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Dubey H, Pradeep AR, Neog K, Debnath R, Aneesha PJ, Shah SK, Kamatchi I, Ponnuvel KM, Ramesha A, Vijayan K, Nongthomba U, Bora U, Vankadara S, VijayaKumari KM, Arunkumar KP. Genome sequencing and assembly of Indian golden silkmoth, Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Saturniidae, Lepidoptera). Genomics 2024; 116:110841. [PMID: 38599255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis), one of the economically important wild silkmoths, is unique among saturniid silkmoths. It is confined to the North-eastern part of India. Muga silk has the highest value among the other silks. Unlike other silkmoths, A. assamensis has a low chromosome number (n = 15), and ZZ/ZO sex chromosome system. Here, we report the first high-quality draft genome of A. assamensis, assembled by employing the Illumina and PacBio sequencing platforms. The assembled genome of A. assamensis is 501.18 Mb long, with 2697 scaffolds and an N50 of 683.23 Kb. The genome encompasses 18,385 protein-coding genes, 86.29% of which were functionally annotated. Phylogenetic analysis of A. assamensis revealed its divergence from other Antheraea species approximately 28.7 million years ago. Moreover, an investigation into detoxification-related gene families, CYP450, GST, and ABC-transporter, revealed a significant expansion in A. assamensis as compared to the Bombyx mori. This expansion is comparable to Spodoptera litura, suggesting adaptive responses linked to the polyphagous behavior observed in these insects. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular basis of evolutionary divergence and adaptations in muga silkmoth. The genome assembly reported in this study will significantly help in the functional genomics studies on A. assamensis and other Antheraea species along with comparative genomics analyses of Bombycoidea insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Dubey
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Kodathi, Bangalore, India
| | - A R Pradeep
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Kodathi, Bangalore, India
| | - Kartik Neog
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Jorhat, India
| | - Rajal Debnath
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Kodathi, Bangalore, India; Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Jorhat, India
| | - P J Aneesha
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Kodathi, Bangalore, India
| | - Suraj Kumar Shah
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Jorhat, India
| | - Indumathi Kamatchi
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Kodathi, Bangalore, India
| | - K M Ponnuvel
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Kodathi, Bangalore, India
| | - A Ramesha
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Kodathi, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Utpal Bora
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | | | - K M VijayaKumari
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Jorhat, India
| | - Kallare P Arunkumar
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Jorhat, India.
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2
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Morin S, Atkinson PW, Walling LL. Whitefly-Plant Interactions: An Integrated Molecular Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:503-525. [PMID: 37816261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-093940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid advances in available transcriptomic and genomic data and our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of whitefly-plant interactions have allowed us to gain new and significant insights into the biology of whiteflies and their successful adaptation to host plants. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms that whiteflies have evolved to overcome the challenges of feeding on phloem sap. We also highlight the evolution and functions of gene families involved in host perception, evaluation, and manipulation; primary metabolism; and metabolite detoxification. We discuss the emerging themes in plant immunity to whiteflies, focusing on whitefly effectors and their sites of action in plant defense-signaling pathways. We conclude with a discussion of advances in the genetic manipulation of whiteflies and the potential that they hold for exploring the interactions between whiteflies and their host plants, as well as the development of novel strategies for the genetic control of whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel;
| | - Peter W Atkinson
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA;
| | - Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA;
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3
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Wang H, Wang H, Xin T, Xia B. Knockdown of the ABCG23 Gene Disrupts the Development and Lipid Accumulation of Panonychus citri (Acari/Tetranychidae). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:827. [PMID: 38255901 PMCID: PMC10815512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Panonychus citri is a worldwide citrus pest that is currently controlled through the use of insecticides. However, alternative strategies are required to manage P. citri. Recent studies suggest that the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter G subfamily plays a crucial role in transporting cuticular lipids, which are essential for the insect's barrier function against microbial penetration. Therefore, investigating the potential of the ABC transporter G subfamily as a control measure for P. citri could be a promising approach. Based on the genome database, the gene was cloned, and the transcriptional response of ABCG23 for the different developmental stages of P. citri and under spirobudiclofen stress was investigated. Our results showed that the expression level of ABCG23 was significantly lower in adult females exposed to treatment compared to the control and was higher in females than males. The knockdown of ABCG23 using RNAi led to a decrease in the survival rate, fecundity, and TG contents of P. citri. Additionally, a lethal phenotype was characterized by body wrinkling and darkening. These results indicate that ABCG23 may be involved in cuticular lipid transportation and have adverse effects on the development and reproduction of P. citri, providing insight into the discovery of new targets for pest management based on the insect cuticle's penetration barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bin Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (H.W.); (H.W.); (T.X.)
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4
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Zhang D, Yu Z, Zeng B, Liu X. Genome-wide analysis of the ABC gene family in almond and functional predictions during flower development, freezing stress, and salt stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:12. [PMID: 38163883 PMCID: PMC10759767 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter proteins are one of the most extensive protein families known to date and are ubiquitously found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. ABCs have a variety of functions, such as plant tissue development regulation, hormone transport, and biotic and abiotic stress resistance. However, the gene characterization and function of the ABC gene family in almond (Prunus dulcis) have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we identified 117 PdABC genes using the whole genome of 'Wanfeng' almond obtained by sequencing and explored their protein characterization. The PdABC family members were classified into eight subfamilies. The members of the same subfamily had conserved motifs but poorly conserved numbers of exons and introns and were unevenly distributed among the eight subfamilies and on the eight chromosomes. Expression patterns showed that PdABC family members were significantly differentially expressed during almond development, dormant freezing stress, and salt stress. We found that PdABC59 and PdABC77 had extremely high expression levels in pollen. PdABC63 and PdABC64 had high expression levels during almond petal development and multiple stages of flower development. PdABC98 was highly expressed in annual dormant branches after six temperature-freezing stress treatments. PdABC29, PdABC69, and PdABC98 were highly expressed under different concentrations of salt stress. This study preliminarily investigated the expression characteristics of ABC genes in different tissues of almond during flower development, freezing stress and salt stress, and the results will provide a reference for further in-depth research and breeding of almond in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Zhenfan Yu
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830000, China.
| | - Xingyue Liu
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830000, China
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Wang L, He W, Lu JM, Sun J, Jiang SD, Wang JJ, Wei DD. Characterization and transcriptional expression of ABCG genes in Bactrocera dorsalis: Insights into their roles in fecundity and insecticidal stress response. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126836. [PMID: 37714235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are essential for regulating various physiological processes and insecticide resistance across different living organisms. ABCG subfamily genes have diverse functions in insects, but little is known about the function of ABCGs in a serious agricultural pest, Bactrocera dorsalis. In this study, 15 BdABCG genes were identified, and BdABCG6 and BdABCG11 were highly expressed in the pupal and adult stages, especially during the transition period from pupae to adults. Silencing of these two genes resulted in a significant reduction of egg production in B. dorsalis, confirming their importance in reproduction. Analysis of tissue expression patterns showed that most genes, including BdABCG1, 3, 8, and 14, exhibited tissue-specificity, with significantly higher expression levels observed in the intestine, Malpighian tubule, and fat body compared to other tissues. Meanwhile, the induction of malathion and avermectin can significantly upregulate the expression of the above four genes. Furthermore, knockdown of BdABCG3 by RNAi significantly increased the mortality of B. dorsalis upon exposure to avermectin, which suggested that BdABCG3 is involved in the transport or metabolism of avermectin in B. dorsalis. Overall, our work provides valuable insights into the function of BdABCGs involved in the reproduction and detoxification system of B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wang He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shi-Die Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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6
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Wang L, Tian SH, Zhao W, Wang JJ, Wei DD. Overexpression of ABCB transporter genes confer multiple insecticide tolerances in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105690. [PMID: 38072545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis is a notable invasive pest that has developed resistance to several commonly used insecticides in the field, such as avermectin, beta-cypermethrin and malathion. Investigating the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in this pest is of paramount importance for ensuring its effective control. The ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily B (ABCB) genes, responsible for encoding transmembrane efflux transporters, represent a potential source of insecticide detoxification activity or transportation that remains largely unexplored in B. dorsalis. In this study, seven BdABCB genes were identified and comprehensive analyzed based on the latest genome and transcriptome dataset. Subsequently, we characterized the expression profiles of these genes across different development stages and tissues, as well as under different insecticide exposures. The results showed that the BdABCB genes were expressed at all stages in B. dorsalis, with BdABCB2 and BdABCB7 being highly expressed in the pupal stage, while BdABCB5 and BdABCB6 were highly expressed in the larval stage. Besides, the BdABCBs were highly expressed in the detoxification metabolic tissues. Among them, BdABCB5 and BdABCB6 were significantly overexpressed in the midgut and Malpighian tubules, respectively. Furthermore, with the exception of BdABCB6, the expression levels of the other six BdABCBs were significantly up-regulated following induction with avermectin, beta-cypermethrin and malathion. Six BdABCBs (BdABCB1-5 and BdABCB7) were knocked down by RNA interference, and the interference efficiencies were 46.58%, 39.50%, 45.60%, 33.74%, 66.37% and 63.83%, respectively. After injecting dsBdABCBs, the mortality of flies increased by 25.23% to 39.67% compared to the control upon exposure to the three insecticides. These results suggested that BdABCBs play crucial roles in the detoxification or tolerance of B. dorsalis to multiple insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shu-Hang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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7
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Hemthanon T, Promdonkoy B, Boonserm P. Screening and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates for high production of Vip3A and Cry proteins and high thermostability to control Spodoptera spp. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108020. [PMID: 37956858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an entomopathogenic bacterium that produces crystalline (Cry and Cyt) and soluble (vegetative insecticidal proteins or Vips) proteins during the sporulation and vegetative growth phases, respectively. Combining Cry and Vip proteins could delay insect resistance development and exhibit synergistic activity against various insect pests. This study aims to screen Bt isolates collected from Thailand for high Vip3A and Cry protein production levels and high thermostability to control Spodoptera spp. Among the selected Bt isolates with high target protein synthesis, Bt isolate 506 was found to be safe for further biopesticide formulation due to the absence of non-specific metabolite, as determined by the detection of thermo-stable β-exotoxin I based on biological assays and PCR analysis. Bt isolate 506 showed the presence of Cry1A, Cry2A, and Vip3A-type proteins identified as Cry1Aa45, Cry2Aa22, and Vip3A87, respectively. The insecticidal activity of whole culture extracts containing Vip3A and Cry mixtures and culture supernatants containing secreted Vip3A protein was evaluated against the second-instar larvae of S. exigua and S. frugiperda. The Bt isolate 506 showed high toxicity against both insects, and the insecticidal proteins produced by this isolate retained their activity after heating at 50 °C. This Bt isolate is a promising candidate for further development as a biopesticide against lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharathip Hemthanon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonhiang Promdonkoy
