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Lin W, Chow SKH, Cui C, Liu C, Wang Q, Chai S, Wong RMY, Zhang N, Cheung WH. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as an important mediator in muscle and bone crosstalk: A systematic review. J Orthop Translat 2024; 47:63-73. [PMID: 39007034 PMCID: PMC11245956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction between muscle and bone is shown to be clinically important but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is reported to be involved in muscle-bone crosstalk, but its detailed function remains unclear. This systematic review aims to investigate and elucidate the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in muscle-bone crosstalk. Methods We conducted a literature search on the Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO and Embase with keywords "Wnt*", "bone*" and "muscle*". A systematic review was completed according to the guideline of preferred reporting items of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Data synthesis included species (human, animal or cell type used), treatments involved, outcome measures and key findings with respect to Wnts. Results Seventeen papers were published from 2007 to 2021 and were extracted from a total of 1529 search results in the databases of Web of Science (468 papers), PubMed (457 papers), EBSCO (371) and Embase (233). 12 Wnt family members were investigated in the papers, including Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt3a, Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt8a, Wnt8b, Wnt9a, Wnt10a, Wnt10b and Wnt16. Many studies showed that muscles were able to increase or decrease osteogenesis of bone, while bone increased myogenesis of muscle through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Wnt3a, Wnt4 and Wnt10b were shown to play important roles in the crosstalk between muscle and bone. Conclusions Wnt3a, Wnt4 and Wnt10b are found to play important mediatory roles in muscle-bone crosstalk. The role of Wnt4 was mostly found to regulate muscle from the bone side. Whilst the role of Wnt10b during muscle ageing was proposed, current evidence is insufficient to clarify the specific role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the interplay between sarcopenia and osteoporosis. More future studies are required to investigate the exact regulatory roles of Wnts in muscle-bone crosstalk in musculoskeletal disease models such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Translational potential of this article The systematic review provides an extensive overview to reveal the roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in muscle-bone crosstalk. These results provide novel research directions to further understand the underlying mechanism of sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and their crosstalk, finally helping the future development of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Lin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Simon Kwoon Ho Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Can Cui
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Qianjin Wang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Senlin Chai
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Wing Hoi Cheung
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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Sørhus E, Nakken CL, Donald CE, Ripley DM, Shiels HA, Meier S. Cardiac toxicity of phenanthrene depends on developmental stage in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163484. [PMID: 37068678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures like crude oil, and single components such as Phenanthrene (Phe), induce cardiotoxicity by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling. However, recent work has demonstrated that the timing of pollutant exposure during embryogenesis greatly impacts the degree of cardiac dysfunction caused. Here, we aimed to clarify the temporal dependence of Phe toxicity and the downstream effects of cardiac dysfunction using Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Phe (nominal concentration, 1.12 μmol/L), or the L-type‑calcium channel blocker Nicardipine (Nic) (nominal concentration, 2 and 4 μmol/L), were individually applied to cod embryos either during cardiogenesis (early) or after the onset of cardiac function (late). Phe toxicity was highly dependent on the timing of exposure. Exposure after the onset of cardiac function (i.e. late) caused more severe cardiac and extracardiac abnormalities at 3 days post hatching (dph) than early exposure. Late Phe exposure resulted in a smaller ventricle, eliminated ventricular contraction, and reduced atrial contraction. In contrast, early Phe exposure did not have an effect on cardiac development and function. This temporal difference was not as evident in the Nic treatment. Early Nic exposure created similar morphological phenotypes to the late Phe exposure. The two treatments (early Nic and late Phe) also shared a cardiofunctional phenotype, comprised of eliminated ventricular, and reduced atrial, contraction. These data suggest that extracardiac abnormalities, such as the craniofacial deformities seen after late embryonic exposure to cardiotoxic oil components and mixtures, are mostly downstream effects of cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Marine Toxicology, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Marine Toxicology, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel M Ripley
- University of Manchester, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Holly A Shiels
- University of Manchester, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Marine Toxicology, Bergen, Norway
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3
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Yadav US, Biswas T, Singh PN, Gupta P, Chakraborty S, Delgado I, Zafar H, Capellini TD, Torres M, Bandyopadhyay A. Molecular mechanism of synovial joint site specification and induction in developing vertebrate limbs. Development 2023; 150:dev201335. [PMID: 37272420 PMCID: PMC10323242 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate appendage comprises three primary segments, the stylopod, zeugopod and autopod, each separated by joints. The molecular mechanisms governing the specification of joint sites, which define segment lengths and thereby limb architecture, remain largely unknown. Existing literature suggests that reciprocal gradients of retinoic acid (RA) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling define the expression domains of the putative segment markers Meis1, Hoxa11 and Hoxa13. Barx1 is expressed in the presumptive joint sites. Our data demonstrate that RA-FGF signaling gradients define the expression domain of Barx1 in the first presumptive joint site. When misexpressed, Barx1 induces ectopic interzone-like structures, and its loss of function partially blocks interzone development. Simultaneous perturbations of RA-FGF signaling gradients result in predictable shifts of Barx1 expression domains along the proximo-distal axis and, consequently, in the formation of repositioned joints. Our data suggest that during early limb bud development in chick, Meis1 and Hoxa11 expression domains are overlapping, whereas the Barx1 expression domain resides within the Hoxa11 expression domain. However, once the interzone is formed, the expression domains are refined and the Barx1 expression domain becomes congruent with the border of these two putative segment markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra S. Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Tathagata Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Pratik N. Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Soura Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Irene Delgado
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hamim Zafar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Terence D. Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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Savadipour A, Palmer D, Ely EV, Collins KH, Garcia-Castorena JM, Harissa Z, Kim YS, Oestrich A, Qu F, Rashidi N, Guilak F. The role of PIEZO ion channels in the musculoskeletal system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C728-C740. [PMID: 36717101 PMCID: PMC10027092 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00544.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 are mechanosensitive cation channels that are highly expressed in numerous tissues throughout the body and exhibit diverse, cell-specific functions in multiple organ systems. Within the musculoskeletal system, PIEZO1 functions to maintain muscle and bone mass, sense tendon stretch, and regulate senescence and apoptosis in response to mechanical stimuli within cartilage and the intervertebral disc. PIEZO2 is essential for transducing pain and touch sensations as well as proprioception in the nervous system, which can affect musculoskeletal health. PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 have been shown to act both independently as well as synergistically in different cell types. Conditions that alter PIEZO channel mechanosensitivity, such as inflammation or genetic mutations, can have drastic effects on these functions. For this reason, therapeutic approaches for PIEZO-related disease focus on altering PIEZO1 and/or PIEZO2 activity in a controlled manner, either through inhibition with small molecules, or through dietary control and supplementation to maintain a healthy cell membrane composition. Although many opportunities to better understand PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 remain, the studies summarized in this review highlight how crucial PIEZO channels are to musculoskeletal health and point to promising possible avenues for their modulation as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Savadipour
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Daniel Palmer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Erica V Ely
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kelsey H Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jaquelin M Garcia-Castorena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Zainab Harissa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Yu Seon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Arin Oestrich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Feini Qu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Neda Rashidi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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5
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Sun J, Chan YT, Ho KWK, Zhang L, Bian L, Tuan RS, Jiang Y. "Slow walk" mimetic tensile loading maintains human meniscus tissue resident progenitor cells homeostasis in photocrosslinked gelatin hydrogel. Bioact Mater 2023; 25:256-272. [PMID: 36825224 PMCID: PMC9941420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Meniscus, the cushion in knee joint, is a load-bearing tissue that transfers mechanical forces to extracellular matrix (ECM) and tissue resident cells. The mechanoresponse of human tissue resident stem/progenitor cells in meniscus (hMeSPCs) is significant to tissue homeostasis and regeneration but is not well understood. This study reports that a mild cyclic tensile loading regimen of ∼1800 loads/day on hMeSPCs seeded in 3-dimensional (3D) photocrosslinked gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel is critical in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Experimentally, a "slow walk" biomimetic cyclic loading regimen (10% tensile strain, 0.5 Hz, 1 h/day, up to 15 days) is applied to hMeSPCs encapsulated in GelMA hydrogel with a magnetic force-controlled loading actuator. The loading significantly increases cell differentiation and fibrocartilage-like ECM deposition without affecting cell viability. Transcriptomic analysis reveals 332 mechanoresponsive genes, clustered into cell senescence, mechanical sensitivity, and ECM dynamics, associated with interleukins, integrins, and collagens/matrix metalloproteinase pathways. The cell-GelMA constructs show active ECM remodeling, traced using a green fluorescence tagged (GFT)-GelMA hydrogel. Loading enhances nascent pericellular matrix production by the encapsulated hMeSPCs, which gradually compensates for the hydrogel loss in the cultures. These findings demonstrate the strong tissue-forming ability of hMeSPCs, and the importance of mechanical factors in maintaining meniscus homeostasis.
