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Kelly MR, Lant NJ, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Burgess JG. Chemical mapping of xyloglucan distribution and cellulose crystallinity in cotton textiles reveals novel enzymatic targets to improve clothing longevity. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122243. [PMID: 38823912 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Pilling is a form of textile mechanical damage, forming fibrous bobbles on the surface of garments, resulting in premature disposal of clothing by consumers. However, our understanding on how the structural properties of the cellulosic matrix compliment the three-dimensional shape of cotton pills remains limited. This knowledge gap has hindered the development of effective 'pillase' technologies over the past 20 years due to challenges in balancing depilling efficacy with fabric integrity preservation. Therefore, the main focus here was characterising the role of cellulose and the hemicellulose components in cotton textiles to elucidate subtle differences between the chemistry of pills and fibre regions involved in structural integrity. State-of-the-art bioimaging using carbohydrate binding modules, monoclonal antibodies, and Leica SP8 and a Nikon A1R confocal microscopes, revealed the biophysical structure of cotton pills for the first time. Identifying regions of increased crystalline cellulose in the base of anchor fibres and weaker amorphous cellulose at dislocations in their centres, enhancing our understanding of current enzyme specificity. Surprisingly, pills contained a 7-fold increase in the concentration of xyloglucan compared to the main textile. Therefore, xyloglucan offers a previously undescribed target for overcoming this benefit-to-risk paradigm, suggesting a role for xyloglucanase enzymes in future pillase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Kelly
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil J Lant
- Procter and Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS, United Kingdom.
| | - Rolando Berlinguer-Palmini
- Bioimaging unit, William Leech Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - J Grant Burgess
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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2
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Hoffmann N, McFarlane HE. Xyloglucan side chains enable polysaccharide secretion to the plant cell wall. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00384-8. [PMID: 38971156 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are essential for growth. The cell wall hemicellulose xyloglucan (XyG) is produced in the Golgi apparatus before secretion. Loss of the Arabidopsis galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) decreases XyG d-galactose side chains and causes intracellular aggregations and dwarfism. It is unknown how changing XyG synthesis can broadly impact organelle organization and growth. We show that intracellular aggregations are not unique to mur3 and are found in multiple mutant lines with reduced XyG D-galactose side chains. mur3 aggregations disrupt subcellular trafficking and induce formation of intracellular cell-wall-like fragments. Addition of d-galacturonic acid onto XyG can restore growth and prevent mur3 aggregations. These results indicate that the presence, but not the composition, of XyG side chains is essential, likely by ensuring XyG solubility. Our results suggest that XyG polysaccharides are synthesized in a highly substituted form for efficient secretion and then later modified by cell-wall-localized enzymes to fine-tune cell wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
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de Souza AP, de Oliveira DC, Dalvi VC, Kuster VC. Nutritive tissue rich in reserves in the cell wall and protoplast: the case of Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) galls induced by Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:513-525. [PMID: 38114665 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The galls can offer shelter, protection, and an adequate diet for the gall-inducing organisms. Herein, we evaluated the structure of Manihot esculenta leaves and galls induced by Iatrophobia brasiliensis in order to identify metabolic and cell wall composition changes. We expected to find a complex gall with high primary metabolism in a typical nutritive tissue. Non-galled leaves and galls were subjected to anatomical, histochemical, and immunocytochemical analyses to evaluate the structural features, primary and secondary metabolites, and glycoproteins, pectins, and hemicelluloses in the cell wall. The gall is cylindric, with a uniseriate epidermis, a larval chamber, and a parenchymatic cortex divided into outer and inner compartments. The outer compartment has large cells with intercellular spaces and stocks starch and is designated as storage tissue. Reducing sugars, proteins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids were detected in the protoplast of inner tissue cells of galls, named nutritive tissue, which presents five layers of compact small cells. Cell walls with esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) occurred in some cells of the galls indicating the continuous biosynthesis of HGs. For both non-galled leaves and galls, galactans and xyloglucans were broadly labeled on the cell walls, indicating a cell growth capacity and cell wall stiffness, respectively. The cell wall of the nutritive tissue had wide labeling for glycoproteins, HGs, heteroxylans, and xyloglucans, which can be used as source for the diet of the galling insect. Manihot esculenta galls have compartments specialized in the protection and feeding of the galling insect, structured by nutritive tissue rich in resource compounds, in the cell walls and protoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Souza
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Denis Coelho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal e Interações, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valdnéa Casagrande Dalvi
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Coelho Kuster
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Jataí, Campus Cidade Universitária, BR 364, Km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil.
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4
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Michalak KM, Wojciechowska N, Marzec-Schmidt K, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Conserved autophagy and diverse cell wall composition: unifying features of vascular tissues in evolutionarily distinct plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:559-572. [PMID: 38324309 PMCID: PMC11037490 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The formation of multifunctional vascular tissues represents a significant advancement in plant evolution. Differentiation of conductive cells is specific, involving two main pathways, namely protoplast clearance and cell wall modification. In xylogenesis, autophagy is a crucial process for complete protoplast elimination in tracheary elements, whose cell wall also undergoes strong changes. Knowledge pertaining to living sieve elements, which lose most of their protoplast during phloemogenesis, remains limited. We hypothesized that autophagy plays a crucial role, not only in complete cytoplasmic clearance in xylem but also in partial degradation in phloem. Cell wall elaborations of mature sieve elements are not so extensive. These analyses performed on evolutionarily diverse model species potentially make it possible to understand phloemogenesis to an equal extent to xylogenesis. METHODS We investigated the distribution of ATG8 protein, which is an autophagy marker, and cell wall components in the roots of ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms (monocots, dicot herbaceous plants and trees). Furthermore, we conducted a bioinformatic analysis of complete data on ATG8 isoforms for Ceratopteris richardii. KEY RESULTS The presence of ATG8 protein was confirmed in both tracheary elements and sieve elements; however, the composition of cell wall components varied considerably among vascular tissues in the selected plants. Arabinogalactan proteins and β-1,4-galactan were detected in the roots of all studied species, suggesting their potential importance in phloem formation or function. In contrast, no evolutionary pattern was observed for xyloglucan, arabinan or homogalacturonan. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the involvement of autophagy in plants is universal during the development of tracheary elements that are dead at maturity and sieve elements that remain alive. Given the conserved nature of autophagy and its function in protoplast degradation for uninterrupted flow, autophagy might have played a vital role in the development of increasingly complex biological organizations, including the formation of vascular tissues. However, different cell wall compositions of xylem and phloem in different species might indicate diverse functionality and potential for substance transport, which is crucial in plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornel M Michalak
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Fangel JU, Sørensen KM, Jacobsen N, Mravec J, Ahl LI, Bakshani C, Mikkelsen MD, Engelsen SB, Willats W, Ulvskov P. The legacy of terrestrial plant evolution on cell wall fine structure. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1238-1254. [PMID: 38173082 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of land flora was an epochal event in the history of planet Earth. The success of plants, and especially flowering plants, in colonizing all but the most hostile environments required multiple mechanisms of adaptation. The mainly polysaccharide-based cell walls of flowering plants, which are indispensable for water transport and structural support, are one of the most important adaptations to life on land. Thus, development of vasculature is regarded as a seminal event in cell wall evolution, but the impact of further refinements and diversification of cell wall compositions and architectures on radiation of flowering plant families is less well understood. We approached this from a glyco-profiling perspective and, using carbohydrate microarrays and monoclonal antibodies, studied the cell walls of 287 plant species selected to represent important evolutionary dichotomies and adaptation to a variety of habitats. The results support the conclusion that radiation of flowering plant families was indeed accompanied by changes in cell wall fine structure and that these changes can obscure earlier evolutionary events. Convergent cell wall adaptations identified by our analyses do not appear to be associated with plants with similar lifestyles but that are taxonomically distantly related. We conclude that cell wall structure is linked to phylogeny more strongly than to habitat or lifestyle and propose that there are many approaches of adaptation to any given ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan U Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Jacobsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise Isager Ahl
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Cassie Bakshani
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - William Willats
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Chernova T, Ageeva M, Ivanov O, Lev-Yadun S, Gorshkova T. Characterization of the fiber-like cortical cells in moss gametophytes. PLANTA 2024; 259:92. [PMID: 38504021 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Fiber-like cells with thickened cell walls of specific structure and polymer composition that includes (1 → 4)-β-galactans develop in the outer stem cortex of several moss species gametophytes. The early land plants evolved several specialized cell types and tissues that did not exist in their aquatic ancestors. Of these, water-conducting elements and reproductive organs have received most of the research attention. The evolution of tissues specialized to fulfill a mechanical function is by far less studied despite their wide distribution in land plants. For vascular plants following a homoiohydric trajectory, the evolutionary emergence of mechanical tissues is mainly discussed starting with the fern-like plants with their hypodermal sterome or sclerified fibers that have xylan and lignin-based cell walls. However, mechanical challenges were also faced by bryophytes, which lack lignified cell-walls. To characterize mechanical tissues in the bryophyte lineage, following a poikilohydric trajectory, we used six wild moss species (Polytrichum juniperinum, Dicranum sp., Rhodobryum roseum, Eurhynchiadelphus sp., Climacium dendroides, and Hylocomium splendens) and analyzed the structure and composition of their cell walls. In all of them, the outer stem cortex of the leafy gametophytic generation had fiber-like cells with a thickened but non-lignified cell wall. Such cells have a spindle-like shape with pointed tips. The additional thick cell wall layer in those fiber-like cells is composed of sublayers with structural evidence for different cellulose microfibril orientation, and with specific polymer composition that includes (1 → 4)-β-galactans. Thus, the basic cellular characters of the cells that provide mechanical support in vascular plant taxa (elongated cell shape, location at the periphery of a primary organ, the thickened cell wall and its peculiar composition and structure) also exist in mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Chernova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Ivanov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, 36006, Tivon, Israel
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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Nogueira RM, Freitas MDSC, Picoli EADT, Isaias RMDS. Implications of cell wall immunocytochemical profiles on the structural and functional traits of root and stem galls induced by Eriosoma lanigerum on Malus domestica. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01939-w. [PMID: 38499789 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01939-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in cell wall composition imply in new structural and functional traits in gall developmental sites, even when the inducer is a sucking exophytophagous insect with strict feeding sites as the aphid associated to Malus domestica Borkh. This host plant is an economically important, fruit-bearing species, susceptible to gall induction by the sucking aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann, 1802. Herein, the immunocytochemical detection of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), pectins, and hemicelluloses using monoclonal antibodies was performed in samples of non-galled roots and stems, and of root and stem galls on M. domestica. The dynamics of these cell wall components was discussed under the structural and functional traits of the galls proximal, median, and distal regions, according to the proximity of E. lanigerum colony feeding site. In the proximal region, the epitopes of AGPs and homogalacturonans (HGs) are related to cell growth and divisions, which result in the overproduction of parenchyma cells both in root and stem galls. In the proximal and median regions, the co-occurrence of HGs and arabinans in the cell walls of parenchyma and secondary tissues favors the nutrient flow and water-holding capacity, while the xylogalacturonans and hemicelluloses may function as additional carbohydrate resources to E. lanigerum. The immunocytochemical profile of the cell walls support the feeding activity of E. lanigerum mainly in the gall proximal region. The similarity of the cell wall components of the gall distal region and the non-galled portions, both in roots and stems, relates to the decrease of the cecidogenetic field the more distant the E. lanigerum colony is.
