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Zhao Y, Yang K, Wang Y, Li X, Xia C, Huang Y, Li Z, Zhu C, Cui Z, Ye X. A novel xylanase from a myxobacterium triggers a plant immune response in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13488. [PMID: 38924248 PMCID: PMC11196902 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Xylanases derived from fungi, including phytopathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi, are commonly known to trigger plant immune responses. However, there is limited research on the ability of bacterial-derived xylanases to trigger plant immunity. Here, a novel xylanase named CcXyn was identified from the myxobacterium Cystobacter sp. 0969, which displays broad-spectrum activity against both phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. CcXyn belongs to the glycoside hydrolases (GH) 11 family and shares a sequence identity of approximately 32.0%-45.0% with fungal xylanases known to trigger plant immune responses. Treatment of Nicotiana benthamiana with purified CcXyn resulted in the induction of hypersensitive response (HR) and defence responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of defence gene expression, ultimately enhancing the resistance of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora nicotianae. These findings indicated that CcXyn functions as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) elicitor for plant immune responses, independent of its enzymatic activity. Similar to fungal xylanases, CcXyn was recognized by the NbRXEGL1 receptor on the cell membrane of N. benthamiana. Downstream signalling was shown to be independent of the BAK1 and SOBIR1 co-receptors, indicating the involvement of other co-receptors in signal transduction following CcXyn recognition in N. benthamiana. Moreover, xylanases from other myxobacteria also demonstrated the capacity to trigger plant immune responses in N. benthamiana, indicating that xylanases in myxobacteria are ubiquitous in triggering plant immune functions. This study expands the understanding of xylanases with plant immune response-inducing properties and provides a theoretical basis for potential applications of myxobacteria in biocontrol strategies against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhao
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kun Yang
- Crop Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- College of Life SciencesLiaocheng UniversityLiaochengChina
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Cancan Zhu
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Cui X, Li X, Li S, Huang Y, Liu N, Lian S, Li B, Wang C. Xylanase VmXyl2 is involved in the pathogenicity of Valsa mali by regulating xylanase activity and inducing cell necrosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1342714. [PMID: 38745923 PMCID: PMC11092374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1342714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Xylanase plays a key role in degrading plant cell wall during pathogenic fungi infection. Here, we identified a xylanase gene, VmXyl2 from the transcriptome of Valsa mali and examined its function. VmXyl2 has highly elevated transcript levels during the infection process of V. mali, with 15.02-fold increase. Deletion mutants of the gene were generated to investigate the necessity of VmXyl2 in the development and pathogenicity of V. mali. The VmXyl2 deletion mutant considerably reduced the virulence of V. mali in apple leaves and in twigs, accompanied by 41.22% decrease in xylanase activity. In addition, we found that VmXyl2 induces plant cell necrosis regardless of its xylanase activity, whereas promoting the infection of V. mali in apple tissues. The cell death-inducing activity of VmXyl2 dependent on BRI1-associated kinase-1 (BAK1) but not Suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1). Furthermore, VmXyl2 interacts with Mp2 in vivo, a receptor-like kinase with leucine-rich repeat. The results offer valuable insights into the roles of VmXyl2 in the pathogenicity of V. mali during its infection of apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Cui
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinke Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shen Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Na Liu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Lian
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Chen T, Chen Y, Li B, Tian S. Characterization of two SGNH family cell death-inducing proteins from the horticulturally important fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea based on the optimized prokaryotic expression system. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:9. [PMID: 38449027 PMCID: PMC10919021 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive phytopathogenic fungi, causing significant losses to horticultural crops. As a necrotrophic fungus, B. cinerea obtains nutrients by killing host cells. Secreted cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) play a crucial role in necrotrophic infection; however, only a limited number have been reported. For high-throughput CDIP screening, we optimized the prokaryotic expression system and compared its efficiency with other commonly used protein expression systems. The optimized prokaryotic expression system showed superior effectiveness and efficiency and was selected for subsequent CDIP screening. The screening system verified fifty-five candidate proteins and identified two novel SGNH family CDIPs: BcRAE and BcFAT. BcRAE and BcFAT exhibited high expression levels throughout the infection process. Site-directed mutagenesis targeting conserved Ser residues abolished the cell death-inducing activity of both BcRAE and BcFAT. Moreover, the transient expression of BcRAE and BcFAT in plants enhanced plant resistance against B. cinerea without inducing cell death, independent of their enzymatic activities. Our results suggest a high-efficiency screening system for high-throughput CDIP screening and provide new targets for further study of B. cinerea-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Bhagat N, Mansotra R, Patel K, Ambardar S, Vakhlu J. Molecular warfare between pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum R1 and host Crocus sativus L. unraveled by dual transcriptomics. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:42. [PMID: 38246927 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant-pathogen interaction pathways in saffron and cell wall degrading enzymes in Fusarium oxysporum R1 are key players involved in the interaction. Fusarium oxysporum causes corm rot in saffron (Crocus sativus L.), which is one of the most devastating fungal diseases impacting saffron yield globally. Though the corm rot agent and its symptoms are known widely, little is known about the defense mechanism of saffron in response to Fusarium oxysporum infection at molecular level. Therefore, the current study reports saffron-Fusarium oxysporum R1 (Fox R1) interaction at the molecular level using dual a transcriptomics approach. The results indicated the activation of various defense related pathways such as the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK), plant-hormone signaling pathways, plant-pathogen interaction pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and PR protein synthesis in the host during the interaction. The activation of pathways is involved in the hypersensitive response, production of various secondary metabolites, strengthening of the host cell wall, systemic acquired resistance etc. Concurrently, in the pathogen, 60 genes reported to be linked to pathogenicity and virulence has been identified during the invasion. The expression of genes encoding plant cell wall degrading enzymes, various transcription factors and effector proteins indicated the strong pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum R1. Based on the results obtained, the putative molecular mechanism of the saffron-Fox R1 interaction was identified. As saffron is a male sterile plant, and can only be improved by genetic manipulation, this work will serve as a foundation for identifying genes that can be used to create saffron varieties, resistant to Fusarium oxysporum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Bhagat
- Metagenomic Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - Ritika Mansotra
- Metagenomic Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - Karan Patel
- DNA Xperts Private Limited, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Sheetal Ambardar
- Metagenomic Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - Jyoti Vakhlu
- Metagenomic Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India.
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5
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Liang Y, Bi K, Sharon A. The Botrytis cinerea transglycosylase BcCrh4 is a cell death-inducing protein with cell death-promoting and -suppressing domains. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:354-371. [PMID: 37846876 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen that causes grey mould and rot diseases in many crops. Here, we show that the B. cinerea BcCrh4 transglycosylase is secreted during plant infection and induces plant cell death and pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), fulfilling the characteristics of a cell death-inducing protein (CDIP). The CDIP activity of BcCrh4 is independent of the transglycosylase enzymatic activity, it takes place in the apoplast and does not involve the receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1. During saprophytic growth, BcCrh4 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and in vacuoles, but during plant infection, it accumulates in infection cushions (ICs) and is then secreted to the apoplast. Two domains within the BcCrh4 protein determine the CDIP activities: a 20aa domain at the N' end activates intense cell death and PTI, while a stretch of 52aa in the middle of the protein induces a weaker response and suppresses the activity of the 20aa N' domain. Deletion of bccrh4 affected fungal development and IC formation in particular, resulting in reduced virulence. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that BcCrh4 is required for fungal development and pathogenicity, and hint at a dual mechanism that balances the virulence activity of this, and potentially other CDIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kai Bi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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6
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Su L, Zhang T, Yang B, Bai Y, Fang W, Xiong J, Cheng ZM(M. The Botrytis cinerea effector BcXYG1 suppresses immunity in Fragaria vesca by targeting FvBPL4 and FvACD11. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad251. [PMID: 38304330 PMCID: PMC10831327 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive pathogens in strawberry cultivation. Successful infection by B. cinerea requires releasing a large number of effectors that interfere with the plant's immune system. One of the effectors required by B. cinerea for optimal virulence is the secreted protein BcXYG1, which is thought to associate with proteins near the plasma membrane of the host plant to induce necrosis. However, the host proteins that associate with BcXYG1 at the plasma membrane are currently unknown. We found that BcXYG1 binds to FvBPL4 and FvACD11 at the plasma membrane. Both FvBPL4 and FvACD11 are negative regulators of plant immunity in strawberry. Our results demonstrate that degradation of FvBPL4 by BcXYG1 promotes disease resistance while stabilization of FvACD11 by BcXYG1 suppresses the immune response. These findings suggest that BcXYG1 suppresses plant immunity and promotes B. cinerea infection by regulating FvBPL4 and FvACD11 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yibo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingsong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zong-Ming (Max) Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Erokhin D, Popletaeva S, Sinelnikov I, Rozhkova A, Shcherbakova L, Dzhavakhiya V. Some Structural Elements of Bacterial Protein MF3 That Influence Its Ability to Induce Plant Resistance to Fungi, Viruses, and Other Plant Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16374. [PMID: 38003563 PMCID: PMC10671687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the MF3 protein from Pseudomonas fluorescens to protect plants by inducing their resistance to pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and viruses is well confirmed both in greenhouses and in the field; however, the molecular basis of this phenomenon remains unexplored. To find a relationship between the primary (and spatial) structure of the protein and its target activity, we analyzed the inducing activity of a set of mutants generated by alanine scanning and an alpha-helix deletion (ahD) in the part of the MF3 molecule previously identified by our group as a 29-amino-acid peptide working as the inducer on its own. Testing the mutants' inducing activity using the "tobacco-tobacco mosaic virus" pathosystem revealed that some of them showed an almost threefold (V60A and V62A) or twofold (G51A, L58A, ahD) reduction in inducing activity compared to the wild-type MF3 type. Interestingly, these mutations demonstrated close proximity in the homology model, probably contributing to MF3 reception in a host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Erokhin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Sophya Popletaeva
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Larisa Shcherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Vitaly Dzhavakhiya
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
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8
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Zou J, Jiang C, Qiu S, Duan G, Wang G, Li D, Yu S, Zhao D, Sun W. An Ustilaginoidea virens glycoside hydrolase 42 protein is an essential virulence factor and elicits plant immunity as a PAMP. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1414-1429. [PMID: 37452482 PMCID: PMC10576179 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the ascomycete fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, which infects rice florets before heading, severely threatens rice grain yield and quality worldwide. The U. virens genome encodes a number of glycoside hydrolase (GH) proteins. So far, the functions of these GHs in U. virens are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a GH42 protein secreted by U. virens, named UvGHF1, that exhibits β-galactosidase activity. UvGHF1 not only functions as an essential virulence factor during U. virens infection, but also serves as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. The PAMP activity of UvGHF1 is independent of its β-galactosidase activity. Moreover, UvGHF1 triggers cell death in N. benthamiana in a BAK1-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of UvGHF1 in rice induces pattern-triggered immunity and enhances rice resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases. RNA-seq analysis revealed that UvGHF1 expression in rice not only activates expression of many defence-related genes encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases and WRKY and ERF transcription factors, but also induces diterpenoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Therefore, UvGHF1 contributes to U. virens virulence, but is also recognized by the rice surveillance system to trigger plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zou
