens junctions by Rho GTPases and p120-catenin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 524:48-55. [PMID: 22583808 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms leading to tumor progression and acquisition of a metastatic phenotype are highly complex and only partially understood. The spatiotemporal regulation of E-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions is essential for normal epithelia function and tissue integrity. Perturbation of the E-cadherin complex assembly is a key event in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is directed by a huge number of mechanisms that differ greatly with regard to cell types and tissues. The reduction in intercellular adhesion interferes with tissue integrity and allows cancer cells to disseminate from the primary tumor thereby initiating cancer metastasis. In the present review we will summarize the current findings about the influence of Rho GTPases on the formation and maintenance of adherens junction and will then proceed to discuss the involvement of p120-catenin on cell-cell adhesion and tumor cell migration.
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Differential targeting of the E-Cadherin/β-Catenin complex by gram-positive probiotic lactobacilli improves epithelial barrier function. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:1140-7. [PMID: 22179242 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06983-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal ecosystem is balanced by dynamic interactions between resident and incoming microbes, the gastrointestinal barrier, and the mucosal immune system. However, in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), where the integrity of the gastrointestinal barrier is compromised, resident microbes contribute to the development and perpetuation of inflammation and disease. Probiotic bacteria have been shown to exert beneficial effects, e.g., enhancing epithelial barrier integrity. However, the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects are only poorly understood. Here, we comparatively investigated the effects of four probiotic lactobacilli, namely, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. gasseri, and L. rhamnosus, in a T84 cell epithelial barrier model. Results of DNA microarray experiments indicating that lactobacilli modulate the regulation of genes encoding in particular adherence junction proteins such as E-cadherin and β-catenin were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, we show that epithelial barrier function is modulated by Gram-positive probiotic lactobacilli via their effect on adherence junction protein expression and complex formation. In addition, incubation with lactobacilli differentially influences the phosphorylation of adherence junction proteins and the abundance of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms such as PKCδ that thereby positively modulates epithelial barrier function. Further insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms triggered by these probiotics might also foster the development of novel strategies for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases (e.g., IBD).
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Epithelial inducible nitric oxide synthase causes bacterial translocation by impairment of enterocytic tight junctions via intracellular signals of Rho-associated kinase and protein kinase C zeta. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:2087-98. [PMID: 21552122 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31821cb40e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gut barrier dysfunction and bacterial translocation occur in various disorders, including intestinal obstruction. Overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial translocation, of which the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Epithelial permeability is regulated by tight junction reorganization and myosin light chain phosphorylation. Our aim was to investigate the roles of Rho-associated kinase and protein kinase C ζ in epithelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated barrier damage. DESIGN Animal study and cell cultures. SETTING Research laboratory. SUBJECTS BALB/c mice. INTERVENTIONS : Mouse distal small intestine was obstructed in vivo by a 10-cm loop ligation in which vehicle, L-Nil (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), or Y27632 (a Rho-associated kinase inhibitor) was luminally administered. After obstruction for 24 hrs, intestinal tissues were mounted on Ussing chambers for macromolecular flux. Liver and spleen tissues were assessed for bacterial counts. Caco-2 cells were exposed to 1 mM S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (a nitric oxide donor) for 24 hrs, and transepithelial resistance and permeability were evaluated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mice with intestinal obstruction displayed epithelial barrier dysfunctions, such as permeability rise and bacterial translocation, associated with tight junction disruption and myosin light chain phosphorylation. Increased inducible nitric oxide synthase and phosphorylated protein kinase C ζ were observed in villus epithelium. Enteric instillation of L-Nil and Y27632 attenuated the functional and structural barrier damage caused by intestinal obstruction. L-Nil decreased intestinal obstruction-induced myosin light chain, myosin phosphatase target subunit 1, and protein kinase C ζ phosphorylation, suggesting that inducible nitric oxide synthase is upstream of Rho-associated kinase and protein kinase C ζ signaling. The intestinal phosphorylated myosin light chain level did not increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase(-/-) mice following intestinal obstruction. In vitro studies showed that S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine-induced transepithelial resistance drop and permeability rise was independent of cell apoptosis. Y27632 inhibited S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation and permeability rise. S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine also triggered phosphorylation and membrane translocation of protein kinase C ζ. Inhibitory protein kinase C ζ pseudosubstrate blocked S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine-induced tight junction reorganization, but not myosin light chain phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Epithelial inducible nitric oxide synthase activates two distinct signals, protein kinase C ζ and Rho-associated kinase, to disrupt tight junctions leading to bacterial influx.