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Stolarczyk P, Świątek P. Do Cuticular Gaps Make It Possible to Study the Composition of the Cell Walls in the Glands of Drosophyllum lusitanicum? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1320. [PMID: 38279320 PMCID: PMC10816202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants can survive in poor habitats because they have the ability to attract, capture, and digest prey and absorb animal nutrients using modified organs that are equipped with glands. These glands have terminal cells with permeable cuticles. Cuticular discontinuities allow both secretion and endocytosis. In Drosophyllum lusitanicum, these emergences have glandular cells with cuticular discontinuities in the form of cuticular gaps. In this study, we determined whether these specific cuticular discontinuities were permeable enough to antibodies to show the occurrence of the cell wall polymers in the glands. Scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to show the structure of the cuticle. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of the carbohydrate epitopes that are associated with the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. We showed that Drosophyllum leaf epidermal cells have a continuous and well-developed cuticle, which helps the plant inhibit water loss and live in a dry environment. The cuticular gaps only partially allow us to study the composition of cell walls in the glands of Drosophyllum. We recoded arabinogalactan proteins, some homogalacturonans, and hemicelluloses. However, antibody penetration was only limited to the cell wall surface. The localization of the wall components in the cell wall ingrowths was missing. The use of enzymatic digestion improves the labeling of hemicelluloses in Drosophyllum glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Bioimaging Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
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Makarova EN, Shakhmatov EG. Structure of KOH-soluble polysaccharides from сoniferous greens of Norway spruce (Picea abies): The pectin-xylan-AGPs complex. Part 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:128000. [PMID: 37949276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymers containing arabinoglucuronoxylan, fucogalactoxyglucan, pectin and arabinogalactan proteins were obtained from PAK isolated from Norway spruce with 7 % KOH. The pectin core of PAK-I2-F-1 and PAK-I2-F-2 was dominated by RG-I, as treatment with 1,4-α-D-polygalacturonase resulted in almost complete removal of homogalacturonan. Interestingly, the above has not affected the co-fractionation of arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX), arabinogalactan proteins and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). Since pectin was mainly represented by RG-I, we concluded that xylan is specifically associated with RG-I. Correlations in the HMBC spectrum demonstrate intermolecular interactions between the α-L-Rhap (RG-I) and the Xyl (xylan), indicating a covalently bound AGX:RG-I complex via the Xyl-(1→4)-Rha bond: …→2)-[(2,4-β-D-Xylp)-(1→4)]-[(α-D-GalpA-(1→2)]-α-L-Rhap-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→…. In PAK-H1-1-F-1 and PAK-H1-1-F-2, parts of RG-I and xylan were removed by enzymolysis. Part of the xylan was probably attached to the above-mentioned RG-I blocks. The removal of part of RG-I, xylan and the disappearance of the signal in the HMBC spectrum indicating the bond between RG-I and xylan confirms that part of the arabinoglucuronoxylan is covalently bound to RG-I. The observed glycosidic linkage contradicts the dominant PCW model in which pectin and hemicellulose polysaccharide networks are considered as independent components. It can be concluded that alkali-soluble xylan from Norway spruce was detected both in the free state and covalently bound to pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Makarova
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pervomaiskaya st. 48, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
| | - Evgeny G Shakhmatov
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pervomaiskaya st. 48, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia.
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Nadiminti PP, Wilson SM, van de Meene A, Hao A, Humphries J, Ratcliffe J, Yi C, Peirats-Llobet M, Lewsey MG, Whelan J, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Spatiotemporal deposition of cell wall polysaccharides in oat endosperm during grain development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:168-189. [PMID: 37862163 PMCID: PMC10756759 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa) is a cereal crop whose grains are rich in (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan (mixed-linkage glucan or MLG), a soluble dietary fiber. In our study, we analyzed oat endosperm development in 2 Canadian varieties with differing MLG content and nutritional value. We confirmed that oat undergoes a nuclear type of endosperm development but with a shorter cellularization phase than barley (Hordeum vulgare). Callose and cellulose were the first polysaccharides to be detected in the early anticlinal cell walls at 11 days postemergence (DPE) of the panicle. Other polysaccharides such as heteromannan and homogalacturonan were deposited early in cellularization around 12 DPE after the first periclinal walls are laid down. In contrast to barley, heteroxylan deposition coincided with completion of cellularization and was detected from 14 DPE but was only detectable after demasking. Notably, MLG was the last polysaccharide to be laid down at 18 DPE within the differentiation phase, rather than during cellularization. In addition, differences in the spatiotemporal patterning of MLG were also observed between the 2 varieties. The lower MLG-containing cultivar AC Morgan (3.5% w/w groats) was marked by the presence of a discontinuous pattern of MLG labeling, while labeling in the same walls in CDC Morrison (5.6% w/w groats) was mostly even and continuous. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed higher transcript levels of multiple MLG biosynthetic cellulose synthase-like F (CSLF) and CSLH genes during grain development in CDC Morrison compared with AC Morgan that likely contributes to the increased abundance of MLG at maturity in CDC Morrison. CDC Morrison was also observed to have smaller endosperm cells with thicker walls than AC Morgan from cellularization onwards, suggesting the processes controlling cell size and shape are established early in development. This study has highlighted that the molecular processes influencing MLG content and deposition are more complex than previously imagined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavani P Nadiminti
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Sarah M Wilson
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alfie Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - John Humphries
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Julian Ratcliffe
- Latrobe University Bioimaging Platform, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Changyu Yi
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M. The Localization of Cell Wall Components in the Quadrifids of Whole-Mount Immunolabeled Utricularia dichotoma Traps. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:56. [PMID: 38203227 PMCID: PMC10778831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Utricularia (bladderworts) are carnivorous plants. They produce small hollow vesicles, which function as suction traps that work underwater and capture fine organisms. Inside the traps, there are numerous glandular trichomes (quadrifids), which take part in the secretion of digestive enzymes, the resorption of released nutrients, and likely the pumping out of water. Due to the extreme specialization of quadrifids, they are an interesting model for studying the cell walls. This aim of the study was to fill in the gap in the literature concerning the immunocytochemistry of quadrifids in the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. To do this, the localization of the cell wall components in the quadrifids was performed using whole-mount immunolabeled Utricularia traps. It was observed that only parts (arms) of the terminal cells had enough discontinuous cuticle to be permeable to antibodies. There were different patterns of the cell wall components in the arms of the terminal cells of the quadrifids. The cell walls of the arms were especially rich in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Moreover, various arabinogalactan proteins also occurred. Cell walls in glandular cells of quadrifids were rich in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan; in contrast, in the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa, cell walls in the glandular cells of digestive glands were poor in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Arabinogalactan proteins were found in the cell walls of trap gland cells in all studied carnivorous plants: Utricularia, and members of Droseraceae and Drosophyllaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Laboratory of Bioimaging, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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12
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Stratilová B, Šesták S, Stratilová E, Vadinová K, Kozmon S, Hrmova M. Engineering of substrate specificity in a plant cell-wall modifying enzyme through alterations of carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1529-1544. [PMID: 37658783 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural determinants of substrate recognition remain inadequately defined in broad specific cell-wall modifying enzymes, termed xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases (XETs). Here, we investigate the Tropaeolum majus seed TmXET6.3 isoform, a member of the GH16_20 subfamily of the GH16 network. This enzyme recognises xyloglucan (XG)-derived donors and acceptors, and a wide spectrum of other chiefly saccharide substrates, although it lacks the activity with homogalacturonan (pectin) fragments. We focus on defining the functionality of carboxyl-terminal residues in TmXET6.3, which extend acceptor binding regions in the GH16_20 subfamily but are absent in the related GH16_21 subfamily. Site-directed mutagenesis using double to quintuple mutants in the carboxyl-terminal region - substitutions emulated on barley XETs recognising the XG/penta-galacturonide acceptor substrate pair - demonstrated that this activity could be gained in TmXET6.3. We demonstrate the roles of semi-conserved Arg238 and Lys237 residues, introducing a net positive charge in the carboxyl-terminal region (which complements a negative charge of the acidic penta-galacturonide) for the transfer of xyloglucan fragments. Experimental data, supported by molecular modelling of TmXET6.3 with the XG oligosaccharide donor and penta-galacturonide acceptor substrates, indicated that they could be accommodated in the active site. Our findings support the conclusion on the significance of positively charged residues at the carboxyl terminus of TmXET6.3 and suggest that a broad specificity could be engineered via modifications of an acceptor binding site. The definition of substrate specificity in XETs should prove invaluable for defining the structure, dynamics, and function of plant cell walls, and their metabolism; these data could be applicable in various biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sergej Šesták
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Vadinová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China
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13
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Frey C, Martínez-Romera N, Encina A, Acebes JL. Immunohistochemical dynamics of cell wall matrix polymers during tomato autograft healing. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:353-365. [PMID: 37079121 PMCID: PMC10730687 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A large part of the production of tomato plants is grafted. Although it has recently been described that cell walls play an important role in tomato graft healing, the spatiotemporal dynamics of cell wall changes in this critical process remains largely unknown. The aim of this work was to immunolocalize changes in the major cell wall matrix components of autograft union tissues throughout the course of healing, from 1 to 20 days after grafting (DAG). Homogalacturonan was de novo synthetized and deposited in the cut edges, displaying the low methyl-esterified homogalacturonan a stronger labelling. Labelling of galactan side chains of rhamnogalacturonan increased until 8 DAG, although remarkably a set of cells at the graft union did not show labelling for this epitope. Changes in xylan immunolocalization were associated to the xylem vasculature development throughout, while those of xyloglucan revealed early synthesis at the cut edges. Arabinogalactan proteins increased up to 8 DAG and showed scion-rootstock asymmetry, with a higher extent in the scion. The combination of these changes appears to be related with the success of the autograft, specifically facilitating the adhesion phase between scion-rootstock tissues. This knowledge paves the way for improved grafting using methods that facilitate appropriate changes in the time and space dynamics of these cell wall compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Frey
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Nerea Martínez-Romera
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, 24007, León, Spain.