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Chunquan Jiang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Guohua Duan
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Guanqun Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Siwen Yu
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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9
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Sabnam N, Hussain A, Saha P. The secret password: Cell death-inducing proteins in filamentous phytopathogens - As versatile tools to develop disease-resistant crops. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106276. [PMID: 37541554 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) are some of the secreted effector proteins manifested by filamentous oomycetes and fungal pathogens to invade the plant tissue and facilitate infection. Along with their involvement in different developmental processes and virulence, CDIPs play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions. As the name implies, CDIPs cause necrosis and trigger localised cell death in the infected host tissues by the accumulation of higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidative burst, accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), and electrolyte leakage. They also stimulate the biosynthesis of defense-related phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (ET), as well as the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes that are important in disease resistance. Altogether, the interactions result in the hypersensitive response (HR) in the host plant, which might confer systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in some cases against a vast array of related and unrelated pathogens. The CDIPs, due to their capability of inducing host resistance, are thus unique among the array of proteins secreted by filamentous plant pathogens. More interestingly, a few transgenic plant lines have also been developed expressing the CDIPs with added resistance. Thus, CDIPs have opened an interesting hot area of research. The present study critically reviews the current knowledge of major types of CDIPs identified across filamentous phytopathogens and their modes of action in the last couple of years. This review also highlights the recent breakthrough technologies in studying plant-pathogen interactions as well as crop improvement by enhancing disease resistance through CDIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmiara Sabnam
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Pallabi Saha
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, United States; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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10
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Pineda-Fretez A, Orrego A, Iehisa JCM, Flores-Giubi ME, Barúa JE, Sánchez-Lucas R, Jorrín-Novo J, Romero-Rodríguez MC. Secretome analysis of the phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina cultivated in liquid medium supplemented with and without soybean leaf infusion. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1043-1052. [PMID: 37142363 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a fungal pathogen that causes root and stem rot in several economically important crops. However, most of disease control strategies have shown limited effectiveness. Despite its impact on agriculture, molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction with host plant remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, it has been proven that fungal pathogens secrete a variety of proteins and metabolites to successfully infect their host plants. In this study, a proteomic analysis of proteins secreted by M. phaseolina in culture media supplemented with soybean leaf infusion was performed. A total of 250 proteins were identified with a predominance of hydrolytic enzymes. Plant cell wall degrading enzymes together peptidases were found, probably involved in the infection process. Predicted effector proteins were also found that could induce plant cell death or suppress plant immune response. Some of the putative effectors presented similarities to known fungal virulence factors. Expression analysis of ten selected protein-coding genes showed that these genes are induced during host tissue infection and suggested their participation in the infection process. The identification of secreted proteins of M. phaseolina could be used to improve the understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of this fungus. Although leaf infusion was able to induce changes at the proteome level, it is necessary to study the changes induced under conditions that mimic the natural infection process of the soil-borne pathogen M. phaseolina to identify virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiliana Pineda-Fretez
- Department of Chemical Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Adriana Orrego
- Department of Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Julio César Masaru Iehisa
- Department of Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
| | - María Eugenia Flores-Giubi
- Department of Chemical Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Javier E Barúa
- Department of Chemical Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Rosa Sánchez-Lucas
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Campus, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jesús Jorrín-Novo
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, UCO-CeiA3, 14014, Cordoba, Spain
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11
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Bi K, Liang Y, Mengiste T, Sharon A. Killing softly: a roadmap of Botrytis cinerea pathogenicity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:211-222. [PMID: 36184487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a widespread plant pathogen with a necrotrophic lifestyle, causes gray mold disease in many crops. Massive secretion of enzymes and toxins was long considered to be the main driver of infection, but recent studies have uncovered a rich toolbox for B. cinerea pathogenicity. The emerging picture is of a multilayered infection process governed by the exchange of factors that collectively contribute to disease development. No plant shows complete resistance against B. cinerea, but pattern-triggered plant immune responses have the potential to significantly reduce disease progression, opening new possibilities for producing B. cinerea-tolerant plants. We examine current B. cinerea infection models, highlight knowledge gaps, and suggest directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong Liang
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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12
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Jeblick T, Leisen T, Steidele CE, Albert I, Müller J, Kaiser S, Mahler F, Sommer F, Keller S, Hückelhoven R, Hahn M, Scheuring D. Botrytis hypersensitive response inducing protein 1 triggers noncanonical PTI to induce plant cell death. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:125-141. [PMID: 36222581 PMCID: PMC9806589 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
According to their lifestyle, plant pathogens are divided into biotrophic and necrotrophic organisms. Biotrophic pathogens exclusively nourish living host cells, whereas necrotrophic pathogens rapidly kill host cells and nourish cell walls and cell contents. To this end, the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea secretes large amounts of phytotoxic proteins and cell wall-degrading enzymes. However, the precise role of these proteins during infection is unknown. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of the previously unknown toxic protein hypersensitive response-inducing protein 1 (Hip1), which induces plant cell death. We found the adoption of a structurally conserved folded Alternaria alternata Alt a 1 protein structure to be a prerequisite for Hip1 to exert its necrosis-inducing activity in a host-specific manner. Localization and the induction of typical plant defense responses by Hip1 indicate recognition as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern at the plant plasma membrane. In contrast to other secreted toxic Botrytis proteins, the activity of Hip1 does not depend on the presence of the receptor-associated kinases BRI1-associated kinase 1 and suppressor of BIR1-1. Our results demonstrate that recognition of Hip1, even in the absence of obvious enzymatic or pore-forming activity, induces strong plant defense reactions eventually leading to plant cell death. Botrytis hip1 overexpression strains generated by CRISPR/Cas9 displayed enhanced infection, indicating the virulence-promoting potential of Hip1. Taken together, Hip1 induces a noncanonical defense response which might be a common feature of structurally conserved fungal proteins from the Alt a 1 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Jeblick
- Plant Pathology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Thomas Leisen
- Plant Pathology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Christina E Steidele
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Isabell Albert
- Molecular Plant Physiology, FAU Erlangen, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Jonas Müller
- Plant Pathology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kaiser
- Plant Pathology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Florian Mahler
- Molecular Biophysics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Sandro Keller
- Molecular Biophysics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Plant Pathology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
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13
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Qin S, Veloso J, Baak M, Boogmans B, Bosman T, Puccetti G, Shi‐Kunne X, Smit S, Grant‐Downton R, Leisen T, Hahn M, van Kan JAL. Molecular characterization reveals no functional evidence for naturally occurring cross-kingdom RNA interference in the early stages of Botrytis cinerea-tomato interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:3-15. [PMID: 36168919 PMCID: PMC9742496 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune responses are triggered during the interaction with pathogens. The fungus Botrytis cinerea has previously been reported to use small RNAs (sRNAs) as effector molecules capable of interfering with the host immune response. Conversely, a host plant produces sRNAs that may interfere with the infection mechanism of an intruder. We used high-throughput sequencing to identify sRNAs produced by B. cinerea and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) during early phases of interaction and to examine the expression of their predicted mRNA targets in the other organism. A total of 7042 B. cinerea sRNAs were predicted to target 3185 mRNAs in tomato. Of the predicted tomato target genes, 163 were indeed transcriptionally down-regulated during the early phase of infection. Several experiments were performed to study a causal relation between the production of B. cinerea sRNAs and the down-regulation of predicted target genes in tomato. We generated B. cinerea mutants in which a transposon region was deleted that is the source of c.10% of the fungal sRNAs. Furthermore, mutants were generated in which both Dicer-like genes (Bcdcl1 and Bcdcl2) were deleted and these displayed a >99% reduction of transposon-derived sRNA production. Neither of these mutants was significantly reduced in virulence on any plant species tested. Our results reveal no evidence for any detectable role of B. cinerea sRNAs in the virulence of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Qin
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Javier Veloso
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- FISAPLANTUniversity of A CoruñaA CoruñaSpain
| | - Mirna Baak
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Britt Boogmans
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Tim Bosman
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Guido Puccetti
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Sandra Smit
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Thomas Leisen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
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14
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Botrytis cinerea Transcription Factor BcXyr1 Regulates (Hemi-)Cellulase Production and Fungal Virulence. mSystems 2022; 7:e0104222. [PMID: 36468854 PMCID: PMC9765177 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01042-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an agriculturally notorious plant-pathogenic fungus with a broad host range. During plant colonization, B. cinerea secretes a wide range of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) that help in macerating the plant tissue, but their role in pathogenicity has been unclear. Here, we report on the identification of a transcription factor, BcXyr1, that regulates the production of (hemi-)cellulases and is necessary for fungal virulence. Deletion of the bcxyr1 gene led to impaired spore germination and reduced fungal virulence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in planta. Secreted proteins collected from the bcxyr1 deletion strain displayed a weaker cell-death-inducing effect than the wild-type secretome when infiltrated to Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed 41 genes with reduced expression in the Δbcxyr1 mutant compared with those in the wild-type strain, of which half encode secreted proteins that are particularly enriched in carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme)-encoding genes. Among them, we identified a novel putative expansin-like protein that was necessary for fungal virulence, supporting the involvement of BcXyr1 in the regulation of extracellular virulence factors. IMPORTANCE PCWDEs are considered important components of the virulence arsenal of necrotrophic plant pathogens. However, despite intensive research, the role of PCWDEs in the pathogenicity of necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungi remains ambiguous. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor BcXyr1 regulates the expression of a specific set of secreted PCWDE-encoding genes and that it is essential for fungal virulence. Furthermore, we identified a BcXyr1-regulated expansin-like gene that is required for fungal virulence. Our findings provide strong evidence for the importance of PCWDEs in the pathogenicity of B. cinerea and highlight specific PCWDEs that might be more important than others.
