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Azimzadeh O, Moertl S, Ramadan R, Baselet B, Laiakis EC, Sebastian S, Beaton D, Hartikainen JM, Kaiser JC, Beheshti A, Salomaa S, Chauhan V, Hamada N. Application of radiation omics in the development of adverse outcome pathway networks: an example of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1722-1751. [PMID: 35976069 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have indicated that exposure of the heart to doses of ionizing radiation as low as 0.5 Gy increases the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality with a latency period of decades. The damaging effects of radiation to myocardial and endothelial structures and functions have been confirmed radiobiologically at high dose, but much less is known at low dose. Integration of radiation biology and epidemiology data is a recommended approach to improve the radiation risk assessment process. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework offers a comprehensive tool to compile and translate mechanistic information into pathological endpoints which may be relevant for risk assessment at the different levels of a biological system. Omics technologies enable the generation of large volumes of biological data at various levels of complexity, from molecular pathways to functional organisms. Given the quality and quantity of available data across levels of biology, omics data can be attractive sources of information for use within the AOP framework. It is anticipated that radiation omics studies could improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the adverse effects of radiation on the cardiovascular system. In this review, we explored the available omics studies on radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD) and their applicability to the proposed AOP for CVD. RESULTS The results of 80 omics studies published on radiation-induced CVD over the past 20 years have been discussed in the context of the AOP of CVD proposed by Chauhan et al. Most of the available omics data on radiation-induced CVD are from proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, whereas few datasets were available from epigenomics and multi-omics. The omics data presented here show great promise in providing information for several key events of the proposed AOP of CVD, particularly oxidative stress, alterations of energy metabolism, extracellular matrix and vascular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS The omics data presented here shows promise to inform the various levels of the proposed AOP of CVD. However, the data highlight the urgent need of designing omics studies to address the knowledge gap concerning different radiation scenarios, time after exposure and experimental models. This review presents the evidence to build a qualitative omics-informed AOP and provides views on the potential benefits and challenges in using omics data to assess risk-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Azimzadeh
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Section Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Moertl
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Section Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Raghda Ramadan
- Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | | | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, and Translational Cancer Research Area, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Christian Kaiser
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Radiation Medicine (HMGU-IRM), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vinita Chauhan
- Environmental Health Science Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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2
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Li X, Garcia-Elias A, Benito B, Nattel S. The effects of cardiac stretch on atrial fibroblasts: Analysis of the evidence and potential role in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:440-460. [PMID: 33576384 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important clinical problem. Chronic pressure/volume overload of the atria promotes AF, particularly via enhanced extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation manifested as tissue fibrosis. Loading of cardiac cells causes cell-stretch that is generally considered to promote fibrosis by directly activating fibroblasts, the key cell-type responsible for ECM-production. The primary purpose of this article is to review the evidence regarding direct effects of stretch on cardiac fibroblasts, specifically: (i) the similarities and differences among studies in observed effects of stretch on cardiac-fibroblast function; (ii) the signaling-pathways implicated; and (iii) the factors that affect stretch-related phenotypes. Our review summarizes the most important findings and limitations in this area and gives an overview of clinical data and animal models related to cardiac stretch, with particular emphasis on the atria. We suggest that the evidence regarding direct fibroblast activation by stretch is weak and inconsistent, in part because of variability among studies in key experimental conditions that govern the results. Further work is needed to clarify whether, in fact, stretch induces direct activation of cardiac fibroblasts and if so, to elucidate the determining factors to ensure reproducible results. If mechanical load on fibroblasts proves not to be clearly profibrotic by direct actions, other mechanisms like paracrine influences, the effects of systemic mediators and/or the direct consequences of myocardial injury or death, might account for the link between cardiac stretch and fibrosis. Clarity in this area is needed to improve our understanding of AF pathophysiology and assist in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixiao Li
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anna Garcia-Elias
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Begoña Benito
- Vascular Biology and Metabolism Program, Vall d'Hebrón Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Université de Montréal Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,IHU LIRYC and Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
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3
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Zou B, Schuster JP, Niu K, Huang Q, Rühle A, Huber PE. Radiotherapy-induced heart disease: a review of the literature. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:270-282. [PMID: 35693876 PMCID: PMC8985808 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy as one of the four pillars of cancer therapy plays a critical role in the multimodal treatment of thoracic cancers. Due to significant improvements in overall cancer survival, radiotherapy-induced heart disease (RIHD) has become an increasingly recognized adverse reaction which contributes to major radiation-associated toxicities including non-malignant death. This is especially relevant for patients suffering from diseases with excellent prognosis such as breast cancer or Hodgkin’s lymphoma, since RIHD may occur decades after radiotherapy. Preclinical studies have enriched our knowledge of many potential mechanisms by which thoracic radiotherapy induces heart injury. Epidemiological findings in humans reveal that irradiation might increase the risk of cardiac disease at even lower doses than previously assumed. Recent preclinical studies have identified non-invasive methods for evaluation of RIHD. Furthermore, potential options preventing or at least attenuating RIHD have been developed. Ongoing research may enrich our limited knowledge about biological mechanisms of RIHD, identify non-invasive early detection biomarkers and investigate potential treatment options that might attenuate or prevent these unwanted side effects. Here, we present a comprehensive review about the published literature regarding clinical manifestation and pathological alterations in RIHD. Biological mechanisms and treatment options are outlined, and challenges in RIHD treatment are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwen Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julius Philipp Schuster
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Kerun Niu
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Qianyi Huang
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alexander Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Ernst Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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4
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Saucerman JJ, Tan PM, Buchholz KS, McCulloch AD, Omens JH. Mechanical regulation of gene expression in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 16:361-378. [PMID: 30683889 PMCID: PMC6525041 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intact heart undergoes complex and multiscale remodelling processes in response to altered mechanical cues. Remodelling of the myocardium is regulated by a combination of myocyte and non-myocyte responses to mechanosensitive pathways, which can alter gene expression and therefore function in these cells. Cellular mechanotransduction and its downstream effects on gene expression are initially compensatory mechanisms during adaptations to the altered mechanical environment, but under prolonged and abnormal loading conditions, they can become maladaptive, leading to impaired function and cardiac pathologies. In this Review, we summarize mechanoregulated pathways in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts that lead to altered gene expression and cell remodelling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Developments in systems modelling of the networks that regulate gene expression in response to mechanical stimuli should improve integrative understanding of their roles in vivo and help to discover new combinations of drugs and device therapies targeting mechanosignalling in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Philip M Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kyle S Buchholz
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey H Omens