| | - José L Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, 24007, León, Spain.
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14
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Hirano T, Ebine K, Ueda T, Higaki T, Watanabe-Nakayama T, Konno H, Takigawa-Imamura H, Sato MH. The SYP123-VAMP727 SNARE complex delivers secondary cell wall components for root hair shank hardening in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4347-4365. [PMID: 37713604 PMCID: PMC10689195 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The extended tubular shape of root hairs is established by tip growth and concomitant hardening. Here, we demonstrate that a syntaxin of plants (SYP)123-vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)727-dependent secretion system delivers secondary cell wall components for hardening the subapical zone and shank of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root hairs. We found increased SYP123 localization at the plasma membrane (PM) of the subapical and shank zones compared with the tip region in elongating root hairs. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)(3,5)P2 production impaired SYP123 localization at the PM and SYP123-mediated root hair shank hardening. Moreover, root hair elongation in the syp123 mutant was insensitive to a PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis inhibitor. SYP123 interacts with both VAMP721 and VAMP727. syp123 and vamp727 mutants exhibited reduced shank cell wall stiffness due to impaired secondary cell wall component deposition. Based on these results, we conclude that SYP123 is involved in VAMP721-mediated conventional secretion for root hair elongation as well as in VAMP727-mediated secretory functions for the delivery of secondary cell wall components to maintain root hair tubular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirano
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, Sokendai, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, Sokendai, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Konno
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Masa H Sato
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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15
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Boulogne I, Petit P, Desfontaines L, Durambur G, Deborde C, Mirande-Ney C, Arnaudin Q, Plasson C, Grivotte J, Chamot C, Bernard S, Loranger-Merciris G. Biological and Chemical Characterization of Musa paradisiaca Leachate. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1326. [PMID: 37887036 PMCID: PMC10604775 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for molecules of natural origin for biocontrol and biostimulation, given the current trend away from synthetic chemical products. Leachates extracted from plantain stems were obtained after biodegradation of the plant material. To characterize the leachate, quantitative determinations of nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and cations (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+), Q2/4, Q2/6, and Q4/6 absorbance ratios, and metabolomic analysis were carried out. The potential role of plantain leachates as fungicide, elicitor of plant defense, and/or plant biostimulant was evaluated by agar well diffusion method, phenotypic, molecular, and imaging approaches. The plant extracts induced a slight inhibition of fungal growth of an aggressive strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which causes anthracnose. Organic compounds such as cinnamic, ellagic, quinic, and fulvic acids and indole alkaloid such as ellipticine, along with some minerals such as potassium, calcium, and phosphorus, may be responsible for the inhibition of fungal growth. In addition, jasmonic, benzoic, and salicylic acids, which are known to play a role in plant defense and as biostimulants in tomato, were detected in leachate extract. Indeed, foliar application of banana leachate induced overexpression of LOXD, PPOD, and Worky70-80 genes, which are involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism, jasmonic acid biosynthesis, and salicylic acid metabolism, respectively. Leachate also activated root growth in tomato seedlings. However, the main impact of the leachate was observed on mature plants, where it caused a reduction in leaf area and fresh weight, the remodeling of stem cell wall glycopolymers, and an increase in the expression of proline dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boulogne
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, IRIB, GDR CNRS Chemobiologie, RMT BESTIM, F-76000 Rouen, France; (I.B.); (G.D.); (C.M.-N.); (Q.A.); (C.P.); (J.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Philippe Petit
- Université des Antilles, UMR ISYEB-MNHN-CNRS-Sorbonne Université-EPHE, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus de Fouillole, F-97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France;
| | | | - Gaëlle Durambur
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, IRIB, GDR CNRS Chemobiologie, RMT BESTIM, F-76000 Rouen, France; (I.B.); (G.D.); (C.M.-N.); (Q.A.); (C.P.); (J.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Catherine Deborde
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44300 Nantes, France;
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Cathleen Mirande-Ney
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, IRIB, GDR CNRS Chemobiologie, RMT BESTIM, F-76000 Rouen, France; (I.B.); (G.D.); (C.M.-N.); (Q.A.); (C.P.); (J.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Quentin Arnaudin
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, IRIB, GDR CNRS Chemobiologie, RMT BESTIM, F-76000 Rouen, France; (I.B.); (G.D.); (C.M.-N.); (Q.A.); (C.P.); (J.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Carole Plasson
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, IRIB, GDR CNRS Chemobiologie, RMT BESTIM, F-76000 Rouen, France; (I.B.); (G.D.); (C.M.-N.); (Q.A.); (C.P.); (J.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Julie Grivotte
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, IRIB, GDR CNRS Chemobiologie, RMT BESTIM, F-76000 Rouen, France; (I.B.); (G.D.); (C.M.-N.); (Q.A.); (C.P.); (J.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Christophe Chamot
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, F-76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, IRIB, GDR CNRS Chemobiologie, RMT BESTIM, F-76000 Rouen, France; (I.B.); (G.D.); (C.M.-N.); (Q.A.); (C.P.); (J.G.); (S.B.)