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15
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Tundo S, Mandalà G, Sella L, Favaron F, Bedre R, Kalunke RM. Xylanase Inhibitors: Defense Players in Plant Immunity with Implications in Agro-Industrial Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314994. [PMID: 36499321 PMCID: PMC9739030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase inhibitors (XIs) are plant cell wall proteins largely distributed in monocots that inhibit the hemicellulose degrading activity of microbial xylanases. XIs have been classified into three classes with different structures and inhibition specificities, namely Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitors (TAXI), xylanase inhibitor proteins (XIP), and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (TLXI). Their involvement in plant defense has been established by several reports. Additionally, these inhibitors have considerable economic relevance because they interfere with the activity of xylanases applied in several agro-industrial processes. Previous reviews highlighted the structural and biochemical properties of XIs and hypothesized their role in plant defense. Here, we aimed to update the information on the genomic organization of XI encoding genes, the inhibition properties of XIs against microbial xylanases, and the structural properties of xylanase-XI interaction. We also deepened the knowledge of XI regulation mechanisms in planta and their involvement in plant defense. Finally, we reported the recently studied strategies to reduce the negative impact of XIs in agro-industrial processes and mentioned their allergenicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Mandalà
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Renesh Bedre
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA
| | - Raviraj M. Kalunke
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, 7 Olivette, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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16
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Malvestiti MC, Steentjes MBF, Beenen HG, Boeren S, van Kan JAL, Shi-Kunne X. Analysis of plant cell death-inducing proteins of the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Botrytis squamosa and Botrytis elliptica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:993325. [PMID: 36304392 PMCID: PMC9593002 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens secrete proteins that manipulate the host in order to facilitate colonization. Necrotrophs have evolved specialized proteins that actively induce plant cell death by co-opting the programmed cell death machinery of the host. Besides the broad host range pathogen Botrytis cinerea, most other species within the genus Botrytis are restricted to a single host species or a group of closely related hosts. Here, we focused on Botrytis squamosa and B. elliptica, host specific pathogens of onion (Allium cepa) and lily (Lilium spp.), respectively. Despite their occurrence on different hosts, the two fungal species are each other's closest relatives. Therefore, we hypothesize that they share a considerable number of proteins to induce cell death on their respective hosts. In this study, we first confirmed the host-specificity of B. squamosa and B. elliptica. Then we sequenced and assembled high quality genomes. The alignment of these two genomes revealed a high level of synteny with few balanced structural chromosomal arrangements. To assess the cell death-inducing capacity of their secreted proteins, we produced culture filtrates of B. squamosa and B. elliptica that induced cell death responses upon infiltration in host leaves. Protein composition of the culture filtrate was analysed by mass spectrometry, and we identified orthologous proteins that were present in both samples. Subsequently, the expression of the corresponding genes during host infection was compared. RNAseq analysis showed that the majority of the orthogroups of the two sister species display similar expression patterns during infection of their respective host. The analysis of cell death-inducing proteins of B. squamosa and B. elliptica provides insights in the mechanisms used by these two Botrytis species to infect their respective hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henriek G. Beenen
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqian Shi-Kunne
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, Netherlands
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17
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Liao CJ, Hailemariam S, Sharon A, Mengiste T. Pathogenic strategies and immune mechanisms to necrotrophs: Differences and similarities to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102291. [PMID: 36063637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis in plant diseases is complex comprising diverse pathogen virulence and plant immune mechanisms. These pathogens cause damaging plant diseases by deploying specialized and generic virulence strategies that are countered by intricate resistance mechanisms. The significant challenges that necrotrophs pose to crop production are predicted to increase with climate change. Immunity to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs is dominated by intracellular receptors that recognize specific effectors and activate resistance. These mechanisms play only minor roles in resistance to necrotrophs. Pathogen- or host-derived conserved pattern molecules trigger immune responses that broadly contribute to plant immunity. However, certain pathogen or host-derived immune elicitors are enriched by the virulence activities of necrotrophs. Different plant hormones modulate systemic resistance and cell death that have differential impacts on resistance to pathogens of different lifestyles. Knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to resistance to necrotrophs has expanded. Besides toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes that dominate the pathogenesis of necrotrophs, other effectors with subtle contributions are being identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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18
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Qian H, Wang L, Wang B, Liang W. The secreted ribonuclease T2 protein FoRnt2 contributes to Fusarium oxysporum virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1346-1360. [PMID: 35696123 PMCID: PMC9366063 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Secreted RNase proteins have been reported from only a few pathogens, and relatively little is known about their biological functions. Fusarium oxysporum is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt, one of the most important diseases on tomato. During the infection of F. oxysporum, some proteins are secreted that modulate host plant immunity and promote pathogen invasion. In this study, we identify an RNase, FoRnt2, from the F. oxysporum secretome that belongs to the ribonuclease T2 family. FoRnt2 possesses an N-terminal signal peptide and can be secreted from F. oxysporum. FoRnt2 exhibited ribonuclease activity and was able to degrade the host plant total RNA in vitro dependent on the active site residues H80 and H142. Deletion of the FoRnt2 gene reduced fungal virulence but had no obvious effect on mycelial growth and conidial production. The expression of FoRnt2 in tomato significantly enhanced plant susceptibility to pathogens. These data indicate that FoRnt2 is an important contributor to the virulence of F. oxysporum, possibly through the degradation of plant RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Qian
- College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Lulu Wang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
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19
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Zhao H, Liu K, Fan Y, Cao J, Li H, Song W, Liu Y, Miao M. Cell-free supernatant of Bacillus velezensis suppresses mycelial growth and reduces virulence of Botrytis cinerea by inducing oxidative stress. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980022. [PMID: 35992680 PMCID: PMC9389153 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As a notorious pathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea has been reported to infect more than 1400 species of plants and cause postharvest gray mold of numerous economic fruits, leading to substantial economic losses. Traditional chemical fungicides in pathogen control have potential issues regarding environmental pollution, disease resistance and human health. More safety and efficacious prevention technique of postharvest gray mold are in urgent demand. This study aims to investigate the potential function and mechanism of Bacillus velezensis to control gray mold for harvested fruits. The results showed that the cell-free supernatant (CFS) generated from B. velezensis strain A4 was able to inhibit spore germination, germ tube elongation and hyphal growth of B. cinerea in vitro, and impair the pathogenicity of B. cinerea on the four tested fruits. Further analysis demonstrated that CFS significantly reduced the expression of genes associated with growth and pathogenicity and weakened the ability of B. cinerea spores to penetrate plant cell walls in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the CFS destroyed the membrane of hyphae, resulting in exosmosis of cell contents and caused hyphal cells to accumulate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to hyphal oxidative damage. Our findings indicate that B. velezensis CFS can damage B. cinerea mycelial cells by promoting excessive accumulation of ROS to realize its biological control function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanlan Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Kui Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciencess, Beijing, China
| | - Yezhen Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jiacan Cao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huanghuan Li
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wu Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Miao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Min Miao,
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20
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Machado TO, Grabow J, Sayer C, de Araújo PHH, Ehrenhard ML, Wurm FR. Biopolymer-based nanocarriers for sustained release of agrochemicals: A review on materials and social science perspectives for a sustainable future of agri- and horticulture. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 303:102645. [PMID: 35358807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Devastating plant diseases and soil depletion rationalize an extensive use of agrochemicals to secure the food production worldwide. The sustained release of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is a promising solution to the eco-toxicological impacts and it might reduce the amount and increase the effectiveness of agrochemicals administration in the field. This review article focusses on carriers with diameters below 1 μm, such as capsules, spheres, tubes and micelles that promote the sustained release of actives. Biopolymer nanocarriers represent a potentially environmentally friendly alternative due to their renewable origin and biodegradability, which prevents the formation of microplastics. The social aspects, economic potential, and success of commercialization of biopolymer based nanocarriers are influenced by the controversial nature of nanotechnology and depend on the use case. Nanotechnology's enormous innovative power is only able to unfold its potential to limit the effects of climate change and to counteract current environmental developments if the perceived risks are understood and mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago O Machado
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Justin Grabow
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro H H de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Michel L Ehrenhard
- Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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21
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Leisen T, Werner J, Pattar P, Safari N, Ymeri E, Sommer F, Schroda M, Suárez I, Collado IG, Scheuring D, Hahn M. Multiple knockout mutants reveal a high redundancy of phytotoxic compounds contributing to necrotrophic pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010367. [PMID: 35239739 PMCID: PMC8923502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a major plant pathogen infecting more than 1400 plant species. During invasion, the fungus rapidly kills host cells, which is believed to be supported by induction of programmed plant cell death. To comprehensively evaluate the contributions of most of the currently known plant cell death inducing proteins (CDIPs) and metabolites for necrotrophic infection, an optimized CRISPR/Cas9 protocol was established which allowed to perform serial marker-free mutagenesis to generate multiple deletion mutants lacking up to 12 CDIPs. Whole genome sequencing of a 6x and 12x deletion mutant revealed a low number of off-target mutations which were unrelated to Cas9-mediated cleavage. Secretome analyses confirmed the loss of secreted proteins encoded by the deleted genes. Infection tests with the mutants revealed a successive decrease in virulence with increasing numbers of mutated genes, and varying effects of the knockouts on different host plants. Comparative analysis of mutants confirmed significant roles of two polygalacturonases (PG1, PG2) and the phytotoxic metabolites botrydial and botcinins for infection, but revealed no or only weak effects of deletion of the other CDIPs. Nicotiana benthamiana plants with mutated or silenced coreceptors of pattern recognition receptors, SOBIR1 and BAK1, showed similar susceptibility as control plants to infection by B. cinerea wild type and a 12x deletion mutant. These results raise doubts about a major role of manipulation of these plant defence regulators for B. cinerea infection. Despite the loss of most of the known phytotoxic compounds, the on planta secretomes of the multiple mutants retained substantial phytotoxic activity, proving that further, as yet unknown CDIPs contribute to necrosis and virulence. Our study has addressed for the first time systematically the functional redundancy of fungal virulence factors, and demonstrates that B. cinerea releases a highly redundant cocktail of proteins to achieve necrotrophic infection of a wide variety of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leisen
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Janina Werner
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Patrick Pattar
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nassim Safari
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Edita Ymeri
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology group, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology group, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ivonne Suárez
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - David Scheuring
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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22
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Lengyel S, Rascle C, Poussereau N, Bruel C, Sella L, Choquer M, Favaron F. Snf1 Kinase Differentially Regulates Botrytis cinerea Pathogenicity according to the Plant Host. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020444. [PMID: 35208900 PMCID: PMC8877277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Snf1 kinase of the glucose signaling pathway controls the response to nutritional and environmental stresses. In phytopathogenic fungi, Snf1 acts as a global activator of plant cell wall degrading enzymes that are major virulence factors for plant colonization. To characterize its role in the virulence of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, two independent deletion mutants of the Bcsnf1 gene were obtained and analyzed. Virulence of the Δsnf1 mutants was reduced by 59% on a host with acidic pH (apple fruit) and up to 89% on hosts with neutral pH (cucumber cotyledon and French bean leaf). In vitro, Δsnf1 mutants grew slower than the wild type strain at both pH 5 and 7, with a reduction of 20–80% in simple sugars, polysaccharides, and lipidic carbon sources, and these defects were amplified at pH 7. A two-fold reduction in secretion of xylanase activities was observed consequently to the Bcsnf1 gene deletion. Moreover, Δsnf1 mutants were altered in their ability to control ambient pH. Finally, Δsnf1 mutants were impaired in asexual sporulation and did not produce macroconidia. These results confirm the importance of BcSnf1 in pathogenicity, nutrition, and conidiation, and suggest a role in pH regulation for this global regulator in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabina Lengyel
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.L.); (F.F.)
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Christine Rascle
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.L.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.L.); (F.F.)
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23
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Markou GC, Sarkar CA. A cell-free approach to identify binding hotspots in plant immune receptors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:501. [PMID: 35017559 PMCID: PMC8752824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immune receptors are often difficult to express heterologously, hindering study of direct interactions between these receptors and their targets with traditional biochemical approaches. The cell-free method ribosome display (RD) enables expression of such recalcitrant proteins by keeping each nascent polypeptide chain tethered to its ribosome, which can enhance protein folding by virtue of its size and solubility. Moreover, in contrast to an in planta readout of receptor activity such as a hypersensitive response that conflates binding and signaling, RD enables direct probing of the interaction between plant immune receptors and their targets. Here, we demonstrate the utility of this approach using tomato recognition of Trichoderma viride ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) as a case study. Leveraging the modular nature of the tomato LeEIX2 and LeEIX1 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors, we applied an entropy-informed algorithm to maximize the information content in our receptor segmentation RD experiments to identify segments implicated in EIX binding. Unexpectedly, two distinct EIX-binding hotspots were discovered on LeEIX2 and both hotspots are shared with decoy LeEIX1, suggesting that their contrasting receptor functions are not due to differential modes of ligand binding. Given that most plant immune receptors are thought to engage targets via their LRR sequences, this approach should be of broad utility in rapidly identifying their binding hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Markou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Casim A Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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24
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Bradley EL, Ökmen B, Doehlemann G, Henrissat B, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Secreted Glycoside Hydrolase Proteins as Effectors and Invasion Patterns of Plant-Associated Fungi and Oomycetes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853106. [PMID: 35360318 PMCID: PMC8960721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During host colonization, plant-associated microbes, including fungi and oomycetes, deliver a collection of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to their cell surfaces and surrounding extracellular environments. The number and type of GHs secreted by each organism is typically associated with their lifestyle or mode of nutrient acquisition. Secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes serve a number of different functions, with many of them acting as virulence factors (effectors) to promote microbial host colonization. Specific functions involve, for example, nutrient acquisition, the detoxification of antimicrobial compounds, the manipulation of plant microbiota, and the suppression or prevention of plant immune responses. In contrast, secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes can also activate the plant immune system, either by acting as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as a consequence of their enzymatic activity. In this review, we highlight the critical roles that secreted GHs from plant-associated fungi and oomycetes play in plant-microbe interactions, provide an overview of existing knowledge gaps and summarize future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Bradley
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Carl H. Mesarich,
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25
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Dou Y, Yang Y, Mund NK, Wei Y, Liu Y, Wei L, Wang Y, Du P, Zhou Y, Liesche J, Huang L, Fang H, Zhao C, Li J, Wei Y, Chen S. Comparative Analysis of Herbaceous and Woody Cell Wall Digestibility by Pathogenic Fungi. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237220. [PMID: 34885803 PMCID: PMC8659149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens have evolved combinations of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) to deconstruct host plant cell walls (PCWs). An understanding of this process is hoped to create a basis for improving plant biomass conversion efficiency into sustainable biofuels and bioproducts. Here, an approach integrating enzyme activity assay, biomass pretreatment, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and genomic analysis of PCWDEs were applied to examine digestibility or degradability of selected woody and herbaceous biomass by pathogenic fungi. Preferred hydrolysis of apple tree branch, rapeseed straw, or wheat straw were observed by the apple-tree-specific pathogen Valsa mali, the rapeseed pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and the wheat pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis, respectively. Delignification by peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment increased PCW digestibility, and the increase was generally more profound with non-host than host PCW substrates. Hemicellulase pretreatment slightly reduced or had no effect on hemicellulose content in the PCW substrates tested; however, the pretreatment significantly changed hydrolytic preferences of the selected pathogens, indicating a role of hemicellulose branching in PCW digestibility. Cellulose organization appears to also impact digestibility of host PCWs, as reflected by differences in cellulose microfibril organization in woody and herbaceous PCWs and variation in cellulose-binding domain organization in cellulases of pathogenic fungi, which is known to influence enzyme access to cellulose. Taken together, this study highlighted the importance of chemical structure of both hemicelluloses and cellulose in host PCW digestibility by fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Dou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China;
| | - Nitesh Kumar Mund
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yisong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Linfang Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Panpan Du
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yunheng Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Hao Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yahong Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (S.C.); Tel.: +86-029-87091021 (S.C.)
| | - Shaolin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.D.); (N.K.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (P.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.F.); (C.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (S.C.); Tel.: +86-029-87091021 (S.C.)