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Key Words
- 3D cell-based constructs
- 3D, Three-dimensional
- BMSCs, Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
- Biomimetic cyclic loading
- CFUs, Colony forming units
- Col I, Collagen type I
- Col II, Collagen type II
- DS, Degree of substitution
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- Extracellular matrix
- GAGs, Glycosaminoglycans
- GFT-GelMA, Green fluorescence-tagged GelMA
- GelMA hydrogel
- GelMA, Gelatin methacryloyl
- Human meniscus progenitor cells
- MeHA, Methacrylated hyaluronic acid
- PCM, Pericellular matrix
- PI, Propidium iodide
- PPI, Protein-protein interaction
- hMeSPCs, Human meniscus stem/progenitor cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yau Tsz Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ki Wai Kevin Ho
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, And Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Liming Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,Corresponding author. Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Yangzi Jiang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,Corresponding author. Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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6
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Murphy P, Rolfe RA. Building a Co-ordinated Musculoskeletal System: The Plasticity of the Developing Skeleton in Response to Muscle Contractions. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 236:81-110. [PMID: 37955772 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38215-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal musculature and the cartilage, bone and other connective tissues of the skeleton are intimately co-ordinated. The shape, size and structure of each bone in the body is sculpted through dynamic physical stimuli generated by muscle contraction, from early development, with onset of the first embryo movements, and through repair and remodelling in later life. The importance of muscle movement during development is shown by congenital abnormalities where infants that experience reduced movement in the uterus present a sequence of skeletal issues including temporary brittle bones and joint dysplasia. A variety of animal models, utilising different immobilisation scenarios, have demonstrated the precise timing and events that are dependent on mechanical stimulation from movement. This chapter lays out the evidence for skeletal system dependence on muscle movement, gleaned largely from mouse and chick immobilised embryos, showing the many aspects of skeletal development affected. Effects are seen in joint development, ossification, the size and shape of skeletal rudiments and tendons, including compromised mechanical function. The enormous plasticity of the skeletal system in response to muscle contraction is a key factor in building a responsive, functional system. Insights from this work have implications for our understanding of morphological evolution, particularly the challenging concept of emergence of new structures. It is also providing insight for the potential of physical therapy for infants suffering the effects of reduced uterine movement and is enhancing our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in skeletal tissue differentiation, with potential for informing regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rebecca A Rolfe
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Liu C, Zhou N, Li N, Xu T, Chen X, Zhou H, Xie A, Liu H, Zhu L, Wang S, Xiao J. Disrupted tenogenesis in masseter as a potential cause of micrognathia. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:50. [PMID: 36257937 PMCID: PMC9579150 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Micrognathia is a severe craniofacial deformity affecting appearance and survival. Previous studies revealed that multiple factors involved in the osteogenesis of mandibular bone have contributed to micrognathia, but concerned little on factors other than osteogenesis. In the current study, we found that ectopic activation of Fgf8 by Osr2-cre in the presumptive mesenchyme for masseter tendon in mice led to micrognathia, masseter regression, and the disrupted patterning and differentiation of masseter tendon. Since Myf5-cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8 mice exhibited the normal masseter and mandibular bone, the possibility that the micrognathia and masseter regression resulted directly from the over-expressed Fgf8 was excluded. Further investigation disclosed that a series of chondrogenic markers were ectopically activated in the developing Osr2-cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8 masseter tendon, while the mechanical sensing in the masseter and mandibular bone was obviously reduced. Thus, it suggested that the micrognathia in Osr2-cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8 mice resulted secondarily from the reduced mechanical force transmitted to mandibular bone. Consistently, when tenogenic or myogenic components were deleted from the developing mandibles, both the micrognathia and masseter degeneration took place with the decreased mechanical sensing in mandibular bone, which verified that the loss of mechanical force transmitted by masseter tendon could result in micrognathia. Furthermore, it appeared that the micrognathia resulting from the disrupted tenogenesis was attributed to the impaired osteogenic specification, instead of the differentiation in the periosteal progenitors. Our findings disclose a novel mechanism for mandibular morphogenesis, and shed light on the prevention and treatment for micrognathia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Hailing Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Ailun Xie
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. .,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China. .,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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8
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Smith CF, Schuett GW. Tail movements by late-term fetal pitvipers resemble caudal luring: prenatal development of an ambush predatory behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220218. [PMID: 35582659 PMCID: PMC9091841 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of powerful imaging instruments, the prenatal behaviour of vertebrates has been discovered to be far more complex than previously believed, especially concerning humans, other mammals and birds. Surprisingly, the fetal behaviour of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians), a group of over 11 000 extant species, are largely understudied. Using ultrasonography, 18 late-term pregnant copperhead snakes (Agkistrodon contortrix) from a single population were inspected for fecundity (number of fetuses). Unexpectedly, during the ultrasound procedure that involved 97 fetuses, we observed sinusoidal tail movements in 11 individuals from eight different copperhead mothers. These movements were indistinguishable from caudal luring, a mimetic ambush predatory strategy which is exhibited by newborn copperheads and other snakes. Caudal luring is initiated shortly after birth and is employed to attract susceptible vertebrate prey. Using the same ultrasound equipment and methods, we tested for this behaviour in two species of rattlesnakes (genus Crotalus) not known to caudal lure and none of the late-term fetuses showed any type of tail movements. Prenatal movements in humans and other vertebrates are known to be important for musculoskeletal and sensorimotor development. The fetal behaviours we describe for copperheads, and possibly other snakes, may be similarly important and influence early survival and subsequent fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Smith
- Department of Biology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC 29323, USA
- Chiricahua Desert Museum, Rodeo, NM 88056, USA
| | - Gordon W. Schuett
- Chiricahua Desert Museum, Rodeo, NM 88056, USA
- Department of Biology | Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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9
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Barker CG, Petsalaki E, Giudice G, Sero J, Ekpenyong EN, Bakal C, Petsalaki E. Identification of phenotype-specific networks from paired gene expression-cell shape imaging data. Genome Res 2022; 32:750-765. [PMID: 35197309 PMCID: PMC8997347 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276059.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of breast cancer cells is often used as an indicator of tumor severity and prognosis. Additionally, morphology can be used to identify more fine-grained, molecular developments within a cancer cell, such as transcriptomic changes and signaling pathway activity. Delineating the interface between morphology and signaling is important to understand the mechanical cues that a cell processes in order to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and consequently metastasize. However, the exact regulatory systems that define these changes remain poorly characterized. In this study, we used a network-systems approach to integrate imaging data and RNA-seq expression data. Our workflow allowed the discovery of unbiased and context-specific gene expression signatures and cell signaling subnetworks relevant to the regulation of cell shape, rather than focusing on the identification of previously known, but not always representative, pathways. By constructing a cell-shape signaling network from shape-correlated gene expression modules and their upstream regulators, we found central roles for developmental pathways such as WNT and Notch, as well as evidence for the fine control of NF-kB signaling by numerous kinase and transcriptional regulators. Further analysis of our network implicates a gene expression module enriched in the RAP1 signaling pathway as a mediator between the sensing of mechanical stimuli and regulation of NF-kB activity, with specific relevance to cell shape in breast cancer.