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Panadda Boonserm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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Liu L, Zhao D, Wang G, He Q, Song Y, Jiang Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. Adaptive Changes in Detoxification Metabolism and Transmembrane Transport of Bombyx mori Malpighian Tubules to Artificial Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9949. [PMID: 37373097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The high adaptability of insects to food sources has contributed to their ranking among the most abundant and diverse species on Earth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid adaptation of insects to different foods remain unclear. We explored the changes in gene expression and metabolic composition of the Malpighian tubules as an important metabolic excretion and detoxification organ in silkworms (Bombyx mori) fed mulberry leaf and artificial diets. A total of 2436 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 245 differential metabolites were identified between groups, with the majority of DEGs associated with metabolic detoxification, transmembrane transport, and mitochondrial function. Detoxification enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and UDP-glycosyltransferase, and ABC and SLC transporters of endogenous and exogenous solutes were more abundant in the artificial diet group. Enzyme activity assays confirmed increased CYP and GST activity in the Malpighian tubules of the artificial diet-fed group. Metabolome analysis showed increased contents of secondary metabolites, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, lipids, and food additives in the artificial diet group. Our findings highlight the important role of the Malpighian tubules in adaptation to different foods and provide guidance for further optimization of artificial diets to improve silkworm breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Liu
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongchao Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingxiu He
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yulu Jiang
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400715, China
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9
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Chen DB, Xia RX, Li Q, Li YP, Cao HY, Liu YQ. Genome-Wide Identification of Detoxification Genes in Wild Silkworm Antheraea pernyi and Transcriptional Response to Coumaphos. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119775. [PMID: 37298726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For a half-century, the commercial wild silkworm, Antheraea pernyi, has been protected by coumaphos, which is an internal organophosphorus insecticide used to kill the potential parasitic fly larvae inside. Knowledge about the detoxification genes of A. pernyi as well as the detoxification mechanism for this species remains severely limited. In this study, we identified 281 detoxification genes (32 GSTs, 48 ABCs, 104 CYPs, and 97 COEs) in the genome of this insect, which are unevenly distributed over 46 chromosomes. When compared to the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, a lepidopteran model species, A. pernyi has a similar number of ABCs, but a greater number of GSTs, CYPs, and COEs. By transcriptome-based expression analysis, we found that coumaphos at a safe concentration level significantly changed the pathways related to ATPase complex function and the transporter complex in A. pernyi. KEGG functional enrichment analysis indicated that protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum was the most affected pathway after coumaphos treatment. Finally, we identified four significantly up-regulated detoxification genes (ABCB1, ABCB3, ABCG11, and ae43) and one significantly down-regulated detoxification gene (CYP6AE9) in response to coumaphos treatment, suggesting that these five genes may contribute to detoxification of coumaphos in A. pernyi. Our study provides the first set of detoxification genes for wild silkworms from Saturniidae and highlights the importance of detoxification gene repertoire in insect pesticide tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Bin Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Run-Xi Xia
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qun Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hui-Ying Cao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yan-Qun Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
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Maiwald F, Haas J, Hertlein G, Lueke B, Roesner J, Nauen R. Expression profile of the entire detoxification gene inventory of the western honeybee, Apis mellifera across life stages. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:105410. [PMID: 37105637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The western honeybee, Apis mellifera, is a managed pollinator of many crops and potentially exposed to a wide range of foreign compounds, including pesticides throughout its life cycle. Honeybees as well as other insects recruit molecular defense mechanisms to facilitate the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. The inventory of detoxification genes (DETOXome) is comprised of five protein superfamilies: cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450), carboxylesterases, glutathione S-transferases (GST), UDP-glycosyl transferases (UGT) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Here we characterized the gene expression profile of the entire honeybee DETOXome by analyzing 47 transcriptomes across the honeybee life cycle, including different larval instars, pupae, and adults. All life stages were well separated by principal component analysis, and K-means clustering revealed distinct temporal patterns of gene expression. Indeed, >50% of the honeybee detoxification gene inventory is found in one cluster and follows strikingly similar expression profiles, i.e., increased expression during larval development, followed by a sharp decline after pupation and a steep increase again in adults. This cluster includes 29 P450 genes dominated by CYP3 and CYP4 clan members, 15 ABC transporter genes mostly belonging to the ABCC subfamily and 13 carboxylesterase genes including almost all members involved in dietary/detox and hormone/semiochemical processing. RT-qPCR analysis of selected detoxification genes from all families revealed high expression levels in various tissues, especially Malpighian tubules, fatbody and midgut, supporting the view that these tissues are essential for metabolic clearance of environmental toxins and pollutants in honeybees. Our study is meant to spark further research on the molecular basis of detoxification in this critical pollinator to better understand and evaluate negative impacts from potentially toxic substances. Additionally, the entire gene set of 47 transcriptomes collected and analyzed provides a valuable resource for future honeybee research across different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maiwald
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Julian Haas
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gillian Hertlein
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bettina Lueke
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Janin Roesner
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
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Li J, Deng J, Deng X, Liu L, Zha X. Metabonomic Analysis of Silkworm Midgut Reveals Differences between the Physiological Effects of an Artificial and Mulberry Leaf Diet. INSECTS 2023; 14:347. [PMID: 37103160 PMCID: PMC10146990 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori is a model lepidopteran insect of great economic value. Mulberry leaves are its only natural food source. The development of artificial diets can not only resolve the seasonal shortage of mulberry leaves but also enable changes to be made to the feed composition according to need. Metabolomic differences between the midguts of male and female silkworms fed either on fresh mulberry leaves or an artificial diet were studied using liquid chromatography-mass spectrography (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 758 differential metabolites were identified. Our analysis showed that they were mainly involved in disease resistance and immunity, silk quality, and silkworm growth and development. These experimental results provide insights into the formulation of optimized artificial feed for silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lianlian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xingfu Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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12
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Yang Y, Lu K, Qian J, Guo J, Xu H, Lu Z. Identification and characterization of ABC proteins in an important rice insect pest, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis unveil their response to Cry1C toxin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:123949. [PMID: 36894061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) is an important insect pest in paddy fields. Due to their essential role in the physiology and insecticidal resistance, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins were studied in many insects. In this study, we identified the ABC proteins in C. medinalis through genomic data and analyzed their molecular characteristics. A total of 37 sequences with nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) were identified as ABC proteins and belonged to eight families (ABCA-ABCH). Four structure styles of ABC proteins were found in C. medinalis, including full structure, half structure, single structure, and ABC2 structure. In addition to these structures, TMD-NBD-TMD, NBD-TMD-NBD, and NBD-TMD-NBD-NBD were found in C. medinalis ABC proteins. Docking studies suggested that in addition to the soluble ABC proteins, other ABC proteins including ABCC4, ABCH1, ABCG3, ABCB5, ABCG1, ABCC7, ABCB3, ABCA3, and ABCC5 binding with Cry1C had higher weighted scores. The upregulation of ABCB1 and downregulation of ABCB3, ABCC1, ABCC7, ABCG1, ABCG3, and ABCG6 were associated with the C. medinalis response to Cry1C toxin. Collectively, these results help elucidate the molecular characteristics of C. medinalis ABC proteins, pave the way for further functional studies of C. medinalis ABC proteins, including their interaction with Cry1C toxin, and provide potential insecticide targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ke Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianing Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiawen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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13
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Ishaq Y, Ikram A, Alzahrani B, Khurshid S. The Role of miRNAs, circRNAs and Their Interactions in Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Insilico Approach. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010013. [PMID: 36672755 PMCID: PMC9858589 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of malignant tumor. miRNAs are noncoding RNAs and their differential expression patterns are observed in HCC-induced by alcoholism, HBV and HCV infections. By acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), circRNA regulates the miRNA function, indirectly controlling the gene expression and leading to HCC progression. In the present study, data mining was performed to screen out all miRNAs and circRNA involved in alcohol, HBV or HCV-induced HCC with statistically significant (≤0.05%) expression levels reported in various studies. Further, the interaction of miRNAs and circRNA was also investigated to explore their role in HCC due to various causative agents. Together, these study data provide a deeper understanding of the circRNA-miRNA regulatory mechanisms in HCC. These screened circRNA, miRNA and their interactions can be used as prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Ishaq
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Ikram
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Badr Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Khurshid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 1-Davis Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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14