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Rezaee F, Meednu N, Emo JA, Saatian B, Chapman TJ, Naydenov NG, De Benedetto A, Beck LA, Ivanov AI, Georas SN. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid induces protein kinase D-dependent disassembly of apical junctions and barrier dysfunction in airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1216-1224.e11. [PMID: 21996340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the epithelial barrier might be a risk factor for allergen sensitization and asthma. Viral respiratory tract infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbation, but the effects of respiratory viruses on airway epithelial barrier function are not well understood. Many viruses generate double-stranded RNA, which can lead to airway inflammation and initiate an antiviral immune response. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of the synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) on the structure and function of the airway epithelial barrier in vitro. METHODS 16HBE14o- human bronchial epithelial cells and primary airway epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface were grown to confluence on Transwell inserts and exposed to polyI:C. We studied epithelial barrier function by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular flux of fluorescent markers and structure of epithelial apical junctions by means of immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS PolyI:C induced a profound decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and increase in paracellular permeability. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed markedly reduced junctional localization of zonula occludens-1, occludin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and disorganization of junction-associated actin filaments. PolyI:C induced protein kinase D (PKD) phosphorylation, and a PKD antagonist attenuated polyI:C-induced disassembly of apical junctions and barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS PolyI:C has a powerful and previously unsuspected disruptive effect on the airway epithelial barrier. PolyI:C-dependent barrier disruption is mediated by disassembly of epithelial apical junctions, which is dependent on PKD signaling. These findings suggest a new mechanism potentially underlying the associations between viral respiratory tract infections, airway inflammation, and allergen sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Rezaee
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14610, USA
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Naydenov NG, Ivanov AI. Spectrin-adducin membrane skeleton: A missing link between epithelial junctions and the actin cytoskeletion? BIOARCHITECTURE 2011; 1:186-191. [PMID: 22069512 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.1.4.17642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs) represent key adhesive structures that regulate the apico-basal polarity and barrier properties of epithelial layers. AJs and TJs readily undergo disassembly and reassembly during normal tissue remodeling and disruption of epithelial barriers in diseases. Such junctional plasticity depends on the orchestrated dynamics of the plasma membrane with its underlying F-actin cytoskeleton, however the interplay between these cellular structures remains poorly understood. Recent studies highlighted the spectrin-adducin-based membrane skeleton as an emerging regulator of AJ and TJ integrity and remodeling. Here we discuss new evidences implicating adducin, spectrin and other membrane skeleton proteins in stabilization of epithelial junctions and regulation of junctional dynamics. Based on the known ability of the membrane skeleton to link cortical actin filaments to the plasma membrane, we hypothesize that the spectrin-adducin network serves as a critical signal and force transducer from the actomyosin cytoskeleton to junctions during remodeling of AJs and TJs.