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10
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Ledwon JK, Vaca EE, Huang CC, Kelsey LJ, McGrath JL, Topczewski J, Gosain AK, Topczewska JM. Langerhans cells and SFRP2/Wnt/beta-catenin signalling control adaptation of skin epidermis to mechanical stretching. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:764-775. [PMID: 35019227 PMCID: PMC8817127 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin can be mechanically stimulated to grow through a clinical procedure called tissue expansion (TE). Using a porcine TE model, we determined that expansion promptly activates transcription of SFRP2 in skin and we revealed that in the epidermis, this protein is secreted by Langerhans cells (LCs). Similar to well‐known mechanosensitive genes, the increase in SFRP2 expression was proportional to the magnitude of tension, showing a spike at the apex of the expanded skin. This implies that SFRP2 might be a newly discovered effector of mechanotransduction pathways. In addition, we found that acute stretching induces accumulation of b‐catenin in the nuclei of basal keratinocytes (KCs) and LCs, indicating Wnt signalling activation, followed by cell proliferation. Moreover, TE‐activated LCs proliferate and migrate into the suprabasal layer of skin, suggesting that LCs rebuild their steady network within the growing epidermis. We demonstrated that in vitro hrSFRP2 treatment on KCs inhibits Wnt/b‐catenin signalling and stimulates KC differentiation. In parallel, we observed an accumulation of KRT10 in vivo in the expanded skin, pointing to TE‐induced, SFRP2‐augmented KC maturation. Overall, our results reveal that a network of LCs delivers SFRP2 across the epidermis to fine‐tune Wnt/b‐catenin signalling to restore epidermal homeostasis disrupted by TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Ledwon
- Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elbert E Vaca
- Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chiang C Huang
- University of Wisconsin, Joseph J Zilber School of Public Health, Milwaukee, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren J Kelsey
- Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer L McGrath
- Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Arun K Gosain
- Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jolanta M Topczewska
- Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Shea CA, Murphy P. The Primary Cilium on Cells of Developing Skeletal Rudiments; Distribution, Characteristics and Response to Mechanical Stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725018. [PMID: 34490272 PMCID: PMC8418538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo movement is important for tissue differentiation and the formation of functional skeletal elements during embryonic development: reduced mechanical stimulation results in fused joints and misshapen skeletal rudiments with concomitant changes in the signaling environment and gene expression profiles in both mouse and chick immobile embryos. Despite the clear relationship between movement and skeletogenesis, the precise mechanisms by which mechanical stimuli influence gene regulatory processes are not clear. The primary cilium enables cells to sense mechanical stimuli in the cellular environment, playing a crucial mechanosensory role during kidney development and in articular cartilage and bone but little is known about cilia on developing skeletal tissues. Here, we examine the occurrence, length, position, and orientation of primary cilia across developing skeletal rudiments in mouse embryos during a period of pronounced mechanosensitivity and we report differences and similarities between wildtype and muscle-less mutant (Pax3Spd/Spd) rudiments. Strikingly, joint regions tend to have cilia positioned and oriented away from the joint, while there was a less obvious, but still significant, preferred position on the posterior aspect of cells within the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Regions of the developing rudiments have characteristic proportions of ciliated cells, with more cilia in the resting and joint zones. Comparing wildtype to muscle-less mutant embryos, cilia are shorter in the mutant with no significant difference in the proportion of ciliated cells. Cilia at the mutant joint were also oriented away from the joint line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Shea
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Levillain A, Ahmed S, Kaimaki DM, Schuler S, Barros S, Labonte D, Iatridis J, Nowlan N. Prenatal muscle forces are necessary for vertebral segmentation and disc structure, but not for notochord involution in mice. Eur Cell Mater 2021; 41:558-575. [PMID: 34021906 PMCID: PMC8268087 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v041a36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic muscle forces are necessary for normal vertebral development and spinal curvature, but their involvement in intervertebral disc (IVD) development remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to determine how muscle contractions affect (1) notochord involution and vertebral segmentation, and (2) IVD development including the mechanical properties and morphology, as well as collagen fibre alignment in the annulus fibrosus. Muscular dysgenesis (mdg) mice were harvested at three prenatal stages: at Theiler Stage (TS)22 when notochord involution starts, at TS24 when involution is complete, and at TS27 when the IVD is formed. Vertebral and IVD development were characterised using histology, immunofluorescence, and indentation testing. The results revealed that notochord involution and vertebral segmentation occurred independently of muscle contractions between TS22 and TS24. However, in the absence of muscle contractions, we found vertebral fusion in the cervical region at TS27, along with (i) a displacement of the nucleus pulposus towards the dorsal side, (ii) a disruption of the structural arrangement of collagen in the annulus fibrosus, and (iii) an increase in viscous behaviour of the annulus fibrosus. These findings emphasise the important role of mechanical forces during IVD development, and demonstrate a critical role of muscle loading during development to enable proper annulus fibrosus formation. They further suggest a need for mechanical loading in the creation of fibre-reinforced tissue engineering replacement IVDs as a therapy for IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Levillain
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, Lyon, France
| | - S. Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D-M. Kaimaki
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Schuler
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Barros
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D. Labonte
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J.C. Iatridis
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - N.C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK,School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Address for correspondence: Niamh C. Nowlan, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK. Telephone number: +44 2075945189
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13
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Rolfe RA, Scanlon O'Callaghan D, Murphy P. Joint development recovery on resumption of embryonic movement following paralysis. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048913. [PMID: 33771841 PMCID: PMC8084573 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal activity in utero is a normal part of pregnancy and reduced or absent movement can lead to long-term skeletal defects, such as Fetal Akinesia Deformation Sequence, joint dysplasia and arthrogryposis. A variety of animal models with decreased or absent embryonic movements show a consistent set of developmental defects, providing insight into the aetiology of congenital skeletal abnormalities. At developing joints, defects include reduced joint interzones with frequent fusion of cartilaginous skeletal rudiments across the joint. At the spine, defects include shortening and a spectrum of curvature deformations. An important question, with relevance to possible therapeutic interventions for human conditions, is the capacity for recovery with resumption of movement following short-term immobilisation. Here, we use the well-established chick model to compare the effects of sustained immobilisation from embryonic day (E)4-10 to two different recovery scenarios: (1) natural recovery from E6 until E10 and (2) the addition of hyperactive movement stimulation during the recovery period. We demonstrate partial recovery of movement and partial recovery of joint development under both recovery conditions, but no improvement in spine defects. The joints examined (elbow, hip and knee) showed better recovery in hindlimb than forelimb, with hyperactive mobility leading to greater recovery in the knee and hip. The hip joint showed the best recovery with improved rudiment separation, tissue organisation and commencement of cavitation. This work demonstrates that movement post paralysis can partially recover specific aspects of joint development, which could inform therapeutic approaches to ameliorate the effects of human fetal immobility. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Zhou H. Embryonic movement stimulates joint formation and development: Implications in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000319. [PMID: 33634512 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a heterogeneous syndrome where multiple joints have reduced range of motion due to contracture formation prior to birth. A common cause of AMC is reduced embryonic movement in utero. This reduction in embryonic movement can perturb molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the formation of joints during development. The absence of mechanical stimuli can impair joint cavitation, resulting in joint fusion, and ultimately eliminate function. In turn, mechanical stimuli are critical for proper joint formation during development and for mitigating AMC. Studies in experimental animal models have provided a greater understanding on the molecular pathophysiology of congenital contracture formation as a consequence of embryonic immobilization. Elucidation of how the mechanical signaling environment is transduced to initiate a biological response will be necessary to gain a deeper understanding of how mechanical stimuli are intertwined in the molecular regulation of joint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhou
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Rozner R, Vernikov J, Griess-Fishheimer S, Travinsky T, Penn S, Schwartz B, Mesilati-Stahy R, Argov-Argaman N, Shahar R, Monsonego-Ornan E. The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Different Sources in Bone Development. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113494. [PMID: 33202985 PMCID: PMC7697266 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients that must be obtained from the diet. We have previously showed that endogenous n-3 PUFAs contribute to skeletal development and bone quality in fat-1 mice. Unlike other mammals, these transgenic mice, carry the n-3 desaturase gene and thus can convert n-6 to n-3 PUFAs endogenously. Since this model does not mimic dietary exposure to n-3 PUFAs, diets rich in fish and flaxseed oils were used to further elucidate the role of n-3 PUFAs in bone development. Our investigation reveals that dietary n-3 PUFAs decrease fat accumulation in the liver, lower serum fat levels, and alter fatty acid (FA) content in liver and serum. Bone analyses show that n-3 PUFAs improve mechanical properties, which were measured using a three-point bending test, but exert complex effects on bone structure that vary according to its source. In a micro-CT analysis, we found that the flaxseed oil diet improves trabecular bone micro-architecture, whereas the fish oil diet promotes higher bone mineral density (BMD) with no effect on trabecular bone. The transcriptome characterization of bone by RNA-seq identified regulatory mechanisms of n-3 PUFAs via modulation of the cell cycle and peripheral circadian rhythm genes. These results extend our knowledge and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling regulation induced by different sources of dietary n-3 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Rozner
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.R.); (J.V.); (S.G.-F.); (T.T.); (S.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Janna Vernikov
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.R.); (J.V.); (S.G.-F.); (T.T.); (S.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Shelley Griess-Fishheimer
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.R.); (J.V.); (S.G.-F.); (T.T.); (S.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Tamar Travinsky
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.R.); (J.V.); (S.G.-F.); (T.T.); (S.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Svetlana Penn
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.R.); (J.V.); (S.G.-F.); (T.T.); (S.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Betty Schwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.R.); (J.V.); (S.G.-F.); (T.T.); (S.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Ronit Mesilati-Stahy
- Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.M.-S.); (N.A.-A.)
| | - Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.M.-S.); (N.A.-A.)