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26
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Tundo S, Paccanaro MC, Bigini V, Savatin DV, Faoro F, Favaron F, Sella L. The Fusarium graminearum FGSG_03624 Xylanase Enhances Plant Immunity and Increases Resistance against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10811. [PMID: 34639149 PMCID: PMC8509205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal enzymes degrading the plant cell wall, such as xylanases, can activate plant immune responses. The Fusarium graminearum FGSG_03624 xylanase, previously shown to elicit necrosis and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in wheat, was investigated for its ability to induce disease resistance. To this aim, we transiently and constitutively expressed an enzymatically inactive form of FGSG_03624 in tobacco and Arabidopsis, respectively. The plants were challenged with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci or pv. maculicola and Botrytis cinerea. Symptom reduction by the bacterium was evident, while no reduction was observed after B. cinerea inoculation. Compared to the control, the presence of the xylanase gene in transgenic Arabidopsis plants did not alter the basal expression of a set of defense-related genes, and, after the P. syringae inoculation, a prolonged PR1 expression was detected. F. graminearum inoculation experiments of durum wheat spikes exogenously treated with the FGSG_03624 xylanase highlighted a reduction of symptoms in the early phases of infection and a lower fungal biomass accumulation than in the control. Besides, callose deposition was detected in infected spikes previously treated with the xylanase and not in infected control plants. In conclusion, our results highlight the ability of FGSG_03624 to enhance plant immunity, thus decreasing disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Valentina Bigini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (V.B.); (D.V.S.)
| | - Daniel V. Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (V.B.); (D.V.S.)
| | - Franco Faoro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy;
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
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27
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Weiller F, Schückel J, Willats WGT, Driouich A, Vivier MA, Moore JP. Tracking cell wall changes in wine and table grapes undergoing Botrytis cinerea infection using glycan microarrays. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:527-543. [PMID: 34192306 PMCID: PMC8422895 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea infects a broad range of fruit crops including domesticated grapevine Vitis vinifera cultivars. Damage caused by this pathogen is severely detrimental to the table and wine grape industries and results in substantial crop losses worldwide. The apoplast and cell wall interface is an important setting where many plant-pathogen interactions take place and where some defence-related messenger molecules are generated. Limited studies have investigated changes in grape cell wall composition upon infection with B. cinerea, with much being inferred from studies on other fruit crops. METHODS In this study, comprehensive microarray polymer profiling in combination with monosaccharide compositional analysis was applied for the first time to investigate cell wall compositional changes in the berries of wine (Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon) and table (Dauphine and Barlinka) grape cultivars during Botrytis infection and tissue maceration. This was used in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) to characterize infection progression. KEY RESULTS Grapes infected at veraison did not develop visible infection symptoms, whereas grapes inoculated at the post-veraison and ripe stages showed evidence of significant tissue degradation. The latter was characterized by a reduction in signals for pectin epitopes in the berry cell walls, implying the degradation of pectin polymers. The table grape cultivars showed more severe infection symptoms, and corresponding pectin depolymerization, compared with wine grape cultivars. In both grape types, hemicellulose layers were largely unaffected, as was the arabinogalactan protein content, whereas in moderate to severely infected table grape cultivars, evidence of extensin epitope deposition was present. CONCLUSIONS Specific changes in the grape cell wall compositional profiles appear to correlate with fungal disease susceptibility. Cell wall factors important in influencing resistance may include pectin methylesterification profiles, as well as extensin reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Weiller
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- DKMS Life Science Lab, Dresden, Germany
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Université de ROUEN Normandie, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche ‘Normandie-Végétal’-FED 4277, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Melané A Vivier
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - John P Moore
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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28
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Wang D, Chen JY, Song J, Li JJ, Klosterman SJ, Li R, Kong ZQ, Subbarao KV, Dai XF, Zhang DD. Cytotoxic function of xylanase VdXyn4 in the plant vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:409-429. [PMID: 34618145 PMCID: PMC8418393 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogen xylanases play critical roles in pathogenesis, likely due to their ability to degrade plant structural barriers and manipulate host immunity. As an invader of plant xylem vessels, the fungus Verticillium dahliae is thought to deploy complex cell wall degrading enzymes. Comparative genomics analyses revealed that the V. dahliae genome encodes a family of six xylanases, each possessing a glycosyl hydrolase 11 domain, but the functions of these enzymes are undetermined. Characterizing gene deletion mutants revealed that only V. dahliae xylanase 4 (VdXyn4) degraded the plant cell wall and contributed to the virulence of V. dahliae. VdXyn4 displayed cytotoxic activity and induced a necrosis phenotype during the late stages of infection, leading to vein and petiole collapse that depended on the enzyme simultaneously localizing to nuclei and chloroplasts. The internalization of VdXyn4 was in conjunction with that of the plasma membrane complexLeucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like kinase suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1)/LRR-RLK BRI1-associated kinase-1 (BAK1), but we could not rule out the possibility that VdXyn4 may also act as an apoplastic effector. Immune signaling (in the SA-JA pathways) induced by VdXyn4 relative to that induced by known immunity effectors was substantially delayed. While cytotoxic activity could be partially suppressed by known effectors, they failed to impede necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. Thus, unlike typical effectors, cytotoxicity of VdXyn4 plays a crucial intracellular role at the late stages of V. dahliae infection and colonization, especially following pathogen entry into the xylem; this cytotoxic activity is likely conserved in the corresponding enzyme families in plant vascular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Team of Crop Verticillium wilt, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- Team of Crop Verticillium wilt, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Song
- Team of Crop Verticillium wilt, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jiao Li
- Team of Crop Verticillium wilt, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, California, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Team of Crop Verticillium wilt, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- Team of Crop Verticillium wilt, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, California, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- Team of Crop Verticillium wilt, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Team of Crop Verticillium wilt, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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The Role of Glycoside Hydrolases in Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179359. [PMID: 34502268 PMCID: PMC8431085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi need to secrete different hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall in order to enter the host and develop the disease. Fungi produce various types of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) during infection. Most of the characterized CWDEs belong to glycoside hydrolases (GHs). These enzymes hydrolyze glycosidic bonds and have been identified in many fungal species sequenced to date. Many studies have shown that CWDEs belong to several GH families and play significant roles in the invasion and pathogenicity of fungi and oomycetes during infection on the plant host, but their mode of function in virulence is not yet fully understood. Moreover, some of the CWDEs that belong to different GH families act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which trigger plant immune responses. In this review, we summarize the most important GHs that have been described in eukaryotic phytopathogens and are involved in the establishment of a successful infection.
