The high comorbidity burden of the hepatitis C virus infected population in the United States

The burden of significant pain in the cirrhosis population: Risk factors, analgesic use, and impact on health care utilization and clinical outcomes

BACKGROUND

We aimed to characterize pain and analgesic use in a large contemporary cohort of patients with cirrhosis and to associate pain with unplanned health care utilization and clinical outcomes in this population.

METHODS

We included all patients with cirrhosis seen in UCSF hepatology clinics from 2013 to 2020. Pain severity and location were determined using documented pain scores at the initial visit; "significant pain" was defined as moderate or severe using established cutoffs. Demographic, clinical, and medication data were abstracted from electronic medical records. Associations between significant pain and our primary outcome of 1-year unplanned health care utilization (ie, emergency department visit or hospitalization) and our secondary outcomes of mortality and liver transplantation were explored in multivariable models.

RESULTS

Among 5333 patients with cirrhosis, 32% had a nonzero pain score at their initial visit and 25% had significant (ie moderate/severe) pain. Sixty percent of patients with significant pain used ≥1 analgesic; 34% used opioids. Patients with cirrhosis with significant pain had similar Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium scores (14 vs. 13), but higher rates of decompensation (65% vs. 55%). The most common pain location was the abdomen (44%). Patients with abdominal pain, compared to pain in other locations, were more likely to have decompensation (72% vs. 56%). Significant pain was independently associated with unplanned health care utilization (adjusted odds ratio: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.5) and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2-1.6).

CONCLUSIONS

Pain among patients with cirrhosis is often not well-controlled despite analgesic use, and significant pain is associated with unplanned health care utilization and mortality in this population. Effectively identifying and treating pain are essential in reducing costs and improving quality of life and outcomes among patients with cirrhosis.

Optimizing HCV Disease Prediction in Egypt: The hyOPTGB Framework

The paper focuses on the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Egypt, which has one of the highest rates of HCV in the world. The high prevalence is linked to several factors, including the use of injection drugs, poor sterilization practices in medical facilities, and low public awareness. This paper introduces a hyOPTGB model, which employs an optimized gradient boosting (GB) classifier to predict HCV disease in Egypt. The model's accuracy is enhanced by optimizing hyperparameters with the OPTUNA framework. Min-Max normalization is used as a preprocessing step for scaling the dataset values and using the forward selection (FS) wrapped method to identify essential features. The dataset used in the study contains 1385 instances and 29 features and is available at the UCI machine learning repository. The authors compare the performance of five machine learning models, including decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), dummy classifier (DC), ridge classifier (RC), and bagging classifier (BC), with the hyOPTGB model. The system's efficacy is assessed using various metrics, including accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score. The hyOPTGB model outperformed the other machine learning models, achieving a 95.3% accuracy rate. The authors also compared the hyOPTGB model against other models proposed by authors who used the same dataset.

Hepatitis C Virus Alters Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism Through Interaction with Scavenger Receptors

Lipid accumulation and inflammation act together to induce, sustain, and further development of chronic liver disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces metabolic and immune changes in liver macrophages, promoting lipid accumulation and inflammation that synergize and culminate in the development of steatohepatitis and fibrogenesis. Chronic HCV patients have increased liver macrophages with disruptions in cholesterol metabolism and alterations in inflammatory mediators. While HCV-induced changes in inflammatory mediators are well documented, how HCV triggers metabolic change in macrophages is unknown. In this report, we examined the mechanism of macrophage sensing of HCV to cause metabolic impairment and subsequent immune dysfunction. We demonstrate that HCV protein and RNA kinetics in macrophages are distinct from hepatocytes. In macrophages, HCV RNAs and protein accumulate rapidly after exposure but internalized RNAs quickly decline to a low-level set point. Notably, exposure of macrophages to HCV resulted in increased lipids and cholesterol and activation of cholesterol-sensing, immunomodulatory liver X receptors (LXRs). Furthermore, we provide evidence that HCV RNA accumulation in macrophages occurs through scavenging receptors. These results suggest that HCV released from infected hepatocytes stimulates accumulation of lipids and activation of LXR in macrophages contributing to metabolic changes involved in HCV-induced chronic liver disease. Our results provide novel insight into mechanisms through which impaired lipid metabolism in macrophages associated with HCV infection promotes development of liver steatohepatitis and fibrosis.

Evaluation of the Potency of Anti-HIV and Anti-HCV Drugs to Inhibit P-Glycoprotein Mediated Efflux of Digoxin in Caco-2 Cell Line and Human Precision-Cut Intestinal Slices

The inhibition of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) could lead to increased drug plasma concentrations and hence increase drug toxicity. The evaluation of a drug’s ability to inhibit ABCB1 is complicated by the presence of several transport-competent sites within the ABCB1 binding pocket, making it difficult to select appropriate substrates. Here, we investigate the capacity of antiretrovirals and direct-acting antivirals to inhibit the ABCB1-mediated intestinal efflux of [³H]-digoxin and compare it with our previous rhodamine123 study. At concentrations of up to 100 µM, asunaprevir, atazanavir, daclatasvir, darunavir, elbasvir, etravirine, grazoprevir, ledipasvir, lopinavir, rilpivirine, ritonavir, saquinavir, and velpatasvir inhibited [³H]-digoxin transport in Caco-2 cells and/or in precision-cut intestinal slices prepared from the human jejunum (hPCIS). However, abacavir, dolutegravir, maraviroc, sofosbuvir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and zidovudine had no inhibitory effect. We thus found that most of the tested antivirals have a high potential to cause drug–drug interactions on intestinal ABCB1. Comparing the Caco-2 and hPCIS experimental models, we conclude that the Caco-2 transport assay is more sensitive, but the results obtained using hPCIS agree better with reported in vivo observations. More inhibitors were identified when using digoxin as the ABCB1 probe substrate than when using rhodamine123. However, both approaches had limitations, indicating that inhibitory potency should be tested with at least these two ABCB1 probes.