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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Hu JB, Tomov ML, Buikema JW, Chen C, Mahmoudi M, Wu SM, Serpooshan V. Cardiovascular tissue bioprinting: Physical and chemical processes. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2018; 5:041106. [PMID: 32550960 PMCID: PMC7187889 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cardiac tissue bioprinting occupies a critical crossroads position between the fields of materials engineering, cardiovascular biology, 3D printing, and rational organ replacement design. This complex area of research therefore requires expertise from all those disciplines and it poses some unique considerations that must be accounted for. One of the chief hurdles is that there is a relatively limited systematic organization of the physical and chemical characteristics of bioinks that would make them applicable to cardiac bioprinting. This is of great significance, as heart tissue is functionally complex and the in vivo extracellular niche is under stringent controls with little room for variability before a cardiomyopathy manifests. This review explores the critical parameters that are necessary for biologically relevant bioinks to successfully be leveraged for functional cardiac tissue engineering, which can have applications in in vitro heart tissue models, cardiotoxicity studies, and implantable constructs that can be used to treat a range of cardiomyopathies, or in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Hu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Caressa Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | | | | | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Present address: 1760 Haygood Dr. NE, HSRB Bldg., Suite E480, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. Telephone: 404-712-9717. Fax: 404-727-9873
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6
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Hatano N, Ohya S, Imaizumi Y, Clark RB, Belke D, Giles WR. ATP increases [Ca 2+ ] i and activates a Ca 2+ -dependent Cl - current in rat ventricular fibroblasts. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:666-682. [PMID: 29493027 DOI: 10.1113/ep086822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Although electrophysiological and biophysical characteristics of heart fibroblasts have been studied in detail, their responses to prominent paracrine agents in the myocardium have not been addressed adequately. Our experiments characterize changes in cellular electrophysiology and intracellular calcium in response to ATP. What is the main finding and its importance? In rat ventricular fibroblasts maintained in cell culture, we find that ATP activates a specific subset of Ca2+ -activated Cl- channels as a consequence of binding to P2Y purinoceptors and then activating phospholipase C. This response is not dependent on [Ca2+ ]o but requires an increase in [Ca2+ ]i and is modulated by the type of nucleotide that is the purinergic agonist. ABSTRACT Effects of ATP on enzymatically isolated rat ventricular fibroblasts maintained in short-term (36-72 h) cell culture were examined. Immunocytochemical staining of these cells revealed that a fibroblast, as opposed to a myofibroblast, phenotype was predominant. ATP, ADP or uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) all produced large increases in [Ca2+ ]i . Voltage-clamp studies (amphotericin-perforated patch) showed that ATP (1-100 μm) activated an outwardly rectifying current, with a reversal potential very close to the Nernst potential for Cl- . In contrast, ADP was much less effective, and UTP produced no detectable current. The non-selective Cl- channel blockers niflumic acid, DIDS and NPPB (each at 100 μm), blocked the responses to 100 μm ATP. An agonist for P2Y purinoceptors, 2-MTATP, activated a very similar outwardly rectifying C1- current. The P2Y receptor antagonists, suramin and PPADS (100 μm each), significantly inhibited the Cl- current produced by 100 μm ATP. ATP was able to activate this Cl- current when [Ca2+ ]o was removed, but not when [Ca2+ ]i was buffered with BAPTA-AM. In the presence of the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, this Cl- current could not be activated. PCR analysis revealed strong signals for a number of P2Y purinoceptors and for the Ca2+ -activated Cl- channel, TMEM16F (also denoted ANO6). In summary, these results demonstrate that activation of P2Y receptors by ATP causes a phospholipase C-dependent increase in [Ca2+ ]i , followed by activation of a Ca2+ -dependent Cl- current in rat ventricular fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatano
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuji Imaizumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Robert B Clark
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darrell Belke
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wayne R Giles
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Rysä J, Tokola H, Ruskoaho H. Mechanical stretch induced transcriptomic profiles in cardiac myocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4733. [PMID: 29549296 PMCID: PMC5856749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are able to activate hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes in the overloaded myocardium. However, the transcriptional profiles triggered by mechanical stretch in cardiac myocytes are not fully understood. Here, we performed the first genome-wide time series study of gene expression changes in stretched cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM)s, resulting in 205, 579, 737, 621, and 1542 differentially expressed (>2-fold, P < 0.05) genes in response to 1, 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours of cyclic mechanical stretch. We used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to predict functional pathways and upstream regulators of differentially expressed genes in order to identify regulatory networks that may lead to mechanical stretch induced hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. We also performed micro (miRNA) expression profiling of stretched NRVMs, and identified that a total of 8 and 87 miRNAs were significantly (P < 0.05) altered by 1-12 and 24-48 hours of mechanical stretch, respectively. Finally, through integration of miRNA and mRNA data, we predicted the miRNAs that regulate mRNAs potentially leading to the hypertrophic growth induced by mechanical stretch. These analyses predicted nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) and interferon regulatory transcription factors as well as the let-7 family of miRNAs as playing roles in the regulation of stretch-regulated genes in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Heikki Tokola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Puukila S, Lemon JA, Lees SJ, Tai TC, Boreham DR, Khaper N. Impact of Ionizing Radiation on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. Radiat Res 2017; 188:539-546. [PMID: 28873026 DOI: 10.1667/rr14864.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy has become one of the main forms of treatment for various types of cancers. Cancer patients previously treated with high doses of radiation are at a greater risk to develop cardiovascular complications later in life. The heart can receive varying doses of radiation depending on the type of therapy and can even reach doses in the range of 17 Gy. Multiple studies have highlighted the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in radiation-induced cardiovascular damage. Doses of ionizing radiation below 200 mGy, however, have been shown to have beneficial effects in some experimental models of radiation-induced damage, but low-dose effects in the heart is still debated. Low-dose radiation may promote heart health and reduce damage from oxidative stress and inflammation, however there are few studies focusing on the impact of low-dose radiation on the heart. In this review, we summarize recent studies from animal models and human data focusing on the effects and mechanism(s) of action of radiation-induced damage to the heart, as well as the effects of high and low doses of radiation and dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Puukila
- a Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Lemon
- b Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Simon J Lees
- c Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - T C Tai
- d Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; and Bruce Power, Tiverton, ON, N0G 2T0 Canada
| | - Douglas R Boreham
- d Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; and Bruce Power, Tiverton, ON, N0G 2T0 Canada
| | - Neelam Khaper
- c Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
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9
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Zhao Z, Zhang G, Li W. Elevated Expression of ERCC6 Confers Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil and Is Associated with Poor Patient Survival in Colorectal Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:781-786. [PMID: 28665687 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excision repair cross-complementation (ERCC) enzymes are key members of the nucleotide excision repair pathway. Dysregulation of ERCC family members has been shown to be involved in chemoresistance in several malignancies. However, the function of ERCC6 in regulating chemo response has not been evaluated in colorectal cancer (CRC). We stably knocked down ERCC6 expression using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in HCT116 and DLD1 human colon cancer cell lines, followed by chemosensitivity assay. In vivo chemosensitizing effects of ERCC6 were examined in xenograft experiments. Downregulation of ERCC6 conferred sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in HCT116 and DLD1 cells. Stable knockdown of ERCC6 significantly enhanced antitumor activity of 5-FU in HCT116 xenograft mouse model. ERCC6 was upregulated in CRC tissues compared to matched noncancerous adjacent tissues and was also upregulated in patients who were resistant to 5-FU treatment. In addition, high expression of ERCC6 was associated with poor overall survival in CRC patients with or without receiving 5-FU therapy. Elevated expression of ERCC6 contributes to chemoresistance in CRC cells. Low ERCC6 expression is associated with better chemo response and survival in CRC patients. Therefore, this protein represents a novel therapeutic target for improvement of chemotherapeutic efficacy and predictive biomarker for patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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10