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, F-76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Gladys Loranger-Merciris
- Université des Antilles, UMR ISYEB-MNHN-CNRS-Sorbonne Université-EPHE, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus de Fouillole, F-97157 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France;
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16
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Stolarczyk P, Świątek P, Lichtscheidl I. Differences in the Occurrence of Cell Wall Components between Distinct Cell Types in Glands of Drosophyllum lusitanicum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15045. [PMID: 37894725 PMCID: PMC10606540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants are mixotrophs that have developed the ability to lure, trap, and digest small organisms and utilize components of the digested bodies. Leaves of Drosophyllum lusitanicum have two kinds of glands (emergences): stalked mucilage glands and sessile digestive glands. The stalked mucilage glands perform the primary role in prey lure and trapping. Apart from their role in carnivory, they absorb water condensed from oceanic fog; thus, plants can survive in arid conditions. To better understand the function of carnivorous plant emergences, the molecular composition of their cell walls was investigated using immunocytochemical methods. In this research, Drosophyllum lusitanicum was used as a study system to determine whether cell wall immunocytochemistry differs between the mucilage and digestive glands of other carnivorous plant species. Light and electron microscopy were used to observe gland structure. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of carbohydrate epitopes associated with the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The mucilage gland (emergence) consists of a glandular head, a connecting neck zone, and stalk. The gland head is formed by an outer and inner layer of glandular (secretory) cells and supported by a layer of endodermoid (barrier) cells. The endodermoid cells have contact with a core of spongy tracheids with spiral-shaped thickenings. Lateral tracheids are surrounded by epidermal and parenchymal neck cells. Different patterns of cell wall components were found in the various cell types of the glands. Cell walls of glandular cells generally are poor in both low and highly esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) but enriched with hemicelluloses. Cell walls of inner glandular cells are especially rich in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). The cell wall ingrowths in glandular cells are significantly enriched with hemicelluloses and AGPs. In the case of cell wall components, the glandular cells of Drosophyllum lusitanicum mucilage glands are similar to the glandular cells of the digestive glands of Aldrovanda vesiculosa and Dionaea muscipula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Irene Lichtscheidl
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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17
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Bonfanti A, Smithers ET, Bourdon M, Guyon A, Carella P, Carter R, Wightman R, Schornack S, Jönsson H, Robinson S. Stiffness transitions in new walls post-cell division differ between Marchantia polymorpha gemmae and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302985120. [PMID: 37782806 PMCID: PMC10576037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302985120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis is governed by the mechanics of the cell wall-a stiff and thin polymeric box that encloses the cells. The cell wall is a highly dynamic composite material. New cell walls are added during cell division. As the cells continue to grow, the properties of cell walls are modulated to undergo significant changes in shape and size without breakage. Spatial and temporal variations in cell wall mechanical properties have been observed. However, how they relate to cell division remains an outstanding question. Here, we combine time-lapse imaging with local mechanical measurements via atomic force microscopy to systematically map the cell wall's age and growth, with their stiffness. We make use of two systems, Marchantia polymorpha gemmae, and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. We first characterize the growth and cell division of M. polymorpha gemmae. We then demonstrate that cell division in M. polymorpha gemmae results in the generation of a temporary stiffer and slower-growing new wall. In contrast, this transient phenomenon is absent in A. thaliana leaves. We provide evidence that this different temporal behavior has a direct impact on the local cell geometry via changes in the junction angle. These results are expected to pave the way for developing more realistic plant morphogenetic models and to advance the study into the impact of cell division on tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bonfanti
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan20133, Italy
| | | | - Matthieu Bourdon
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Guyon
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Carella
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, NorwichNR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Carter
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Wightman
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | | | - Henrik Jönsson
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB3 0WA, United Kingdom
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Lund223 62, Sweden
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
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18
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Mirande-Ney C, Arnaudin Q, Durambur G, Plasson C, Bernard S, Chamot C, Grivotte J, Mati-Baouche N, Driouich A, Brebion J, Hennequart F, Lerouge P, Boulogne I. LAM2: An Unusual Laminaran Structure for a Novel Plant Elicitor Candidate. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1483. [PMID: 37892165 PMCID: PMC10605138 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminarans are of interest because they have been shown to induce various immune responses in animals and plants. These β-D-glucans differ from each other by their branching rate, which is possibly responsible for their biological activities. In the present study, we characterized a laminaran fraction extracted from Laminaria hyperborea and named LAM2 using sugar composition and structural analyses (NMR). Then, we evaluated its activity as a potential plant elicitor in vitro on tomato seedlings using gene expression analysis and cell wall immunofluorescence labeling. Our study showed that LAM2 isolated from L. hyperborea is a succinylated laminaran which significantly enhanced the plant defense of tomato seedlings and induced cell wall modifications, suggesting a higher elicitor activity than the laminaran standard extracted from Laminaria digitata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Mirande-Ney
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Quentin Arnaudin
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Gaëlle Durambur
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Carole Plasson
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
- INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, University of Rouen Normandie, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Chamot
- INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, University of Rouen Normandie, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Julie Grivotte
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Narimane Mati-Baouche
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jeremy Brebion
- ALGAIA R&D Center, 91 Rue Edouard Branly, F-50000 Saint-Lô, France
| | | | - Patrice Lerouge
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
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19
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Kim SJ, Bhandari DD, Sokoloski R, Brandizzi F. Immune activation during Pseudomonas infection causes local cell wall remodeling and alters AGP accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:541-557. [PMID: 37496362 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell boundary generally comprises constituents of the primary and secondary cell wall (CW) that are deposited sequentially during development. Although it is known that the CW acts as a barrier against phytopathogens and undergoes modifications to limit their invasion, the extent, sequence, and requirements of the pathogen-induced modifications of the CW components are still largely unknown, especially at the level of the polysaccharide fraction. To address this significant knowledge gap, we adopted the compatible Pseudomonas syringae-Arabidopsis thaliana system. We found that, despite systemic signaling actuation, Pseudomonas infection leads only to local CW modifications. Furthermore, by utilizing a combination of CW and immune signaling-deficient mutants infected with virulent or non-virulent bacteria, we demonstrated that the pathogen-induced changes in CW polysaccharides depend on the combination of pathogen virulence and the host's ability to mount an immune response. This results in a pathogen-driven accumulation of CW hexoses, such as galactose, and an immune signaling-dependent increase in CW pentoses, mainly arabinose, and xylose. Our analyses of CW changes during disease progression also revealed a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of arabinogalactan protein (AGP) deposition and significant modifications of rhamnogalacturonan sidechains. Furthermore, genetic analyses demonstrated a critical role of AGPs, specifically of the Arabinoxylan Pectin Arabinogalactan Protein1, in limiting pathogen growth. Collectively, our results provide evidence for the actuation of significant remodeling of CW polysaccharides in a compatible host-pathogen interaction, and, by identifying AGPs as critical elements of the CW in plant defense, they pinpoint opportunities to improve plants against diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rylee Sokoloski
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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20
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Zheng L, Chen Y, Ding L, Zhou Y, Xue S, Li B, Wei J, Wang H. The transcription factor MYB156 controls the polar stiffening of guard cell walls in poplar. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3757-3781. [PMID: 37437118 PMCID: PMC10533337 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of guard cells have major effects on stomatal functioning. Reinforced stiffness in the stomatal polar regions was recently proposed to play an important role in stomatal function, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we used genetic and biochemical approaches in poplar (Populus spp.) to show that the transcription factor MYB156 controls pectic homogalacturonan-based polar stiffening through the downregulation of the gene encoding pectin methylesterase 6 (PME6). Loss of MYB156 increased the polar stiffness of stomata, thereby enhancing stomatal dynamics and response speed to various stimuli. In contrast, overexpression of MYB156 resulted in decreased polar stiffness and impaired stomatal dynamics, accompanied by smaller leaves. Polar stiffening functions in guard cell dynamics in response to changing environmental conditions by maintaining normal stomatal morphology during stomatal movement. Our study revealed the structure-function relationship of the cell wall of guard cells in stomatal dynamics, providing an important means for improving the stomatal performance and drought tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yajuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Liping Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Biying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jianhua Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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21
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Vilela RMIF, Kuster VC, Magalhães TA, Martini VC, Oliveira RM, de Oliveira DC. Galls induced by a root-knot nematode in Petroselinum crispum (Mill.): impacts on host development, histology, and cell wall dynamics. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1287-1302. [PMID: 36892633 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection by the root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, impacts crop productivity worldwide, including parsley cultures (Petroselinum crispum). Meloidogyne infection involves a complex relationship between the pathogen and the host plant tissues, leading to the formation of galls and feeding sites that disorganize the vascular system, affecting the development of cultures. Herein, we sought to evaluate the impact of RKN on the agronomic traits, histology, and cell wall components of parsley, with emphasis on giant cell formation. The study consisted of two treatments: (i) control, where 50 individuals of parsley grew without M. incognita inoculation; and (ii) inoculated plants, where 50 individuals were exposed to juveniles (J2) of M. incognita. Meloidogyne incognita infection affected the development of parsley, reducing the growth of some agronomical characteristics such as root weight and shoot weight and height. Giant cell formation was noticed at 18 days after inoculation, promoting disorganization of the vascular system. Epitopes of HGs detected in giant cells reveal the continuous capacity of giant cells to elongate under the stimulus of RKN, essential processes for feeding site establishment. In addition, the detection of epitopes of HGs with low and high methyl-esterified groups indicates the PMEs activity despite biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinícius Coelho Kuster
- Campus Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal de Jataí (UFJ), Jataí, Goiás, CEP 75801-615, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Vitor Campana Martini
- Campus Umuarama, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP 38402-020, Brazil
| | | | - Denis Coelho de Oliveira
- Campus Umuarama, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP 38402-020, Brazil.