Predictive value of P300 event-related potential component in early cognitive impairment in patients with uncomplicated newly diagnosed hepatitis C virus

Background

Cognitive impairment in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is reported in the early onset of HCV infection without hepatic cirrhosis or marked liver impairment. Methods currently available to identify the risk for early cognitive impairment in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection do not combine enough sensitivity and specificity. The present study aimed to evaluate the P 300 components of event-related potential (ERP) abnormalities as valid biomarkers for prediction and diagnosis of the cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed hepatitis C virus infection. This study is a case–control involved fifty patients newly diagnosed HCV and fifty age and sex-matched healthy controls. Assessments of cognitive functions were carried out by the Mini-mental State Examination, Wechsler Memory Scale Revised short form, and The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, in addition to estimation of the amplitude and the latency of the P300 by the event-related potentials.

Results

Neuropsychological scales suggested the early incidence of cognitive impairment among hepatitis C virus patients. The electrophysiological study showed significant prolongation of P300 latency and decreased amplitude in HCV patients group compared with the control group. A binary logistic regression detected that P 300 latency ≥ 369 ms was significantly accompanied by a threefold increased risk of impaired cognition (OR 3.09, 95% CI 1.59–5.72, P < 0.01), while P 300 amplitude ≤ 8.2 μv was significantly accompanied by a twofold increased risk of impaired cognition (OR 2.18, 95% 1.43–4.05, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

This study concluded that the P300 event-related potentials components are valid biomarker as easy, noninvasive assessment and cost-effective method of early cognitive impairment in patients with uncomplicated newly diagnosed hepatitis C virus.

Registration of Clinical Trial Research

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04389268. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04389268

Viral hepatitis in 2021: The challenges remaining and how we should tackle them

Viral hepatitis results in 1.4 million deaths annually. The World Health Organization (WHO) set an ambitious target to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030, but significant challenges remain. These include inequalities in access to healthcare, reaching at risk populations and providing access to screening and effective treatment. Stigma around viral hepatitis persists and must be addressed. The WHO goal of global elimination by 2030 is a worthy aim, but remains ambitious and the coronavirus 2019 pandemic undoubtedly has set back progress. This review article will focus on hepatitis A to E, highlighting problems that have been resolved in the field over the past decade, those that remain to be resolved and suggest directions for future problem solving and research.

Economic impact of applying the AASLD-IDSA simplified treatment algorithm on the real-world management of hepatitis C

BACKGROUND: The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommended in May 2019 that patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) could be assessed for treatment initiation with a simplified treatment algorithm. This approach uses standard blood and fibrosis tests, rather than genotype testing, to guide the initiation of pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) treatment. OBJECTIVE: To compare health care resource utilization (HCRU) and costs for patients who initiated treatment via the simplified vs nonsimplified algorithm (genotype testing). METHODS: We identified adults with commercial and Medicare Advantage coverage who were diagnosed with HCV who initiated SOF/VEL or GLE/PIB from July 1, 2016, through August 31, 2019, in a nationally representative US administrative claims database. The index date was defined as the first pharmacy SOF/VEL or GLE/PIB fill date. Continuous enrollment 12 months before and ≥6 months after index date was required. Patients with claims for hepatitis B, HIV, decompensated liver, or prior DAAs were excluded. Patients were propensity score-matched (1:1) and grouped as "simplified" or "nonsimplified." HCV-related HCRU and costs were compared for the post-matched groups. RESULTS: 3,539 HCV patients were included, and 16.6% initiated SOF/VEL or GLE/PIB via the simplified algorithm. Pre-matched treatments were SOF/VEL (52.8%) and GLE/PIB (47.2%). More than half (55.7%) of SOF/VEL and 44.3% of GLE/PIB patients started treatment via the simplified algorithm. HCV patients initiating via the simplified algorithm were more likely to be male (65.1% vs 60.6%; P = 0.041), commercially insured (53.3% vs 46.5%; P = 0.003), and in the Midwest (25.7% vs 19.3%; P < 0.001) vs nonsimplified patients. The nonsimplified group had more liver disease (52.1% vs 46.9%; P = 0.019), metabolic disorders (45.8% vs 39.2%; P = 0.003), and dyslipidemia (39.9% vs 35.4%; P = 0.041) vs the simplified group. Of the index prescriptions, 58.9% were written by gastroenterology or infectious disease specialists, and 68.1% (simplified) vs 75.4% (nonsimplified) had a specialist visit within 90 days prior to index DAA fill (P < 0.001). Matching resulted in 584 well-matched patients in each group. At post-match baseline, the simplified treatment group had significantly lower median (interquartile range [IQR]) HCV-related medical health care costs vs the matched nonsimplified group: $373 ($201-$684) vs $727 ($456-$1,185; P < 0.001). Median noninpatient/emergency department health plan-paid costs were also significantly lower in the simplified cohort ($257 vs $504; P < 0.001). During follow-up, medical HCV-related health care costs were similar across the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study compared economic outcomes of HCV treatment initiation via the simplified and nonsimplified algorithms. The simplified approach resulted in lower use of health care resources, greater cost savings, and greater ability of patients to access care from both specialist and nonspecialist providers. While additional studies are needed, these early findings suggest a feasible path for simplified HCV treatment in real-world managed care settings. DISCLOSURES: Funding support for this study was provided by Gilead Sciences, Inc. Majethia, Lee, Mozaffari, Wolf, and Hsiao are employees of Gilead Sciences, Inc. Bunner and Chastek are employees of Optum Life Sciences, which received funding from Gilead Sciences, Inc. to conduct this study. Bunner owns stock in UnitedHealth group, parent company of Optum. A poster based on selected data from this study was presented at the AMCP 2021 Virtual Meeting, April 12-16, 2021.

Patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving treatment with direct acting antivirals: How is this population changing?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have revolutionized the landscape of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) enabling treatment of all those infected. It remains to be determined how the characteristics of those receiving treatment are changing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analysed all the patients with CHC who received treatment with DAAs in a large referral centre since 01/01/2015. We stratified their demographic, clinical and virological characteristics at baseline and the sustained virological response (SVR) rates according to the year of treatment.