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Sasi SP, Yan X, Zuriaga-Herrero M, Gee H, Lee J, Mehrzad R, Song J, Onufrak J, Morgan J, Enderling H, Walsh K, Kishore R, Goukassian DA. Different Sequences of Fractionated Low-Dose Proton and Single Iron-Radiation-Induced Divergent Biological Responses in the Heart. Radiat Res 2017; 188:191-203. [PMID: 28613990 DOI: 10.1667/rr14667.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Deep-space travel presents risks of exposure to ionizing radiation composed of a spectrum of low-fluence protons (1H) and high-charge and energy (HZE) iron nuclei (e.g., 56Fe). When exposed to galactic cosmic rays, each cell in the body may be traversed by 1H every 3-4 days and HZE nuclei every 3-4 months. The effects of low-dose sequential fractionated 1H or HZE on the heart are unknown. In this animal model of simulated ionizing radiation, middle-aged (8-9 months old) male C57BL/6NT mice were exposed to radiation as follows: group 1, nonirradiated controls; group 2, three fractionated doses of 17 cGy 1H every other day (1H × 3); group 3, three fractionated doses of 17 cGy 1H every other day followed by a single low dose of 15 cGy 56Fe two days after the final 1H dose (1H × 3 + 56Fe); and group 4, a single low dose of 15 cGy 56Fe followed (after 2 days) by three fractionated doses of 17 cGy 1H every other day (56Fe + 1H × 3). A subgroup of mice from each group underwent myocardial infarction (MI) surgery at 28 days postirradiation. Cardiac structure and function were assessed in all animals at days 7, 14 and 28 after MI surgery was performed. Compared to the control animals, the treatments that groups 2 and 3 received did not induce negative effects on cardiac function or structure. However, compared to all other groups, the animals in group 4, showed depressed left ventricular (LV) functions at 1 month with concomitant enhancement in cardiac fibrosis and induction of cardiac hypertrophy signaling at 3 months. In the irradiated and MI surgery groups compared to the control group, the treatments received by groups 2 and 4 did not induce negative effects at 1 month postirradiation and MI surgery. However, in group 3 after MI surgery, there was a 24% increase in mortality, significant decreases in LV function and a 35% increase in post-infarction size. These changes were associated with significant decreases in the angiogenic and cell survival signaling pathways. These data suggest that fractionated doses of radiation induces cellular and molecular changes that result in depressed heart functions both under basal conditions and particularly after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath P Sasi
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xinhua Yan
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,b Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marian Zuriaga-Herrero
- f Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hannah Gee
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juyong Lee
- c Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Raman Mehrzad
- d Steward Carney Hospital, Dorchester, Massachusetts
| | - Jin Song
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jillian Onufrak
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Morgan
- b Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,d Steward Carney Hospital, Dorchester, Massachusetts
| | - Heiko Enderling
- e Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- f Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raj Kishore
- 7 Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Goukassian
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,f Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,7 Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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GONZÁLEZ-AVALOS P, MÜRNSEER M, DEEG J, BACHMANN A, SPATZ J, DOOLEY S, EILS R, GLADILIN E. Quantification of substrate and cellular strains in stretchable 3D cell cultures: an experimental and computational framework. J Microsc 2017; 266:115-125. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. GONZÁLEZ-AVALOS
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics; German Cancer Research Center; Mathematikon - Berliner Str. 41 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- BioQuant and IPMB; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 267 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Current address: COS; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 230 Germany
| | - M. MÜRNSEER
- Mol. Hepatol., Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; 68167 Mannheim Germany
| | - J. DEEG
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems; Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Biophysical Chemistry; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - A. BACHMANN
- Mol. Hepatol., Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; 68167 Mannheim Germany
- Current address: BG Trauma Centre; University of Tübingen; Schnarrenbergstr. 95 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - J. SPATZ
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems; Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Biophysical Chemistry; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - S. DOOLEY
- Mol. Hepatol., Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; 68167 Mannheim Germany
| | - R. EILS
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics; German Cancer Research Center; Mathematikon - Berliner Str. 41 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- BioQuant and IPMB; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 267 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - E. GLADILIN
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics; German Cancer Research Center; Mathematikon - Berliner Str. 41 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- BioQuant and IPMB; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 267 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Current address: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; Corrensstrasse 3 06466 Gatersleben Germany
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12
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K. UG. Pharmacogenomics Genome Wise Association Clinical Studies. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics deals with drug responses in individual based on genetic variation in genome. Based on genetic variations, drugs may produce more or less therapeutic effect, and same way in side effects also. Physicians can use information about your genetic makeup to choose those drugs and drug doses to get better therapy. Optimizing drug therapy and rational dose adjustment with respect to genetic makeup will maximize drug efficacy and minimal adverse effects. This broken traditional ‘trial and error' method of ‘one drug fits all', and ‘one dose fits all' which contributing to 25–50% of drug toxicity or treatment failures. This will contribute to improve the ways in which existing drugs are used, genomic research will lead to drug development to produce new drugs that are highly effective without serious side effects. This approach to bring personalized medicine more practice and drug combinations are optimized for each individual' genetic makeup.
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13
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Tapio S. Pathology and biology of radiation-induced cardiac disease. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:439-448. [PMID: 27422929 PMCID: PMC5045085 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading global cause of death. The risk for this disease is significantly increased in populations exposed to ionizing radiation, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet. This review aims to gather and discuss the latest data about pathological and biological consequences in the radiation-exposed heart in a comprehensive manner. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying radiation-induced damage in heart tissue and cardiac vasculature will provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions. These may be valuable for individuals clinically or occupationally exposed to varying doses of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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14
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Coleman MA, Sasi SP, Onufrak J, Natarajan M, Manickam K, Schwab J, Muralidharan S, Peterson LE, Alekseyev YO, Yan X, Goukassian DA. Low-dose radiation affects cardiac physiology: gene networks and molecular signaling in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1947-63. [PMID: 26408534 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00050.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There are 160,000 cancer patients worldwide treated with particle radiotherapy (RT). With the advent of proton, and high (H) charge (Z) and energy (E) HZE ionizing particle RT, the cardiovascular diseases risk estimates are uncertain. In addition, future deep space exploratory-type missions will expose humans to unknown but low doses of particle irradiation (IR). We examined molecular responses using transcriptome profiling in left ventricular murine cardiomyocytes isolated from mice that were exposed to 90 cGy, 1 GeV proton ((1)H) and 15 cGy, 1 GeV/nucleon iron ((56)Fe) over 28 days after exposure. Unsupervised clustering analysis of gene expression segregated samples according to the IR response and time after exposure, with (56)Fe-IR showing the greatest level of gene modulation. (1)H-IR showed little differential transcript modulation. Network analysis categorized the major differentially expressed genes into cell cycle, oxidative responses, and transcriptional regulation functional groups. Transcriptional networks identified key nodes regulating expression. Validation of the signal transduction network by protein analysis and gel shift assay showed that particle IR clearly regulates a long-lived signaling mechanism for ERK1/2, p38 MAPK signaling and identified NFATc4, GATA4, STAT3, and NF-κB as regulators of the response at specific time points. These data suggest that the molecular responses and gene expression to (56)Fe-IR in cardiomyocytes are unique and long-lasting. Our study may have significant implications for the efforts of National Aeronautics and Space Administration to develop heart disease risk estimates for astronauts and for patients receiving conventional and particle RT via identification of specific HZE-IR molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Coleman
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Sacramento, California; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Sharath P Sasi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jillian Onufrak
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohan Natarajan