| | - Ron Shahar
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.R.); (J.V.); (S.G.-F.); (T.T.); (S.P.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Bone Mineral Density of Femur and Lumbar and the Relation between Fat Mass and Lean Mass of Adolescents: Based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) from 2008 to 2011. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124471. [PMID: 32580309 PMCID: PMC7345079 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is most important to reach the maximum bone density in the childhood period to prevent developing osteoporosis; it is widely known that increased body weight has a positive correlation with bone density and that even though both the fat mass and lean mass have a significant impact on bone density, the latter mass has more importance for adults. Therefore, the study analyzed to identify the relationship between bone density and both fat mass and lean mass of Korean adolescents. Subjects were chosen among 21,303 people from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) between 2008 and 2011 that took a bone density checkup; as a result, 1454 teenagers aged between 12 and 18 were selected. Data analysis was performed in SAS ver. 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) following the KNHNES and the weighted complex sample analysis was conducted; body fat mass and lean mass were divided into quintile groups, and to figure out the differences in bone density that were analyzed in six models adjusted by body weight (kg) and walking (yes/no), muscle strengthening exercises (yes/no), nutrition (intake of ca (g), and serum vitamin D (ng/mL)). Then, the generalized linear model (GLM) and trend test were conducted for each gender with a significance level of 0.05. The bone density differences of fat mass and lean mass were analyzed. The result of Model 6 considering all correction variables is as follows; in the case of male adolescents, the total femur and lumbar spine showed a significant difference (F = 13.120, p < 0.001; F = 12.900, p < 0.001) for fat mass, and the trend test showed that the figures significantly decreased (β = −0.030, p < 0.001; −0.035, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, for lean mass, the total femur and lumbar spine had a significant difference (F = 16.740, p < 0.001; F = 20.590, p < 0.001) too, but the trend test showed a significant increase (β = 0.054, p < 0.001; 0.057, p < 0.001). In the case of female adolescents, the lumbar spine (F = 3.600, p < 0.05) for lean mass showed a significant difference, and it also significantly rose in the trend test too (β = 0.020, p < 0.01). To sum up the results, for male adolescents, the bone density differences for fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) all had significant differences, but for female adolescents, only the lumbar spine for LM showed such a result. Meanwhile, both genders showed that LM had a more positive impact on bone density than FM.
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17
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Young RE, Jones MK, Hines EA, Li R, Luo Y, Shi W, Verheyden JM, Sun X. Smooth Muscle Differentiation Is Essential for Airway Size, Tracheal Cartilage Segmentation, but Dispensable for Epithelial Branching. Dev Cell 2020; 53:73-85.e5. [PMID: 32142630 PMCID: PMC7540204 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle is best known for its role as an airway constrictor in diseases such as asthma. However, its function in lung development is debated. A prevalent model, supported by in vitro data, posits that airway smooth muscle promotes lung branching through peristalsis and pushing intraluminal fluid to branching tips. Here, we test this model in vivo by inactivating Myocardin, which prevented airway smooth muscle differentiation. We found that Myocardin mutants show normal branching, despite the absence of peristalsis. In contrast, tracheal cartilage, vasculature, and neural innervation patterns were all disrupted. Furthermore, airway diameter is reduced in the mutant, counter to the expectation that the absence of smooth muscle constriction would lead to a more relaxed and thereby wider airway. These findings together demonstrate that during development, while airway smooth muscle is dispensable for epithelial branching, it is integral for building the tracheal architecture and promoting airway growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randee E Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mary-Kayt Jones
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hines
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rongbo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yongfeng Luo
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Jamie M Verheyden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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18
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Shea CA, Rolfe RA, McNeill H, Murphy P. Localization of YAP activity in developing skeletal rudiments is responsive to mechanical stimulation. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:523-542. [PMID: 31747096 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal skeletal development, in particular ossification, joint formation and shape features of condyles, depends on appropriate mechanical input from embryonic movement but it is unknown how such physical stimuli are transduced to alter gene regulation. Hippo/Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) signalling has been shown to respond to the physical environment of the cell and here we specifically investigate the YAP effector of the pathway as a potential mechanoresponsive mediator in the developing limb skeleton. RESULTS We show spatial localization of YAP protein and of pathway target gene expression within developing skeletal rudiments where predicted biophysical stimuli patterns and shape are affected in immobilization models, coincident with the period of sensitivity to movement, but not coincident with the expression of the Hippo receptor Fat4. Furthermore, we show that under reduced mechanical stimulation, in immobile, muscle-less mouse embryos, this spatial localization is lost. In culture blocking YAP reduces chondrogenesis but the effect differs depending on the timing and/or level of YAP reduction. CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate YAP signalling, independent of Fat4, in the transduction of mechanical signals during key stages of skeletal patterning in the developing limb, in particular endochondral ossification and shape emergence, as well as patterning of tissues at the developing synovial joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Shea
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca A Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Audenaert EA, Pattyn C, Steenackers G, De Roeck J, Vandermeulen D, Claes P. Statistical Shape Modeling of Skeletal Anatomy for Sex Discrimination: Their Training Size, Sexual Dimorphism, and Asymmetry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:302. [PMID: 31737620 PMCID: PMC6837998 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Statistical shape modeling provides a powerful tool for describing and analyzing human anatomy. By linearly combining the variance of the shape of a population of a given anatomical entity, statistical shape models (SSMs) identify its main modes of variation and may approximate the total variance of that population to a selected threshold, while reducing its dimensionality. Even though SSMs have been used for over two decades, they lack in characterization of their goodness of prediction, in particular when defining whether these models are actually representative for a given population. Methods: The current paper presents, to the authors' knowledge, the most extent lower limb anatomy shape model considering the pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, talus, and calcaneum to date. The present study includes the segmented training shapes (n = 542) obtained from 271 lower limb CT scans. The different models were evaluated in terms of accuracy, compactness, generalizability as well as specificity. Results: The size of training samples needed in each model so that it can be considered population covering was estimated to approximate around 200 samples, based on the generalizability properties of the different models. Simultaneously differences in gender and patterns in left-right asymmetry were identified and characterized. Size was found to be the most pronounced sexual discriminator whereas intra-individual variations in asymmetry were most pronounced at the insertion site of muscles. Conclusion: For models aimed at population covering descriptive studies, the number of training samples required should amount a sizeable 200 samples. The geometric morphometric method for sex discrimination scored excellent, however, it did not largely outperformed traditional methods based on discrete measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Audenaert
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Op3Mech Research Group, Department of Electromechanics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Pattyn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Steenackers
- Op3Mech Research Group, Department of Electromechanics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J De Roeck
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Vandermeulen
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Chijimatsu R, Saito T. Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3939-3952. [PMID: 31201464 PMCID: PMC11105481 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is formed at the end of epiphyses in the synovial joint cavity and permanently contributes to the smooth movement of synovial joints. Most skeletal elements develop from transient cartilage by a biological process known as endochondral ossification. Accumulating evidence indicates that articular and growth plate cartilage are derived from different cell sources and that different molecules and signaling pathways regulate these two kinds of cartilage. As the first sign of joint development, the interzone emerges at the presumptive joint site within a pre-cartilage tissue. After that, joint cavitation occurs in the center of the interzone, and the cells in the interzone and its surroundings gradually form articular cartilage and the synovial joint. During joint development, the interzone cells continuously migrate out to the epiphyseal cartilage and the surrounding cells influx into the joint region. These complicated phenomena are regulated by various molecules and signaling pathways, including GDF5, Wnt, IHH, PTHrP, BMP, TGF-β, and FGF. Here, we summarize current literature and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying joint formation and articular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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21
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Long HQ, Tian PF, Guan YX, Liu LX, Wu XP, Li B. Expression of Ihh signaling pathway in condylar cartilage after bite-raising in adult rats. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:459-470. [PMID: 31302828 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a complex inflammatory condition with multiple factors and degenerative processes co-occurring. However, its pathogenesis remains uncertain. The purpose of the study was to observe the expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signal related molecules in TMJOA induced by bite-raising and to study the effect and mechanism of Ihh signaling. Our research indicated that Ihh signaling pathway can be activated in condylar cartilage induced by bite-raising. The histological analysis showed TMJOA-like structural changes of condylar cartilage in experiment groups. Ihh, Smoothened (Smo), and Gli zinc finger transcription factors-1 (Gli-1) were activated in the experimental groups, and the expression levels increased significantly over time, whereas the sham control groups showed no fluctuation. Additionally, the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) in the experiment groups increased in a time-dependent manner compared with the matched sham control groups. In conclusion, our results indicated that the Ihh signaling pathway may activate the occurrence of TMJOA by mediating the hypertrophy of chondrocytes, which may be an important regulatory mechanism and potential therapeutic target in the repair of condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qing Long
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Xin Guan
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ling-Xia Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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22
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Jaswal AP, Bandyopadhyay A. Re-examining osteoarthritis therapy from a developmental biologist's perspective. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:17-23. [PMID: 30922620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder and one for which there is no disease modifying therapy available at present. Our current understanding of the disease mechanism of osteoarthritis is limited owing to a lacuna of knowledge about the development and maintenance of articular cartilage that is affected during osteoarthritis. All current therapeutic strategies aim at countering inflammation which though mitigates pain but does not arrest the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. During osteoarthritis, articular cartilage expresses markers for transient cartilage differentiation. Moreover, blocking transient cartilage differentiation is sufficient for halting the progression of experimental osteoarthritis. A developmental biology inspired approach that combines restoration of tissue microenvironment, supplementation with engineered cartilage and built in mechanism to prevent transient cartilage differentiation could be an avenue for developing a disease modifying therapy for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akrit Pran Jaswal
- Lab 10, Department of Biological Sciences and Bio-engineering, IIT, Kanpur, India.