RESULTS

In the study were included 2565 patients. During the study period, the yearly proportion of men and cirrhotic patients decreased (p<0.001) whereas mean age increased from 59.8 to 62.2 years old (p=0.04). An increasing trend was observed in the foreign-born patients from 4.3% to 7.9%, without reaching statistical significance. The prevalence of comorbidities had also increased during the study period (p<0.001). Instead, the yearly number of experienced patients decreased significantly (p<0.001) as well as the mean MELD score of cirrhotic patients from 9 to 7.6 (p<0.001). SVR rates increased significantly, from 93.4% in 2015 to 97.1% in 2018 (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The population of patients with CHC receiving DAAs is becoming older and with more comorbidities. Nevertheless, this did not impact SVR rates.

Association of exercise participation levels with cardiometabolic health and quality of life in individuals with hepatitis C

Objective

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Although physical activity (PA)/exercise has been shown to reduce CVD risk and improve HRQoL in patients with liver disease, there is limited data in HCV. We aimed to explore the association between PA/exercise levels, CVD risk and HRQoL in patients with HCV and assess individuals’ attitudes to PA/exercise.

Design

Cross-sectional observational study recruiting consecutive patients with HCV from viral hepatitis clinics. Data were collected on CVD risk factors, anthropometry, HRQoL and the Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale (EBBS).

Results

86 patients were recruited (71% men, 94% white, age 52±13 years); 49% of the cohort self-reported to be currently active. Although HRQoL was reduced across the cohort, patients that were regularly ‘active’ reported significantly higher HRQoL scores across Short-Form 36v2 domains compared with their inactive counterparts (p<0.05). Metabolic and cardiovascular characteristics were no different between groups stratified by PA/exercise status (p>0.05). EBBS scores were similar in the ‘active’ versus ‘inactive’ groups, however, patients categorised as ‘active’ scored significantly higher on the psychological outlook and social interaction subscales (p<0.05) than those that were ‘inactive’. There were significant associations between EBBS scores and HRQoL (p<0.05).

Conclusions

PA/exercise is associated with increased HRQoL in patients with HCV irrespective of clinical parameters. Addressing specific motivators/barriers to exercise for patients will be key to designing effective PA/exercise interventions in this patient population to ensure maximum uptake and adherence.

Comorbidities and Prescribed Medications in Korean Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study

Background/Aims

Extrahepatic comorbidities and comedication are important to consider in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) due to the risk of drug-drug interaction (DDI) and the effect of comorbidities on clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the detailed profiles of comorbidities and comedication among Korean CHC patients.

Methods

All adult patients (≥18 years old) with a primary diagnostic code of CHC in 2013 were selected from the National Health Insurance claims database. For each patient, all ICD-10 codes listed as primary or secondary diagnoses and all prescribed medications were collected.

Results

Among 47,104 CHC patients (median age, 57 years; male, 49.3%), 84.8% had at least one comorbidity for a mean number of 2.4, which increased with age. The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension, esophagitis, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and peptic ulcer. Overall, 96.8% of the patients took at least one prescribed medication, with a mean of 8.1 medications/ year, and the three most common drug types were analgesics, gastrointestinal agents, and antibacterials. Use of at least one drug with a DDI risk category of "contraindicated medication" or "required dose-reduction/additional monitoring" was observed in 97% of the overall patients. The proportion of prescribed medications that were contraindicated with DAAs varied from 2.0% to 38.9% depending on the hepatitis C virus regimen.

Conclusions

The majority of CHC patients had comorbidities; almost all patients took multiple prescribed medications, the number of which increased with age, and significant DDI risk was present in 97% of this Korean patient cohort. Comorbidities and comedication profiles should be considered during DAA therapy.

Direct antiviral agents for hepatitis C and drug interaction risk: A retrospective cohort study with real and simulated data on medication interaction, prevalence of comorbidities and comedications

Introduction and aim

Comorbidities and comedication are common in patients with hepatitis C, which could result in a risk of drug-drug interaction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of comorbidities, comedication and drug-drug interactions involving direct-acting antivirals in this population.

Methods

Comorbidities and comedications were evaluated in a retrospective cohort of hepatitis C patients. Drug-drug interactions were estimated in real life and with simulated data on comedications following drug regimens: telaprevir; elbasvir/grazoprevir, ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r/ritonavir (2D regimen), and sofosbuvir/simeprevir, sofosbuvir/daclatasvir, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir; 2D/dasabuvir (3D regimen); glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir. The interactions were evaluated according to the University of Liverpool database. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS^® 18.0.

Results

Data from 1433 patients with hepatitis C were evaluated. The mean patient age was 51.7 years (SD ± 10.7), and 50.6% were female. Direct-acting antivirals were prescribed for 345 (24.1%) patients, and a sustained virological response occurred in 264 (76.5%). The main comorbidities were systemic arterial hypertension [436 (30.4%)], diabetes mellitus [352 (24.6%)] and depression [130 (9.1%)]. The mean number of comorbidities was 1.52 (median [IQR] of 1.00 [1.00–2.00]). The mean number of comedications was 3.16 (median [IQR] of 3.00 [1.00–5.00]). A total of 12916 drug-drug interactions were found, of which 1.859 (14.4%) were high risk, with a mean of 1.29 ± 3.13 per patient. The 3D regimen, as well as glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir, presented the highest drug-drug interaction indexes.

Conclusion

Comorbidities and comedications are common in patients with hepatitis C, as are drug-drug interactions. Even when second generation drugs are used, the occurrence of drug-drug interactions still presents a significant risk.

COVID-19 risk, disparities and outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease in the United States

BACKGROUND

Scientific evidence is lacking regarding the risk of patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) for COVID-19, and how these risks are affected by age, gender and race.

METHODS

We performed a case-control study of electronic health records of 62.2 million patients (age >18 years) in the US up to October 1st, 2020, including 1,034,270 patients with CLD, 16,530 with COVID-19, and 820 with both COVID-19 and CLD. We assessed the risk, disparities, and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with six major CLDs.