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22
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Pfeifer L, Mueller KK, Utermöhlen J, Erdt F, Zehge JBJ, Schubert H, Classen B. The cell walls of different Chara species are characterized by branched galactans rich in 3-O-methylgalactose and absence of AGPs. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13989. [PMID: 37616003 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptophyte algae are the closest relatives to land plants; their latest common ancestor performed the most drastic adaptation in plant evolution around 500 million years ago: the conquest of land. Besides other adaptations, this step required changes in cell wall composition. Current knowledge on the cell walls of streptophyte algae and especially on the presence of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), important signalling molecules in all land plants, is limited. To get deeper insights into the cell walls of streptophyte algae, especially in Charophyceae, we performed sequential cell wall extractions of four Chara species. The three species Chara globularis, Chara subspinosa and Chara tomentosa revealed comparable cell wall compositions, with pectins, xylans and xyloglucans, whereas Chara aspera stood out with higher amounts of uronic acids in the pectic fractions and lack of reactivity with antibodies binding to xylan- and xyloglucan epitopes. Search for AGPs in the four Chara species and in Nitellopsis obtusa revealed the presence of galactans with pyranosidic galactose in 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,3,6-linkage, which are typical galactan motifs in land plant AGPs. A unique feature of these branched galactans was high portions of 3-O-methylgalactose. Only Nitellopsis contained substantial amounts of arabinose A bioinformatic search for prolyl-4-hydroxylases, involved in the biosynthesis of AGPs, revealed one possible functional sequence in the genome of Chara braunii, but no hydroxyproline could be detected in the four Chara species or in Nitellopsis obtusa. We conclude that AGPs that is typical for land plants are absent, at least in these members of the Charophyceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jon Utermöhlen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felicitas Erdt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jean Bastian Just Zehge
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schubert
- Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Wannitikul P, Wattana-Amorn P, Sathitnaitham S, Sakulkoo J, Suttangkakul A, Wonnapinij P, Bassel GW, Simister R, Gomez LD, Vuttipongchaikij S. Disruption of a DUF247 Containing Protein Alters Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Reduces Growth in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1977. [PMID: 37653894 PMCID: PMC10221614 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall biosynthesis is a complex process that requires proteins and enzymes from glycan synthesis to wall assembly. We show that disruption of At3g50120 (DUF247-1), a member of the DUF247 multigene family containing 28 genes in Arabidopsis, results in alterations to the structure and composition of cell wall polysaccharides and reduced growth and plant size. An ELISA using cell wall antibodies shows that the mutants also exhibit ~50% reductions in xyloglucan (XyG), glucuronoxylan (GX) and heteromannan (HM) epitopes in the NaOH fraction and ~50% increases in homogalacturonan (HG) epitopes in the CDTA fraction. Furthermore, the polymer sizes of XyGs and GXs are reduced with concomitant increases in short-chain polymers, while those of HGs and mHGs are slightly increased. Complementation using 35S:DUF247-1 partially recovers the XyG and HG content, but not those of GX and HM, suggesting that DUF247-1 is more closely associated with XyGs and HGs. DUF247-1 is expressed throughout Arabidopsis, particularly in vascular and developing tissues, and its disruption affects the expression of other gene members, indicating a regulatory control role within the gene family. Our results demonstrate that DUF247-1 is required for normal cell wall composition and structure and Arabidopsis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaporn Wannitikul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Sukhita Sathitnaitham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Jenjira Sakulkoo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Anongpat Suttangkakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - George W. Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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24
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Mueller KK, Pfeifer L, Schuldt L, Szövényi P, de Vries S, de Vries J, Johnson KL, Classen B. Fern cell walls and the evolution of arabinogalactan proteins in streptophytes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:875-894. [PMID: 36891885 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Significant changes have occurred in plant cell wall composition during evolution and diversification of tracheophytes. As the sister lineage to seed plants, knowledge on the cell wall of ferns is key to track evolutionary changes across tracheophytes and to understand seed plant-specific evolutionary innovations. Fern cell wall composition is not fully understood, including limited knowledge of glycoproteins such as the fern arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Here, we characterize the AGPs from the leptosporangiate fern genera Azolla, Salvinia, and Ceratopteris. The carbohydrate moiety of seed plant AGPs consists of a galactan backbone including mainly 1,3- and 1,3,6-linked pyranosidic galactose, which is conserved across the investigated fern AGPs. Yet, unlike AGPs of angiosperms, those of ferns contained the unusual sugar 3-O-methylrhamnose. Besides terminal furanosidic arabinose, Ara (Araf), the main linkage type of Araf in the ferns was 1,2-linked Araf, whereas in seed plants 1,5-linked Araf is often dominating. Antibodies directed against carbohydrate epitopes of AGPs supported the structural differences between AGPs of ferns and seed plants. Comparison of AGP linkage types across the streptophyte lineage showed that angiosperms have rather conserved monosaccharide linkage types; by contrast bryophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms showed more variability. Phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferases involved in AGP biosynthesis and bioinformatic search for AGP protein backbones revealed a versatile genetic toolkit for AGP complexity in ferns. Our data reveal important differences across AGP diversity of which the functional significance is unknown. This diversity sheds light on the evolution of the hallmark feature of tracheophytes: their elaborate cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Schuldt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center (PSC), ETH Zürich, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goldschmidtsr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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25
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Novaković L, Yakubov GE, Ma Y, Bacic A, Blank KG, Sampathkumar A, Johnson KL. DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 regulates cellulose synthesis and affects primary cell wall mechanics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150202. [PMID: 36998675 PMCID: PMC10043484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is one of the defining features of plants, controlling cell shape, regulating growth dynamics and hydraulic conductivity, as well as mediating plants interactions with both the external and internal environments. Here we report that a putative mechanosensitive Cys-protease DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) influences the mechanical properties of primary cell walls and regulation of cellulose synthesis. Our results indicate that DEK1 is an important regulator of cellulose synthesis in epidermal tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons during early post-embryonic development. DEK1 is involved in regulation of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) by modifying their biosynthetic properties, possibly through interactions with various cellulose synthase regulatory proteins. Mechanical properties of the primary cell wall are altered in DEK1 modulated lines with DEK1 affecting both cell wall stiffness and the thickness of the cellulose microfibril bundles in epidermal cell walls of cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Novaković
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Biosciences, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gleb E. Yakubov
- Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Mechano(bio)chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- School of Biosciences, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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26
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Chavan RR, Singh AP, Turner AP. Cell corner middle lamella in hydroids of dendroid moss Hypnodendron menziesii gametophyte is prominently thickened: a proposed role in the mechanical support function. PLANTA 2023; 257:82. [PMID: 36917364 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Significantly thickened corner middle lamella of the hydroid cell wall in the stipe of dendroid moss Hypnodendron menziesii has a mechanical support function. The hydroid cell walls of the erect stipe of Hypnodendron menziesii were investigated using light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and TEM-immunogold labeling in support of the proposed biomechanical function for the highly thickened cell corner middle lamellae. The statistical analyses of dimensions of hydroid cell and wall parameters revealed a strong positive correlation between the area of hydroid cell and (i) the hydroid cell walls adhering to thick corner middle lamella, (ii) the area of the thick cell wall at hydroid corners, and (iii) the maximum thickness of cell wall at hydroid corners. The total area of the thick cell wall at the hydroid corners concomitantly increased with the area of the hydroid cell wall adhering to the middle lamella, and with the increased number of hydroids surrounding a reference hydroid. The results suggest that markedly thickened middle lamellae of the hydroid cell wall in Hypnodendron likely function by preventing hydroid cells from collapsing under the tensile forces generated from the transpirational pull on the water column. The specific localization of (1→4)- β-D-galactan and (1,5)-α-L-arabinan in the interface region of the hydroid cell wall and the thick middle lamella is consistent with these cell wall components being involved in the mechanical strengthening of the interface through firm adhesion as well as elasticity, ensuring the structural stability of this cell wall region, which may be prone to delamination/fracturing from the various internal and external pressures imposed. The copious presence of homogalacturonan in the thick middle lamella may further enhance the strength and flexibility of hydroid cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh R Chavan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Adya P Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adrian P Turner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Kalmbach L, Bourdon M, Belevich I, Safran J, Lemaire A, Heo JO, Otero S, Blob B, Pelloux J, Jokitalo E, Helariutta Y. Putative pectate lyase PLL12 and callose deposition through polar CALS7 are necessary for long-distance phloem transport in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:926-939.e9. [PMID: 36805125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the phloem distributes photosynthetic products for metabolism and storage over long distances. It relies on specialized cells, the sieve elements, which are enucleated and interconnected through large so-called sieve pores in their adjoining cell walls. Reverse genetics identified PECTATE LYASE-LIKE 12 (PLL12) as critical for plant growth and development. Using genetic complementations, we established that PLL12 is required exclusively late during sieve element differentiation. Structural homology modeling, enzyme inactivation, and overexpression suggest a vital role for PLL12 in sieve-element-specific pectin remodeling. While short distance symplastic diffusion is unaffected, the pll12 mutant is unable to accommodate sustained plant development due to an incapacity to accommodate increasing hydraulic demands on phloem long-distance transport as the plant grows-a defect that is aggravated when combined with another sieve-element-specific mutant callose synthase 7 (cals7). Establishing CALS7 as a specific sieve pore marker, we investigated the subcellular dynamics of callose deposition in the developing sieve plate. Using fluorescent CALS7 then allowed identifying structural defects in pll12 sieve pores that are moderate at the cellular level but become physiologically relevant due to the serial arrangement of sieve elements in the sieve tube. Overall, pectin degradation through PLL12 appears subtle in quantitative terms. We therefore speculate that PLL12 may act as a regulator to locally remove homogalacturonan, thus potentially enabling further extracellular enzymes to access and modify the cell wall during sieve pore maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Kalmbach
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Josip Safran
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Adrien Lemaire
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jung-Ok Heo
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofia Otero
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Bernhard Blob
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Immunocytochemical Analysis of Bifid Trichomes in Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. Traps. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043358. [PMID: 36834769 PMCID: PMC9958864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The two-armed bifids (bifid trichomes) occur on the external (abaxial) trap surface, petiole, and stem of the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa (Droseracee). These trichomes play the role of mucilage trichomes. This study aimed to fill the gap in the literature concerning the immunocytochemistry of the bifid trichomes and compare them with digestive trichomes. Light and electron microscopy was used to show the trichome structure. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of carbohydrate epitopes associated with the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The stalk cells and the basal cells of the trichomes were differentiated as endodermal cells. Cell wall ingrowths occurred in all cell types of the bifid trichomes. Trichome cells differed in the composition of their cell walls. The cell walls of the head cells and stalk cells were enriched with arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs); however, they were generally poor in both low- and highly-esterified homogalacturonans (HGs). The cell walls in the trichome cells were rich in hemicelluloses: xyloglucan and galactoxyloglucan. The cell wall ingrowths in the basal cells were significantly enriched with hemicelluloses. The presence of endodermal cells and transfer cells supports the idea that bifid trichomes actively transport solutes, which are polysaccharide in nature. The presence of AGPs (which are considered plant signaling molecules) in the cell walls in these trichome cells indicates the active and important role of these trichomes in plant function. Future research should focus on the question of how the molecular architecture of trap cell walls changes in cells during trap development and prey capture and digestion in A. vesiculosa and other carnivorous plants.