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - John Schwab
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sujatha Muralidharan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leif E Peterson
- Center for Biostatistics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuriy O Alekseyev
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Xinhua Yan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A Goukassian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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15
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Somers J, Wilson LA, Kilday JP, Horvilleur E, Cannell IG, Pöyry TAA, Cobbold LC, Kondrashov A, Knight JRP, Puget S, Grill J, Grundy RG, Bushell M, Willis AE. A common polymorphism in the 5' UTR of ERCC5 creates an upstream ORF that confers resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1891-6. [PMID: 26338418 PMCID: PMC4579346 DOI: 10.1101/gad.261867.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Somers et al. show that a common polymorphic variant in the ERCC5 5′ UTR generates an upstream ORF that affects both the background expression of this protein and its ability to be synthesized following exposure to agents that cause bulky adduct DNA damage. Individuals that harbor uORF1 have a marked resistance to platinum-based agents. We show that a common polymorphic variant in the ERCC5 5′ untranslated region (UTR) generates an upstream ORF (uORF) that affects both the background expression of this protein and its ability to be synthesized following exposure to agents that cause bulky adduct DNA damage. Individuals that harbor uORF1 have a marked resistance to platinum-based agents, illustrated by the significantly reduced progression-free survival of pediatric ependymoma patients treated with such compounds. Importantly, inhibition of DNA-PKcs restores sensitivity to platinum-based compounds by preventing uORF1-dependent ERCC5 expression. Our data support a model in which a heritable 5′ noncoding mRNA element influences individuals’ responses to platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Somers
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay A Wilson
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Kilday
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Horvilleur
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G Cannell
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tuija A A Pöyry
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C Cobbold
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kondrashov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - John R P Knight
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Departement de Neurochirugie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker, University Paris V Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Richard G Grundy
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Bushell
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Willis
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
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16
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Understanding Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Groups Using Gene Expression Profiling after UV-Light Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15985-96. [PMID: 26184184 PMCID: PMC4519934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with the recessive genetic disorder Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) have extreme sensitivity to UV-light, a 10,000-fold increase in skin cancers from age 2 and rarely live beyond 30 years. There are seven genetic subgroups of XP, which are all resultant of pathogenic mutations in genes in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway and a XP variant resultant of a mutation in translesion synthesis, POLH. The clinical symptoms and severity of the disease is varied across the subgroups, which does not correlate with the functional position of the affected protein in the NER pathway. The aim of this study was to further understand the biology of XP subgroups, particularly those that manifest with neurological symptoms. Whole genome gene expression profiling of fibroblasts from each XP complementation group was assessed before and after UV-light exposure. The biological pathways with altered gene expression after UV-light exposure were distinct for each subtype and contained oncogenic related functions such as perturbation of cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. Patients from the subgroups XP-B and XP-F were the only subgroups to have transcripts associated with neuronal activity altered after UV-light exposure. This study will assist in furthering our understanding of the different subtypes of XP which will lead to better diagnosis, treatment and management of the disease.
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Sándor N, Schilling-Tóth B, Kis E, Benedek A, Lumniczky K, Sáfrány G, Hegyesi H. Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) is a potential marker of radiation response and radiation sensitivity. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 793:142-9. [PMID: 26520384 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the importance of GDF-15 (secreted cytokine belonging to the TGF-β superfamily) in low and high dose radiation-induced cellular responses. A telomerase immortalized human fibroblast cell line (F11hT) was used in the experiments. A lentiviral system encoding small hairpin RNAs (shRNA) was used to establish GDF-15 silenced cells. Secreted GDF-15 levels were measured in culture medium by ELISA. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The experiments demonstrated that in irradiated human fibroblasts GDF-15 expression increased with dose starting from 100mGy. Elevated GDF-15 expression was not detected in bystander cells. The potential role of GDF-15 in radiation response was investigated by silencing GDF-15 in immortalized human fibroblasts with five different shRNA encoded in lentiviral vectors. Cell lines with considerably reduced GDF-15 levels presented increased radiation sensitivity, while a cell line with elevated GDF-15 was more radiation resistant than wild type cells. We have investigated how the reduced GDF-15 levels alter the response of several known radiation inducible genes. In F11hT-shGDF-15 cells the basal expression level of CDKN1A was unaltered relative to F11hT cells, while GADD45A and TGF-β1 mRNA levels were slightly higher, and TP53INP1 was considerably reduced. The radiation-induced expression of TP53INP1 was lower in the silenced than in wild type fibroblast cells. Cell cycle analysis indicated that radiation-induced early G2/M arrest was abrogated in GDF-15 silenced cells. Moreover, radiation-induced bystander effect was less pronounced in GDF-15 silenced fibroblasts. In conclusion, the results suggest that GDF-15 works as a radiation inducible radiation resistance increasing factor in normal human fibroblast cells, acts by regulating the radiation-induced transcription of several genes and might serve as a radiation-induced early biomarker in exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Sándor
- Division of Molecular Radiobiology and Biodosimetry, F. Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Anna 5., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Schilling-Tóth
- Division of Molecular Radiobiology and Biodosimetry, F. Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Anna 5., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kis
- Division of Molecular Radiobiology and Biodosimetry, F. Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Anna 5., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett Benedek
- Division of Cellular and Immune-radiobiology, F. Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Anna 5., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Division of Cellular and Immune-radiobiology, F. Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Anna 5., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Division of Molecular Radiobiology and Biodosimetry, F. Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Anna 5., Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Hargita Hegyesi
- Division of Molecular Radiobiology and Biodosimetry, F. Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Anna 5., Budapest, Hungary; Department of Morphology and Physiology, College of Health Care, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Fetal-adult cardiac transcriptome analysis in rats with contrasting left ventricular mass reveals new candidates for cardiac hypertrophy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116807. [PMID: 25646840 PMCID: PMC4315412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of fetal gene expression patterns has been implicated in common cardiac diseases in adult life including left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) in arterial hypertension. Thus, increased wall stress and neurohumoral activation are discussed to induce the return to expression of fetal genes after birth in LVH. We therefore aimed to identify novel potential candidates for LVH by analyzing fetal-adult cardiac gene expression in a genetic rat model of hypertension, i.e. the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP). To this end we performed genome-wide transcriptome analysis in SHRSP to identify differences in expression patterns between day 20 of fetal development (E20) and adult animals in week 14 in comparison to a normotensive rat strain with contrasting low LV mass, i.e. Fischer (F344). 15232 probes were detected as expressed in LV tissue obtained from rats at E20 and week 14 (p < 0.05) and subsequently screened for differential expression. We identified 24 genes with SHRSP specific up-regulation and 21 genes with down-regulation as compared to F344. Further bioinformatic analysis presented Efcab6 as a new candidate for LVH that showed only in the hypertensive SHRSP rat differential expression during development (logFC = 2.41, p < 0.001) and was significantly higher expressed in adult SHRSP rats compared with adult F344 (+ 76%) and adult normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (+ 82%). Thus, it represents an interesting new target for further functional analyses and the elucidation of mechanisms leading to LVH. Here we report a new approach to identify candidate genes for cardiac hypertrophy by combining the analysis of gene expression differences between strains with a contrasting cardiac phenotype with a comparison of fetal-adult cardiac expression patterns.