FINDINGS

Patients with a recent medical encounter for CLD were at significantly increased risk for COVID-19 compared with patients without CLD, with the strongest effect in patients with chronic non-alcoholic liver disease [adjusted odd ratio (AOR)=13.11, 95% CI: 12.49-13.76, p < 0.001] and non-alcoholic cirrhosis (AOR=11.53, 95% CI: 10.69-12.43, p < 0.001), followed by chronic hepatitis C (AOR=8.93, 95% CI:8.25-9.66, p < 0.001), alcoholic liver damage (AOR=7.05, 95% CI:6.30-7.88, p < 0.001), alcoholic liver cirrhosis (AOR=7.00, 95% CI:6.15-7.97, p < 0.001) and chronic hepatitis B (AOR=4.37, 95% CI:3.35-5.69, p < 0.001). African Americans with CLD were twice more likely to develop COVID-19 than Caucasians. Patients with COVID-19 and a recent encounter for CLD had a death rate of 10.3% (vs. 5.5% among COVID-19 patients without CLD, p < 0.001) and a hospitalization rate of 41.0% (vs. 23.9% among COVID-19 patients without CLD, p < 0.001).

INTERPRETATION

Patients with CLD, especially African Americans, were at increased risk for COVID-19, highlighting the need to protect these patients from exposure to virus infection.

FUNDING

National Institutes of Health (AG057557, AG061388, AG062272, 1UL1TR002548-01), American Cancer Society (RSG-16-049-01-MPC).

Comedications and potential drug-drug interactions with direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C patients on hemodialysis

Background/Aims

Direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) have been approved for hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. Nevertheless, the complicated comedications and their potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with DAAs might limit clinical practice in this special population.

Methods

The number, class, and characteristics of comedications and their potential DDIs with five DAA regimens were analyzed among HCV-viremic patients from 23 hemodialysis centers in Taiwan.

Results

Of 2,015 hemodialysis patients screened in 2019, 169 patients seropositive for HCV RNA were enrolled (mean age, 65.6 years; median duration of hemodialysis, 5.8 years). All patients received at least one comedication (median number, 6; mean class number, 3.4). The most common comedication classes were ESRD-associated medications (94.1%), cardiovascular drugs (69.8%) and antidiabetic drugs (43.2%). ESRD-associated medications were excluded from DDI analysis. Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir had the highest frequency of potential contraindicated DDIs (red, 5.6%), followed by glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (4.0%), sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (1.3%), sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (1.3%), and elbasvir/grazoprevir (0.3%). For potentially significant DDIs (orange, requiring close monitoring or dose adjustments), sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir had the highest frequency (19.9%), followed by sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (18.2%), glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (12.6%), sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (12.6%), and elbasvir/grazoprevir (7.3%). Overall, lipid-lowering agents were the most common comedication class with red-category DDIs to all DAA regimens (n=62), followed by cardiovascular agents (n=15), and central nervous system agents (n=10).

Conclusions

HCV-viremic patients on hemodialysis had a very high prevalence of comedications with a broad spectrum, which had varied DDIs with currently available DAA regimens. Elbasvir/grazoprevir had the fewest potential DDIs, and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir had the most potential DDIs.

Current international guidelines for the management of patients with chronic viral hepatitis C

The new American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and Infectious Diseases Society of America recommendations for the management of hepatitis C patients are analyzed. To screen for viral hepatitis C, it is recommended that antibodies to the hepatitis C virus and RNA be detected in individuals with increased risk of infection. Patients with an increased risk of infection include people who inject narcotic drugs; patients with prolonged hemodialysis; health workers after contact with the blood or mucous membranes of a patient with viral hepatitis C; persons who received blood transfusions or blood components before 1987. In most patients, non-invasive tests can be used to diagnose liver fibrosis, which include physical examination, determination of serum fibrosis markers, including the FIB-4 index, ultrasound or computed tomography of the liver and liver elastography. The introduction of direct antiviral drug regimens significantly facilitated the treatment of viral hepatitis C and significantly increased the frequency of response to antiviral treatment. The development of combined pathogenetic regimens with a relatively short duration of treatment has become an important step in the management of patients with viral hepatitis C. New American recommendations suggest the use of pangenotypic regimens in patients with viral hepatitis C without fibrosis or with compensated liver cirrhosis: glecaprevir (300 mg)/pibrentasvir (120 mg) 3 pills per day within 8 weeks or the combination of sofosbuvir (400 mg)/velpatasvir (100 mg) 1 pill per day for 12 weeks with the expected response to therapy in 95–100% of patients. Review authors note a number of rational aspects of the new American recommendations, but consider that experienced and qualified specialists should treat patients with chronic viral hepatitis C in Russia.

Hepatitis C virus infection impacts work productivity and fatigue: An epidemiologic real-life study

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and treatment impact the patient's daily life and work productivity. Until recently, treatments were associated with side effects and insufficient virologic and hepatic results. This study evaluated fatigue, work productivity, and treatment modalities in patients with HCV infection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional, non-interventional, multicenter study was conducted in real-life settings between March and December 2015 at 109 sites in France.

RESULTS

Data from 1269 patients were evaluable. The mean patient age was 55.8±12.5 years; 53.3% (676) patients were male. A total of 80.1% (1015) of patients were Caucasian and 62.3% (791) had a genotype 1 infection, 34.2% (433) had at least one comorbidity and 15.6% (198) had ≥1 clinical sign/symptom. Illicit drug use was the main route of HCV transmission and accounted for 36.8% (466) of all infections. Fibrosis stage F0/F1 was reported in 41.4% (525) of patients. A majority of patients (60.4%, 764) had never been treated. In patients previously treated, 85.8% (430) received ribavirin and pegylated interferon and only 13.4% (67) direct-acting antivirals. The mean percent of global impairment due to health was highest (34.8±30.9%) in patients 18-45 years of age. The prevalence of active employed patients with a total fatigue score≥its median value (45/160) was 38.6%. The mean percent work time missed due to health was 9.6±23.6% for working patients of 18-45 years of age and 7.3±21.8% for working patients of 45-65 years of age. The mean overall prevalence of employed patients with impairment due to health issues was 21.8±26.8%. The prevalence of patients with a reduced work activity of ≥50% due to their health status was 32.1%.

CONCLUSION

These data reinforce the request for improved disease management in France, allowing patients with HCV infection to increase work productivity, reduce fatigue, and, hopefully, cure their disease.