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23
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Levillain A, Rolfe R, Huang Y, Iatridis J, Nowlan N. Short-term foetal immobility temporally and progressively affects chick spinal curvature and anatomy and rib development. Eur Cell Mater 2019; 37:23-41. [PMID: 30644077 PMCID: PMC6505690 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v037a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital spine deformities may be influenced by movements in utero, but the effects of foetal immobility on spine and rib development remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine (1) critical time-periods when rigid paralysis caused the most severe disruption in spine and rib development and (2) how the effects of an early, short-term immobilisation were propagated to the different features of spine and rib development. Chick embryos were immobilised once per single embryonic day (E) between E3 and E6 and harvested at E9. To assess the ontogenetic effects following single-day immobilisation, other embryos were immobilised at E4 and harvested daily between E5 and E9. Spinal curvature, vertebral shape and segmentation and rib development were analysed by optical projection tomography and histology. The results demonstrated that periods critical for movement varied for different aspects of spine and rib development. Single-day immobilisation at E3 or E4 resulted in the most pronounced spinal curvature abnormalities, multiple wedged vertebrae and segmentation defects, while single-day immobilisation at E5 led to the most severe rib abnormalities. Assessment of ontogenetic effects following single-day immobilisation at E4 revealed that vertebral segmentation defects were subsequent to earlier vertebral body shape and spinal curvature abnormalities, while rib formation (although delayed) was independent from thoracic vertebral shape or curvature changes. A day-long immobilisation in chicks severely affected spine and rib development, highlighting the importance of abnormal foetal movements at specific time-points and motivating targeted prenatal monitoring for early diagnosis of congenital scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Levillain
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R.A. Rolfe
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK,Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Y. Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J.C. Iatridis
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - N.C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK,Address for correspondence: Niamh C. Nowlan, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK. Telephone number: +44 2075945189
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24
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The first comprehensive description of the expression profile of genes involved in differential body growth and the immune system of the Jeju Native Pig and miniature pig. Amino Acids 2018; 51:495-511. [PMID: 30519757 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sus scrofa provides a major source of animal protein for humans as well as being an excellent biomedical model. This study was carried out to understand, in detail, the genetic and functional variants of Jeju Native Pigs and miniature pigs through differential expression profiling of the genes controlling their immune response, growth performance, and meat quality. The Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform was used for generating 1.3 billion 90 bp paired-end reads, which were mapped to the S. scrofa genome using TopHat2. A total of 2481 and 2768 genes were differentially expressed with 8-log changes in muscle and liver samples, respectively. Five hundred forty-eight genes in muscle and 642 genes in liver samples had BLAST matches within the non-redundant database. GO process and pathway analyses showed enhanced biological processes related to the extracellular structural organization and skeletal muscle cell differentiation in muscle tissue, whereas the liver tissue shares functions related to the inflammatory response. Herein, we identify inflammatory regulatory genes in miniature pigs and growth response genes in Jeju Native Pigs, information which can provide a stronger base for the selection of breeding stock and facilitate further in vitro and in vivo studies for therapeutic purposes.
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25
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Woronowicz KC, Gline SE, Herfat ST, Fields AJ, Schneider RA. FGF and TGFβ signaling link form and function during jaw development and evolution. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S219-S236. [PMID: 29753626 PMCID: PMC6239991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
How does form arise during development and change during evolution? How does form relate to function, and what enables embryonic structures to presage their later use in adults? To address these questions, we leverage the distinct functional morphology of the jaw in duck, chick, and quail. In connection with their specialized mode of feeding, duck develop a secondary cartilage at the tendon insertion of their jaw adductor muscle on the mandible. An equivalent cartilage is absent in chick and quail. We hypothesize that species-specific jaw architecture and mechanical forces promote secondary cartilage in duck through the differential regulation of FGF and TGFβ signaling. First, we perform transplants between chick and duck embryos and demonstrate that the ability of neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) to direct the species-specific insertion of muscle and the formation of secondary cartilage depends upon the amount and spatial distribution of NCM-derived connective tissues. Second, we quantify motility and build finite element models of the jaw complex in duck and quail, which reveals a link between species-specific jaw architecture and the predicted mechanical force environment. Third, we investigate the extent to which mechanical load mediates FGF and TGFβ signaling in the duck jaw adductor insertion, and discover that both pathways are mechano-responsive and required for secondary cartilage formation. Additionally, we find that FGF and TGFβ signaling can also induce secondary cartilage in the absence of mechanical force or in the adductor insertion of quail embryos. Thus, our results provide novel insights on molecular, cellular, and biomechanical mechanisms that couple musculoskeletal form and function during development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Woronowicz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Stephanie E Gline
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Safa T Herfat
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Aaron J Fields
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA.
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26
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Okada D, Endo S, Matsuda H, Ogawa S, Taniguchi Y, Katsuta T, Watanabe T, Iwaisaki H. An intersection network based on combining SNP coassociation and RNA coexpression networks for feed utilization traits in Japanese Black cattle. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2553-2566. [PMID: 29762780 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of quantitative traits have detected numerous genetic associations, but they encounter difficulties in pinpointing prominent candidate genes and inferring gene networks. The present study used a systems genetics approach integrating GWAS results with external RNA-expression data to detect candidate gene networks in feed utilization and growth traits of Japanese Black cattle, which are matters of concern. A SNP coassociation network was derived from significant correlations between SNPs with effects estimated by GWAS across 7 phenotypic traits. The resulting network genes contained significant numbers of annotations related to the traits. Using bovine transcriptome data from a public database, an RNA coexpression network was inferred based on the similarity of expression patterns across different tissues. An intersection network was then generated by superimposing the SNP and RNA networks and extracting shared interactions. This intersection network contained 4 tissue-specific modules: nervous system, reproductive system, muscular system, and glands. To characterize the structure (topographical properties) of the 3 networks, their scale-free properties were evaluated, which revealed that the intersection network was the most scale-free. In the subnetwork containing the most connected transcription factors (URI1, ROCK2, and ETV6), most genes were widely expressed across tissues, and genes previously shown to be involved in the traits were found. Results indicated that the current approach might be used to construct a gene network that better reflects biological information, providing encouragement for the genetic dissection of economically important quantitative traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Okada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Endo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukio Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Toshio Watanabe
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan.,Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
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27
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Mechanoactivation of Wnt/β-catenin pathways in health and disease. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:701-712. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play an important role in regulating tissue development and homeostasis in multiple cell types including bone, joint, epithelial and vascular cells, and are also implicated in the development of diseases, e.g. osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Defining the mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to mechanical forces therefore has important implications for our understanding of tissue function in health and disease and may lead to the identification of targets for therapeutic intervention. Mechanoactivation of the Wnt signalling pathway was first identified in osteoblasts with a key role for β-catenin demonstrated in loading-induced osteogenesis. Since then, mechanoregulation of the Wnt pathway has also been observed in stem cells, epithelium, chondrocytes and vascular and lymphatic endothelium. Wnt can signal through both canonical and non-canonical pathways, and evidence suggests that both can mediate responses to mechanical strain, stretch and shear stress. This review will discuss our current understanding of the activation of the Wnt pathway in response to mechanical forces.