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Yu X, Yang Z, Xu Y, Wang Z, Fan C, Zeng X, Liu Y, Lei T, Jiang M, Li J, Xiao X, Yang L, Li X, Zhou Y, Gao S. Effect of chromium stress on metal accumulation and cell wall fractions in Cosmos bipinnatus. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137677. [PMID: 36608889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the major pollutants in the environment, chromium (Cr), a heavy metal, poses a serious threat to urban green spaces and human life and health. Cosmos bipinnatus is considered a potential accumulator of Cr, and the differences in cellular Cr distribution and compartmentalization may uncover the mechanisms involved in its tolerance to Cr. To elucidate the effects of Cr stress on C. bipinnatus and determine the mechanism of Cr tolerance in C. bipinnatus, we investigated the physiological indicators, subcellular distribution and chemical forms, cell wall fractions and their Cr contents, uronic acid content in the cell wall fractions, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the cell wall. The results showed that the antioxidant enzyme activities in C. bipinnatus under Cr stress and most of the Cr were fixed in the cell wall. Notably, changes in the content of pectin fractions in the cell wall affected the accumulation of Cr in the cell wall of C. bipinnatus and the stability of negatively charged groups. In addition, the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups played a role in fixing metal in various parts of the C. bipinnatus cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoFang Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - ZiHan Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - YuHan Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - ZhiWen Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - ChunYu Fan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - XiaoXuan Zeng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - YuJia Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ting Lei
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - MingYan Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - JiaNi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - LiJuan Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - YongHong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - SuPing Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Shahin L, Zhang L, Mohnen D, Urbanowicz BR. Insights into pectin O-acetylation in the plant cell wall: structure, synthesis, and modification. CELL SURFACE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 9:100099. [PMID: 36793376 PMCID: PMC9922974 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2023.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
O-Acetyl esterification is an important structural and functional feature of pectins present in the cell walls of all land plants. The amount and positions of pectin acetyl substituents varies across plant tissues and stages of development. Plant growth and response to biotic and abiotic stress are known to be significantly influenced by pectin O-acetylation. Gel formation is a key characteristic of pectins, and many studies have shown that gel formation is dependent upon the degree of acetylation. Previous studies have indicated that members of the TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE (TBL) family may play a role in the O-acetylation of pectin, however, biochemical evidence for acceptor specific pectin acetyltransferase activity remains to be confirmed and the exact mechanism(s) for catalysis must be determined. Pectin acetylesterases (PAEs) affect pectin acetylation as they hydrolyze acetylester bonds and have a role in the amount and distribution of O-acetylation. Several mutant studies suggest the critical role of pectin O-acetylation; however, additional research is required to fully understand this. This review aims to discuss the importance, role, and putative mechanism of pectin O-acetylation.
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Key Words
- AXY9, ALTERED XYLOGLUCAN 9
- DA, degree of acetyl-esterification
- DE, degree of esterification
- DM, degree of methyl-esterification
- GalA, galacturonic acid
- HG, homogalacturonan
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- O-acetylation
- O-acetyltransferase
- PAEs, pectin acetylesterases
- Pectin
- Pectin acetylesterase
- Plant cell wall
- RG-I, rhamnogalacturonan-I
- RWA, REDUCED WALL O-ACETYLATION
- TBL, TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE
- XGA, xylogalacturonan
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubana Shahin
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding author at: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Cell Wall Glycan Changes in Different Brachypodium Tissues Give Insights into Monocot Biomass. FERMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The annual temperate grass Brachypodium distachyon has become a model system for monocot biomass crops and for understanding lignocellulosic recalcitrance to employ better saccharification and fermentation approaches. It is a monocot plant used to study the grass cell walls that differ from the cell walls of dicot plants such as the eudicot model Arabidopsis. The B. distachyon cell wall is predominantly composed of cellulose, arabinoxylans, and mixed-linkage glucans, and it resembles the cell walls of other field grasses. It has a vascular bundle anatomy similar to C3 grasses. These features make Brachypodium an ideal model to study cell walls. Cell walls are composed of polymers with complex structures that vary between cell types and at different developmental stages. Antibodies that recognize specific cell wall components are currently one of the most effective and specific molecular probes to determine the location and distribution of polymers in plant cell walls in situ. Here, we investigated the glycan distribution in the cell walls of the root and leaf tissues of Brachypodium by employing cell-wall-directed antibodies against diverse glycan epitopes. There are distinct differences in the presence of the epitopes between the root and leaf tissues as well as in the cell type level, which gives insights into monocot biomass.
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32
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Stellate Trichomes in Dionaea muscipula Ellis (Venus Flytrap) Traps, Structure and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010553. [PMID: 36613996 PMCID: PMC9820793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive organs of carnivorous plants have external (abaxial) glands and trichomes, which perform various functions. Dionaea muscipula Ellis (the Venus flytrap) is a model carnivorous plant species whose traps are covered by external trichomes. The aim of the study was to fill in the gap regarding the structure of the stellate outer trichomes and their immunocytochemistry and to determine whether these data support the suggestions of other authors about the roles of these trichomes. Light and electron microscopy was used to show the trichomes' structure. Fluorescence microscopy was used to locate the carbohydrate epitopes that are associated with the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The endodermal cells and internal head cells of the trichomes were differentiated as transfer cells, and this supports the idea that stellate trichomes transport solutes and are not only tomentose-like trichomes. Trichome cells differ in the composition of their cell walls, e.g., the cell walls of the internal head cells are enriched with arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). The cell walls of the outer head cells are poor in both low and highly homogalacturonans (HGs), but the immature trichomes are rich in the pectic polysaccharide (1-4)-β-D-galactan. In the immature traps, young stellate trichomes produce mucilage which may protect the trap surface, and in particular, the trap entrance. However, the role of these trichomes is different when the outer head cells collapse. In the internal head cells, a thick secondary wall cell was deposited, which together with the thick cell walls of the outer head cells played the role of a large apoplastic space. This may suggest that mature stellate trichomes might function as hydathodes, but this should be experimentally proven.
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Mokshina N, Panina A, Galinousky D, Sautkina O, Mikshina P. Transcriptome profiling of celery petiole tissues reveals peculiarities of the collenchyma cell wall formation. PLANTA 2022; 257:18. [PMID: 36538078 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome and biochemical analyses are applied to individual plant cell types to reveal potential players involved in the molecular machinery of cell wall formation in specialized cells such as collenchyma. Plant collenchyma is a mechanical tissue characterized by an irregular, thickened cell wall and the ability to support cell elongation. The composition of the collenchyma cell wall resembles that of the primary cell wall and includes cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectin; lignin is absent. Thus, the processes associated with the formation of the primary cell wall in the collenchyma can be more pronounced compared to other tissues due to its thickening. Primary cell walls intrinsic to different tissues may differ in structure and composition, which should be reflected at the transcriptomic level. For the first time, we conducted transcriptome profiling of collenchyma strands isolated from young celery petioles and compared them with other tissues, such as parenchyma and vascular bundles. Genes encoding proteins involved in the primary cell wall formation during cell elongation, such as xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, expansins, and leucine-rich repeat proteins, were significantly activated in the collenchyma. As the key players in the transcriptome orchestra of collenchyma, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase transcripts were characterized in more detail, including phylogeny and expression patterns. The comprehensive approach that included transcriptome and biochemical analyses allowed us to reveal peculiarities of collenchyma cell wall formation and modification, matching the abundance of upregulated transcripts and their potential substrates for revealed gene products. As a result, specific isoforms of multigene families were determined for further functional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Panina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry Galinousky
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Olga Sautkina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
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34
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Zhang S, Sun H, Wang J, Shen J, He F, Chen D, Wang Y. The Regulatory Mechanisms and Control Technologies of Chilling Injury and Fungal Diseases of Postharvest Loquat Fruit. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3472. [PMID: 36559584 PMCID: PMC9784782 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Loquat is a popular fruit widely cultivated all over the world. It is rich in minerals and carotenoids and has high commercial value. At room temperature, loquat fruit is impressionable to water and nutritional losses, physical damage, and microbial decay, resulting in a short postharvest life. Low-temperature storage is routinely used to prolong the shelf life of loquat fruit; however, cold storage can also lead to lignification of flesh tissue, which is one of the major symptoms of chilling injury (CI), reducing the quality and economic value of the fruit. In addition, fruit decay caused by microbial infection is another important reason for postharvest losses of loquat. To reduce quality deterioration and optimize the postharvest storage strategies of loquat fruit, considerable progress has been made in the physiological and molecular biological studies of CI, microbial decay, and preservation technologies of loquat fruit during the postharvest phase in recent decades. This review summarizes the current research progress and provides a reference for the improvement of loquat fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Wang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
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35
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Pereira GN, Cesca K, Pereira MAF, Monteiro Rudke CR, Borges OMA, Cubas ALV, Zanella E, Stambuk BU, Poletto P, de Oliveira D. Non‐thermal plasma as an efficient pretreatment to lignocellulosic raw materials. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N. Pereira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Karina Cesca
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica F. Pereira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Carla Roana Monteiro Rudke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Otilia Monica Alves Borges
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Anelise Leal Vieira Cubas
- Environmental Science Master's Program University of Southern Santa Catarina (Unisul) Palhoça Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Eduardo Zanella
- Yeast Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Boris U. Stambuk
- Yeast Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Patrícia Poletto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
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36
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Bligh M, Nguyen N, Buck-Wiese H, Vidal-Melgosa S, Hehemann JH. Structures and functions of algal glycans shape their capacity to sequester carbon in the ocean. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 71:102204. [PMID: 36155346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Algae synthesise structurally complex glycans to build a protective barrier, the extracellular matrix. One function of matrix glycans is to slow down microorganisms that try to enzymatically enter living algae and degrade and convert their organic carbon back to carbon dioxide. We propose that matrix glycans lock up carbon in the ocean by controlling degradation of organic carbon by bacteria and other microbes not only while algae are alive, but also after death. Data revised in this review shows accumulation of algal glycans in the ocean underscoring the challenge bacteria and other microbes face to breach the glycan barrier with carbohydrate active enzymes. Briefly we also update on methods required to certify the uncertain magnitude and unknown molecular causes of glycan-controlled carbon sequestration in a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Bligh
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; University of Bremen, MARUM Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences Bremen, Germany
| | - Nguyen Nguyen
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; University of Bremen, MARUM Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences Bremen, Germany
| | - Hagen Buck-Wiese
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; University of Bremen, MARUM Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences Bremen, Germany
| | - Silvia Vidal-Melgosa
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; University of Bremen, MARUM Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; University of Bremen, MARUM Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences Bremen, Germany.