Increased cardiovascular risk and reduced quality of life are highly prevalent among individuals with hepatitis C

OBJECTIVE

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common. Although treatment is effective, with oral antivirals curing >95% of patients, most individuals have comorbidities that persist long term. Therefore, our aim was to determine the prevalence of potentially modifiable health problems in patients with HCV and develop an HCV care bundle to identify and target comorbidities.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional, observational single-centre study that recruited consecutive patients with HCV from our viral hepatitis clinics. Data were collected on cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, lifestyle behaviours, anthropometry and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). QRISK 3 was used to predict 10-year CV event risk.

RESULTS

100 patients were recruited (67% male, 93% white, median age 52 years (range 24-80); 71% were treated for HCV; 34% had cirrhosis; 14% had diabetes; 61% had hypertension; 31% had metabolic syndrome; and 54% were smokers). The median 10-year CV event risk was 8.3% (range 0.3%-63%). 45% had a predicted 10-year CV event risk of >10%. Only 10% of individuals were treated with statins and 27% with antihypertensives. 92% had a predicted 'heart age' greater than their chronological age (median difference +7 (-4 to +26) years). HRQoL was reduced in all SF36v2 domains in the cohort. Factors independently associated with HRQoL included cirrhosis, metabolic syndrome, history of mental health disorder, sedentary behaviour and HCV viraemia.

CONCLUSION

A large proportion of patients with HCV presented with increased risk of CV events, and rates of smoking and sedentary behaviour were high, while prescribing of primary prophylaxis was infrequent. HRQoL was also reduced in the cohort. A 'care bundle' was developed to provide a structured approach to treating potentially modifiable health problems.

Omega-3 derivatives, specialized pro-resolving mediators: Promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of pain in chronic liver disease

The main causes of liver injury are associated with inflammation and permanent damage. They can cause chronic liver disease (CLD), which is mainly related to viral hepatitis, alcohol consumption and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These conditions prevent the liver from working normally and make it begin to fail, which in turn may prompt a liver transplant. CLD and cirrhosis are the eleventh cause of death worldwide. At present, there are no approved pharmacological treatments to prevent, treat or resolve liver fibrosis. The prevalence of pain in the hepatic disease is elevated with ranges between 30% and 40%. Most of the pain drugs require hepatic function; therefore, the suitable control of pain is still a clinical challenge. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM): lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins, are potent endogenous molecules (nM concentrations) that modulate inflammatory body responses by reducing neutrophil infiltration, macrophage activity and pain sensitization. SPM have anti-inflammatory properties, stimulate tissue resolution, repair and regeneration, and exhibit anti-nociceptive actions. Furthermore, SPM were tried on different cellular, animal models and human observational data of liver injury, improving the pathogenesis of inflammation and fibrosis. In the present work, we will describe recent evidence that suggests that SPM can be used as a therapeutic option for CLD. Additionally, we will examine the role of SPM in the control of pain in pathologies associated with liver injury.

Effect on the adherence to concomitant medications after initiation of treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus

INTRODUCTION

Many patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have associated comorbidities that require complex treatments. We sought to determine the impact of treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for HCV on adherence to prescribed concomitant medications for associated comorbidities and to identify predictors of non-adherence to comedications.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

HCV-infected patients treated with DAAs in a Spanish hospital between January 2015 and December 2016 and followed-up by the pharmacy unit were included in the study. Adherence to concomitant comedication prescribed before and during HCV therapy with DAAs was compared to adherence during the same number of weeks before DAA initiation. Demographic, clinical and pharmacotherapy variables were analyzed to determine factors associated with non-adherence. A multivariate regression model was created for prediction of non-adherence to concomitant medication.

RESULTS

Data from 214 patients using prescribed concomitant therapies were analyzed. Significant reduction on adherence to comedications was observed after initiation of DAA treatment compared with a similar period before therapy initiation (29.9% vs. 36.9%, p=0.032). The univariate analysis showed that polypharmacy and presence of vascular disease were associated negatively with adherence to concomitant medications (87.8%, p=0.006 and 84.7%, p<0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that HIV/HBV coinfection was associated with adherence (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.09-0.39), while polypharmacy was a predictor for non-adherence (OR 4.54; 95% CI 1.48-13.92).

DISCUSSION

Adherence to concomitant medications decreases in HCV-infected patients when DAA therapy is initiated. Polypharmacy is a predictor for non-adherence, while HIV/HBV coinfection reduce non-adherence rates. Polymedicated patients on DAAs might benefit from close follow-up and educational programmes to improve their adherence.

Barriers to treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct acting antivirals in an urban clinic

INTRODUCTION AND AIM

Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents are highly effective for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) yet access to treatment remains a serious challenge. The aim of this study was to identify barriers to treatment initiation with DAA-containing regimens in an urban clinic setting.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort of all chronic HCV patients seen in an urban academic practice in Jacksonville, FL, USA from 1/2014 to 1/2017 was analyzed. Baseline characteristics were recorded and a review of medical records was performed to identify barriers to treatment initiation and overall success rates.

RESULTS

Two-hundred and forty patients with chronic HCV were analyzed. Fifty-six percent of patients were African-American and 63% were insured through Medicaid/county programs or uninsured. Sixty-nine percent had barriers to initiating antiviral therapy categorized as psychosocial (n=112), provider (n=26), medical (n=20), and insurance-related factors (n=7). The most commonly encountered psychosocial barriers included failure to keep appointments (79/240, 33%), active substance abuse (18/240, 8%), and failure to obtain laboratory testing (11/240, 5%). Overall, only 27% of patients evaluated were initiated on DAA-containing regimens with 18% reaching SVR12 within the 36-month study period.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, only 27% of patients who presented to an urban academic practice with chronic HCV received DAA-containing regimens over a 36-month period. Psychosocial issues were the major barriers to antiviral therapy. These findings illustrate the need for an integrated approach that addresses psychosocial factors as well as comorbidities and adherence to care in order to increase rates of HCV treatment in at risk patients.