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19
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A range finding protocol to support design for transcriptomics experimentation: examples of in-vitro and in-vivo murine UV exposure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97089. [PMID: 24823911 PMCID: PMC4019648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In transcriptomics research, design for experimentation by carefully considering biological, technological, practical and statistical aspects is very important, because the experimental design space is essentially limitless. Usually, the ranges of variable biological parameters of the design space are based on common practices and in turn on phenotypic endpoints. However, specific sub-cellular processes might only be partially reflected by phenotypic endpoints or outside the associated parameter range. Here, we provide a generic protocol for range finding in design for transcriptomics experimentation based on small-scale gene-expression experiments to help in the search for the right location in the design space by analyzing the activity of already known genes of relevant molecular mechanisms. Two examples illustrate the applicability: in-vitro UV-C exposure of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in-vivo UV-B exposure of mouse skin. Our pragmatic approach is based on: framing a specific biological question and associated gene-set, performing a wide-ranged experiment without replication, eliminating potentially non-relevant genes, and determining the experimental ‘sweet spot’ by gene-set enrichment plus dose-response correlation analysis. Examination of many cellular processes that are related to UV response, such as DNA repair and cell-cycle arrest, revealed that basically each cellular (sub-) process is active at its own specific spot(s) in the experimental design space. Hence, the use of range finding, based on an affordable protocol like this, enables researchers to conveniently identify the ‘sweet spot’ for their cellular process of interest in an experimental design space and might have far-reaching implications for experimental standardization.
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20
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Januszyk M, Wong VW, Bhatt KA, Vial IN, Paterno J, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Mechanical offloading of incisional wounds is associated with transcriptional downregulation of inflammatory pathways in a large animal model. Organogenesis 2014; 10:186-93. [PMID: 24739276 DOI: 10.4161/org.28818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous scarring is a major source of morbidity and current therapies to mitigate scar formation remain ineffective. Although wound fibrosis and inflammation are highly linked, only recently have mechanical forces been implicated in these pathways. Our group has developed a topical polymer device that significantly reduces post-injury scar formation via the manipulation of mechanical forces. Here we extend these studies to examine the genomewide transcriptional effects of mechanomodulation during scar formation using a validated large animal model, the red Duroc pig. We demonstrate that mechanical loading of incisional wounds upregulates expression of genes associated with inflammatory and fibrotic pathways, and that device-mediated offloading of these wounds reverses these effects. Validation studies are needed to clarify the clinical significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Januszyk
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA USA
| | - Victor W Wong
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kirit A Bhatt
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ivan N Vial
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA USA
| | - Josemaria Paterno
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA USA
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21
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Bouchet A, Sakakini N, El Atifi M, Le Clec'h C, Brauer E, Moisan A, Deman P, Rihet P, Le Duc G, Pelletier L. Early gene expression analysis in 9L orthotopic tumor-bearing rats identifies immune modulation in molecular response to synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81874. [PMID: 24391709 PMCID: PMC3876987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) relies on the spatial fractionation of the synchrotron photon beam into parallel micro-beams applying several hundred of grays in their paths. Several works have reported the therapeutic interest of the radiotherapy modality at preclinical level, but biological mechanisms responsible for the described efficacy are not fully understood to date. The aim of this study was to identify the early transcriptomic responses of normal brain and glioma tissue in rats after MRT irradiation (400Gy). The transcriptomic analysis of similarly irradiated normal brain and tumor tissues was performed 6 hours after irradiation of 9 L orthotopically tumor-bearing rats. Pangenomic analysis revealed 1012 overexpressed and 497 repressed genes in the irradiated contralateral normal tissue and 344 induced and 210 repressed genes in tumor tissue. These genes were grouped in a total of 135 canonical pathways. More than half were common to both tissues with a predominance for immunity or inflammation (64 and 67% of genes for normal and tumor tissues, respectively). Several pathways involving HMGB1, toll-like receptors, C-type lectins and CD36 may serve as a link between biochemical changes triggered by irradiation and inflammation and immunological challenge. Most immune cell populations were involved: macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer, T and B lymphocytes. Among them, our results highlighted the involvement of Th17 cell population, recently described in tumor. The immune response was regulated by a large network of mediators comprising growth factors, cytokines, lymphokines. In conclusion, early response to MRT is mainly based on inflammation and immunity which appear therefore as major contributors to MRT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bouchet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) - Unit 836, Team Nanomedecine and brain, La Tronche, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Biomedical Beamline, Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Sakakini
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1090, Team Technlogical Advances for Genomics and Clinics (TAGC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Michèle El Atifi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) - Unit 836, Team Nanomedecine and brain, La Tronche, France
- Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Le Clec'h
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Biomedical Beamline, Grenoble, France
| | - Elke Brauer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Biomedical Beamline, Grenoble, France
| | - Anaïck Moisan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) - Unit 836, Team Functional NeuroImaging and Brain Perfusion, La Tronche, France
| | - Pierre Deman
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) - Unit 836, Team Synchrotron Radiation and Medical Research, La Tronche, France
| | - Pascal Rihet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1090, Team Technlogical Advances for Genomics and Clinics (TAGC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Géraldine Le Duc
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Biomedical Beamline, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Pelletier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) - Unit 836, Team Nanomedecine and brain, La Tronche, France
- Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ingrosso G, Fantini M, Nardi A, Benvenuto M, Sacchetti P, Masuelli L, Ponti E, Frajese GV, Lista F, Schillaci O, Santoni R, Modesti A, Bei R. Local radiotherapy increases the level of autoantibodies to ribosomal P0 protein but not to heat shock proteins, extracellular matrix molecules and EGFR/ErbB2 receptors in prostate cancer patients. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:1167-74. [PMID: 23254686 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common cancer among men in developed countries. Although hormonotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) represent valid therapies for prostate cancer treatment, novel immunological approaches have been explored. The development of clinical trials employing cancer vaccines has indicated that immune response to tumor antigens can be boosted and that vaccine administration can improve patient survival. Immune response to tumor antigens could also be enhanced after standard therapies. In the present study, we determined the occurrence of antibodies to extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, heat shock protein (HSP), ribosomal P0 protein, EGFR, ErbB2 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in 35 prostate cancer patients prior to and following local RT and hormonotherapy. We demonstrated that immunity to P0, ECM molecules [collagens (C) CI, CIII, CV, fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LM)] and to HSP90 was associated with malignancy in untreated patients. None of the patient sera showed antibodies to EGFR, while 2 and 1 patients showed reactivity to ErbB2 and PSA, respectively. We also demonstrated that 8 months after therapy the IgG serum levels to CI, CIII, FN and HSP90 significantly decreased. Conversely, the level of P0 autoantibodies increased after therapy in 10 patients. Five of the 10 patients with increased levels of P0 autoantibodies were treated with RT plus hormonotherapy. Treatment of patients did not change the levels of antibodies against EGFR, ErbB2 and PSA. Our results indicated that the modification of antibody level to self molecules after standard treatment of prostate cancer patients is influenced by the type of antigen. Ribosomal P0 protein appears to be a high immunogenic antigen and its immunogenicity increases following RT. In addition, 10 patients with increased levels of autoantibodies to P0 showed PSA mean levels lower than the remaining 25 patients at 18 months. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the immunobiological behavior of prostate cancer patients following standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ingrosso