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Kojima T, Fuchimoto J, Yamaguchi H, Ito T, Takasawa A, Ninomiya T, Kikuchi S, Ogasawara N, Ohkuni T, Masaki T, Hirata K, Himi T, Sawada N. c-Jun N-terminal kinase is largely involved in the regulation of tricellular tight junctions via tricellulin in human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:720-33. [PMID: 20533305 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tricellulin (TRIC) is a tight junction protein at tricellular contacts where three epithelial cells meet, and it is required for the maintenance of the epithelial barrier. To investigate whether TRIC is regulated via a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, human pancreatic HPAC cells, highly expressed at tricellular contacts, were exposed to various stimuli such as the JNK activators anisomycin and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-1α. TRIC expression and the barrier function were moderated by treatment with the JNK activator anisomycin, and suppressed not only by inhibitors of JNK and PKC but also by siRNAs of TRIC. TRIC expression was induced by treatment with the PKC activator TPA and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-1α, whereas the changes were inhibited by a JNK inhibitor. Furthermore, in normal human pancreatic duct epithelial cells using hTERT-transfected primary cultured cells, the responses of TRIC expression to the various stimuli were similar to those in HPAC cells. TRIC expression in tricellular tight junctions is strongly regulated together with the barrier function via the JNK transduction pathway. These findings suggest that JNK may be involved in the regulation of tricellular tight junctions including TRIC expression and the barrier function during normal remodeling of epithelial cells, and prevent disruption of the epithelial barrier in inflammation and other disorders in pancreatic duct epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kojima
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Naydenov NG, Ivanov AI. Adducins regulate remodeling of apical junctions in human epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3506-17. [PMID: 20810786 PMCID: PMC2954116 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-03-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article identifies membrane skeleton proteins, adducins, as important regulators of epithelial cell–cell adhesions that promote assembly and antagonize stimulus-induced disassembly of adherens and tight junctions. Epithelial adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs) are dynamic structures that readily undergo disintegration and reassembly. Remodeling of the AJs and TJs depends on the orchestrated dynamics of the plasma membrane with its underlying F-actin cytoskeleton, and the membrane–cytoskeleton interface may play a key role in junctional regulation. Spectrin–adducin–ankyrin complexes link membranes to the actin cytoskeleton where adducins mediate specrtrin–actin interactions. This study elucidates roles of adducins in the remodeling of epithelial junctions in human SK-CO15 colonic and HPAF-II pancreatic epithelial cell monolayers. These cells expressed the α and γ isoforms of adducin that positively regulated each others protein level and colocalized with E-cadherin and β-catenin at mature, internalized and newly assembled AJs. Small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of α- or γ-adducin expression significantly attenuated calcium-dependent AJ and TJ assembly and accelerated junctional disassembly triggered by activation of protein kinase C. Two mechanisms were found to mediate the impaired AJ and TJ assembly in adducin-depleted cells. One mechanism involved diminished expression and junctional recruitment of βII-spectrin, and the other mechanism involved the decrease in the amount of cellular F-actin and impaired assembly of perijunctional actin bundles. These findings suggest novel roles for adducins in stabilization of epithelial junctions and regulation of junctional remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Nonmuscle myosin II isoform and domain specificity during early mouse development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14645-50. [PMID: 20679233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1004023107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosins (NMs) II-A and II-B are essential for embryonic mouse development, but their specific roles are not completely defined. Here we examine the isoforms and their domain specifically in vivo and in vitro by studying mice and cells in which nonmuscle myosin heavy chain (NMHC) II-A is genetically replaced by NMHC II-B or chimeric NMHC IIs that exchange the rod and head domains of NM II-A and II-B. In contrast with the failure of visceral endoderm formation resulting in embryonic day (E)6.5 lethality of A(-)/A(-) mice, replacement with NM II-B or chimeric NM IIs restores a normal visceral endoderm. This finding is consistent with NM II's role in cell adhesion and also confirms an essential, isoform-independent requirement for NM II in visceral endoderm function. The knock-in mice die between E9.5 and 12.5 because of defects in placenta formation associated with abnormal angiogenesis and cell migration, revealing a unique function for NM II-A in placenta development. In vitro results further support a requirement for NM II-A in directed cell migration and focal adhesion formation. These findings demonstrate an isoform-specific role for NM II-A during these processes, making replacement by another isoform, or chimeric NM II isoforms, less successful. The failure of these substitutions is not only related to the different kinetic properties of NM II-A and II-B, but also to their subcellular localization determined by the C-terminal domain. These results highlight the functions of the N-terminal motor and C-terminal rod domains of NM II and their different roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