Impact of HIV and chronic kidney disease comorbidities on hepatitis C treatment choices, drug-drug interactions and hepatitis C cure

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection and chronic kidney disease add challenges to hepatitis C virus treatment. Objective To conduct a comparative study of treatment choices, drug–drug interactions and clinical outcomes in hepatitis C mono-infected patients, or those with HIV or chronic kidney disease comorbidities. Setting Hepatitis C treatment centers of West Midlands England, United Kingdom. Method An observational study was conducted analyzing datasets of all hepatitis C patients that were referred to a large tertiary liver unit in the West Midlands, UK between July 2015 and January 2018. Patients aged ≥ 18 years with diagnosis of hepatitis C alone or co-infected with HIV or comorbid with chronic kidney disease were eligible. Main outcome measures The treatment choices, relevant potential drug–drug interactions and sustained virologic response 12 weeks post end of treatment were assessed. Results Out of 313 patients, 154 (49.2%) were hepatitis C mono-infected, 124 (39.6%) hepatitis C/HIV co-infected and 35 (11.2%) were hepatitis C/chronic kidney disease comorbid. There were 151 (98.1%) of hepatitis C mono-infected, 110 (88.7%) of hepatitis C/HIV and 20 (57.1%) of hepatitis C/chronic kidney disease patients treated with 1st line regimens. Significantly more patients who had co-morbidity with either HIV or chronic kidney disease were prescribed 2nd line regimens (8.1% and 37.1% respectively), compared to patients with hepatitis C mono-infection (1.9%) (P value < 0.05). Comorbid patients (12.1% of HIV and 25.8% of chronic kidney disease) were more likely to required drug–drug interactions advice (grade 5) than hepatitis C mono-infected (1.8%). Higher cure rates were observed in hepatitis C mono-infected (95.33%), hepatitis C/HIV (96.1%) compared to hepatitis C/chronic kidney disease patients (90.3%). Conclusion This study shows that treatment pathways permitting access to individual treatment adjustments in accordance with comorbidities and with consideration of drug–drug interaction in a multi-disciplinary team, provides successful outcomes in hepatitis C patients co-morbid with HIV or chronic kidney disease.

Evaluating reimbursement of integrated support services using chronic care management (CCM) codes for treatment of hepatitis C among Medicare beneficiaries

The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) implemented Project INSPIRE, an integrated model of hepatitis C care coordination and telementoring services, from 2014 to 2017. We evaluated the use of chronic care management (CCM) codes to sustain the intervention. DOHMH data were collected as part of a Healthcare Innovation Award from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). A retrospective cohort medical billing study was conducted by assigning INSPIRE activities to procedure codes in both facility and nonfacility settings. Rates for procedures were extracted from the CMS's 2018 fee schedules and added across the eligibility periods for Medicare enrollees. Reimbursement was adjusted on the basis of expected patient attrition and compared to costs. The minimum number needed to treat (NNT) to break even was calculated in each setting. Facility reimbursement was higher than costs, whereas nonfacility reimbursement was lower (both P < .01). The NNT was 23 patients in facilities and 33 patients in nonfacilities; 24 patients per care coordinator were treated annually in INSPIRE. CCM fees alone were insufficient to fully reimburse the costs in either setting. Implementation of an appropriate risk financing strategy is necessary to mitigate financial shortfalls when providing CCM services in facility settings.

HCV-infected individuals have higher prevalence of comorbidity and multimorbidity: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Almost 1% of Canadians are hepatitis C (HCV)-infected. The liver-specific complications of HCV are established but the extra-hepatic comorbidity, multimorbidity, and its relationship with HCV treatment, is less well known. We describe the morbidity burden for people with HCV and the relationship between multimorbidity and HCV treatment uptake and cure in the pre- and post-direct acting antiviral (DAA) era.

Methods

We linked adults with HCV at The Ottawa Hospital Viral Hepatitis Program as of April 1, 2017 to provincial health administrative data and matched on age and sex to 5 Ottawa-area residents for comparison. We used validated algorithms to identify the prevalence of mental and physical health comorbidities, as well as multimorbidity (2+ comorbidities). We calculated direct age- and sex-standardized rates of comorbidity and comparisons were made by interferon-based and interferon-free, DAA HCV treatments.

Results

The mean age of the study population was 54.5 years (SD 11.4), 65% were male. Among those with HCV, 4% were HIV co-infected, 26% had liver cirrhosis, 47% received DAA treatment, and 57% were cured of HCV. After accounting for age and sex differences, the HCV group had greater multimorbidity (prevalence ratio (PR) 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20 to 1.58) and physical-mental health multimorbidity (PR 2.71, 95% CI 2.29–3.20) compared to the general population. Specifically, prevalence ratios for people with HCV were significantly higher for diabetes, renal failure, cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, substance use disorder, mood and anxiety disorders and liver failure. HCV treatment and cure were not associated with multimorbidity, but treatment prevalence was significantly lower among middle-aged individuals with substance use disorders despite no differences in prevalence of cure among those treated.

Conclusion

People with HCV have a higher prevalence of comorbidity and multimorbidity compared to the general population. While HCV treatment was not associated with multimorbidity, people with substance use disorder were less likely to be treated. Our results point to the need for integrated, comprehensive models of care delivery for people with HCV.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4315-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Real-world safety and effectiveness of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir ± ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1- and 4-infected patients with diverse comorbidities and comedications: A pooled analysis of post-marketing observational studies from 13 countries

Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir ± ribavirin (OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV) regimens show high efficacy and good tolerability in clinical trials for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes (GT) 1 or 4. To evaluate whether these results translate to clinical practice, data were pooled from observational studies across 13 countries. Treatment-naïve or -experienced patients, with or without cirrhosis, received OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV according to approved local labels and clinical practice. Sustained virologic response at post-treatment Week 12 (SVR12), adverse events (AEs) and comedication management were assessed for patients initiating treatment before 1 June 2017. The safety population included 3850 patients who received ≥1 dose of study drug. The core population (N = 3808) further excluded patients with unknown GT or cirrhosis status, or who received off-label treatment. Patients had HCV GT1a (n = 732; 19%), GT1b (n = 2619; 69%) or GT4 (n = 457; 12%). In 3546 patients with sufficient follow-up data at post-treatment Week 12, the SVR12 rate was 96% (n/N = 3401/3546 [95% CI 95.2-96.5]). In patients with or without cirrhosis, SVR12 was comparable (96%). In patients with HCV GT1a, GT1b or GT4, SVR12 rates were 93%, 97% and 94%. In GT1b-infected patients with planned treatment for 8 weeks, SVR12 was 96%. In patients with ≥1 comorbidity (67%), SVR12 was 95%. 58% of patients received ≥1 comedication, and there was minimal impact on SVR12 rates using comedications for peptic ulcers and gastro-esophageal reflux disease, statins, antipsychotics or antiepileptics. Most comedications were maintained during treatment although 58% of patients changed their statin medication. AEs and serious AEs occurred in 26% and 3% of patients. Post-baseline Grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities were rare (<3%), and discontinuation rates were low (<4%). Real-world evidence confirms the effectiveness of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV in patients with HCV GT1 or GT4, regardless of common comorbidities or comedications, and is consistent with clinical trial results. Adverse safety outcomes may be limited by underreporting in the real-world setting.

Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir + dasabuvir +/- ribavirin in real world hepatitis C patients

BACKGROUND

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor ABT-267 (ombitasvir, OBV), the HCV NS4/4A protease inhibitor ABT-450 (paritaprevir, PTV), the CYP3A inhibitor ritonavir (r) and the non-nucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor ABT-333 (dasabuvir, DSV) (OBV/PTV/r + DSV) with or without ribavirin (RBV) is a direct-acting antiviral regimen approved in the United States and other major countries for the treatment of HCV in genotype 1 (GT1) infected patients. Patients with HCV who are considered "hard-to-cure" have generally been excluded from registration trials due to rigorous study inclusion criteria, presence of comorbidities and previous treatment failures.

AIM

To investigate the efficacy of this regimen in HCV G1-infected patients historically excluded from clinical trials.

METHODS

Patients were ≥ 18 years old and chronically infected with HCV GT1 (GT1a, GT1b or GT1a/1b). Patients were treatment-naïve or previously failed a regimen including pegylated interferon/RBV +/- telaprevir, boceprevir, or simeprevir. One hundred patients were treated with the study drug regimen, which was administered for 12 or 24 wk +/- RBV according to GT1 subtype and presence/absence of cirrhosis. Patients were evaluated every 4 wk from treatment day 1 and at 4 and 12 wk after end-of-treatment.

RESULTS

Many of the patients studied had comorbidities (44.2% hypertensive, 33.7% obese, 20.2% cirrhotic) and 16% previously failed HCV treatment. Ninety-six patients completed study follow-up and 99% achieved 12-wk sustained virologic response. The majority (88.4%) of patients had undetectable HCV RNA by week 4. The most common adverse events were fatigue (12%), headache (10%), insomnia (9%) and diarrhea (8%); none led to treatment discontinuation. Physical and mental patient reported outcomes scores significantly improved after treatment. Almost all (98%) patients were treatment compliant.

CONCLUSION

In an all-comers HCV GT1 population, 12 or 24-wk of OBV/PTV/r + DSV +/- RBV is highly effective and tolerable and results in better mental and physical health following treatment.

Comorbidities and co-medications in populations with and without chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Japan between 2015 and 2016

BACKGROUND

Direct-acting anti-viral agents have improved the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but this treatment is challenging for patients using co-medications because of potential drug-drug interactions. This study aimed to examine the comorbidities and co-medications of Japanese chronic HCV patients by age group, compared with a non-HCV patient population.

METHODS

This was a retrospective observational study using a hospital-based medical claims database. We extracted data of patients with chronic HCV aged ≥18 years, and age-, sex-, and hospital-matched patients without HCV, for the period from January 2015 to November 2016, and then examined chronic comorbidities, long-term co-medications, and medications prescribed at least once during the study period.

RESULTS

We analysed data from 128,967 chronic HCV patients and 515,868 non-HCV patients. The median age was 70 years, and 51.0% of patients were male. More chronic HCV patients than non-HCV patients (70.5% vs. 47.1%) had at least one comorbidity, and older patients had more comorbidities than younger patients. The most common comorbidities in chronic HCV patients were diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum (41.7%), followed by hypertensive diseases (31.4%). Chronic HCV patients used co-medications more commonly than non-HCV patients, and older patients used more co-medications. The most common long-term co-medications in chronic HCV patients were proton pump inhibitors (14.0%), which were prescribed to 31.9% of chronic HCV patients at least once during the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with chronic HCV in Japan had more comorbidities than patients without chronic HCV regardless of age. Particularly older patients, who constitute the majority of the HCV patient population in Japan, commonly had multiple comorbidities and used co-medications. To optimise HCV treatment, physicians need to know the exact medication profiles of patients and take appropriate action to manage drug-drug interactions.

The impact of HCV co-infection status on healthcare-related utilization among people living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada: a retrospective cohort study

Background

The burden of HCV among those living with HIV remains a major public health challenge. We aimed to characterize trends in healthcare-related visits (HRV) of people living with HIV (PLW-HIV) and those living with HIV and HCV (PLW-HIV/HCV), in British Columbia (BC), and to identify risk factors associated with the highest HRV rates over time.

Methods

Eligible individuals, recruited from the BC Seek and Treat for Optimal Prevention of HIV/AIDS population-based retrospective cohort (N = 3955), were ≥ 18 years old, first started combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 01/01/2000–31/12/2013, and were followed for ≥6 months until 31/12/2014. The main outcome was HRV rate. The main exposure was HIV/HCV co-infection status. We built a confounder non-linear mixed effects model, adjusting for several demographic and time-dependent factors.

Results

HRV rates have decreased since 2000 in both groups. The overall age-sex standardized HRV rate (per person-year) among PLW-HIV and PLW-HIV/HCV was 21.11 (95% CI 20.96–21.25) and 41.69 (95% CI 41.51–41.88), respectively. The excess in HRV in the co-infected group was associated with late presentation for ART, history of injection drug use, sub-optimal ART adherence and a higher number of comorbidities. The adjusted HRV rate ratio for PLW-HIV/HCV in comparison to PLW-HIV was 1.18 (95% CI 1.13–1.24).