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiotherapy, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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23
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Koukourakis MI. Radiation damage and radioprotectants: new concepts in the era of molecular medicine. Br J Radiol 2012; 85:313-30. [PMID: 22294702 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/16386034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionising radiation results in mutagenesis and cell death, and the clinical manifestations depend on the dose and the involved body area. Reducing carcinogenesis in patients treated with radiotherapy, exposed to diagnostic radiation or who are in certain professional groups is mandatory. The prevention or treatment of early and late radiotherapy effects would improve quality of life and increase cancer curability by intensifying therapies. Experimental and clinical data have given rise to new concepts and a large pool of chemical and molecular agents that could be effective in the protection and treatment of radiation damage. To date, amifostine is the only drug recommended as an effective radioprotectant. This review identifies five distinct types of radiation damage (I, cellular depletion; II, reactive gene activation; III, tissue disorganisation; IV, stochastic effects; V, bystander effects) and classifies the radioprotective agents into five relevant categories (A, protectants against all types of radiation effects; B, death pathway modulators; C, blockers of inflammation, chemotaxis and autocrine/paracrine pathways; D, antimutagenic keepers of genomic integrity; E, agents that block bystander effects). The necessity of establishing and funding central committees that guide systematic clinical research into evaluating the novel agents revealed in the era of molecular medicine is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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de Visser YP, Walther FJ, Laghmani EH, Steendijk P, Middeldorp M, van der Laarse A, Wagenaar GTM. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition attenuates persistent heart and lung injury by neonatal hyperoxia in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L56-67. [PMID: 21949154 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00041.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors are potent anti-inflammatory drugs with antihypertensive properties, and their therapeutic role in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is still controversial. We studied the role of PDE4 inhibition with piclamilast on normal lung development and its therapeutic value on pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced lung injury, a valuable model for premature infants with severe BPD. The cardiopulmonary effects of piclamilast treatment (5 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) were investigated in two models of experimental BPD: 1) daily treatment during continuous exposure to hyperoxia for 10 days; and 2) late treatment and injury-recovery in which pups were exposed to hyperoxia or room air for 9 days, followed by 9 or 42 days of recovery in room air combined with treatment started on day 6 of oxygen exposure until day 18. Prophylactic piclamilast treatment reduced pulmonary fibrin deposition, septum thickness, arteriolar wall thickness, arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and RVH, and prolonged survival. In the late treatment and injury-recovery model, hyperoxia caused persistent aberrant alveolar and vascular development, PH, and RVH. Treatment with piclamilast in both models reduced arteriolar wall thickness, attenuated RVH, and improved right ventricular function in the injury recovery model, but did not restore alveolarization or angiogenesis. Treatment with piclamilast did not show adverse cardiopulmonary effects in room air controls in both models. In conclusion, PDE4 inhibition attenuated and partially reversed PH and RVH, but did not advance alveolar development in neonatal rats with hyperoxic lung injury or affect normal lung and heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne P de Visser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Chuai Y, Zhao L, Ni J, Sun D, Cui J, Li B, Qian L, Gao F, Cai J. A possible prevention strategy of radiation pneumonitis: combine radiotherapy with aerosol inhalation of hydrogen-rich solution. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:HY1-4. [PMID: 21455114 PMCID: PMC3539519 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important modality of cancer treatment. Radiation pneumonitis is a major obstacle to increasing the radiation dose in radiotherapy, and it is important to prevent this radiation-induced complication. Recent studies show that hydrogen has a potential as an effective and safe radioprotective agent by selectively reducing hydroxyl and peroxynitrite radicals. Since most of the ionizing radiation-induced cellular damage is caused by hydroxyl radicals, we hypothesize that a treatment combining radiotherapy with aerosol inhalation of a hydrogen-rich solution may be an effective and novel prevention strategy for radiation pneumonitis (hydrogen is explosive, while a hydrogen-rich solution such as physiological saline saturated with molecular hydrogen is safer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhai Chuai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, 2nd Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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26
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Bruning O, Yuan X, Rodenburg W, Bruins W, van Oostrom CT, Rauwerda H, Wittink FR, Jonker MJ, de Vries A, Breit TM. Serious complications in gene-expression studies with stress perturbation: An example of UV-exposed p53-mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Transcription 2011; 1:159-164. [PMID: 21326892 DOI: 10.4161/trns.1.3.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reanalysis of our UV study of p53-mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed an intriguing orchestration of massive transcriptome responses. However, close scrutiny of the data uncovered an affected mRNA/rRNA ratio, effectively inhibiting valid data analysis. UV-dose range-finding showed low-dose UV specific- and high-dose stress-related responses, which represent a plea for UV dose range-finding in experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Bruning
- MicroArray Department and Integrative Bioinformatics Unit (MAD-IBU); Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Amsterdam (UvA); Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Genome-Wide Expression Changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Response to High-LET Ionizing Radiation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:855-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rojas-Mayorquín AE, Torres-Ruíz NM, Gudiño-Cabrera G, Ortuño-Sahagún D. Subtractive hybridization identifies genes differentially expressed by olfactory ensheathing cells and neural stem cells. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:75-82. [PMID: 19772911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells into glia has received relatively limited attention to date when compared with the interest in the generation of neurons. We are interested in a particular glial phenotype, the aldynoglia, and their differentiation from multipotential neural precursors (MNP), since this type of glia can promote neuronal regeneration. We constructed cDNA libraries from cultures of purified olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), an aldynoglia cell type, and MNP to perform subtractive hybridization. As a result, we isolated four genes from the OEC: one tenascin C (Tn-C) isoform, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (Igfbp-5), cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1) and a phosphodiesterase for cyclic nucleotides (CNPase). With the exception of CNPase, these genes are expressed more strongly in the OEC than in the MNP and moreover, the expression of all four is induced when MNP were exposed to OEC conditioned media. The data suggest a role for these genes in MNP differentiation, and their products appear to represent characteristic proteins of the aldynoglia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Esperanza Rojas-Mayorquín
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Regeneración Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, 45020 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve crush are altered in ICAM-1-deficient mice. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 338:19-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cavalli A, Bolognesi ML. Neglected Tropical Diseases: Multi-Target-Directed Ligands in the Search for Novel Lead Candidates against Trypanosoma and Leishmania. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7339-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9004835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Translational reprogramming following UVB irradiation is mediated by DNA-PKcs and allows selective recruitment to the polysomes of mRNAs encoding DNA repair enzymes. Genes Dev 2009; 23:1207-20. [PMID: 19451221 DOI: 10.1101/gad.516509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UVB-induced lesions in mammalian cellular DNA can, through the process of mutagenesis, lead to carcinogenesis. However, eukaryotic cells have evolved complex mechanisms of genomic surveillance and DNA damage repair to counteract the effects of UVB radiation. We show that following UVB DNA damage, there is an overall inhibition of protein synthesis and translational reprogramming. This reprogramming allows selective synthesis of DDR proteins, such as ERCC1, ERCC5, DDB1, XPA, XPD, and OGG1 and relies on upstream ORFs in the 5' untranslated region of these mRNAs. Experiments with DNA-PKcs-deficient cell lines and a specific DNA-PKcs inhibitor demonstrate that both the general repression of mRNA translation and the preferential translation of specific mRNAs depend on DNA-PKcs activity, and therefore our data establish a link between a key DNA damage signaling component and protein synthesis.