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Ivanov AI, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Cytoskeletal regulation of epithelial barrier function during inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:512-24. [PMID: 20581053 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased epithelial permeability is a common and important consequence of mucosal inflammation that results in perturbed body homeostasis and enhanced exposure to external pathogens. The integrity and barrier properties of epithelial layers are regulated by specialized adhesive plasma membrane structures known as intercellular junctions. It is generally believed that inflammatory stimuli increase transepithelial permeability by inducing junctional disassembly. This review highlights molecular events that lead to disruption of epithelial junctions during inflammation. We specifically focus on key mechanisms of junctional regulation that are dependent on reorganization of the perijunctional F-actin cytoskeleton. We discuss critical roles of myosin-II-dependent contractility and actin filament turnover in remodeling of the F-actin cytoskeleton that drive disruption of epithelial barriers under different inflammatory conditions. Finally, we highlight signaling pathways induced by inflammatory mediators that regulate reorganization of actin filaments and junctional disassembly in mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Martinez-Rico C, Pincet F, Thiery JP, Dufour S. Integrins stimulate E-cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion by regulating Src-kinase activation and actomyosin contractility. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:712-22. [PMID: 20144995 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.047878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins and integrins are major adhesion molecules regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the existence of crosstalk between integrins and cadherins in cell adhesion and motility. We used a dual pipette assay to measure the force required to separate E-cadherin-producing cell doublets and to investigate the role of integrin in regulating the strength of intercellular adhesion. A greater force was required to separate cell doublets bound to fibronectin or vitronectin-coated beads than for doublets bound to polylysine-coated beads. This effect depended on cell spreading and the duration of stimulation. Cells expressing type II cadherin-7 also responded to fibronectin stimulation to produce a higher intercellular adhesion. Establishment of cadherin-mediated adhesion needed ROCK, MLCK and myosin ATPase II activity. The regulation of intercellular adhesion strength by integrin stimulation required activation of Src family kinases, ROCK and actomyosin contractility. These findings highlight the importance and mechanisms of molecular crosstalk between cadherins and integrins in the control of cell plasticity during histogenesis and morphogenesis.
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Ivanov AI, Young C, Den Beste K, Capaldo CT, Humbert PO, Brennwald P, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Tumor suppressor scribble regulates assembly of tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:134-45. [PMID: 19959811 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the epithelial barrier and apico-basal cell polarity represent two characteristics and mutually dependent features of differentiated epithelial monolayers. They are controlled by special adhesive structures, tight junctions (TJs), and polarity protein complexes that define the apical and the basolateral plasma membrane. The functional interplay between TJs and polarity complexes remains poorly understood. We investigated the role of Scribble, a basolateral polarity protein and known tumor suppressor, in regulating TJs in human intestinal epithelium. Scribble was enriched at TJs in T84 and SK-CO15 intestinal epithelial cell monolayers and sections of normal human colonic mucosa. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Scribble in SK-CO15 cells attenuated development of epithelial barrier and inhibited TJ reassembly independently of other basolateral polarity proteins Lgl-1 and Dlg-1. Scribble selectively co-imunoprecipitated with TJ protein ZO-1, and ZO-1 was important for Scribble recruitment to intercellular junctions and TJ reassembly. Lastly, Scribble was mislocalized from TJs and its expression down-regulated in interferon-gamma-treated T84 cell monolayers and inflamed human intestinal mucosa in vivo. We conclude that Scribble is an important regulator of TJ functions and plasticity in the intestinal epithelium. Down-regulation of Scribble may mediate mucosal barrier breakdown during intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 646, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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