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Liu L, Hong B, Wei JW, Wu YT, Song LW, Wang SS. Transcriptional response and functional analysis of ATP-binding cassette transporters to tannic acid in pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:250-257. [PMID: 35981673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although tannins are widely distributed in broad beans and alfalfa, the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) can still destroy them. The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters participate in the metabolism of plant secondary metabolites and pesticides in insects. However, whether ABC transporter genes play a role in the metabolism of tannins in the pea aphid is unclear. Here, we found that verapamil (an ABC transporter inhibitor) significantly increased the mortality of tannic acid to pea aphid, which indicated that ABC transporter gene was related to the metabolism of tannic acid by pea aphid. Then, we identified 54 putative ABC transporter genes from the genome database of A. pisum. These genes were divided into eight subfamilies, ApABCA to ApABCH, of which subfamily G has the largest number of genes with 19, followed by the subfamily C with 14. RT-qPCR results show that the expression levels of ApABCA2, ApABCC7, ApABCG2, and ApABCG3 were highly expressed in the first instar, while those of ApABCA3, ApABCG6, ApABCG7, ApABCH3, and ApABCH4 were highly expressed in adults. Furthermore, transcription levels of many ABC transporter genes were induced by tannic acid. Especially, ApABCG17 and ApABCH2 were obviously induced after being exposed to tannic acid. Meanwhile, knockdown of ApABCG17 by RNA interference resulted in increased sensitivity of pea aphid to tannic acid. These results suggest that ApABCG17 may be involved in tannic acid metabolism in pea aphid. This study will help us to understand the mechanism of tannic acid metabolism in pea aphid, and provides a basis for further research on the physiological function of ABC transporter genes in pea aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jiang-Wen Wei
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yi-Ting Wu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Li-Wen Song
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Sen-Shan Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
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15
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Xiao KR, Wu CY, Yang L, Wang J, Song QS, Stanley D, Wei SJ, Zhu JY. Comparative genomic analysis of ABC transporter genes in Tenebrio molitor and four other tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidea). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21916. [PMID: 35584005 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, one of the largest transmembrane protein families, transport a diverse number of substate across membranes. Details of their diverse physiological functions have not been established. Here, we identified 87 ABC transporter genes in the genomes of Tenebrio molitor along with those from Asbolus verrucosus (104), Hycleus cichorii (65), and Hycleus phaleratus (80). Combining these genes (336 in total) with genes reported in Tribolium castaneum (73), we analyzed the phylogeny of ABC transporter genes in all five Tenebrionids. They are assigned into eight subfamilies (ABCA-H). In comparison to other species, the ABCC subfamily in this group of beetles appears expanded. The expression profiles of the T. molitor genes at different life stages and in various tissues were also investigated using transcriptomic analysis. Most of them display developmental specific expression patterns, suggesting to us their possible roles in development. Most of them are highly expressed in detoxification-related tissues including gut and Malpighian tubule, from which we infer their roles in insecticide resistance. We detected specific or abundant expressions of many ABC transporter genes in various tissues such as salivary gland, ovary, testis, and antenna. This new information helps generate new hypotheses on their biological significance within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ran Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Chao-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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16
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Yang Y, Duan A, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang A, Xue C, Wang H, Zhao M, Zhang J. Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCG10, ABCH3 and ABCH4 in Aphis craccivora (Koch) facilitates its tolerance to imidacloprid. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105170. [PMID: 35973758 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aphis craccivora (Koch), a globally pest that causes significant threat to the legumes, has developed different degrees of resistance to a variety of insecticides. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters comprise a multifunctional transporter protein superfamily which play important roles in the transport and detoxification of xenobiotic compounds in insects. However, whether ABC transporters take part in the tolerance of imidacloprid in A. craccivora is still unknown. In order to investigate the functions of ABC transporters in the imidacloprid tolerance, fifty- eight ABC transporters were identified in the transcriptome and genome of A. craccivora and the toxicity of imidacloprid against A. craccivora was significantly increased after application the inhibitors of verapamil and Ko143. The relative expression levels of ABCG5, ABCG6, ABCG10, ABCH3, ABCH4, ABCH8 and ABCH10 were significantly up-regulated in response to imidacloprid treatment with LC15, LC50 and LC85 concentrations, and the expression patterns of these seven ABC transporters were further analyzed at different developmental stages and in different tissues of A. craccivora by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, knockdown of ABCG10, ABCH3 and ABCH4 significantly increased the mortality of A. craccivora to imidacloprid. Our results reveal the key functions of ABC transporters in the tolerance of imidacloprid and provide valuable information regarding the development of improved management strategies in A. craccivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Yang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ailing Duan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Aiyu Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China,.
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17
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Yang Y, Wang A, Wang M, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhao M. ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCF2 and ABCG9 regulate rice black-streaked dwarf virus infection in its insect vector, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:327-334. [PMID: 35543297 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The majority of plant viral disease is transmitted and spread by insect vectors in the field. The small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), is the only efficient vector for rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), a devastating plant virus that infects multiple grain crops, including rice, maize, and wheat. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters participate in various biological processes. However, little is known about whether ABC transporters affect virus infection in insects. In this study, RBSDV accumulation was significantly reduced in L. striatellus after treatment with verapamil, an effective inhibitor of ABC transporters. Thirty-four ABC transporter genes were identified in L. striatellus and expression analysis showed that LsABCF2 and LsABCG9 were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, after RBSDV infection. LsABCF2 and LsABCG9 were expressed during all developmental stages, and LsABCG9 was highly expressed in the midgut of L. striatellus. Knockdown of LsABCF2 promoted RBSDV accumulation, while knockdown of LsABCG9 suppressed RBSDV accumulation in L. striatellus. Our data showed that L. striatellus might upregulate the expression of LsABCF2 and downregulate LsABCG9 expression to suppress RBSDV infection. These results will contribute to understanding the effects of ABC transporters on virus transmission and provide theoretical basis for virus management in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Yang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Aiyu Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Man Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
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18
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Functional Diversity of the Lepidopteran ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters. J Mol Evol 2022; 90:258-270. [PMID: 35513601 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-022-10056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene family is ubiquitous in the living world. ABC proteins bind and hydrolyze ATP to transport a myriad of molecules across various lipid-containing membrane systems. They have been studied well in plants for transport of a variety of compounds and particularly, in vertebrates due to their direct involvement in resistance mechanisms against several toxic molecules/metabolites. ABC transporters in insects are found within large multigene families involved in the efflux of chemical insecticides and toxic/undesired metabolites originating from food and endogenous metabolism. This review deals with ABC transporter subfamilies of few agronomically important Lepidopteran pests. The transcriptional dynamics and regulation of ABC transporters during insect development emphasizes their functional diversity against insecticides, Cry toxins, and plant specialized metabolites. To generate insights about molecular function and physiological roles of ABCs, functional and structural characterization is necessary. Also, expansion and divergence of ABC transporter gene subfamilies in Lepidopteran insects needs more systematic investigation. We anticipate that newer methods of insect control in agriculture can benefit from an understanding of ABC transporter interactions with a vast range of natural specialized molecules and synthetic compounds.
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19
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Li G, Liu XY, Smagghe G, Niu JZ, Wang JJ. Molting process revealed by the detailed expression profiles of RXR1/RXR2 and mining the associated genes in a spider mite, Panonychus citri. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:430-442. [PMID: 34015180 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spider mites have one ecdysone receptor (EcR) and multiple retinoid X receptors (RXRs). However, the function of these RXRs in spider mite development is unknown. Here, we screened the expression dynamics of two PcRXR isoforms at 4 h intervals in the deutonymphal stage of Panonychus citri. The results showed that PcEcR had an expression pattern similar to that of PcRXR2. For PcRXR1, its expression remained at a certain high level, when there was a decrease of both PcEcR and PcRXR2. In situ hybridization showed that PcRXR2 was detected in the central nervous mass, while the ecdysteroid biosynthesis gene PcSpo was mainly expressed at the edge of the central nervous mass. RNAi-based silencing of PcRXR1 or PcRXR2 showed the same phenotype as in mites with that of silencing PcEcR. Furthermore, RNA-seq was used to mine the genes associated with the expression dynamics of PcRXR1 or PcRXR2, which revealed that the heterodimer of EcR-RXR2 in spider mites might be linked with the cell autophagy and tissue remodeling during apolysis, and RXR1 might be linked with new epicuticle and exocuticle secretion during ecdysis. Taken together, these results increase our understanding of the regulation mechanism of ecdysteroid signal pathway in spider mite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xun-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Bailey E, Field L, Rawlings C, King R, Mohareb F, Pak KH, Hughes D, Williamson M, Ganko E, Buer B, Nauen R. A near-chromosome level genome assembly of the European hoverfly, Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Diptera: Syrphidae), provides comparative insights into insecticide resistance-related gene family evolution. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:198. [PMID: 35279098 PMCID: PMC8917705 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphaerophoria rueppellii, a European species of hoverfly, is a highly effective beneficial predator of hemipteran crop pests including aphids, thrips and coleopteran/lepidopteran larvae in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. It is also a key pollinator of a wide variety of important agricultural crops. No genomic information is currently available for S. rueppellii. Without genomic information for such beneficial predator species, we are unable to perform comparative analyses of insecticide target-sites and genes encoding metabolic enzymes potentially responsible for insecticide resistance, between crop pests and their predators. These metabolic mechanisms include several gene families - cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCs), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and carboxyl/choline esterases (CCEs). METHODS AND FINDINGS In this study, a high-quality near-chromosome level de novo genome assembly (as well as a mitochondrial genome assembly) for S. rueppellii has been generated using a hybrid approach with PacBio long-read and Illumina short-read data, followed by super scaffolding using Hi-C data. The final assembly achieved a scaffold N50 of 87Mb, a total genome size of 537.6Mb and a level of completeness of 96% using a set of 1,658 core insect genes present as full-length genes. The assembly was annotated with 14,249 protein-coding genes. Comparative analysis revealed gene expansions of CYP6Zx P450s, epsilon-class GSTs, dietary CCEs and multiple UGT families (UGT37/302/308/430/431). Conversely, ABCs, delta-class GSTs and non-CYP6Zx P450s showed limited expansion. Differences were seen in the distributions of resistance-associated gene families across subfamilies between S. rueppellii and some hemipteran crop pests. Additionally, S. rueppellii had larger numbers of detoxification genes than other pollinator species. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE This assembly is the first published genome for a predatory member of the Syrphidae family and will serve as a useful resource for further research into selectivity and potential tolerance of insecticides by beneficial predators. Furthermore, the expansion of some gene families often linked to insecticide resistance and selectivity may be an indicator of the capacity of this predator to detoxify IPM selective insecticides. These findings could be exploited by targeted insecticide screens and functional studies to increase effectiveness of IPM strategies, which aim to increase crop yields by sustainably and effectively controlling pests without impacting beneficial predator populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Bailey
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
- The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK.