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28
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Rolfe RA, Shea CA, Singh PNP, Bandyopadhyay A, Murphy P. Investigating the mechanistic basis of biomechanical input controlling skeletal development: exploring the interplay with Wnt signalling at the joint. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0329. [PMID: 30249778 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo movement is essential to the formation of a functional skeleton. Using mouse and chick models, we previously showed that mechanical forces influence gene regulation and tissue patterning, particularly at developing limb joints. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the influence of mechanical signals are poorly understood. Wnt signalling is required during skeletal development and is altered under reduced mechanical stimulation. Here, to explore Wnt signalling as a mediator of mechanical input, the expression of Wnt ligand and Fzd receptor genes in the developing skeletal rudiments was profiled. Canonical Wnt activity restricted to the developing joint was shown to be reduced under immobilization, while overexpression of activated β-catenin following electroporation of chick embryo limbs led to joint expansion, supporting the proposed role for Wnt signalling in mechanoresponsive joint patterning. Two key findings advance our understanding of the interplay between Wnt signalling and mechanical stimuli: first, loss of canonical Wnt activity at the joint shows reciprocal, coordinated misregulation of BMP signalling under altered mechanical influence. Second, this occurs simultaneously with increased expression of several Wnt pathway component genes in a territory peripheral to the joint, indicating the importance of mechanical stimulation for a population of potential joint progenitor cells.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of Development'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire A Shea
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pratik Narendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Lawrence EA, Kague E, Aggleton JA, Harniman RL, Roddy KA, Hammond CL. The mechanical impact of col11a2 loss on joints; col11a2 mutant zebrafish show changes to joint development and function, which leads to early-onset osteoarthritis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0335. [PMID: 30249781 PMCID: PMC6158203 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the major structural component of cartilage, and mutations in the genes encoding type XI collagen are associated with severe skeletal dysplasias (fibrochondrogenesis and Stickler syndrome) and early-onset osteoarthritis (OA). The impact of the lack of type XI collagen on cell behaviour and mechanical performance during skeleton development is unknown. We studied a zebrafish mutant for col11a2 and evaluated cartilage, bone development and mechanical properties to address this. We show that in col11a2 mutants, type II collagen is made but is prematurely degraded in maturing cartilage and ectopically expressed in the joint. These changes are correlated with increased stiffness of both bone and cartilage; quantified using atomic force microscopy. In the mutants, the skeletal rudiment terminal region in the jaw joint is broader and the interzone smaller. These differences in shape and material properties impact on joint function and mechanical performance, which we modelled using finite element analyses. Finally, we show that col11a2 heterozygous carriers reach adulthood but show signs of severe early-onset OA. Taken together, our data demonstrate a key role for type XI collagen in maintaining the properties of cartilage matrix; which when lost leads to alterations to cell behaviour that give rise to joint pathologies.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of development'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lawrence
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Erika Kague
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jessye A Aggleton
- School of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK
| | | | - Karen A Roddy
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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30
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Verbruggen SW, Kainz B, Shelmerdine SC, Arthurs OJ, Hajnal JV, Rutherford MA, Phillips ATM, Nowlan NC. Altered biomechanical stimulation of the developing hip joint in presence of hip dysplasia risk factors. J Biomech 2018; 78:1-9. [PMID: 30037582 PMCID: PMC6135936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fetal kicking and movements generate biomechanical stimulation in the fetal skeleton, which is important for prenatal musculoskeletal development, particularly joint shape. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most common joint shape abnormality at birth, with many risk factors for the condition being associated with restricted fetal movement. In this study, we investigate the biomechanics of fetal movements in such situations, namely fetal breech position, oligohydramnios and primiparity (firstborn pregnancy). We also investigate twin pregnancies, which are not at greater risk of DDH incidence, despite the more restricted intra-uterine environment. We track fetal movements for each of these situations using cine-MRI technology, quantify the kick and muscle forces, and characterise the resulting stress and strain in the hip joint, testing the hypothesis that altered biomechanical stimuli may explain the link between certain intra-uterine conditions and risk of DDH. Kick force, stress and strain were found to be significantly lower in cases of breech position and oligohydramnios. Similarly, firstborn fetuses were found to generate significantly lower kick forces than non-firstborns. Interestingly, no significant difference was observed in twins compared to singletons. This research represents the first evidence of a link between the biomechanics of fetal movements and the risk of DDH, potentially informing the development of future preventative measures and enhanced diagnosis. Our results emphasise the importance of ultrasound screening for breech position and oligohydramnios, particularly later in pregnancy, and suggest that earlier intervention to correct breech position through external cephalic version could reduce the risk of hip dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Kainz
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Mary A Rutherford
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health & Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew T M Phillips
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Niamh C Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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31
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Singh PNP, Shea CA, Sonker SK, Rolfe RA, Ray A, Kumar S, Gupta P, Murphy P, Bandyopadhyay A. Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement. Development 2018; 145:dev.153460. [PMID: 29467244 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of Wnt and BMP signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Narendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Claire A Shea
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shashank Kumar Sonker
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Rebecca A Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ayan Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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32
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Abstract
During embryogenesis, the musculoskeletal system develops while containing within itself a force generator in the form of the musculature. This generator becomes functional relatively early in development, exerting an increasing mechanical load on neighboring tissues as development proceeds. A growing body of evidence indicates that such mechanical forces can be translated into signals that combine with the genetic program of organogenesis. This unique situation presents both a major challenge and an opportunity to the other tissues of the musculoskeletal system, namely bones, joints, tendons, ligaments and the tissues connecting them. Here, we summarize the involvement of muscle-induced mechanical forces in the development of various vertebrate musculoskeletal components and their integration into one functional unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Felsenthal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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33
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Brunt LH, Begg K, Kague E, Cross S, Hammond CL. Wnt signalling controls the response to mechanical loading during zebrafish joint development. Development 2017; 144:2798-2809. [PMID: 28684625 PMCID: PMC5560048 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Joint morphogenesis requires mechanical activity during development. Loss of mechanical strain causes abnormal joint development, which can impact long-term joint health. Although cell orientation and proliferation are known to shape the joint, dynamic imaging of developing joints in vivo has not been possible in other species. Using genetic labelling techniques in zebrafish we were able, for the first time, to dynamically track cell behaviours in intact moving joints. We identify that proliferation and migration, which contribute to joint morphogenesis, are mechanically controlled and are significantly reduced in immobilised larvae. By comparison with strain maps of the developing skeleton, we identify canonical Wnt signalling as a candidate for transducing mechanical forces into joint cell behaviours. We show that, in the jaw, Wnt signalling is reduced specifically in regions of high strain in response to loss of muscle activity. By pharmacological manipulation of canonical Wnt signalling, we demonstrate that Wnt acts downstream of mechanical activity and is required for joint patterning and chondrocyte maturation. Wnt16, which is also downstream of muscle activity, controls proliferation and migration, but plays no role in chondrocyte intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Brunt
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Katie Begg
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Erika Kague
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Stephen Cross
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Kalichman SC, Kalichman MO, Cherry C, Grebler T. HIV Disclosure and Transmission Risks to Sex Partners Among HIV-Positive Men. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2017; 30:221-8. [PMID: 27158850 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2015.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disclosure of HIV-positive status to sex partners is critical to protecting uninfected partners. In addition, people living with HIV often risk criminal prosecution when they do not inform sex partners of their HIV status. The current study examined factors associated with nondisclosure of HIV status by men living with HIV in Atlanta, GA (92% African African, mean age = 43.8), who engage in condomless sex with uninfected sex partners. Sexually active HIV-positive men (N = 538) completed daily electronic sexual behavior assessments over the course of 28 days and completed computerized interviews, drug testing, medication adherence assessments, and HIV viral load retrieved from medical records. Results showed that 166 (30%) men had engaged in condomless vaginal or anal intercourse with an HIV-uninfected or unknown HIV status sex partner to whom they had not disclosed their HIV status. Men who engaged in nondisclosed condomless sex were less adherent to their HIV treatment, more likely to have unsuppressed HIV, demonstrated poorer disclosure self-efficacy, enacted fewer risk reduction communication skills, and held more beliefs that people with HIV are less infectious when treated with antiretroviral therapy. We conclude that undisclosed HIV status is common and related to condomless sex with uninfected partners. Men who engage in nondisclosed condomless sex may also be more infectious given their nonadherence and viral load. Interventions are needed in HIV treatment as prevention contexts that attend to disclosure laws and enhance disclosure self-efficacy, improve risk reduction communication skills, and increase understanding of HIV infectiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth C. Kalichman
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Moira O. Kalichman
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Chauncey Cherry
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Tamar Grebler
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Limb proportions show developmental plasticity in response to embryo movement. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41926. [PMID: 28165010 PMCID: PMC5292730 DOI: 10.1038/srep41926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals have evolved limb proportions adapted to different environments, but it is not yet clear to what extent these proportions are directly influenced by the environment during prenatal development. The developing skeleton experiences mechanical loading resulting from embryo movement. We tested the hypothesis that environmentally-induced changes in prenatal movement influence embryonic limb growth to alter proportions. We show that incubation temperature influences motility and limb bone growth in West African Dwarf crocodiles, producing altered limb proportions which may, influence post-hatching performance. Pharmacological immobilisation of embryonic chickens revealed that altered motility, independent of temperature, may underpin this growth regulation. Use of the chick also allowed us to merge histological, immunochemical and cell proliferation labelling studies to evaluate changes in growth plate organisation, and unbiased array profiling to identify specific cellular and transcriptional targets of embryo movement. This disclosed that movement alters limb proportions and regulates chondrocyte proliferation in only specific growth plates. This selective targeting is related to intrinsic mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway activity in individual growth plates. Our findings provide new insights into how environmental factors can be integrated to influence cellular activity in growing bones and ultimately gross limb morphology, to generate phenotypic variation during prenatal development.