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30
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Huang Y, Yu C, Sun C, Saleem M, Li P, Li B, Wang C. β-Glucosidase VmGlu2 Contributes to the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695112. [PMID: 34394036 PMCID: PMC8361449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apple tree canker is caused by Valsa mali, which produces major pathogenic factors involving multiple cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and toxins. The β-glucosidases are among the main CWDEs, and thus, they play important roles in the virulence of necrotrophic pathogens. However, the specific roles of β-glucosidases in the virulence of V. mlai remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a β-glucosidase gene, VmGlu2, which was upregulated during the V. mali infection. We found that VmGlu2 protein had high enzyme activity of β-glucosidase using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as a substrate, while the VmGlu2 could convert phloridzin to phloretin with the release of glucose. The deletion and overexpression of VmGlu2 showed no effect on vegetative growth, but gene deletion mutants of V. mlai showed significantly reduced pycnidia formation. The gene deletion mutants had lower β-glucosidase activities and toxin levels as compared to the wild-type strain. Therefore, these mutants showed a reduced virulence. Moreover, the overexpression of VmGlu2 did not affect toxin levels, but it significantly enhanced β-glucosidase activities, which resulted in an increased pathogenicity. Thus, we conclude that VmGlu2 is required for the full virulence of V. mali. These results provide valuable evidence to the complex role of CWDEs in the fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunlei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuicui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Pingliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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31
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Liu Y, Han N, Wang S, Chen C, Lu J, Riaz MW, Si H, Sun G, Ma C. Genome-Wide Identification of Triticum aestivum Xylanase Inhibitor Gene Family and Inhibitory Effects of XI-2 Subfamily Proteins on Fusarium graminearum GH11 Xylanase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:665501. [PMID: 34381472 PMCID: PMC8350787 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.665501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (TaXI) gene plays an important role in plant defense. Recently, TaXI-III inhibitor has been shown to play a dual role in wheat resistance to Fusarium graminearum infection. Thus, identifying the members of the TaXI gene family and clarifying its role in wheat resistance to stresses are essential for wheat resistance breeding. However, to date, no comprehensive research on TaXIs in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been conducted. In this study, a total of 277 TaXI genes, including six genes that we cloned, were identified from the recently released wheat genome database (IWGSC RefSeq v1.1), which were unevenly located on 21 chromosomes of wheat. Phylogenetic analysis divided these genes into six subfamilies, all the six genes we cloned belonged to XI-2 subfamily. The exon/intron structure of most TaXI genes and the conserved motifs of proteins in the same subfamily are similar. The TaXI gene family contains 92 homologous gene pairs or clusters, 63 and 193 genes were identified as tandem replication and segmentally duplicated genes, respectively. Analysis of the cis-acting elements in the promoter of TaXI genes showed that they are involved in wheat growth, hormone-mediated signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. RNA-seq data analysis revealed that TaXI genes exhibited expression preference or specificity in different organs and developmental stages, as well as in diverse stress responses, which can be regulated or induced by a variety of plant hormones and stresses. In addition, the qRT-PCR data and heterologous expression analysis of six TaXI genes revealed that the genes of XI-2 subfamily have double inhibitory effect on GH11 xylanase of F. graminearum, suggesting their potential important roles in wheat resistance to F. graminearum infection. The outcomes of this study not only enhance our understanding of the TaXI gene family in wheat, but also help us to screen more candidate genes for further exploring resistance mechanism in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Nannan Han
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Can Chen
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Hongqi Si
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Genlou Sun
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Biology Department, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chuanxi Ma
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Hefei, China
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32
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Quo vadis: signaling molecules and small secreted proteins from mycorrhizal fungi at the early stage of mycorrhiza formation. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Shao D, Smith DL, Kabbage M, Roth MG. Effectors of Plant Necrotrophic Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:687713. [PMID: 34149788 PMCID: PMC8213389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.687713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens result in large economic losses in field crop production worldwide. Effectors are important players of plant-pathogen interaction and deployed by pathogens to facilitate plant colonization and nutrient acquisition. Compared to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens, effector biology is poorly understood for necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Recent bioinformatics advances have accelerated the prediction and discovery of effectors from necrotrophic fungi, and their functional context is currently being clarified. In this review we examine effectors utilized by necrotrophic fungi and hemibiotrophic fungi in the latter stages of disease development, including plant cell death manipulation. We define "effectors" as secreted proteins and other molecules that affect plant physiology in ways that contribute to disease establishment and progression. Studying and understanding the mechanisms of necrotrophic effectors is critical for identifying avenues of genetic intervention that could lead to improved resistance to these pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mitchell G. Roth
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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34
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Yin Z, Wang N, Pi L, Li L, Duan W, Wang X, Dou D. Nicotiana benthamiana LRR-RLP NbEIX2 mediates the perception of an EIX-like protein from Verticillium dahliae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:949-960. [PMID: 33205907 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt diseases caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae result in devastating yield losses in many economically important crops annually. Here, we identified a novel ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX)-like protein, VdEIX3, from V. dahliae, which exhibits immunity-inducing activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. In vitro-purified VdEIX3 can induce strong oxidative burst, activate the expression of defense-related genes, and increase resistance against oomycete and fungal pathogens in N. benthamiana. VdEIX3 orthologs of other Verticillium pathogens also induce cell death in N. benthamiana, which form a new type of EIX protein family that is distinct from the known EIX proteins. A leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein, NbEIX2, regulates the perception of VdEIX3 in N. benthamiana. Our results demonstrate that VdEIX3 is a novel EIX-like protein that can be recognized by N. benthamiana NbEIX2, and also suggest that NbEIX2 is a promising receptor-like protein that is potentially applicable to transgenic breeding for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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35
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Bi K, Scalschi L, Jaiswal N, Mengiste T, Fried R, Sanz AB, Arroyo J, Zhu W, Masrati G, Sharon A. The Botrytis cinerea Crh1 transglycosylase is a cytoplasmic effector triggering plant cell death and defense response. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2166. [PMID: 33846308 PMCID: PMC8042016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crh proteins catalyze crosslinking of chitin and glucan polymers in fungal cell walls. Here, we show that the BcCrh1 protein from the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea acts as a cytoplasmic effector and elicitor of plant defense. BcCrh1 is localized in vacuoles and the endoplasmic reticulum during saprophytic growth. However, upon plant infection, the protein accumulates in infection cushions; it is then secreted to the apoplast and translocated into plant cells, where it induces cell death and defense responses. Two regions of 53 and 35 amino acids are sufficient for protein uptake and cell death induction, respectively. BcCrh1 mutant variants that are unable to dimerize lack transglycosylation activity, but are still able to induce plant cell death. Furthermore, Arabidopsis lines expressing the bccrh1 gene exhibit reduced sensitivity to B. cinerea, suggesting a potential use of the BcCrh1 protein in plant immunization against this necrotrophic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Plant Physiology Area, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department CAMN, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Namrata Jaiswal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Renana Fried
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- Dpto. Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Dpto. Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gal Masrati
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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36
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Hahn M, Scalliet G. One Cut to Change Them All: CRISPR/Cas, a Groundbreaking Tool for Genome Editing in Botrytis cinerea and Other Fungal Plant Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:474-477. [PMID: 33021880 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0379-per] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas is a genome editing technology that has opened new dimensions in functional biology. In a recent publication, we presented a highly efficient CRISPR/Cas technique for Botrytis cinerea, which dramatically increases our options to mutagenize and modify single or multiple genes. In this Perspectives article, we describe the essential features of the method and demonstrate with several examples how it opens new avenues for unraveling the virulence mechanisms of Botrytis and other plant pathogenic fungi and can accelerate research for the identification of new antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hahn
- University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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37
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Richards JK, Xiao CL, Jurick WM. Botrytis spp.: A Contemporary Perspective and Synthesis of Recent Scientific Developments of a Widespread Genus that Threatens Global Food Security. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:432-436. [PMID: 33231498 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-20-0475-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This perspective presents a synopsis of the topics contained in the Phytopathology Pathogen Spotlight on Botrytis spp. causing gray mold, including pathogen biology and systematics, genomic characterization of new species, perspectives on genome editing, and fungicide resistance. A timely breakthrough to engineer host plant resistance against the gray mold fungus has been demonstrated in planta and may augment chemical controls in the near future. While B. cinerea has garnered much of the research attention, other economically important Botrytis spp. have been identified and characterized via morphological and genome-based approaches. Gray mold control is achieved primarily through fungicide applications but resistance to various chemical classes is a major concern that threatens global plant health and food security. In this issue, new information on molecular mechanism(s) of fungicide resistance and ways to manage control failures are presented. Finally, a significant leap in fundamental pathogen biology has been achieved via development of CRISPR/Cas9 to assess gene function in the fungus which likely will spawn new control mechanisms and facilitate gene discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Richards
- Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Chang-Lin Xiao
- Supervisory Research Plant Pathologist, Commodity Protection and Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA
| | - Wayne M Jurick
- Lead Scientist and Research Plant Pathologist, Food Quality Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
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38
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Choquer M, Rascle C, Gonçalves IR, de Vallée A, Ribot C, Loisel E, Smilevski P, Ferria J, Savadogo M, Souibgui E, Gagey MJ, Dupuy JW, Rollins JA, Marcato R, Noûs C, Bruel C, Poussereau N. The infection cushion of Botrytis cinerea: a fungal 'weapon' of plant-biomass destruction. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2293-2314. [PMID: 33538395 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic plant-pathogen fungus Botrytis cinerea produces multicellular appressoria dedicated to plant penetration, named infection cushions (IC). A microarray analysis was performed to identify genes upregulated in mature IC. The expression data were validated by RT-qPCR analysis performed in vitro and in planta, proteomic analysis of the IC secretome and biochemical assays. 1231 upregulated genes and 79 up-accumulated proteins were identified. The data support the secretion of effectors by IC: phytotoxins, ROS, proteases, cutinases, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and plant cell death-inducing proteins. Parallel upregulation of sugar transport and sugar catabolism-encoding genes would indicate a role of IC in nutrition. The data also reveal a substantial remodelling of the IC cell wall and suggest a role for melanin and chitosan in IC function. Lastly, mutagenesis of two upregulated genes in IC identified secreted fasciclin-like proteins as actors in the pathogenesis of B. cinerea. These results support the role of IC in plant penetration and also introduce other unexpected functions for this fungal organ, in colonization, necrotrophy and nutrition of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Choquer
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Isabelle R Gonçalves
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Amélie de Vallée
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Cécile Ribot
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Elise Loisel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Pavlé Smilevski
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Jordan Ferria
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Mahamadi Savadogo
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Eytham Souibgui
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Marie-Josèphe Gagey
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Jean-William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Riccardo Marcato
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France.,Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Camille Noûs
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
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39
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Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020399. [PMID: 33669710 PMCID: PMC7921929 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.