| | - Linda Field
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Christopher Rawlings
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Rob King
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Fady Mohareb
- The Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
| | - Keywan-Hassani Pak
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - David Hughes
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Martin Williamson
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Eric Ganko
- Seeds Research, Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Buer
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Monheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Monheim, Germany
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21
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Lin R, Yang M, Yao B. The phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of detoxification gene families in Aphidinae species. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263462. [PMID: 35143545 PMCID: PMC8830634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification enzymes play significant roles in the interactions between insects and host plants, wherein detoxification-related genes make great contributions. As herbivorous pests, aphids reproduce rapidly due to parthenogenesis. They are good biological materials for studying the mechanisms that allow insect adaptation to host plants. Insect detoxification gene families are associated with insect adaptation to host plants. The Aphidinae is the largest subfamily in the Aphididae with at least 2483 species in 256 genera in 2 tribes: the Macrosiphini (with 3/4 of the species) and the Aphidini. Most aphid pests on crops and ornamental plants are Aphidinae. Members of the Aphidinae occur in nearly every region of the world. The body shape and colour vary significantly. To research the role that detoxification gene families played in the process of aphid adaptation to host evolution, we analyzed the phylogeny and evolution of these detoxification gene families in Aphidinae. In general, the P450/GST/CCE gene families contract, whereas the ABC/UGT families are conserved in Aphidinae species compared to these families in other herbivorous insects. Genus-specific expansions of P450 CYP4, and GST Delta have occurred in the genus Acyrthosiphon. In addition, the evolutionary rates of five detoxification gene families in the evolution process of Aphidinae are different. The comparison of five detoxification gene families among nine Aphidinae species and the estimated relative evolutionary rates provided herein support an understanding of the interaction between and the co-evolution of Aphidinae and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Lin
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (BY)
| | - Mengquan Yang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bowen Yao
- School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (BY)
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22
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Ju D, Dewer Y, Zhang S, Hu C, Li P, Yang X. Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression profiling of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes potentially associated with abamectin detoxification in Cydia pomonella. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113152. [PMID: 34983008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most notorious pests of pome fruits and walnuts worldwide, which has developed resistance to almost all classes of insecticides, including abamectin (ABM). ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are thought to play a vital roles in insecticide detoxification by reducing the toxic concentrations of insecticides in an organism tissues. Despite the tremendous progress in understanding the detoxification mechanisms at the molecular level, the physiological functions of ABC transporters in insects have been poorly investigated. In this study, we found that the ABC inhibitor verapamil synergized significantly the toxicity of ABM, suggesting a potential role of ABC in detoxification. A total of 54 ABC genes were identified in the third-instar larvae of C. pomonella after treatment with sublethal doses (LD10 and LD30) of ABM. The expression profile of these genes in ABM-treated larvae at different time points (24, 48, 72 hr) using transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was also investigated. The results showed that the expression of about 30 ABC genes was significantly co-upregulated after treatment. Several specific genes were up-regulated at 48 hr after treatment of larvae with LD10 ABM. Among these up-regulated genes, we found that the relative expression level of the CPOM19553 was 29.7-fold and 16.0-fold higher when larvae were exposed to ABM at the LD10 and LD30 doses compared to control, respectively. Unlike other ABC genes, only CPOM08323 exhibited significant expression levels in the head and cuticle of the third-instar larvae of C. pomonella exposed to the two sublethal doses of ABM, with no expression was observed in the detoxification tissues such as midgut and Malpighian tubule. This study suggests that these up-regulated genes may be involved in ABM resistance in C. pomonella. Our findings will provide an additional information required for further analysis of ABC transporter genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism in C. pomonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ju
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shipan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Chao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Peirong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Xueqing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.
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23
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Weihrauch D, O'Donnell MJ. Mechanisms of nitrogen excretion in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:25-30. [PMID: 33609767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding the toxic effects of ammonia derived from catabolism of proteins and nucleic acids typically involves synthesis of the less soluble compound uric acid in insects, although some species which are not water stressed excrete ammonia directly. Some dipterans metabolize uric acid further to allantoin or urea. Uric acid plays diverse roles as a nitrogenous waste, nitrogen store, pigment, antioxidant and possibly a signaling molecule. Multiple transporters are implicated in urate transport, including members of the ABC and SLC families. Excretion of ammonia by the Malpighian tubules, hindgut, or anal papillae involves multiple transporters, including Na+/K+-ATPase, Rhesus glycoproteins, ammonia transporters (AMTs) and possibly a hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated K+ channel (HCN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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24
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Yang L, Xing B, Li F, Wang LK, Yuan L, Mbuji AL, Peng Z, Malhat F, Wu S. Full-length transcriptome analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda larval brain reveals detoxification genes. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12069. [PMID: 34513339 PMCID: PMC8395580 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), commonly known as fall armyworm (FAW), is one of the most destructive agricultural pests in the world and has posed a great threat to crops. The improper use of insecticides has led to rapid development of resistance. However, the genetic data available for uncovering the insecticide resistance mechanisms are scarce. Methods In this study, we used PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing aimed at revealing the full-length transcriptome profiling of the FAW larval brain to obtain detoxification genes. Results A total of 18,642 high-quality transcripts were obtained with an average length of 2,371 bp, and 11,230 of which were successfully annotated in six public databases. Among these, 5,692 alternative splicing events were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | | | - Fen Li
- Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | | | | | - Amosi Leonard Mbuji
- Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Department of Resources Utilization and Plant Protection, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Peng
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Farag Malhat
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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25
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Kumar V, Garg S, Gupta L, Gupta K, Diagne CT, Missé D, Pompon J, Kumar S, Saxena V. Delineating the Role of Aedes aegypti ABC Transporter Gene Family during Mosquito Development and Arboviral Infection via Transcriptome Analyses. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091127. [PMID: 34578158 PMCID: PMC8470938 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti acts as a vector for several arboviral diseases that impose a major socio-economic burden. Moreover, the absence of a vaccine against these diseases and drug resistance in mosquitoes necessitates the development of new control strategies for vector-borne diseases. ABC transporters that play a vital role in immunity and other cellular processes in different organisms may act as non-canonical immune molecules against arboviruses, however, their role in mosquito immunity remains unexplored. This study comprehensively analyzed various genetic features of putative ABC transporters and classified them into A-H subfamilies based on their evolutionary relationships. Existing RNA-sequencing data analysis indicated higher expression of cytosolic ABC transporter genes (E & F Subfamily) throughout the mosquito development, while members of other subfamilies exhibited tissue and time-specific expression. Furthermore, comparative gene expression analysis from the microarray dataset of mosquito infected with dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses revealed 31 commonly expressed ABC transporters suggesting a potentially conserved transcriptomic signature of arboviral infection. Among these, only a few transporters of ABCA, ABCC and ABCF subfamily were upregulated, while most were downregulated. This indicates the possible involvement of ABC transporters in mosquito immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India or (V.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Shilpi Garg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India or (V.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani 127021, India or
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, 470 Cancer Research Building-II, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (C.T.D.); (D.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (C.T.D.); (D.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (C.T.D.); (D.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani 127021, India
- Correspondence: or (S.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Vishal Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India or (V.K.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: or (S.K.); (V.S.)