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de Visser YP, Walther FJ, Laghmani EH, Boersma H, van der Laarse A, Wagenaar GT. Sildenafil attenuates pulmonary inflammation and fibrin deposition, mortality and right ventricular hypertrophy in neonatal hyperoxic lung injury. Respir Res 2009; 10:30. [PMID: 19402887 PMCID: PMC2681457 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition with sildenafil has been used to treat severe pulmonary hypertension and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease in very preterm infants who were mechanically ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome. Methods Sildenafil treatment was investigated in 2 models of experimental BPD: a lethal neonatal model, in which rat pups were continuously exposed to hyperoxia and treated daily with sildenafil (50–150 mg/kg body weight/day; injected subcutaneously) and a neonatal lung injury-recovery model in which rat pups were exposed to hyperoxia for 9 days, followed by 9 days of recovery in room air and started sildenafil treatment on day 6 of hyperoxia exposure. Parameters investigated include survival, histopathology, fibrin deposition, alveolar vascular leakage, right ventricular hypertrophy, and differential mRNA expression in lung and heart tissue. Results Prophylactic treatment with an optimal dose of sildenafil (2 × 50 mg/kg/day) significantly increased lung cGMP levels, prolonged median survival, reduced fibrin deposition, total protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, inflammation and septum thickness. Treatment with sildenafil partially corrected the differential mRNA expression of amphiregulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in the lung and of brain and c-type natriuretic peptides and the natriuretic peptide receptors NPR-A, -B, and -C in the right ventricle. In the lethal and injury-recovery model we demonstrated improved alveolarization and angiogenesis by attenuating mean linear intercept and arteriolar wall thickness and increasing pulmonary blood vessel density, and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). Conclusion Sildenafil treatment, started simultaneously with exposure to hyperoxia after birth, prolongs survival, increases pulmonary cGMP levels, reduces the pulmonary inflammatory response, fibrin deposition and RVH, and stimulates alveolarization. Initiation of sildenafil treatment after hyperoxic lung injury and continued during room air recovery improves alveolarization and restores pulmonary angiogenesis and RVH in experimental BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne P de Visser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Ding KK, Shang ZF, Hao C, Xu QZ, Shen JJ, Yang CJ, Xie YH, Qiao C, Wang Y, Xu LL, Zhou PK. Induced expression of the IER5 gene by gamma-ray irradiation and its involvement in cell cycle checkpoint control and survival. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2009; 48:205-213. [PMID: 19238419 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-009-0213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The immediate-early response gene 5 (IER5) was previously shown, using microarray analysis, to be upregulated by ionizing radiation. Here we further characterized the dose- and time-dependency of radiation-induced expression of IER5 at doses from 0.5 to 15 Gy by quantitative real-time PCR analyses in HeLa cells and human lymphoblastoid AHH-1 cells. A radiation-induced increase in the IER5 mRNA level was evident 2 h after irradiation with 2 Gy in both cell lines. In AHH-1 cells the expression reached a peak at 4 h and then quickly returned to the control level, while in HeLa cells the expression only remained increased for a short period of time at around 2 h after irradiation before returning to the control. After high-dose irradiation (10 Gy), the induction of the IER5 expression was lower and delayed in AHH-1 cells as compared with 2-Gy irradiated cells. In HeLa cells, at this dose, two peaks of increased expression were observed 2 h and 12-24 h post-irradiation, respectively. RNA interference technology was employed to silence the IER5 gene in HeLa cells. siRNA-mediated suppression of IER5 resulted in an increased proliferation of HeLa cells. Cell growth and survival analyses demonstrated that suppression of IER5 significantly increased the radioresistance of HeLa cells to radiation doses of up to 6 Gy, but barely affected the sensitivity of cells at 8 Gy. Moreover, suppression of IER5 potentiated radiation-induced arrest at the G2-M transition and led to an increase in the fraction of S phase cells. Taken together, we propose that the early radiation-induced expression of IER5 affects the radiosensitivity via disturbing radiation-induced cell cycle checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ku-Ke Ding
- Biomedical Engineering School, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Offman J, Jina N, Theron T, Pallas J, Hubank M, Lehmann A. Transcriptional changes in trichothiodystrophy cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:1364-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Whittaker PA. Can pharmacology possibly have a role for bioinformatics? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:271-84. [PMID: 23496082 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.2.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In today's information-driven culture, there is virtually no walk of life that is not impacted on by computing. As a bridging discipline in the health sciences with activities that span both basic science and clinical interests, modern pharmacology is no exception. As the plethora of data and databases spawned by the 'omics' generation expand in number and complexity, bioinformatics is necessary to manage, integrate and exploit this cohort of data so that the appropriate links to molecular pathology and therapeutic response can be made. Bioinformatics is now an integral part of drug discovery and development. This article reviews the use of bioinformatics in this process, from target identification and validation, to pharmacogenomics, toxicogenomics and systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Whittaker
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Respiratory Disease Area, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, UK.
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Kis E, Szatmári T, Keszei M, Farkas R, Esik O, Lumniczky K, Falus A, Sáfrány G. Microarray analysis of radiation response genes in primary human fibroblasts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:1506-14. [PMID: 17069989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify radiation-induced early transcriptional responses in primary human fibroblasts and understand cellular pathways leading to damage correction. METHODS AND MATERIALS Primary human fibroblast cell lines were irradiated with 2 Gy gamma-radiation and RNA isolated 2 h later. Radiation-induced transcriptional alterations were investigated with microarrays covering the entire human genome. Time- and dose dependent radiation responses were studied by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS About 200 genes responded to ionizing radiation on the transcriptional level in primary human fibroblasts. The expression profile depended on individual genetic backgrounds. Thirty genes (28 up- and 2 down-regulated) responded to radiation in identical manner in all investigated cells. Twenty of these consensus radiation response genes were functionally categorized: most of them belong to the DNA damage response (GADD45A, BTG2, PCNA, IER5), regulation of cell cycle and cell proliferation (CDKN1A, PPM1D, SERTAD1, PLK2, PLK3, CYR61), programmed cell death (BBC3, TP53INP1) and signaling (SH2D2A, SLIC1, GDF15, THSD1) pathways. Four genes (SEL10, FDXR, CYP26B1, OR11A1) were annotated to other functional groups. Many of the consensus radiation response genes are regulated by, or regulate p53. Time- and dose-dependent expression profiles of selected consensus genes (CDKN1A, GADD45A, IER5, PLK3, CYR61) were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. Transcriptional alterations depended on the applied dose, and on the time after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS The data presented here could help in the better understanding of early radiation responses and the development of biomarkers to identify radiation susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikö Kis
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Radiobiology, NCPH-Frederic Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
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Tsoutsou PG, Koukourakis MI. Radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis: Mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and implications for future research. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:1281-93. [PMID: 17126203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiation pneumonitis and subsequent radiation pulmonary fibrosis are the two main dose-limiting factors when irradiating the thorax that can have severe implications for patients' quality of life. In this article, the current concepts about the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis are presented. The clinical course of fibrosis, a postulated acute inflammatory stage, and a late fibrotic and irreversible stage are discussed. The interplay of cells and the wide variety of molecules orchestrating the immunologic response to radiation, their interactions with specific receptors, and the cascade of events they trigger are elucidated. Finally, the implications of this knowledge with respect to the therapeutic interventions are critically presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelagia G Tsoutsou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Novak JP, Kim SY, Xu J, Modlich O, Volsky DJ, Honys D, Slonczewski JL, Bell DA, Blattner FR, Blumwald E, Boerma M, Cosio M, Gatalica Z, Hajduch M, Hidalgo J, McInnes RR, Miller III MC, Penkowa M, Rolph MS, Sottosanto J, St-Arnaud R, Szego MJ, Twell D, Wang C. Generalization of DNA microarray dispersion properties: microarray equivalent of t-distribution. Biol Direct 2006; 1:27. [PMID: 16959036 PMCID: PMC1586001 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-1-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA microarrays are a powerful technology that can provide a wealth of gene expression data for disease studies, drug development, and a wide scope of other investigations. Because of the large volume and inherent variability of DNA microarray data, many new statistical methods have been developed for evaluating the significance of the observed differences in gene expression. However, until now little attention has been given to the characterization