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Maximiano MR, Miranda VJ, de Barros EG, Dias SC. Validation of an in vitro system to trigger changes in the gene expression of effectors of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:885-897. [PMID: 33331046 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white mold, can infect several host species, including economically important crops. In this study, we propose and validate a new in vitro system able to mimic the conditions of interaction with the host and promote the induction of S. sclerotiorum effectors. METHODS AND RESULTS For culture media production, we selected three plant species, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L, cv. Requinte.), maize (Zea mays, cv. BRS1030) and beggarticks (Bidens pilosa). To validate this system as an in vitro inducer of effectors, the qRT-PCR technique was used to investigate the expression profile of some S. sclerotiorum effector genes in each growth medium at different times after inoculation. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study provide a validation of a new method to study S. sclerotiorum during mimetic interaction with different hosts. Although leaf extract does not fully represent the plant environment, the presence of plant components in the culture medium seems to induce effector genes, mimicking in planta conditions. The use of MEVM is simpler than in planta growth, bypasses problems such as the amount of mycelium produced, as well as contamination of host cells during transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We have devised MEVM media as a model mimicking the interaction of S. sclerotiorum and its hosts and used it to evaluate in vitro expression of effectors normally expressed only in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Maximiano
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - V J Miranda
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - E G de Barros
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - S C Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Zhu P, Kou M, Liu C, Zhang S, Lü R, Xia Z, Yu M, Zhao A. Genome Sequencing of Ciboria shiraiana Provides Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Hypertrophy Sorosis Scleroteniosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:62-74. [PMID: 33021883 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0201-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciboria shiraiana causes hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis in mulberry trees, resulting in huge economic losses, and exploring its pathogenic mechanism at a genomic level is important for developing new control methods. Here, genome sequencing of C. shiraiana based on PacBio RSII and Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform as well as manual gap filling was performed. Synteny analysis with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum revealed 16 putative chromosomes corresponding to 16 chromosomes of C. shiraiana. Screening of rapid-evolution genes revealed that 97 and 2.4% of genes had undergone purifying selection and positive selection, respectively. When compared with S. sclerotiorum, fewer secreted effector proteins were found in C. shiraiana. The number of genes involved in pathogenicity, including secondary metabolites, carbohydrate active enzymes, and P450s, in the C. shiraiana genome was comparable with that of other necrotrophs but higher than that of biotrophs and saprotrophs. The growth-related genes and plant cell-wall-degradation-related genes in C. shiraiana were expressed in different developmental and infection stages, and may be potential targets for prevention and control of this pathogen. These results provide new insights into C. shiraiana pathogenic mechanisms, especially host range and necrotrophy features, and lay the foundation for further study of the underlying molecular mechanisms.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Kou
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruihua Lü
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Medical Technology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhongqiang Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maode Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Reboledo G, Agorio A, Vignale L, Batista-García RA, Ponce De León I. Botrytis cinerea Transcriptome during the Infection Process of the Bryophyte Physcomitrium patens and Angiosperms. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 33379257 PMCID: PMC7824268 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes grey mold in many plant species, including crops and model plants of angiosperms. B. cinerea also infects and colonizes the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens (previously Physcomitrella patens), which perceives the pathogen and activates defense mechanisms. However, these defenses are not sufficient to stop fungal invasion, leading finally to plant decay. To gain more insights into B. cinerea infection and virulence strategies displayed during moss colonization, we performed genome wide transcriptional profiling of B. cinerea during different infection stages. We show that, in total, 1015 B. cinerea genes were differentially expressed in moss tissues. Expression patterns of upregulated genes and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that infection of P. patens tissues by B. cinerea depends on reactive oxygen species generation and detoxification, transporter activities, plant cell wall degradation and modification, toxin production and probable plant defense evasion by effector proteins. Moreover, a comparison with available RNAseq data during angiosperm infection, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum and Lactuca sativa, suggests that B. cinerea has virulence and infection functions used in all hosts, while others are more specific to P. patens or angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Astrid Agorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Lucía Vignale
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico;
| | - Inés Ponce De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
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Beckers SJ, Wetherbee L, Fischer J, Wurm FR. Fungicide-loaded and biodegradable xylan-based nanocarriers. Biopolymers 2020; 111:e23413. [PMID: 33306838 PMCID: PMC7816251 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of agrochemicals is typically achieved by the spraying of fossil-based polymer dispersions, which might accumulate in the soil and increase microplastic pollution. A potentially sustainable alternative is the use of biodegradable nano- or micro-formulations based on biopolymers, which can be degraded selectively by fungal enzymes to release encapsulated agrochemicals. To date, no hemicellulose nanocarriers for drug delivery in plants have been reported. Xylan is a renewable and abundant feedstock occurring naturally in high amounts in hemicellulose - a major component of the plant cell wall. Herein, xylan from corncobs was used to produce the first fungicide-loaded xylan-based nanocarriers by interfacial polyaddition in an inverse miniemulsion using toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as a crosslinking agent. The nanocarriers were redispersed in water and the aqueous dispersions were proven to be active in vitro against several pathogenic fungi, which are responsible for fungal plant diseases in horticulture or agriculture. Besides, empty xylan-based nanocarriers stimulated the growth of fungal mycelium, which indicated the degradation of xylan in the presence of the fungi, and underlined the degradation as a trigger to release a loaded agrochemical. This first example of crosslinked xylan-based nanocarriers expands the library of biodegradable and biobased nanocarriers for agrochemical release and might play a crucial role for future formulations in plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Beckers
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax‐Planck‐Institut für PolymerforschungMainzGermany
| | - Luc Wetherbee
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax‐Planck‐Institut für PolymerforschungMainzGermany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- IBWF gGmbHInstitute for Biotechnology and Drug ResearchKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversiteit TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
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Wang G, Song L, Bai T, Liang W. BcSas2-Mediated Histone H4K16 Acetylation Is Critical for Virulence and Oxidative Stress Response of Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1242-1251. [PMID: 32689887 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0149-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferase plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation by increasing accessibility of target genes to transcriptional activators. Botrytis cinerea is an important necrotrophic fungal pathogen with worldwide distribution and a very wide host range, but little is known of how the fungus regulates the transition from saprophytic growth to infectious growth. Here, the function of BcSas2, a histone acetyltransferase of B. cinerea, was investigated. Deletion of the BcSAS2 gene resulted in significantly reduced acetylation levels of histone H4, particularly of H4K16ac. The deletion mutant ΔBcSas2.1 was not only less pathogenic but also more sensitive to oxidative stress than the wild-type strain. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that a total of 13 B. cinerea genes associated with pathogenicity were down-regulated in the ΔBcSas2.1 mutant. Independent knockouts of two of these genes, BcXYGA (xyloglucanase) and BcCAT (catalase), led to dramatically decreased virulence and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR confirmed that BcSas2 bound directly to the promoter regions of both these pathogenicity-related genes. These observations indicated that BcSas2 regulated the transcription of pathogenicity-related genes by controlling the acetylation level of H4K16, thereby affecting the virulence and oxidative sensitivity of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Limin Song
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tingting Bai
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Han JW, Kim DY, Lee YJ, Choi YR, Kim B, Choi GJ, Han SW, Kim H. Transcription Factor PdeR Is Involved in Fungal Development, Metabolic Change, and Pathogenesis of Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9171-9179. [PMID: 32786857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea releases extracellular enzymes that facilitate its penetration into a host. This study functionally characterized the gene pdeR of B. cinerea, which is predicted to encode a Zn(II)2Cys6 zinc finger transcription factor. To investigate the role of pdeR, deleted and complemented strains of pdeR in B. cinerea were generated, which were designated as ΔpdeR and PdeRc, respectively. The ΔpdeR strain exhibited impaired germination and growth compared to the wild-type and PdeRc strains, particularly when provided with maltose as the sole carbon source. When all of the strains were grown on a minimal medium containing polysaccharide as the sole carbon source, the ΔpdeR exclusively showed defects in polysaccharide hydrolysis with reduced gene expression encoding for amylase and cellulase. As far as the involvement of pdeR in carbon metabolism is concerned, metabolic changes were investigated in the ΔpdeR mutant. Comparisons of relative, normalized concentrations of each metabolite showed that the amounts of six metabolites including glucose and trehalose were significantly changed in the ΔpdeR strain. Based on pleiotropic changes derived from the deletion of pdeR, we hypothesized that pdeR has an important role in pathogenesis. When the ΔpdeR strain was inoculated onto pepper plant, the ΔpdeR strain did not cause expansion of the disease lesions from the infection sites, which grew on the surface without any penetration. Taken together, these results show that the deletion of pdeR affected the extracellular enzymatic activity, leading to changes in fungal development, metabolism, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Han
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Da Yeon Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Lee