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26
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Roohigohar S, Clarke AR, Prentis PJ. Gene selection for studying frugivore-plant interactions: a review and an example using Queensland fruit fly in tomato. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11762. [PMID: 34434644 PMCID: PMC8359797 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit production is negatively affected by a wide range of frugivorous insects, among them tephritid fruit flies are one of the most important. As a replacement for pesticide-based controls, enhancing natural fruit resistance through biotechnology approaches is a poorly researched but promising alternative. The use of quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is an approach to studying gene expression which has been widely used in studying plant resistance to pathogens and non-frugivorous insect herbivores, and offers a starting point for fruit fly studies. In this paper, we develop a gene selection pipe-line for known induced-defense genes in tomato fruit, Solanum lycopersicum, and putative detoxification genes in Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, as a basis for future RT-qPCR research. The pipeline started with a literature review on plant/herbivore and plant/pathogen molecular interactions. With respect to the fly, this was then followed by the identification of gene families known to be associated with insect resistance to toxins, and then individual genes through reference to annotated B. tryoni transcriptomes and gene identity matching with related species. In contrast for tomato, a much better studied species, individual defense genes could be identified directly through literature research. For B. tryoni, gene selection was then further refined through gene expression studies. Ultimately 28 putative detoxification genes from cytochrome P450 (P450), carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and ATP binding cassette transporters (ABC) gene families were identified for B. tryoni, and 15 induced defense genes from receptor-like kinase (RLK), D-mannose/L-galactose, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), lipoxygenase (LOX), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), proteinase inhibitors (PI) and resistance (R) gene families were identified from tomato fruit. The developed gene selection process for B. tryoni can be applied to other herbivorous and frugivorous insect pests so long as the minimum necessary genomic information, an annotated transcriptome, is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Roohigohar
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony R Clarke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J Prentis
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Shan J, Sun X, Li R, Zhu B, Liang P, Gao X. Identification of ABCG transporter genes associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3491-3499. [PMID: 33837648 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plutella xylostella (L.) is a serious worldwide pest that feeds on cruciferous plants and has evolved resistance to different classes of insecticides used for its control, including chlorantraniliprole. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, constituting the largest transport family in organisms, are involved in phase III of the detoxification process and may play important roles in insecticide resistance. RESULTS A total of 15 ABC transporter transcripts from subfamily G were identified in P. xylostella based on the latest DBM genome. Synergism studies showed that treatment with verapamil, a potent inhibitor of ABC transporters, significantly increased the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole against larvae of two chlorantraniliprole-resistant P. xylostella populations (NIL and BL). ABCG2, ABCG5, ABCG6, ABCG9, ABCG11, ABCG14 and ABCG15 were significantly overexpressed in NIL and BL compared with the susceptible population (SS), and ABCG1, ABCG6, ABCG8, ABCG9, ABCG14 and ABCG15 were significantly upregulated after treatment with the LC50 of chlorantraniliprole in SS. Subsequently, ABCG6, ABCG9 and ABCG14, which were overexpressed in both NIL and BL and could be induced in SS, were chosen for functional study. RNAi-mediated knockdown of each of the three ABCGs significantly increased the sensitivity of larvae to chlorantraniliprole. These results confirmed that overexpression of ABCG6, ABCG9 and ABCG14 may contribute to chlorantraniliprole resistance in P. xylostella. CONCLUSION Overexpression of some genes in the ABCG subfamily is involved in P. xylostella resistance to chlorantraniliprole. These results may help to establish a foundation for further studies investigating the role played by ABC transporters in chlorantraniliprole resistance in P. xylostella or other insect pests. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiong Shan
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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28
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He W, Wei DD, Xu HQ, Yang Y, Miao ZQ, Wang L, Wang JJ. Molecular Characterization and Transcriptional Expression Analysis of ABC Transporter H Subfamily Genes in the Oriental Fruit Fly. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1298-1309. [PMID: 33822985 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephretidae), is a serious pest of fruits and vegetables and has developed high levels of insecticide resistance. ATP-binding cassette transporter genes (ABC transporters) are involved in mediating the energy-driven transport of many substances across membranes and are closely associated with development and insecticide detoxification. In this study, three ABC transporters in the H subfamily were identified, and the possible roles of these genes in B. dorsalis are discussed. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that those genes are conserved, typical of half-transporters. The expression profiles of BdABCH genes (BdABCHs) in the developmental stages, tissues, and following insecticide exposure, extreme temperature, warm- and cold-acclimated strain, starvation, and desiccation stress were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of BdABCHs can be detected in various tissues and in different developmental stages. They were most highly expressed in the hindgut and in newly emerged adults. The mRNA levels of BdABCHs in males (including most tissues and body segments) were higher than in females. The expression of BdABCH1 was significantly upregulated 3.8-fold in the cold-acclimated strain, and was significantly upregulated by 1.9-, 3.8- and 4.1-fold in the 0°C, starvation, and desiccation treatments, respectively. Treatment with malathion and avermectin at LD20 and LD30 concentrations produced no obvious changes in the levels of BdABCHs. BdABCHs may be involved in the transport of related hormones during eclosion, as well as water and inorganic salts. BdABCH1 also demonstrated that it is related to the ability to cope with adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze-Qing Miao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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29
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Rösner J, Tietmeyer J, Merzendorfer H. Functional analysis of ABCG and ABCH transporters from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2955-2963. [PMID: 33620766 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter) subfamilies ABCA-C and ABCG-H have been implicated in insecticide detoxification, mostly based on findings of elevated gene expression in response to insecticide treatment. We previously characterized TcABCA-C genes from the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum and demonstrated that TcABCA and TcABCC genes are involved in the elimination of diflubenzuron, because RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing increased susceptibility. In this study, we focused on the potential functions of TcABCG and TcABCH genes in insecticide detoxification. RESULTS When we silenced the expression of TcABCG-H genes using RNAi, we noticed a previously unreported developmental RNAi phenotype for TcABCG-4F, which is characterized by 50% mortality and ecdysial arrest during adult moult. When we knocked down the Drosophila brown orthologue TcABCG-XC, we did not obtain apparent eye colour phenotypes but did observe a loss of riboflavin uptake by Malpighian tubules. Next, we determined the expression profiles of all TcABCG-H genes in different tissues and developmental stages and analysed transcript levels in response to treatment with four chemically unrelated insecticides. We found that some genes were specifically upregulated after insecticide treatment. However, when we determined insecticide-induced mortalities in larvae that were treated by double-stranded RNA injection to silence those TcABCG-H genes that were upregulated, we did not observe a significant increase in susceptibility to insecticides. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the observed insecticide-dependent induction of TcABCG-H gene expression reflects an unspecific stress response, and hence underlines the significance of functional studies on insecticide detoxification. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Rösner
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Johanne Tietmeyer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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30
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Xue HJ, Niu YW, Segraves KA, Nie RE, Hao YJ, Zhang LL, Cheng XC, Zhang XW, Li WZ, Chen RS, Yang XK. The draft genome of the specialist flea beetle Altica viridicyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:243. [PMID: 33827435 PMCID: PMC8028732 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a highly diverse and taxonomically challenging flea beetle genus that has been used to address questions related to host plant specialization, reproductive isolation, and ecological speciation. To further evolutionary studies in this interesting group, here we present a draft genome of a representative specialist, Altica viridicyanea, the first Alticinae genome reported thus far. RESULTS The genome is 864.8 Mb and consists of 4490 scaffolds with a N50 size of 557 kb, which covered 98.6% complete and 0.4% partial insect Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs. Repetitive sequences accounted for 62.9% of the assembly, and a total of 17,730 protein-coding gene models and 2462 non-coding RNA models were predicted. To provide insight into host plant specialization of this monophagous species, we examined the key gene families involved in chemosensation, detoxification of plant secondary chemistry, and plant cell wall-degradation. CONCLUSIONS The genome assembled in this work provides an important resource for further studies on host plant adaptation and functionally affiliated genes. Moreover, this work also opens the way for comparative genomics studies among closely related Altica species, which may provide insight into the molecular evolutionary processes that occur during ecological speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Jun Xue
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yi-Wei Niu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
| | - Rui-E Nie
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ya-Jing Hao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin-Chao Cheng
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Floor 8, Shunjie Building, 12 Fuqian Road, Nanfaxin Town, Shunyi District, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Xue-Wen Zhang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Floor 8, Shunjie Building, 12 Fuqian Road, Nanfaxin Town, Shunyi District, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Run-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xing-Ke Yang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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31
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Identification and Expression Characterization of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Genes in Melon Fly. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030270. [PMID: 33806814 PMCID: PMC8005081 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, is an important agricultural pest. At present, chemical pesticide treatment is the main method for field control, but this promotes pesticide resistance by Z. cucurbitae, because of its frequent use. ABC transporters are involved in detoxification metabolism, but few studies have yet considered their expression in melon fly. In this study, we identified the ABC transporters genes at a genome-wide level in melon fly, and analysed their spatiotemporal expression patterns, as well as changes in expression after insecticides treatments. A total of 49 ABC transporters were identified, and their expression levels varied at different developmental stages and between tissues. After three insecticides treatment, ZcABCB7 and ZcABCC2 were up-regulated. After β-cypermethrin induction, tissues were dissected at 12, 24 and 48 h, and the expression levels of a number of ABC genes were highly expressed within the fat body. From these results, we conclude that ZcABCB7 and ZcABCC2 may be involved in detoxification metabolism, and that the fat body is the main tissue that plays this role. Abstract The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter is a protein superfamily that transports specific substrate molecules across lipid membranes in all living species. In insects, ABC transporter is one of the major transmembrane protein families involved in the development of xenobiotic resistance. Here, we report 49 ABC transporter genes divided into eight subfamilies (ABCA-ABCH), including seven ABCAs, seven ABCBs, 10 ABCCs, two ABCDs, one ABCE, three ABCFs, 16 ABCGs, and three ABCHs according to phylogenetic analysis in Zeugodacus cucurbitae, a highly destructive insect pest of cucurbitaceous and other related crops. The expressions level of 49 ABC transporters throughout various developmental stages and within different tissues were evaluated by quantitative transcriptomic analysis, and their expressions in response to three different insecticides were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). These ABC transporter genes were widely expressed at developmental stages but most highly expressed in tissues of the midgut, fat body and Malpighian tube. When challenged by exposure to three insecticides, abamectin, β-cypermethrin, and dinotefuran, the expressions of ZcABCB7 and ZcABCC2 were significantly up-regulated. ZcABCB1, ZcABCB6, ZcABCB7, ZcABCC2, ZcABCC3, ZcABCC4, ZcABCC5, and ZcABCC7 were significantly up-regulated in the fat body at 24 h after β-cypermethrin exposure. These data suggest that ZcABCB7 and ZcABCC2 might play key roles in xenobiotic metabolism in Z. cucurbitae. Collectively, these data provide a foundation for further analysis of ABCs in Z. cucurbitae.