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Munekata N, Tsuyama T, Kamei I, Kijidani Y, Takabe K. Deposition patterns of feruloylarabinoxylan during cell wall formation in moso bamboo. PLANTA 2022; 256:59. [PMID: 35984573 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The feruloylarabinoxylan deposition was initiated at the formation of the secondary cell wall, especially S2 layer in moso bamboo, which may affect crosslinking between cell wall components and plant growth. Hemicelluloses, major components of plant cell walls that are hydrogen bonded to cellulose and covalently bound to lignin, are crucial determinants of cell wall properties. Especially in commelinid monocotyledons, arabinoxylan is often esterified with ferulic acid, which is essential to crosslinking with cell wall components. However, the deposition patterns and localization of ferulic acid during cell wall formation remain unclear. In this study, developing moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) culms were used to elucidate deposition patterns of hemicelluloses including feruloylarabinoxylan. Ferulic acid content peaked with cessation of elongation growth, and thereafter decreased and remained stable as culm development proceeded. During primary cell wall (PCW) formation, xyloglucan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan signals were detected in all tissues. Along with culm development, arabinoxylan and feruloylarabinoxylan signals were sequentially observed in the protoxylem, vascular fibers and metaxylem, and parenchyma. Feruloylarabinoxylan signals were observed slightly later than arabinoxylan signals. Arabinoxylan signals were observed throughout the compound middle lamella and secondary cell wall (SCW), whereas the feruloylarabinoxylan signal was localized to the S2 layer of the SCW. These results indicate that the biosynthesis of hemicelluloses is regulated in accordance with cell wall layers. Feruloylarabinoxylan deposition may be initiated at the formation of SCW, especially S2 layer formation. Ferulic acid-mediated linkages of arabinoxylan-arabinoxylan and arabinoxylan-lignin would arise during SCW formation with the cessation of elongation growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Munekata
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Taku Tsuyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Kamei
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kijidani
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Keiji Takabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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38
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Pfeifer L, Mueller KK, Classen B. The cell wall of hornworts and liverworts: innovations in early land plant evolution? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4454-4472. [PMID: 35470398 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An important step for plant diversification was the transition from freshwater to terrestrial habitats. The bryophytes and all vascular plants share a common ancestor that was probably the first to adapt to life on land. A polysaccharide-rich cell wall was necessary to cope with newly faced environmental conditions. Therefore, some pre-requisites for terrestrial life have to be shared in the lineages of modern bryophytes and vascular plants. This review focuses on hornwort and liverwort cell walls and aims to provide an overview on shared and divergent polysaccharide features between these two groups of bryophytes and vascular plants. Analytical, immunocytochemical, and bioinformatic data were analysed. The major classes of polysaccharides-cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins-seem to be present but have diversified structurally during evolution. Some polysaccharide groups show structural characteristics which separate hornworts from the other bryophytes or are too poorly studied in detail to be able to draw absolute conclusions. Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein backbones are found in hornworts and liverworts, and show differences in, for example, the occurrence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored arabinogalactan-proteins, while glycosylation is practically unstudied. Overall, the data are an appeal to researchers in the field to gain more knowledge on cell wall structures in order to understand the changes with regard to bryophyte evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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39
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Stolarczyk P, Świątek P, Strzemski M, Miranda VFO. Immunocytochemical Analysis of the Wall Ingrowths in the Digestive Gland Transfer Cells in Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Droseraceae). Cells 2022; 11:cells11142218. [PMID: 35883661 PMCID: PMC9322817 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants are unique due to their ability to attract small animals or protozoa, retain them in specialized traps, digest them, and absorb nutrients from the dissolved prey material; however, to this end, these plants need a special secretion-digestive system (glands). A common trait of the digestive glands of carnivorous plants is the presence of transfer cells. Using the aquatic carnivorous species Aldrovanda vesiculosa, we showed carnivorous plants as a model for studies of wall ingrowths/transfer cells. We addressed the following questions: Is the cell wall ingrowth composition the same between carnivorous plant glands and other plant system models? Is there a difference in the cell wall ingrowth composition between various types of gland cells (glandular versus endodermoid cells)? Fluorescence microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy were employed to localize carbohydrate epitopes associated with major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The cell wall ingrowths were enriched with arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) localized with the JIM8, JIM13, and JIM14 epitopes. Both methylesterified and de-esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) were absent or weakly present in the wall ingrowths in transfer cells (stalk cells and head cells of the gland). Both the cell walls and the cell wall ingrowths in the transfer cells were rich in hemicelluloses: xyloglucan (LM15) and galactoxyloglucan (LM25). There were differences in the composition between the cell wall ingrowths and the primary cell walls in A. vesiculosa secretory gland cells in the case of the absence or inaccessibility of pectins (JIM5, LM19, JIM7, LM5, LM6 epitopes); thus, the wall ingrowths are specific cell wall microdomains. Even in the same organ (gland), transfer cells may differ in the composition of the cell wall ingrowths (glandular versus endodermoid cells). We found both similarities and differences in the composition of the cell wall ingrowths between the A. vesiculosa transfer cells and transfer cells of other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-60-39
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Vitor F. O. Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal CEP 14884-900, Brazil;
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40
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Selective xyloglucan oligosaccharide hydrolysis by a GH31 α-xylosidase from Escherichia coli. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Petrova A, Sibgatullina G, Gorshkova T, Kozlova L. Dynamics of cell wall polysaccharides during the elongation growth of rye primary roots. PLANTA 2022; 255:108. [PMID: 35449484 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In cells of growing rye roots, xyloglucans and homogalacturonans demonstrate developmental stage specificity, while different xylans have tissue specificity. Mannans, arabinans and galactans are also detected within the protoplast. Mannans form films on sections of fresh material. The primary cell walls of plants represent supramolecular exocellular structures that are mainly composed of polysaccharides. Cell wall properties and architecture differ between species and across tissues within a species. We revised the distribution of cell wall polysaccharides and their dynamics during elongation growth and histogenesis in rye roots using nonfixed material and the spectrum of antibodies. Rye is a member of the Poaceae family and thus has so-called type II primary cell walls, which are supposed to be low in pectins and xyloglucans and instead have arabinoxylans and mixed-linkage glucans. However, rye cell walls at the earliest stages of cell development were enriched with the epitopes of xyloglucans and homogalacturonans. Mixed-linkage glucan, which is often considered an elongation growth-specific polysaccharide in plants with type II cell walls, did not display such dynamics in rye roots. The cessation of elongation growth and even the emergence of root hairs were not accompanied by the disappearance of mixed-linkage glucans from cell walls. The diversity of xylan motifs recognized by different antibodies was minimal in the meristem zone of rye roots, but this diversity increased and showed tissue specificity during root growth. Antibodies specific for xyloglucans, galactans, arabinans and mannans bound the cell content. When rye root cells were cut, the epitopes of xyloglucans, galactans and arabinans remained within the cell content, while mannans developed net-like or film-like structures on the surface of sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Gusel Sibgatullina
- The Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
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42
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Salmeán AA, Willats WGT, Ribeiro S, Andersen TJ, Ellegaard M. Over 100-Year Preservation and Temporal Fluctuations of Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Marine Sediments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:785902. [PMID: 35519816 PMCID: PMC9062592 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.785902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides constitute an important carbon pool in marine systems, but much is still unknown about the fate and degradation of these compounds. They are derived partly from production in situ, and in coastal areas, they are partly terrestrially derived, originating from freshwater runoff from land. The aim of this study was to test the applicability of high-throughput polysaccharide profiling for plant and algal cell-wall compounds in dated sediment cores from a coastal marine environment, to examine the preservation of cell-wall polysaccharides and explore their potential as proxies for temporal environmental changes. Preserved compounds and remains of organisms are routinely used as paleoenvironmental proxies as the amount and composition of different compounds that can provide insight into past environmental conditions, and novel means for reporting environmental changes are highly sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando A. Salmeán
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William George Tycho Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Ribeiro
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Joest Andersen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Ellegaard
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Behar H, Samuels AL, Brumer H. Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens endo-glucanase 16 is involved in the cell wall development of young tissue. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13683. [PMID: 35396710 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants maintain large repertoires of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes)-comprising between 3% and 10% of their genomes-to synthesize, modify, and degrade the polysaccharide components of the cell wall. We recently identified a unique group of plant endo-glucanases from Glycoside Hydrolase Family 16, viz. EG16 orthologs, which constitute a sister clade to the well-known XYLOGLUCAN ENDO-TRANSGLYCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE (XTH) gene products. Biochemical analysis of EG16 orthologs from poplar (Populus trichocarpa), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), and spreading earthmoss (Physcomitrium patens) has demonstrated that these endo-glucanases are distinctly active on cell wall matrix glycans, mixed-linkage β(1,3);β(1,4)-glucan and xyloglucan (XyG), and that enzyme structure and specificity is highly conserved across diverse plant lineages. However, the physiological role of EG16 orthologs in any species is presently unknown. To shed light on EG16 function in vivo, here we performed reverse genetics and protein localization analyses of the single EG16 ortholog in the model moss P. patens, where this gene is highly expressed in young, expanding tissues, particularly in protonema. Surprisingly, deletion of the PpEG16 gene by homologous recombination led to an increase in growth, as well as accelerated senescence. Notably, the PpEG16 protein was shown to co-localize with XyG in the cell wall of protonema tissue, specifically at cell tips, despite lacking a secretion signal peptide. Although the precise biological role of EG16 orthologs remains elusive, our results implicate these highly conserved glycoside hydrolases in cell wall polysaccharide remodeling and recycling. We anticipate that these foundational results will inform future studies on EG16 function across plant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Behar
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hrmova M, Stratilová B, Stratilová E. Broad Specific Xyloglucan:Xyloglucosyl Transferases Are Formidable Players in the Re-Modelling of Plant Cell Wall Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031656. [PMID: 35163576 PMCID: PMC8836008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferases, known as xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XETs) are the key players that underlie plant cell wall dynamics and mechanics. These fundamental roles are central for the assembly and modifications of cell walls during embryogenesis, vegetative and reproductive growth, and adaptations to living environments under biotic and abiotic (environmental) stresses. XET enzymes (EC 2.4.1.207) have the β-sandwich architecture and the β-jelly-roll topology, and are classified in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 based on their evolutionary history. XET enzymes catalyse transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived and other than XG-derived donors and acceptors, and this poly-specificity originates from the structural plasticity and evolutionary diversification that has evolved through expansion and duplication. In phyletic groups, XETs form the gene families that are differentially expressed in organs and tissues in time- and space-dependent manners, and in response to environmental conditions. Here, we examine higher plant XET enzymes and dissect how their exclusively carbohydrate-linked transglycosylation catalytic function inter-connects complex plant cell wall components. Further, we discuss progress in technologies that advance the knowledge of plant cell walls and how this knowledge defines the roles of XETs. We construe that the broad specificity of the plant XETs underscores their roles in continuous cell wall restructuring and re-modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hrmova
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-0775
| | - Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (E.S.)