of dispersion of DNA microarray data. Results Here we examine the expression data obtained from 682 Affymetrix GeneChips® with 22 different types and we demonstrate that the Gaussian (normal) frequency distribution is characteristic for the variability of gene expression values. However, typically 5 to 15% of the samples deviate from normality. Furthermore, it is shown that the frequency distributions of the difference of expression in subsets of ordered, consecutive pairs of genes (consecutive samples) in pair-wise comparisons of replicate experiments are also normal. We describe a consecutive sampling method, which is employed to calculate the characteristic function approximating standard deviation and show that the standard deviation derived from the consecutive samples is equivalent to the standard deviation obtained from individual genes. Finally, we determine the boundaries of probability intervals and demonstrate that the coefficients defining the intervals are independent of sample characteristics, variability of data, laboratory conditions and type of chips. These coefficients are very closely correlated with Student's t-distribution. Conclusion In this study we ascertained that the non-systematic variations possess Gaussian distribution, determined the probability intervals and demonstrated that the Kα coefficients defining these intervals are invariant; these coefficients offer a convenient universal measure of dispersion of data. The fact that the Kα distributions are so close to t-distribution and independent of conditions and type of arrays suggests that the quantitative data provided by Affymetrix technology give "true" representation of physical processes, involved in measurement of RNA abundance. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Yoav Gilad (nominated by Doron Lancet), Sach Mukherjee (nominated by Sandrine Dudoit) and Amir Niknejad and Shmuel Friedland (nominated by Neil Smalheiser).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav P Novak
- McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, 740 Docteur Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Québec, H3A 1A4, Canada
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Genome Research Center, 52 Eoeun-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Jun Xu
- Transcriptional Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Olga Modlich
- Institut fur Onkologische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universitat Dusseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - David J Volsky
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, Molecular Virology Division, 432 West 58th Street, Antenucci Building, Room 709, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - David Honys
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 135, CZ-165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic and Charles University in Prague, Department of Plant Physiology, Viničná 5, 12844, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Joan L Slonczewski
- Department of Biology, Higley Hall, 202 N. College Dr., Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA
| | - Douglas A Bell
- Environmental Genomics Section, C3-03, PO Box 12233, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Fred R Blattner
- Department of Genetics, 425 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 522-3, Little Rock AR 72205, USA
| | - Manuel Cosio
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zoran Gatalica
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, 601 North 30th Street, Omaha, NE, 68131-2197, USA
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Puskinova 6, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology unit, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Roderick R McInnes
- Programs in Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8; Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Merrill C Miller III
- Environmental Genomics Section, C3-03, PO Box 12233, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Milena Penkowa
- Section of Neuroprotection, Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael S Rolph
- Arthritis and Inflammation Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jordan Sottosanto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rene St-Arnaud
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children and Departments of Surgery and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2T5, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael J Szego
- Programs in Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8; Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - David Twell
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK
| | - Charles Wang
- Transcriptional Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Bowden NA, Tooney PA, Scott RJ. Gene expression profiling of xeroderma pigmentosum. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2006; 4:103-10. [PMID: 20223010 PMCID: PMC2837287 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-4-2-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare recessive disorder that is characterized by extreme sensitivity to UV light. UV light exposure results in the formation of DNA damage such as cyclobutane dimers and (6-4) photoproducts. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) orchestrates the removal of cyclobutane dimers and (6-4) photoproducts as well as some forms of bulky chemical DNA adducts. The disease XP is comprised of 7 complementation groups (XP-A to XP-G), which represent functional deficiencies in seven different genes, all of which are believed to be involved in NER. The main clinical feature of XP is various forms of skin cancers; however, neurological degeneration is present in XPA, XPB, XPD and XPG complementation groups. The relationship between NER and other types of DNA repair processes is now becoming evident but the exact relationships between the different complementation groups remains to be precisely determined. Using gene expression analysis we have identified similarities and differences after UV light exposure between the complementation groups XP-A, XP-C, XP-D, XP-E, XP-F, XP-G and an unaffected control. The results reveal that there is a graded change in gene expression patterns between the mildest, most similar to the control response (XP-E) and the severest form (XP-A) of the disease, with the exception of XP-D. Distinct differences between the complementation groups with neurological symptoms (XP-A, XP-D and XP-G) and without (XP-C, XP-E and XP-F) were also identified. Therefore, this analysis has revealed distinct gene expression profiles for the XP complementation groups and the first step towards understanding the neurological symptoms of XP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola A Bowden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Rd, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
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Dalma-Weiszhausz DD, Warrington J, Tanimoto EY, Miyada CG. The affymetrix GeneChip platform: an overview. Methods Enzymol 2006; 410:3-28. [PMID: 16938544 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)10001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intent of this chapter is to provide the reader with a review of GeneChip technology and the complete system it represents, including its versatility, components, and the exciting applications that are enabled by this platform. The following aspects of the technology are reviewed: array design and manufacturing, target preparation, instrumentation, data analysis, and both current and future applications. There are key differentiators between Affymetrix' GeneChip technology and other microarray-based methods. The most distinguishing feature of GeneChip microarrays is that their manufacture is directed by photochemical synthesis. Because of this manufacturing technology, more than a million different probes can be synthesized on an array roughly the size of a thumbnail. These numbers allow the inclusion of multiple probes to interrogate the same target sequence, providing statistical rigor to data interpretation. Over the years the GeneChip platform has proven to be a reliable and robust system, enabling many new discoveries and breakthroughs to be made by the scientific community.
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Rødningen OK, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Hastie T, Børresen-Dale AL. Microarray analysis of the transcriptional response to single or multiple doses of ionizing radiation in human subcutaneous fibroblasts. Radiother Oncol 2005; 77:231-40. [PMID: 16297999 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transcriptional profiling of fibroblasts derived from breast cancer patients might improve our understanding of subcutaneous radiation-induced fibrosis. The aim of this study was to get a comprehensive overview of the changes in gene expression in subcutaneous fibroblast cell lines after various ionizing radiation (IR) schemes in order to provide information on potential targets for prevention and to suggest candidate genes for SNP association studies aimed at predicting individual risk of radiation-induced morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty different human fibroblast cell lines were included in the study, and two different radiation schemes; single dose experiments with 3.5 Gy or fractionated with 3 x 3.5 Gy. Expression analyses were performed on unexposed and exposed cells after different time points. The IR response was analyzed using the statistical method Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM). RESULTS While many of the identified genes were involved in known IR response pathways like cell cycle arrest, proliferation and detoxification, a substantial fraction of the genes were involved in processes not previously associated with IR response. Of particular interest is genes involved in ECM remodelling, Wnt signalling and IGF signalling. Many of the genes were identified after a single dose, but transcriptional changes in genes related to ROS scavenging and ECM remodelling were most profound after a fractionated scheme. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a number of IR response pathways in fibroblasts derived from breast cancer patients. Besides previously identified pathways, we have identified new pathways and genes that could be relevant for prevention and intervention studies of subcutaneous radiation-induced fibrosis as well as being candidates for SNP association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaug Kristin Rødningen
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Faculty Division, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway.
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