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Li Z, Tang X, Li J, He Y. Comparative proteomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals high pH-induced expression signatures of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:299-311. [PMID: 33629199 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
pH has a great impact on the distribution, growth, behavior, and physiology in many aquatic animals. The comparison of proteomics between normal and high pH stress samples was successfully achieved using iTRAQ proteomic analysis to screen key response proteins and pathways. After high pH stress, 124 upregulated and 41 downregulated proteins were identified. The higher expression levels of proteins like citrate synthase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and cytochrome c oxidase are associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The upregulation of glucose-regulated protein 78 indicated that the endoplasmic reticulum stress is induced by high pH stress. There were significant upregulation expressions of V-type H+-ATPase, Na+, K+-ATPase, 14-3-3 protein, as well as ATP-binding cassette transmembrane transporters after high pH exposure, which indicating their important roles in response to high pH stress. The abundance of proteins involved in protein glycosylation, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, protein export, and glutathione metabolism were found enriched in high pH group than in control group. Quantitative proteomic profiling and integrated analysis with transcriptomic data provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the molecular response to high pH stress in Fenneropenaeus chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Tang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying He
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, People's Republic of China.
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Liu G, Liu W, Zhao R, He J, Dong Z, Chen L, Wan W, Chang Z, Wang W, Li X. Genome-wide identification and gene-editing of pigment transporter genes in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:120. [PMID: 33596834 PMCID: PMC7891156 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insect body coloration often functions as camouflage to survive from predators or mate selection. Transportation of pigment precursors or related metabolites from cytoplasm to subcellular pigment granules is one of the key steps in insect pigmentation and usually executed via such transporter proteins as the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transmembrane transporters and small G-proteins (e.g. Rab protein). However, little is known about the copy numbers of pigment transporter genes in the butterfly genomes and about the roles of pigment transporters in the development of swallowtail butterflies. Results Here, we have identified 56 ABC transporters and 58 Rab members in the genome of swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus. This is the first case of genome-wide gene copy number identification of ABC transporters in swallowtail butterflies and Rab family in lepidopteran insects. Aiming to investigate the contribution of the five genes which are orthologous to well-studied pigment transporters (ABCG: white, scarlet, brown and ok; Rab: lightoid) of fruit fly or silkworm during the development of swallowtail butterflies, we performed CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing of these genes using P. xuthus as a model and sequenced the transcriptomes of their morphological mutants. Our results indicate that the disruption of each gene produced mutated phenotypes in the colors of larvae (cuticle, testis) and/or adult eyes in G0 individuals but have no effect on wing color. The transcriptomic data demonstrated that mutations induced by CRISPR/Cas9 can lead to the accumulation of abnormal transcripts and the decrease or dosage compensation of normal transcripts at gene expression level. Comparative transcriptomes revealed 606 ~ 772 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the mutants of four ABCG transporters and 1443 DEGs in the mutants of lightoid. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEGs in ABCG transporter mutants enriched to the oxidoreductase activity, heme binding, iron ion binding process possibly related to the color display, and DEGs in lightoid mutants are enriched in glycoprotein binding and protein kinases. Conclusions Our data indicated these transporter proteins play an important role in body color of P. xuthus. Our study provides new insights into the function of ABC transporters and small G-proteins in the morphological development of butterflies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07400-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichun Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Ruoping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinwu He
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenting Wan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhou Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xueyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Wang H, Liu S, Xun X, Li M, Lou J, Zhang Y, Shi J, Hu J, Bao Z, Hu X. Toxin- and species-dependent regulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in scallops after exposure to paralytic shellfish toxin-producing dinoflagellates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105697. [PMID: 33254068 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane-bound proteins involved in exporting various xenobiotic compounds from living cells. Bivalve mollusks can accumulate large amounts of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) from marine dinoflagellates. For aquatic invertebrates, the importance of ABC proteins in multi-xenobiotic resistance has been demonstrated, however, the systematic identification of ABC transporters is very limited. In this study, 64 and 67 ABC genes containing all eight described subfamilies (A to H) were identified in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri), respectively, with massive gene expansion being observed in the ABCC and ABCG subfamilies. The kidney harbored more specifically expressed ABC genes than other organs/tissues, most of which belonged to ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG subfamilies. After feeding the scallops with PST-producing dinoflagellates, the expression of scallop ABC genes in the kidney was regulated in toxin- and species-dependent manners. In total, 20 and 24 ABC genes in Zhikong scallop (CfABCs) were induced after exposure to Alexandrium minutum and A. catenella, with the up-regulated members from both ABCC and ABCG subfamilies mainly showing acute and chronic induction by A. minutum and A. catenella, respectively, while the up-regulated CfABCBs mainly showing chronic induction by both dinoflagellates. In Yesso scallop, only eight ABC genes (PyABCs) were regulated after A. catenella exposure, and all the five up-regulated PyABCs were acutely induced. Our findings imply the functional diversity of scallop ABC genes in coping with PST accumulation, which may contribute to the lineage-specific adaptation of scallops for dealing with algal toxins challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaogang Xun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Moli Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiarun Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiaoxia Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Bessa LW, Pieterse E, Marais J, Hoffman LC. Why for feed and not for human consumption? The black soldier fly larvae. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2747-2763. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah W. Bessa
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Elsje Pieterse
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Jeannine Marais
- Department of Food ScienceStellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Louwrens C. Hoffman
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch South Africa
- Centre for Nutrition and Food SciencesQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationUniversity of Queensland, Coopers Plains Queensland Australia
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Li Z, Cai T, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Jin R, Mao K, Liao X, Wan H, Li J. Transcriptional Response of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters to Insecticide in the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050280. [PMID: 32370222 PMCID: PMC7291042 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily is one of the largest groups of proteins and plays a non-negligible role in phase III of the detoxification process, which is highly involved in the response of insects to environmental stress (plant secondary metabolites and insecticides). In the present study, in Nilaparvata lugens, we identified 32 ABC transporters, which are grouped into eight subfamilies (ABCA–H) based on phylogenetic analysis. The temporal and spatial expression profiles suggested that the nymphal stages (1st–5th) and adult males showed similarity, which was different from eggs and adult females, and NlABCA1, NlABCA2, NlABCB6, NlABCD2, NlABCG4, NlABCG12, NlABCG15, and NlABCH1 were highly expressed in the midgut and Malpighian tubules. In addition, ABCG12, which belongs to the ABC transporter G subfamily, was significantly upregulated after exposure to sulfoxaflor, nitenpyram, clothianidin, etofenprox, chlorpyrifos, and isoprocarb. Moreover, verapamil significantly increased the sensitivity of N. lugens to nitenpyram, clothianidin, etofenprox, chlorpyrifos, and isoprocarb. These results provide a basis for further research on ABC transporters involved in detoxification in N. lugens, and for a more comprehensive understanding of the response of N. lugens to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianhong Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-8728-6968
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Wang Y, Norum M, Oehl K, Yang Y, Zuber R, Yang J, Farine JP, Gehring N, Flötenmeyer M, Ferveur JF, Moussian B. Dysfunction of Oskyddad causes Harlequin-type ichthyosis-like defects in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008363. [PMID: 31929524 PMCID: PMC6980720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention of desiccation is a constant challenge for terrestrial organisms. Land insects have an extracellular coat, the cuticle, that plays a major role in protection against exaggerated water loss. Here, we report that the ABC transporter Oskyddad (Osy)-a human ABCA12 paralog-contributes to the waterproof barrier function of the cuticle in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We show that the reduction or elimination of Osy function provokes rapid desiccation. Osy is also involved in defining the inward barrier against xenobiotics penetration. Consistently, the amounts of cuticular hydrocarbons that are involved in cuticle impermeability decrease markedly when Osy activity is reduced. GFP-tagged Osy localises to membrane nano-protrusions within the cuticle, likely pore canals. This suggests that Osy is mediating the transport of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) through the pore canals to the cuticle surface. The envelope, which is the outermost cuticle layer constituting the main barrier, is unaffected in osy mutant larvae. This contrasts with the function of Snu, another ABC transporter needed for the construction of the cuticular inward and outward barriers, that nevertheless is implicated in CHC deposition. Hence, Osy and Snu have overlapping and independent roles to establish cuticular resistance against transpiration and xenobiotic penetration. The osy deficient phenotype parallels the phenotype of Harlequin ichthyosis caused by mutations in the human abca12 gene. Thus, it seems that the cellular and molecular mechanisms of lipid barrier assembly in the skin are conserved during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Michaela Norum