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Salva JE, Merrill AE. Signaling networks in joint development. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:262-274. [PMID: 27859991 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review studies identifying regulatory networks responsible for synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joint development. Synovial joints, characterized by the fluid-filled synovial space between the bones, are found in high-mobility regions and are the most common type of joint. Cartilaginous joints such as the intervertebral disc unite adjacent bones through either a hyaline cartilage or a fibrocartilage intermediate. Fibrous joints, which include the cranial sutures, form a direct union between bones through fibrous connective tissue. We describe how the distinct morphologic and histogenic characteristics of these joint classes are established during embryonic development. Collectively, these studies reveal that despite the heterogeneity of joint strength and mobility, joint development throughout the skeleton utilizes common signaling networks via long-range morphogen gradients and direct cell-cell contact. This suggests that different joint types represent specialized variants of homologous developmental modules. Identifying the unifying aspects of the signaling networks between joint classes allows a more complete understanding of the signaling code for joint formation, which is critical to improving strategies for joint regeneration and repair. Developmental Dynamics 246:262-274, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Salva
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Brunt LH, Roddy KA, Rayfield EJ, Hammond CL. Building Finite Element Models to Investigate Zebrafish Jaw Biomechanics. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060270 PMCID: PMC5226340 DOI: 10.3791/54811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal morphogenesis occurs through tightly regulated cell behaviors during development; many cell types alter their behavior in response to mechanical strain. Skeletal joints are subjected to dynamic mechanical loading. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computational method, frequently used in engineering that can predict how a material or structure will respond to mechanical input. By dividing a whole system (in this case the zebrafish jaw skeleton) into a mesh of smaller 'finite elements', FEA can be used to calculate the mechanical response of the structure to external loads. The results can be visualized in many ways including as a 'heat map' showing the position of maximum and minimum principal strains (a positive principal strain indicates tension while a negative indicates compression. The maximum and minimum refer the largest and smallest strain). These can be used to identify which regions of the jaw and therefore which cells are likely to be under particularly high tensional or compressional loads during jaw movement and can therefore be used to identify relationships between mechanical strain and cell behavior. This protocol describes the steps to generate Finite Element models from confocal image data on the musculoskeletal system, using the zebrafish lower jaw as a practical example. The protocol leads the reader through a series of steps: 1) staining of the musculoskeletal components, 2) imaging the musculoskeletal components, 3) building a 3 dimensional (3D) surface, 4) generating a mesh of Finite Elements, 5) solving the FEA and finally 6) validating the results by comparison to real displacements seen in movements of the fish jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Brunt
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol
| | - Karen A Roddy
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol
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Tobias JH, Gregson CL. Genetic Studies of Endophenotypes From Spine CT Scans Provide Novel Insights Into the Contribution of Mechanosensory Pathways to Vertebral Fractures and Spinal Curvature. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:2073-2076. [PMID: 27859714 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Kirby TJ, Lammerding J. Cell mechanotransduction: Stretch to express. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:1227-1229. [PMID: 27876751 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kirby
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Differential effects of altered patterns of movement and strain on joint cell behaviour and skeletal morphogenesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1940-1950. [PMID: 27374878 PMCID: PMC5081689 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing evidence that joint shape is a potent predictor of osteoarthritis (OA) risk; yet the cellular events underpinning joint morphogenesis remain unclear. We sought to develop a genetically tractable animal model to study the events controlling joint morphogenesis. DESIGN Zebrafish larvae were subjected to periods of flaccid paralysis, rigid paralysis or hyperactivity. Immunohistochemistry and transgenic reporters were used to monitor changes to muscle and cartilage. Finite Element Models were generated to investigate the mechanical conditions of rigid paralysis. Principal component analysis was used to test variations in skeletal morphology and metrics for shape, orientation and size were applied to describe cell behaviour. RESULTS We show that flaccid and rigid paralysis and hypermobility affect cartilage element and joint shape. We describe differences between flaccid and rigid paralysis in regions showing high principal strain upon muscle contraction. We identify that altered shape and high strain occur in regions of cell differentiation and we show statistically significant changes to cell maturity occur in these regions in paralysed and hypermobile zebrafish. CONCLUSION While flaccid and rigid paralysis and hypermobility affect skeletal morphogenesis they do so in subtly different ways. We show that some cartilage regions are unaffected in conditions such as rigid paralysis where static force is applied, whereas joint morphogenesis is perturbed by both flaccid and rigid paralysis; suggesting that joints require dynamic movement for accurate morphogenesis. A better understanding of how biomechanics impacts skeletal cell behaviour will improve our understanding of how foetal mechanics shape the developing joint.
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Havis E, Bonnin MA, Esteves de Lima J, Charvet B, Milet C, Duprez D. TGFβ and FGF promote tendon progenitor fate and act downstream of muscle contraction to regulate tendon differentiation during chick limb development. Development 2016; 143:3839-3851. [PMID: 27624906 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecular programme underlying tendon development has not been fully identified. Interactions with components of the musculoskeletal system are important for limb tendon formation. Limb tendons initiate their development independently of muscles; however, muscles are required for further tendon differentiation. We show that both FGF/ERK MAPK and TGFβ/SMAD2/3 signalling pathways are required and sufficient for SCX expression in chick undifferentiated limb cells, whereas the FGF/ERK MAPK pathway inhibits Scx expression in mouse undifferentiated limb mesodermal cells. During differentiation, muscle contraction is required to maintain SCX, TNMD and THBS2 expression in chick limbs. The activities of FGF/ERK MAPK and TGFβ/SMAD2/3 signalling pathways are decreased in tendons under immobilisation conditions. Application of FGF4 or TGFβ2 ligands prevents SCX downregulation in immobilised limbs. TGFβ2 but not FGF4 prevent TNMD and THBS2 downregulation under immobilisation conditions. We did not identify any intracellular crosstalk between both signalling pathways in their positive effect on SCX expression. Independently of each other, both FGF and TGFβ promote tendon commitment of limb mesodermal cells and act downstream of mechanical forces to regulate tendon differentiation during chick limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Havis
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Joana Esteves de Lima
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Benjamin Charvet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Cécile Milet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Delphine Duprez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
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Castro-Abril HA, Gutiérrez ML, Garzón-Alvarado DA. Proximal femoral growth plate mechanical behavior: Comparison between different developmental stages. Comput Biol Med 2016; 76:192-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Esteves de Lima J, Bonnin MA, Birchmeier C, Duprez D. Muscle contraction is required to maintain the pool of muscle progenitors via YAP and NOTCH during fetal myogenesis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27554485 PMCID: PMC5030091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of mechanical activity in the regulation of muscle progenitors during chick development has not been investigated. We show that immobilization decreases NOTCH activity and mimics a NOTCH loss-of-function phenotype, a reduction in the number of muscle progenitors and increased differentiation. Ligand-induced NOTCH activation prevents the reduction of muscle progenitors and the increase of differentiation upon immobilization. Inhibition of NOTCH ligand activity in muscle fibers suffices to reduce the progenitor pool. Furthermore, immobilization reduces the activity of the transcriptional co-activator YAP and the expression of the NOTCH ligand JAG2 in muscle fibers. YAP forced-activity in muscle fibers prevents the decrease of JAG2 expression and the number of PAX7+ cells in immobilization conditions. Our results identify a novel mechanism acting downstream of muscle contraction, where YAP activates JAG2 expression in muscle fibers, which in turn regulates the pool of fetal muscle progenitors via NOTCH in a non-cell-autonomous manner. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15593.001 Skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton and allows the body to move. Making a new muscle, or repairing an existing one, relies on stem cells that are present inside muscles. A major goal of skeletal muscle research is to understand the signals that regulate the abilities of muscle stem cells to divide and give rise to more stem cells or to become muscle cells. Molecular signals are known to regulate the numbers of stem cells in the muscle. Skeletal muscles become larger if they are exercised, but it is not clear if mechanical forces generated by muscle contractions directly affect the number of muscle stem cells. The NOTCH signaling pathway contributes to maintaining the population of stem cells in muscles by forcing the stem cells to divide and preventing them from becoming muscle cells. Here, Esteves de Lima et al. investigated whether muscle contraction regulates NOTCH signaling during muscle formation in chick fetuses. The experiments show that muscle contraction stimulates the activity of a protein called YAP in muscle cells, which in turn, activates a gene in the NOTCH signaling pathway known as JAG2. This increases NOTCH signaling activity in the neighboring stem cells and maintains the number of stem cells in the muscle. The next step following this work will be to establish if this mechanism also operates during muscle formation and regeneration in other animals such as mice and zebrafish. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15593.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Esteves de Lima
- CNRS UMR 7622, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- CNRS UMR 7622, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Delphine Duprez
- CNRS UMR 7622, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France