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yee Ram Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Bomin Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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Leisen T, Bietz F, Werner J, Wegner A, Schaffrath U, Scheuring D, Willmund F, Mosbach A, Scalliet G, Hahn M. CRISPR/Cas with ribonucleoprotein complexes and transiently selected telomere vectors allows highly efficient marker-free and multiple genome editing in Botrytis cinerea. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008326. [PMID: 32804988 PMCID: PMC7451986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas has become the state-of-the-art technology for genetic manipulation in diverse organisms, enabling targeted genetic changes to be performed with unprecedented efficiency. Here we report on the first establishment of robust CRISPR/Cas editing in the important necrotrophic plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea based on the introduction of optimized Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) into protoplasts. Editing yields were further improved by development of a novel strategy that combines RNP delivery with cotransformation of transiently stable vectors containing telomeres, which allowed temporary selection and convenient screening for marker-free editing events. We demonstrate that this approach provides superior editing rates compared to existing CRISPR/Cas-based methods in filamentous fungi, including the model plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Genome sequencing of edited strains revealed very few additional mutations and no evidence for RNP-mediated off-targeting. The high performance of telomere vector-mediated editing was demonstrated by random mutagenesis of codon 272 of the sdhB gene, a major determinant of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides by in bulk replacement of the codon 272 with codons encoding all 20 amino acids. All exchanges were found at similar frequencies in the absence of selection but SDHI selection allowed the identification of novel amino acid substitutions which conferred differential resistance levels towards different SDHI fungicides. The increased efficiency and easy handling of RNP-based cotransformation is expected to accelerate molecular research in B. cinerea and other fungi. In this study, we describe the establishment of the CRISPR/Cas technology for genome editing in the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea, one of the economically most important plant pathogens worldwide. We report the development of a strategy which combines the introduction of an optimized nuclear-targeted Cas9-single guide RNA ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) and a repair template together with unstable telomere vectors for transient selection into fungal protoplasts. A high proportion of the transformants contains the desired genetic changes, and the telomere vector is lost subsequently when selection is stopped. This system allowed introduction of changes into the genome without the requirement of selection markers. It shows superior editing efficiencies compared to existing CRISPR/Cas protocols for filamentous fungi, and leads to a very low number of additional off-target mutations. To demonstrate the performance of our protocol, we conducted for the first time a site-directed, random mutagenesis in a gene encoding an important fungicide target. This approach allows new applications such as in vivo structure-function analysis of proteins and rational fungicide resistance studies. As demonstrated with the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, the RNP-based CRISPR/Cas toolset with telomere vectors can be transferred to other fungi and is expected to boost their genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leisen
- University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Fabian Bietz
- University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Janina Werner
- University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alex Wegner
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Plant Physiology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Plant Physiology, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Scheuring
- University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Felix Willmund
- University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Hahn
- University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Cytological and Gene Profile Expression Analysis Reveals Modification in Metabolic Pathways and Catalytic Activities Induce Resistance in Botrytis cinerea Against Iprodione Isolated From Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144865. [PMID: 32660143 PMCID: PMC7402349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Grey mold is one of the most serious and catastrophic diseases, causing significant yield losses in fruits and vegetables worldwide. Iprodione is a broad spectrum agrochemical used as a foliar application as well as a seed protectant against many fungal and nematode diseases of fruits and vegetables from the last thirty years. The extensive use of agrochemicals produces resistance in plant pathogens and is the most devastating issue in food and agriculture. However, the molecular mechanism (whole transcriptomic analysis) of a resistant mutant of B. cinerea against iprodione is still unknown. In the present study, mycelial growth, sporulation, virulence, osmotic potential, cell membrane permeability, enzymatic activity, and whole transcriptomic analysis of UV (ultraviolet) mutagenic mutant and its wild type were performed to compare the fitness. The EC50 (half maximal effective concentration that inhibits the growth of mycelium) value of iprodione for 112 isolates of B. cinerea ranged from 0.07 to 0.87 µg/mL with an average (0.47 µg/mL) collected from tomato field of Guangxi Province China. Results also revealed that, among iprodione sensitive strains, only B67 strain induced two mutants, M0 and M1 after UV application. The EC50 of these induced mutants were 1025.74 μg/mL and 674.48 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to its wild type 1.12 μg/mL. Furthermore, mutant M0 showed higher mycelial growth sclerotia formation, virulence, and enzymatic activity than wild type W0 and M1 on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The bctubA gene in the mutant M0 replaced TTC and GAT codon at position 593 and 599 by TTA and GAA, resulting in replacement of phenyl alanine into leucine (transversion C/A) and aspartic acid into glutamic acid (transversion T/C) respectively. In contrast, in bctubB gene, GAT codon at position 646 is replaced by AAT and aspartic acid converted into asparagine (transition G/A). RNA sequencing of the mutant and its wild type was performed without (M0, W0) and with iprodione treatment (M-ipro, W-ipro). The differential gene expression (DEG) identified 720 unigenes in mutant M-ipro than W-ipro after iprodione treatment (FDR ≤ 0.05 and log2FC ≥ 1). Seven DEGs were randomly selected for quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction to validate the RNA sequencing genes expression (log fold 2 value). The gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway functional analyses indicated that DEG’s mainly associated with lysophopholipase, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, catalytic activity, multifunctional genes (MFO), glutathione-S transferase (GST), drug sensitivity, and cytochrome P450 related genes are upregulated in mutant type (M0, M-ipro) as compared to its wild type (W0, W-ipro), may be related to induce resistant in mutants of B. cinerea against iprodione.
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Li Y, Han Y, Qu M, Chen J, Chen X, Geng X, Wang Z, Chen S. Apoplastic Cell Death-Inducing Proteins of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Roles in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Genet 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32676100 PMCID: PMC7333776 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens, such as phytopathogenic oomycetes and fungi, secrete a remarkable diversity of apoplastic effector proteins to facilitate infection, many of which are able to induce cell death in plants. Over the past decades, over 177 apoplastic cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) have been identified in filamentous oomycetes and fungi. An emerging number of studies have demonstrated the role of many apoplastic CDIPs as essential virulence factors. At the same time, apoplastic CDIPs have been documented to be recognized by plant cells as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recent findings of extracellular recognition of apoplastic CDIPs by plant leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) have greatly advanced our understanding of how plants detect them and mount a defense response. This review summarizes the latest advances in identifying apoplastic CDIPs of plant pathogenic oomycetes and fungi, and our current understanding of the dual roles of apoplastic CDIPs in plant-filamentous pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Qu
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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Jeffress S, Arun-Chinnappa K, Stodart B, Vaghefi N, Tan YP, Ash G. Genome mining of the citrus pathogen Elsinoë fawcettii; prediction and prioritisation of candidate effectors, cell wall degrading enzymes and secondary metabolite gene clusters. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227396. [PMID: 32469865 PMCID: PMC7259788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elsinoë fawcettii, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen, causes citrus scab on numerous citrus varieties around the world. Known pathotypes of E. fawcettii are based on host range; additionally, cryptic pathotypes have been reported and more novel pathotypes are thought to exist. E. fawcettii produces elsinochrome, a non-host selective toxin which contributes to virulence. However, the mechanisms involved in potential pathogen-host interactions occurring prior to the production of elsinochrome are unknown, yet the host-specificity observed among pathotypes suggests a reliance upon such mechanisms. In this study we have generated a whole genome sequencing project for E. fawcettii, producing an annotated draft assembly 26.01 Mb in size, with 10,080 predicted gene models and low (0.37%) coverage of transposable elements. A small proportion of the assembly showed evidence of AT-rich regions, potentially indicating genomic regions with increased plasticity. Using a variety of computational tools, we mined the E. fawcettii genome for potential virulence genes as candidates for future investigation. A total of 1,280 secreted proteins and 276 candidate effectors were predicted and compared to those of other necrotrophic (Botrytis cinerea, Parastagonospora nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Zymoseptoria tritici), hemibiotrophic (Leptosphaeria maculans, Magnaporthe oryzae, Rhynchosporium commune and Verticillium dahliae) and biotrophic (Ustilago maydis) plant pathogens. Genomic and proteomic features of known fungal effectors were analysed and used to guide the prioritisation of 120 candidate effectors of E. fawcettii. Additionally, 378 carbohydrate-active enzymes were predicted and analysed for likely secretion and sequence similarity with known virulence genes. Furthermore, secondary metabolite prediction indicated nine additional genes potentially involved in the elsinochrome biosynthesis gene cluster than previously described. A further 21 secondary metabolite clusters were predicted, some with similarity to known toxin producing gene clusters. The candidate virulence genes predicted in this study provide a comprehensive resource for future experimental investigation into the pathogenesis of E. fawcettii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jeffress
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Research and Innovation Division, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kiruba Arun-Chinnappa
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Research and Innovation Division, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Stodart
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Research and Innovation Division, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Yu Pei Tan
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gavin Ash
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Research and Innovation Division, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Tundo S, Paccanaro MC, Elmaghraby I, Moscetti I, D’Ovidio R, Favaron F, Sella L. The Xylanase Inhibitor TAXI-I Increases Plant Resistance to Botrytis cinerea by Inhibiting the BcXyn11a Xylanase Necrotizing Activity. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050601. [PMID: 32397168 PMCID: PMC7285161 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During host plant infection, pathogens produce a wide array of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to break the plant cell wall. Among CWDEs, xylanases are key enzymes in the degradation of xylan, the main component of hemicellulose. Targeted deletion experiments support the direct involvement of the xylanase BcXyn11a in the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea. Since the Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor-I (TAXI-I) has been shown to inhibit BcXyn11a, we verified if TAXI-I could be exploited to counteract B. cinerea infections. With this aim, we first produced Nicotiana tabacum plants transiently expressing TAXI-I, observing increased resistance to B. cinerea. Subsequently, we transformed Arabidopsis thaliana to express TAXI-I constitutively, and we obtained three transgenic lines exhibiting a variable amount of TAXI-I. The line with the higher level of TAXI-I showed increased resistance to B. cinerea and the absence of necrotic lesions when infiltrated with BcXyn11a. Finally, in a droplet application experiment on wild-type Arabidopsis leaves, TAXI-I prevented the necrotizing activity of BcXyn11a. These results would confirm that the contribution of BcXyn11a to virulence is due to its necrotizing rather than enzymatic activity. In conclusion, our experiments highlight the ability of the TAXI-I xylanase inhibitor to counteract B. cinerea infection presumably by preventing the necrotizing activity of BcXyn11a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (I.E.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (I.E.); (F.F.)
| | - Ibrahim Elmaghraby
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (I.E.); (F.F.)
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Laboratory of Organic Agriculture, 9, Cairo Univ. St., Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Ilaria Moscetti
- Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Renato D’Ovidio
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (I.E.); (F.F.)
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (I.E.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8272893
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