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Oehl
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renata Zuber
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Applied Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jing Yang
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Farine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR-CNRS 6265, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Nicole Gehring
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Flötenmeyer
- Microscopy Unit, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR-CNRS 6265, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Biology Valrose, CNRS, Inserm, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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Gao J, Dai C, Yu X, Yin XB, Zhou F. Circ-TCF4.85 silencing inhibits cancer progression through microRNA-486-5p-targeted inhibition of ABCF2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:447-461. [PMID: 31758671 PMCID: PMC6998385 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the role of the circular RNA circ‐TCF4.85 and its downstream target microRNA‐486‐5p (miR‐486‐5p) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Circ‐TCF4.85 was detected to be highly expressed in HCC tissues. Next, we found that silencing of circ‐TCF4.85 repressed HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, while enhancing apoptosis. In addition, biotin‐coupled probe pull‐down and miRNA capture assays, as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization, confirmed that circ‐TCF4.85 could bind to miR‐486‐5p. In rescue experiments, miR‐486‐5p had the potential to eliminate the tumor‐suppressive effects of circ‐TCF4.85 knockdown in HCC. Moreover, miR‐486‐5p was shown to target ABCF2 gene, which was positively regulated by circ‐TCF4.85. Finally, nude mice subcutaneously injected with si‐circ‐TCF4.85‐transfected HCC cells presented with inhibited xenograft tumor formation in vivo. Taken together, our results reveal that silencing of circ‐TCF4.85 suppresses HCC progression via miR‐486‐5p‐targeted inhibition of ABCF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Chao Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Xiang-Bao Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
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Rösner J, Merzendorfer H. Transcriptional plasticity of different ABC transporter genes from Tribolium castaneum contributes to diflubenzuron resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 116:103282. [PMID: 31740345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of insecticide resistance challenges the sustainability of pest control and several studies have shown that ABC transporters contribute to this process. ABC transporters are known to transport a large range of chemically diverse molecules across cellular membranes, and therefore the identification of ABC transporters involved in insecticide resistance is difficult. Here, we describe a comprehensive strategy for the identification of whole sets of ABC transporters involved in insecticide resistance using the pest beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Tc) as a model. We analyzed the expression of ABCA to ABCC genes in different tissues and developmental stages using larvae that were sensitive or resistant to diflubenzuron (DFB). The mRNA levels of several ABC genes expressed in excretory or metabolic tissues such as midgut, Malpighian tubules or fat body were markedly upregulated in response to DFB. Next, we monitored mortality in the presence of the ABC inhibitor verapamil, and found that it causes sensitization to DFB. We furthermore established a competitive assay for the elimination of DFB, based on Texas Red (TR) fluorescence. We monitored TR elimination in larvae that were treated with DFB or different ABC inhibitors, and combinations of them. TR elimination was decreased significantly in the presence of DFB, verapamil and the ABCC inhibitor MK-571. The effect was synergized when DFB and verapamil were both present suggesting that the transport of TR and DFB involves overlapping sets of ABC transporters. Finally, we silenced the expression of DFB-responding ABC genes by RNA interference and then followed the survival rates after DFB exposure. Mortality increased particularly when specific ABCA and ABCC genes were silenced. Taken together, we were able to show that different ABC transporters expressed in metabolic and excretory tissues contribute to the elimination of DFB. Up- or down-regulation of gene expression occurs within a few days already at very low DFB concentrations. These results suggests that transcriptional plasticity of several ABC genes allows adaptation of the efflux capacity in different tissues to eliminate insecticides and/or their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Rösner
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany.
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Adedipe F, Grubbs N, Coates B, Wiegmman B, Lorenzen M. Structural and functional insights into the Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ATP-binding cassette transporter gene family. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:899. [PMID: 31775611 PMCID: PMC6882327 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is a pervasive pest of maize in North America and Europe, which has adapted to current pest management strategies. In advance of an assembled and annotated D. v. virgifera genome, we developed transcriptomic resources to use in identifying candidate genes likely to be involved in the evolution of resistance, starting with members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. RESULTS In this study, 65 putative D. v. virgifera ABC (DvvABC) transporters were identified within a combined transcriptome assembly generated from embryonic, larval, adult male, and adult female RNA-sequence libraries. Phylogenetic analysis placed the deduced amino-acid sequences of the DvvABC transporters into eight subfamilies (A to H). To supplement our sequence data with functional analysis, we identified orthologs of Tribolium castaneum ABC genes which had previously been shown to exhibit overt RNA interference (RNAi) phenotypes. We identified eight such D. v. virgifera genes, and found that they were functionally similar to their T. castaneum counterparts. Interestingly, depletion of DvvABCB_39715 and DvvABCG_3712 transcripts in adult females produced detrimental reproductive and developmental phenotypes, demonstrating the potential of these genes as targets for RNAi-mediated insect control tactics. CONCLUSIONS By combining sequence data from four libraries covering three distinct life stages, we have produced a relatively comprehensive de novo transcriptome assembly for D. v. virgifera. Moreover, we have identified 65 members of the ABC transporter family and provided the first insights into the developmental and physiological roles of ABC transporters in this pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folukemi Adedipe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, 1566 Thomas Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Nathaniel Grubbs
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, 1566 Thomas Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Brad Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Brian Wiegmman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, 1566 Thomas Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Marcé Lorenzen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, 1566 Thomas Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.
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Breeschoten T, Ros VID, Schranz ME, Simon S. An influential meal: host plant dependent transcriptional variation in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:845. [PMID: 31722664 PMCID: PMC6854893 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the genetic mechanisms of insect herbivory, the transcriptional response of insects feeding on different host plant species has to be studied. Here, we generated gene expression data of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) feeding on three selected host plant species and a control (artificial diet). The host plant species used in this study -cabbage (Brassica oleracea), maize (Zea mays) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)- are members of different plant families that each employ specific defence mechanisms and toxins. RESULTS Spodoptera exigua larvae had a higher growth rate, indicator for herbivore success, when feeding on Z. mays compared to larvae feeding on B. oleracea or N. tabacum. Larvae feeding on the different host plant species showed divergent transcriptional responses. We identified shared and unique gene expression patterns dependent of the host plant species the larvae fed on. Unique gene expression patterns, containing uniquely upregulated transcripts including specific detoxification genes, were found for larvae feeding on either B. oleracea or N. tabacum. No diet-specific gene cluster was identified for larvae feeding on the host for which larvae showed optimal herbivore success, Z. mays, or artificial diet. In contrast, for larvae feeding on hosts for which they showed low herbivore success, specific diet-dependent gene clusters were identified. Functional annotation of these clusters indicates that S. exigua larvae deploy particular host plant-specific genes for digestion and detoxification. CONCLUSIONS The lack of a host plant-specific gene activity for larvae feeding on Z. mays and the artificial diet suggest a general and non-specific gene activity for host plants with optimal herbivore success. Whereas the finding of specific gene clusters containing particular digestion and detoxifying genes expressed in larvae feeding on B. oleracea and N. tabacum, with low herbivore success, imply a host plant-specific gene activity for larvae feeding on host plants with suboptimal herbivore success. This observation leads to the conclusion that a polyphagous herbivore is able to feed on a large variation of host plants due to the flexibility and diversity of genes involved in digestion and detoxification that are deployed in response to particular host plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijmen Breeschoten
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Identification of candidate ATP-binding cassette transporter gene family members in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) via adult tissues transcriptome analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15842. [PMID: 31676883 PMCID: PMC6825165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters exist in all living organisms and play major roles in various biological functions by transporting a wide variety of substrates across membranes. The functions of ABC transporters in drug resistance have been extensively studied in vertebrates; however, they are rarely characterized in agricultural pests. The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is one of the most damaging pests of the Citrus genus because of its transmission of Huanglongbing, also known as Yellow Dragon disease. In this study, the next-generation sequencing technique was applied to research the ABC transporters of D. citri. Fifty-three ABC transporter genes were found in the RNA-Seq data, and among these ABC transporters, 4, 4, 5, 2, 1, 4, 18 and 15 ABC proteins belonged to the ABCA-ABCH subfamilies, respectively. Different expression profiles of 52 genes between imidacloprid-resistant and imidacloprid-susceptible strains were studied by qRT-PCR; 5 ABCGs and 4 ABCHs were significantly upregulated in the imidacloprid-resistant strain. In addition, five of the nine upregulated genes were widely expressed in adult tissues in spatial expression analysis. The results suggest that these genes may play key roles in this phenotype. In general, this study contributed to our current understanding of D. citri resistance to insecticides.