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Camirand A, Goltzman D, Gupta A, Kaouass M, Panda D, Karaplis A. The Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP) in Osteoblast Response to Microgravity: Mechanistic Implications for Osteoporosis Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160034. [PMID: 27463808 PMCID: PMC4963112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged skeletal unloading through bedrest results in bone loss similar to that observed in elderly osteoporotic patients, but with an accelerated timeframe. This rapid effect on weight-bearing bones is also observed in astronauts who can lose up to 2% of their bone mass per month spent in Space. Despite the important implications for Spaceflight travelers and bedridden patients, the exact mechanisms involved in disuse osteoporosis have not been elucidated. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) regulates many physiological processes including skeletal development, and has been proposed as a mechanosensor. To investigate the role of PTHrP in microgravity-induced bone loss, trabecular and calvarial osteoblasts (TOs and COs) from Pthrp+/+ and -/- mice were subjected to actual Spaceflight for 6 days (Foton M3 satellite). Pthrp+/+, +/- and -/- osteoblasts were also exposed to simulated microgravity for periods varying from 6 days to 6 weeks. While COs displayed little change in viability in 0g, viability of all TOs rapidly decreased in inverse proportion to PTHrP expression levels. Furthermore, Pthrp+/+ TOs displayed a sharp viability decline after 2 weeks at 0g. Microarray analysis of Pthrp+/+ TOs after 6 days in simulated 0g revealed expression changes in genes encoding prolactins, apoptosis/survival molecules, bone metabolism and extra-cellular matrix composition proteins, chemokines, insulin-like growth factor family members and Wnt-related signalling molecules. 88% of 0g-induced expression changes in Pthrp+/+ cells overlapped those caused by Pthrp ablation in normal gravity, and pulsatile treatment with PTHrP1-36 not only reversed a large proportion of 0g-induced effects in Pthrp+/+ TOs but maintained viability over 6-week exposure to microgravity. Our results confirm PTHrP efficacy as an anabolic agent to prevent microgravity-induced cell death in TOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Camirand
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohammadi Kaouass
- Department of Biology, Université Sainte-Anne, Pointe-de-l'Eglise, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dibyendu Panda
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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González-Chávez SA, Quiñonez-Flores CM, Pacheco-Tena C. Molecular mechanisms of bone formation in spondyloarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 83:394-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Remya NS, Nair PD. Mechanoresponsiveness of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in in vitro chondrogenesis-A comparative study with growth factor induction. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2554-66. [PMID: 27227673 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fetal-derived mesenchymal stem cells especially human umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs), with their ease of availability, pluripotency, and high expansion potential have emerged as an alternative solution for stem cell based cartilage therapies. An attempt to elucidate the effect of dynamic mechanical compression in modulating the chondrogenic differentiation of hUCMSCs is done in this study to add on to the knowledge of optimizing chondrogenic signals necessary for the effective differentiation of these stem cells and subsequent integration to the surrounding tissues. hUCMSCs were seeded in porous poly (vinyl alcohol)-poly (caprolactone) (PVA-PCL) scaffolds and cultured in chondrogenic medium with/without TGF-β3 and were subjected to a dynamic compression of 10% strain, 1 Hz for 1/4 h for 7 days. The results on various analysis shows that the extent of dynamic compression is an important factor affecting cell viability. Mechanical stimulation in the form of dynamic compression stimulates expression of chondrogenic genes even in the absence of chondrogenic growth factors and also augments growth factor induced chondrogenic potential of hUCMSC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2554-2566, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Remya
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, BMT Wing, Sree Chithra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, 695012, India
| | - Prabha D Nair
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, BMT Wing, Sree Chithra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, 695012, India
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Pollard AS, Pitsillides AA, Portugal SJ. Validating a Noninvasive Technique for Monitoring Embryo Movement In Ovo. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:331-9. [PMID: 27327183 DOI: 10.1086/687228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Avian embryos are a commonly used model system for developmental studies, but monitoring of physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR) and movement in ovo poses a challenge to researchers. These are also increasingly common research objectives for ecological and embryo behavior studies in oviparous species. We therefore explored the validity of a new digital egg-monitoring system for the noninvasive monitoring of these parameters. We tested the relationship between frequency-of-movement values gathered by digital monitoring and those gathered by the current standard method, which is comparatively invasive and requires egg windowing, and demonstrated that the digital monitoring method effectively distinguishes individual movements but cannot reliably monitor HR in actively motile embryos. We therefore provide recommendations for the appropriate use of this technique for avian physiologists. We also applied the digital monitoring method to reveal how frequency of movement varies throughout prenatal ontogeny in the chicken and showed that commonly used protocols in developmental studies can themselves alter motility; egg windowing and application of light modulate frequency of movement. Recent work has revealed the importance of embryo motility in regulating gene expression and cellular activity during developmental processes. Together with our data, this highlights the value of noninvasive monitoring methods and the importance of controlling for altered embryo motility/behavior in developmental studies.
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48
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Kelly NH, Schimenti JC, Ross FP, van der Meulen MCH. Transcriptional profiling of cortical versus cancellous bone from mechanically-loaded murine tibiae reveals differential gene expression. Bone 2016; 86:22-9. [PMID: 26876048 PMCID: PMC4833881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading is an anabolic stimulus that increases bone mass, and thus a promising method to counteract osteoporosis-related bone loss. The mechanism of this anabolism remains unclear, and needs to be established for both cortical and cancellous envelopes individually. We hypothesized that cortical and cancellous bone display different gene expression profiles at baseline and in response to mechanical loading. To test this hypothesis, the left tibiae of 10-week-old female C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to one session of axial tibial compression (9N, 1200cycles, 4Hz triangle waveform) and euthanized 3 and 24h following loading. The right limb served as the contralateral control. We performed RNA-seq on marrow-free metaphyseal samples from the cortical shell and the cancellous core to determine differential gene expression at baseline (control limb) and in response to load. Differential expression was verified with qPCR. Cortical and cancellous bone exhibited distinctly different transcriptional profiles basally and in response to mechanical loading. More genes were differentially expressed with loading at 24h with more genes downregulated at 24h than at 3h in both tissues. Enhanced Wnt signaling dominated the response in cortical bone at 3 and 24h, but in cancellous bone only at 3h. In cancellous bone at 24h many muscle-related genes were downregulated. These findings reveal key differences between cortical and cancellous genetic regulation in response to mechanical loading. Future studies at different time points and multiple loading sessions will add to our knowledge of cortical and cancellous mechanotransduction with the potential to identify new targets for mouse genetic knockout studies and drugs to treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Kelly
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 105 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Nancy E and Peter C Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 101 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - John C Schimenti
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - F Patrick Ross
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 541 East 71st St., New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Marjolein C H van der Meulen
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 105 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Nancy E and Peter C Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 101 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 541 East 71st St., New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Abstract
Fetal movements in the uterus are a natural part of development and are known to play an important role in normal musculoskeletal development. However, very little is known about the biomechanical stimuli that arise during movements in utero, despite these stimuli being crucial to normal bone and joint formation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to create a series of computational steps by which the forces generated during a kick in utero could be predicted from clinically observed fetal movements using novel cine-MRI data of three fetuses, aged 20–22 weeks. A custom tracking software was designed to characterize the movements of joints in utero, and average uterus deflection of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$6.95 \pm 0.41$$\end{document}6.95±0.41 mm due to kicking was calculated. These observed displacements provided boundary conditions for a finite element model of the uterine environment, predicting an average reaction force of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$0.52 \pm 0.15$$\end{document}0.52±0.15 N generated by a kick against the uterine wall. Finally, these data were applied as inputs for a musculoskeletal model of a fetal kick, resulting in predicted maximum forces in the muscles surrounding the hip joint of approximately 8 N, while higher maximum forces of approximately 21 N were predicted for the muscles surrounding the knee joint. This study provides a novel insight into the closed mechanical environment of the uterus, with an innovative method allowing elucidation of the biomechanical interaction of the developing fetus with its surroundings.
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Bourgeois A, Esteves de Lima J, Charvet B, Kawakami K, Stricker S, Duprez D. Stable and bicistronic expression of two genes in somite- and lateral plate-derived tissues to study chick limb development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:39. [PMID: 26518454 PMCID: PMC4628273 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Components of the limb musculoskeletal system have distinct mesoderm origins. Limb skeletal muscles originate from somites, while the skeleton and attachments (tendons and connective tissues) derive from limb lateral plate. Despite distinct mesoderm origins, the development of muscle, skeleton and attachments is highly coordinated both spatially and temporally to ensure complete function of the musculoskeletal system. A system to study molecular interactions between somitic-derived tissues (muscles) and lateral-plate-derived tissues (skeletal components and attachments) during limb development is missing. Results We designed a gene delivery system in chick embryos with the ultimate aim to study the interactions between the components of the musculoskeletal system during limb development. We combined the Tol2 genomic integration system with the viral T2A system and developed new vectors that lead to stable and bicistronic expression of two proteins at comparable levels in chick cells. Combined with limb somite and lateral plate electroporation techniques, two fluorescent reporter proteins were co-expressed in stoichiometric proportion in the muscle lineage (somitic-derived) or in skeleton and their attachments (lateral-plate-derived). In addition, we designed three vectors with different promoters to target muscle cells at different steps of the differentiation process. Conclusion Limb somite electroporation technique using vectors containing these different promoters allowed us to target all myogenic cells, myoblasts or differentiated muscle cells. These stable and promoter-specific vectors lead to bicistronic expression either in somitic-derived myogenic cells or lateral plate-derived cells, depending on the electroporation sites and open new avenues to study the interactions between myogenic cells and tendon or connective tissue cells during limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Bourgeois
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Joana Esteves de Lima
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Benjamin Charvet
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Institue for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Delphine Duprez
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France.
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