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45
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Stolarczyk P, Bogucka-Kocka A. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Homogalacturonans and Hemicelluloses in the Placentas, Ovules and Female Gametophytes of Utricularia nelumbifolia during Pollination. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030475. [PMID: 35159284 PMCID: PMC8834615 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Utricularia nelumbifolia is a large carnivorous plant that is endemic to Brazil. It forms an extra-ovular female gametophyte, which surpasses the entire micropylar canal and extends beyond the limit of the integument and invades the placenta tissues. Due to the atypical behavior of the female gametophyte, it is interesting to determine the interaction between the gametophyte and sporophytic tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the placenta, the ovular tissues, the hypertrophied central cell and the integument in guiding the pollen tube in Utricularia nelumbifolia Gardner by studying the distribution of homogalacturonans and hemicelluloses. It was also determined whether the distribution of the homogalacturonans (HG) and hemicelluloses in Utricularia are dependent on pollination. The antibodies directed against the wall components (anti-pectin: JIM5, JIM7, LM19, LM20 and the anti-hemicelluloses: LM25, LM11, LM15, LM20, LM21) were used. Because both low- and high-esterified HG and xyloglucan were observed in the placenta, ovule (integument, chalaza) and female gametophyte of both pollinated and unpollinated flowers, the occurrence of these cell-wall components was not dependent on pollination. After fertilization, low methyl-esterified HGs were still observed in the cell walls of somatic cells and female gametophyte. However, in the case of high-esterified HG, the signal was weak and occurred only in the cell walls of the somatic cells. Because xyloglucans were observed in the cell walls of the synergids and egg cells, this suggests that they play a role in sexual reproduction. Utricularia nelumbifolia with an extra ovule-female gametophyte is presented as an attractive model for studying the male-female dialogue in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-6039
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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46
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Shakhmatov EG, Makarova EN. Structure of KOH-extractable polysaccharides of tree greenery of from Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118794. [PMID: 34823801 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide ASK was extracted with aqueous KOH from the Abies sibirica foliage. Pectin, xylan, AGPs and xyloglucan were isolated from ASK by anion-exchange chromatography and Smith degradation, combined with enzymatic cleavage. Potential interactions between those polymers were examined. Since xylan, AGPs, RG-I and glucan were co-fractionated following complete removal of galacturonan (HG) with polygalacturonase, it can be inferred that the enzymatic cleavage of HG did not affect co-fractionation of cross-linking glycans, RG-I and AGPs. These were hypothesized to be bound via a covalent cross-link, as the removal of HG regions did not affect this complex. Given that pectin was represented solely by RG-I regions, it can be assumed that some of glucan, xylan and AGPs were associated directly with RG-I. Besides, the enzymatic hydrolysis eliminated most of xylose and rhamnose. This suggests implicitly that some of xylan was linked to RG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny G Shakhmatov
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pervomaiskaya St. 48, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
| | - Elena N Makarova
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pervomaiskaya St. 48, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia.
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47
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Bernat-Silvestre C, Sánchez-Simarro J, Ma Y, Montero-Pau J, Johnson K, Aniento F, Marcote MJ. AtPGAP1 functions as a GPI inositol-deacylase required for efficient transport of GPI-anchored proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2156-2173. [PMID: 34618080 PMCID: PMC8644293 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play an important role in a variety of plant biological processes including growth, stress response, morphogenesis, signaling, and cell wall biosynthesis. The GPI anchor contains a lipid-linked glycan backbone that is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it is subsequently transferred to the C-terminus of proteins containing a GPI signal peptide by a GPI transamidase. Once the GPI anchor is attached to the protein, the glycan and lipid moieties are remodeled. In mammals and yeast, this remodeling is required for GPI-APs to be included in Coat Protein II-coated vesicles for their ER export and subsequent transport to the cell surface. The first reaction of lipid remodeling is the removal of the acyl chain from the inositol group by Bst1p (yeast) and Post-GPI Attachment to Proteins Inositol Deacylase 1 (PGAP1, mammals). In this work, we have used a loss-of-function approach to study the role of PGAP1/Bst1 like genes in plants. We have found that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PGAP1 localizes to the ER and likely functions as the GPI inositol-deacylase that cleaves the acyl chain from the inositol ring of the GPI anchor. In addition, we show that PGAP1 function is required for efficient ER export and transport to the cell surface of GPI-APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Bernat-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Judit Sánchez-Simarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Javier Montero-Pau
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Kim Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
- Author for communication: (M.J.M), (F.A)
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
- Author for communication: (M.J.M), (F.A)
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48
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Rojas B, Suárez-Vega F, Saez-Aguayo S, Olmedo P, Zepeda B, Delgado-Rioseco J, Defilippi BG, Pedreschi R, Meneses C, Pérez-Donoso AG, Campos-Vargas R. Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122642. [PMID: 34961114 PMCID: PMC8708260 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. However, the effect of CPPU on berry firmness is not clear. The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Rojas
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile; (B.R.); (P.O.)
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Felipe Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Patricio Olmedo
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile; (B.R.); (P.O.)
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Baltasar Zepeda
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Joaquín Delgado-Rioseco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Bruno G. Defilippi
- INIA La Platina, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santiago 8831314, Chile;
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile;
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Alonso G. Pérez-Donoso
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile; (B.R.); (P.O.)
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49
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Yau HCL, Malekpour AK, Momin NG, Morales-García AL, Willats WGT, Lant NJ, Jones CY. Removal of eDNA from fabrics using a novel laundry DNase revealed using high-resolution imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21542. [PMID: 34728780 PMCID: PMC8563969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Washed textiles can remain malodorous and dingy due to the recalcitrance of soils. Recent work has found that 'invisible' soils such as microbial extracellular DNA (eDNA) play a key role in the adhesion of extracellular polymeric substances that form matrixes contributing to these undesirable characteristics. Here we report the application of an immunostaining method to illustrate the cleaning mechanism of a nuclease (DNase I) acting upon eDNA. Extending previous work that established a key role for eDNA in anchoring these soil matrixes, this work provides new insights into the presence and effective removal of eDNA deposited on fabrics using high-resolution in-situ imaging. Using a monoclonal antibody specific to Z-DNA, we showed that when fabrics are washed with DNase I, the incidence of microbial eDNA is reduced. As well as a quantitative reduction in microbial eDNA, the deep cleaning benefits of this enzyme are shown using confocal microscopy and imaging analysis of T-shirt fibers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the use of a molecular probe has been leveraged for fabric and homecare-related R&D to visualize eDNA and evaluate its removal from textiles by a new-to-laundry DNase enzyme. The approaches described in the current work also have scope for re-application to identify further cleaning technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish C L Yau
- Procter and Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 9BZ, UK
| | - Adam K Malekpour
- Procter and Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 9BZ, UK
| | - Nazarmohammad G Momin
- Procter and Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 9BZ, UK
| | - Ana L Morales-García
- Procter and Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 9BZ, UK
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Devonshire Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Neil J Lant
- Procter and Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 9BZ, UK.
| | - Catherine Y Jones
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Devonshire Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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50
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Głazowska S, Mravec J. An aptamer highly specific to cellulose enables the analysis of the association of cellulose with matrix cell wall polymers in vitro and in muro. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:579-599. [PMID: 34314513 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current toolbox of cell wall-directed molecular probes has been pivotal for advancing basic and application-oriented plant carbohydrate research; however, it still exhibits limitations regarding target diversity and specificity. Scarcity of probes targeting intramolecular associations between cell wall polymers particularly hinders our understanding of the cell wall microstructure and affects the development of effective means for its efficient deconstruction for bioconversion. Here we report a detailed characterization of a cellulose-binding DNA aptamer CELAPT MINI using a combination of various in vitro biochemical, biophysical, and molecular biology techniques. Our results show evidence for its high specificity towards long non-substituted β-(1-4)-glucan chains in both crystalline and amorphous forms. Fluorescent conjugates of CELAPT MINI are applicable as in situ cellulose probes and are well suited for various microscopy techniques, including super-resolution imaging. Compatibility of fluorescent CELAPT MINI variants with immunodetection of cell wall matrix polymers enabled them simultaneously to resolve the fibrillar organization of complex cellulose-enriched pulp material and to quantify the level of cellulose masking by xyloglucan and xylan. Using enzymatically, chemically, or genetically modulated Brachypodium internode sections we showed the diversity in cell wall packing among various cell types and even cell wall microdomains. We showed that xylan is the most prominent, but not the only, cellulose-masking agent in Brachypodium internode tissues. These results collectively highlight the hitherto unexplored potential to expand the cell wall probing toolbox with highly specific and versatile in vitro generated polynucleotide probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Głazowska
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
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