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Yang H, Zhou C, Yang XB, Long GY, Jin DC. Effects of Insecticide Stress on Expression of NlABCG Transporter Gene in the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100334. [PMID: 31597380 PMCID: PMC6836012 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is an important pest of rice that severely affects production. Insecticides are an important means of controlling BPH, but their long-term use has led to resistance. To provide insight into BPH responses to insecticide stress, we determined the expression levels of BPH ABCG transporter genes under treatment with thiamethoxam, abamectin, and cyantraniliprole at LC10, LC25, LC50, and LC90. We cloned 13 BPH ABCG transporters, named NlABCG1 to NlABCG13. Conservative domain analysis showed that all 13 transporters have one nucleotide binding domain and one transmembrane domain, typical of semi-molecular transporters. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that thiamethoxam, abamectin, and cyantraniliprole stress increased the expression of some NlABCG transporters gene in BPH. However, after treatment with thiamethoxam at LC25 and abamectin at LC10, there was no significant upregulation of NlABCG. These results indicate that the expression of NlABCG varies in response to stress from different insecticides. These findings provide baseline information for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Cao Zhou
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xi-Bin Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Gui-Yun Long
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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44
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Takeshima M, Ogihara MH, Kataoka H. Sterol Characteristics in Silkworm Brain and Various Tissues Characterized by Precise Sterol Profiling Using LC-MS/MS. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194840. [PMID: 31569473 PMCID: PMC6801466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols, especially cholesterol (Chl), are fundamental for animal survival. Insects lacking the ability to synthesize Chl are sterol auxotrophic animals and utilize dietary Chl and phytosterols to survive. The sterols obtained from a diet are distributed to the tissues; however, sterol homeostasis in insect tissues remains to be elucidated. This study sought to understand the sterol characteristics of insect tissues through detailed sterol quantification and statistics. The combination of sterol quantification using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed tissue-specific sterol characteristics in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, a phytophagous insect. We found that insect tissues have tissue-intrinsic sterol profiles. The brain has a unique sterol composition as compared to other tissues—high concentration of Chl and less accumulation of phytosterols. Other tissues also have intrinsic sterol characteristics, which when defined by dietary sterols or Chl metabolites, indicate preference for a sterol and consistently manage their own sterol homeostasis. Though most tissues never change sterol profiles during development, the brain drastically changes its sterol profile at the wandering stage, indicating that it could alter sterol composition in preparation for metamorphosis. These results suggest the existence of tissue- and sterol-specific systems for sterol homeostasis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takeshima
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Mari H Ogihara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
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Ichino F, Bono H, Nakazato T, Toyoda A, Fujiyama A, Iwabuchi K, Sato R, Tabunoki H. Construction of a simple evaluation system for the intestinal absorption of an orally administered medicine using Bombyx mori larvae. Drug Discov Ther 2019; 12:7-15. [PMID: 29553084 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2018.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal absorption is estimated using a human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) cells from human colorectal adenocarcinoma, intestinal perfusion, or a mammalian model. These current evaluation systems are limited in their ability to estimate human intestinal absorption. In addition, in vivo evaluation systems using laboratory animals such as mice and rats entail animal ethics problems, and it is difficult to screen compounds on a large scale at the drug discovery stage. Thus, we propose the use of Bombyx mori larvae for evaluation of intestinal absorption of compounds as an alternative system in this study. First, to compare the characteristics among Caco-2 cells, human intestine, and B. mori larval midgut, we analyzed their RNA-seq data, and we found 26 drug transporters common to humans and B. mori. Next, we quantitatively developed an oral administration technique in B. mori and established a method using silkworm B. mori larvae that can easily estimate the intestinal permeability of compounds. Consequently, we could determine the dose and technique for oral administration in B. mori larvae. We also developed a B. mori model to evaluate the intestinal permeability of orally administered. Our constructed evaluation system will be useful for evaluating intestinal permeability in medical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Ichino
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hidemasa Bono
- Database Center for Life Science (DBCLS), Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS)
| | - Takeru Nakazato
- Database Center for Life Science (DBCLS), Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS)
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics
| | - Kikuo Iwabuchi
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering (BASE), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hiroko Tabunoki
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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46
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Wasi M, Khandelwal NK, Moorhouse AJ, Nair R, Vishwakarma P, Bravo Ruiz G, Ross ZK, Lorenz A, Rudramurthy SM, Chakrabarti A, Lynn AM, Mondal AK, Gow NAR, Prasad R. ABC Transporter Genes Show Upregulated Expression in Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Candida auris: A Genome-Wide Characterization of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Genes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1445. [PMID: 31379756 PMCID: PMC6647914 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily members have a key role as nutrient importers and exporters in bacteria. However, their role as drug exporters in eukaryotes brought this superfamily member to even greater prominence. The capacity of ABC transporters to efflux a broad spectrum of xenobiotics represents one of the major mechanisms of clinical multidrug resistance in pathogenic fungi including Candida species. Candida auris, a newly emerged multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen of humans, has been responsible for multiple outbreaks of drug-resistant infections in hospitals around the globe. Our study has analyzed the entire complement of ABC superfamily transporters to assess whether these play a major role in drug resistance mechanisms of C. auris. Our bioinformatics analyses identified 28 putative ABC proteins encoded in the genome of the C. auris type-strain CBS 10913T; 20 of which contain transmembrane domains (TMDs). Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed the expression of all 20 TMD transporters, underlining their potential in contributing to the C. auris drug-resistant phenotype. Changes in transcript levels after short-term exposure of drugs and in drug-resistant C. auris isolates suggested their importance in the drug resistance phenotype of this pathogen. CAUR_02725 orthologous to CDR1, a major multidrug exporter in other yeasts, showed consistently higher expression in multidrug-resistant strains of C. auris. Homologs of other ABC transporter genes, such as CDR4, CDR6, and SNQ2, also displayed raised expression in a sub-set of clinical isolates. Together, our analysis supports the involvement of these transporters in multidrug resistance in C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wasi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Remya Nair
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurugram, Gurgaon, India
| | - Poonam Vishwakarma
- School of Computational and Integrative Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Gustavo Bravo Ruiz
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe K. Ross
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Lorenz
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Andrew M. Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok K. Mondal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurugram, Gurgaon, India
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47
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Wu C, Chakrabarty S, Jin M, Liu K, Xiao Y. Insect ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters: Roles in Xenobiotic Detoxification and Bt Insecticidal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112829. [PMID: 31185645 PMCID: PMC6600440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a large class of transmembrane proteins, are widely found in organisms and play an important role in the transport of xenobiotics. Insect ABC transporters are involved in insecticide detoxification and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin perforation. The complete ABC transporter is composed of two hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TMDs) and two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). Conformational changes that are needed for their action are mediated by ATP hydrolysis. According to the similarity among their sequences and organization of conserved ATP-binding cassette domains, insect ABC transporters have been divided into eight subfamilies (ABCA–ABCH). This review describes the functions and mechanisms of ABC transporters in insecticide detoxification, plant toxic secondary metabolites transport and insecticidal activity of Bt toxin. With improved understanding of the role and mechanisms of ABC transporter in resistance to insecticides and Bt toxins, we can identify valuable target sites for developing new strategies to control pests and manage resistance and achieve green pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Swapan Chakrabarty
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Minghui Jin
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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48
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Genome-wide identification of ATP-binding cassette transporters and expression profiles in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, exposed to imidacloprid. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 30:305-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Kawamoto M, Jouraku A, Toyoda A, Yokoi K, Minakuchi Y, Katsuma S, Fujiyama A, Kiuchi T, Yamamoto K, Shimada T. High-quality genome assembly of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 107:53-62. [PMID: 30802494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In 2008, the genome assembly and gene models for the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori, were published by a Japanese and Chinese collaboration group. However, the genome assembly contains a non-negligible number of misassembled and gap regions due to the presence of many repetitive sequences within the silkworm genome. The erroneous genome assembly occasionally causes incorrect gene prediction. Here we performed hybrid assembly based on 140 × deep sequencing of long (PacBio) and short (Illumina) reads. The remaining gaps in the initial genome assembly were closed using BAC and Fosmid sequences, giving a new total length of 460.3 Mb, with 30 gap regions and an N50 comprising 16.8 Mb in scaffolds and 12.2 Mb in contigs. More RNA-seq and piRNA-seq reads were mapped on the new genome assembly compared with the previous version, indicating that the new genome assembly covers more transcribed regions, including repetitive elements. We performed gene prediction based on the new genome assembly using available mRNA and protein sequence data. The number of gene models was 16,880 with an N50 of 2154 bp. The new gene models reflected more accurate coding sequences and gene sets than old ones. The proportion of repetitive elements was also reestimated using the new genome assembly, and was calculated to be 46.8% in the silkworm genome. The new genome assembly and gene models are provided in SilkBase (http://silkbase.ab.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp).
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Kawamoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan; Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kakeru Yokoi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yohei Minakuchi
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan; Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Kiuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Toru Shimada
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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50
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He Q, Yan Z, Si F, Zhou Y, Fu W, Chen B. ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Genes Involved in Pyrethroid Resistance in the Malaria Vector Anopheles sinensis: Genome-Wide Identification, Characteristics, Phylogenetics, and Expression Profile. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061409. [PMID: 30897799 PMCID: PMC6471920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
background: The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters family is one of the largest families of membrane proteins existing in all living organisms. Pyrethroid resistance has become the largest unique obstacle for mosquito control worldwide. ABC transporters are thought to be associated with pyrethroid resistance in some agricultural pests, but little information is known for mosquitoes. Herein, we investigated the diversity, location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of ABC transporter family of genes in the Anopheles sinensis genome, and identified the ABC transporter genes associated with pyrethroid resistance through expression profiles using RNA-seq and qPCR. Results: 61 ABC transporter genes are identified and divided into eight subfamilies (ABCA-H), located on 22 different scaffolds. Phylogenetic and evolution analyses with ABC transporters of A. gambiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Homo sapiens suggest that the ABCD, ABCG, and ABCH subfamilies are monophyly, and that the ABCC and ABCG subfamilies have experienced a gene duplication event. Both RNA-seq and qPCR analyses show that the AsABCG28 gene is uniquely significantly upregulated gene in all three field pyrethroid-resistant populations (Anhui, Chongqing, and Yunnan provinces) in comparison with a laboratory-susceptible strain from Jiangsu province. The AsABCG28 is significantly upregulated at 12-h and 24-h after deltamethrin exposure in three-day-old female adults. Conclusion: This study provides the information frame for ABC transporter subfamily of genes, and lays an important basis for the better understanding and further research of ABC transporter function in insecticide toxification. The AsABCG28 gene is associated with pyrethroid detoxification, and it functions at later period in the detoxification process for xenobiotics transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyi He
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Zhentian Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Fengling Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Wenbo Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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