Conclusions

Although HRV rates have decreased over time in both groups, PLW-HIV/HCV had 18% higher HRV than those only living with HIV. Our results highlight several modifiable risk factors that could be targeted as potential means to minimize the disease burden of this population and of the healthcare system.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-018-3119-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Impact of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir on the work productivity of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients in Asia

Chronic, untreated hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a poor clinical prognosis and a detrimental impact on patients' lives, including on work productivity. To estimate the value of productivity losses due to genotype 1 (GT1) HCV infection in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan and to estimate the potential productivity gains associated with treating patients with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) therapy, an economic model was developed with a time horizon of 1 year. Hepatitis C virus patients entered the model at 12 weeks post-treatment, having achieved or not achieved sustained virological response (SVR). Absenteeism and presenteeism rates were taken from a pooled analysis of data from the ION 1-3 studies. These rates were converted into hours of lost productivity, multiplied by the average wage and applied to the total employed, adult GT1 population in each country. Results were compared assuming no treatment, and assuming all patients were treated with LDV/SOF. Total productivity losses due to untreated HCV were: $11.3 million, $17.1 m, $146.0 m and $349.1 m in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. LDV/SOF treatment resulted in economic gains of $4.5 m, $6.8 m, $58.7 m and $138 m, respectively. These gains were due to reduced presenteeism. The results were sensitive to changes in the prevalence of HCV and the average wage. In conclusion, productivity losses due to untreated HCV infection represent a substantial economic burden. By instituting universal HCV treatment with LDV/SOF (or other therapies with high SVR rates), productivity gains can be achieved.

Comorbidity, concomitant medication, use of resources and healthcare costs associated with chronic hepatitis C virus carriers in Spain

OBJECTIVES

To assess the comorbidity, concomitant medications, healthcare resource use and healthcare costs of chronic hepatitis C virus patients in the Spanish population.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Retrospective, observational, non-interventional study. Patients included were≥18 years of age who accessed medical care between 2010-2013. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of liver cirrhosis. The follow-up period was 12 months. Main assessment criteria included general comorbidity level (determined by the resource utilisation band score) and prevalence of specific comorbidities, concomitant medications, healthcare resource use and healthcare costs. Statistical analysis was performed using regression models and ANCOVA, P<.05.

RESULTS

One thousand fifty-five patients were enrolled, the mean age was 57.9 years and 55.5% were male. A percentage of 43.5 of patients had a moderate level of comorbidity according to the resource utilisation band score. The mean time from diagnosis was 18.1 years and 7.5% of the patients died during the follow-up period. The most common comorbidities were dyslipidaemia (40.3%), hypertension (40.1%) and generalised pain (38.1%). Cirrhosis was associated with cardiovascular events (OR 3.8), organ failures (OR 2.2), alcoholism (OR 2.1), diabetes (OR 1.2) and age (OR 1.2); P<.05. The most commonly used medications were anti-infectives (67.8%) and nervous system medications (66.8%). The mean total cost per patient was 3,198€ (71.5% healthcare costs, 28.5% indirect/non-healthcare costs). In the corrected model, the total costs per patient-year were 2,211€ for those without cirrhosis and 7,641€ for patients with cirrhosis; P<.001.

CONCLUSIONS

Chronic hepatitis C virus patients are associated with a high level of comorbidity and the use of concomitant medications, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection represents a substantial economic burden on the Spanish National Health System.

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Saudi Arabia: a future prediction and laboratory profile

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes are considered an important tool for epidemiological and clinical studies and valuable markers for disease progression and response to antiviral therapy. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of HCV genotypes and their relation to socio-demographic factors particularly age and sex, various biochemical profiles and viral load.

METHODS

The records (630) of Saudi patients positive for HCV (2007-2011) reported in the system of the Molecular Pathology Laboratory at a tertiary reference hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were analyzed. Socio-demographic characteristics, liver biochemical profile, viral load and co-infection with HBV and HIV were retrieved from the hospital database. The associations of continuous and categorical variables with genotypes were analyzed.

RESULT

The overall mean age of the surveyed patients was 59 years ±0.5 years (21% were <50 years (p = 0.02). The rate of infection is lower in males than in females (47.6% vs. 52.4%). HCV genotype 4 was the most prevalent (60.7%), followed by genotype 1 (24.8%). However, genotype 1 and 3 were found more in males (29.7% vs. 20.3% and 6% vs. 2.1%, respectively, p = 0.001), while genotype 2 and 4 were more among females (4.8% vs. 2% and 68.5% vs. 52.3%, respectively). In addition, genotype 1 was found dominant in younger males (33.8%). Biochemical parameters across gender showed significant variation in particular for the ALT (p = 0.007). The mean viral load was significantly higher in genotype 1 than genotype 4 (4,757,532 vs. 1,435,012, p = <001). There is a very low overall percentage of co-infection of HBV or HIV in this study (around 2% for each).

CONCLUSION

Although HCV genotype 4 shows an overall high prevalence in this study, a clear decline in the rate of this genotype was also demonstrated in particular among the younger age group who displayed increasing trends toward the global trend of genotype 1, rather than genotype 4. This finding would be of clinical interest in relation to future planning of the therapy for HCV infected patient.

Hospitalizations in Immigrants and Nonimmigrants Diagnosed With Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Québec

BACKGROUND

 Rates of hospitalization due to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) are increasing in Canada and the United States. A large proportion of immigrants originate from countries with intermediate to high HCV prevalence but are not screened for HCV post-arrival and may therefore have increased risks of liver-related complications and hospitalization.

METHODS

 We conducted a retrospective cohort study of reported HCV cases in Québec, Canada, from 1998 to 2007 that were linked to administrative health databases. Outcomes included all-cause and liver-related hospitalizations and in-hospital days in immigrants compared with nonimmigrants adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities.

RESULTS

 We identified 20 139 HCV cases; 9% (N = 1821) were immigrants. At diagnosis, immigrants were older (47.6 vs 43.2 years) and more likely to have hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 0.93% vs 0.31%), while nonimmigrants were 2- to 10-fold more likely to have substance use-related comorbidities. Mean time to HCV diagnosis after arrival was 9.8 years. Nonimmigrants had higher rates of all-cause hospitalization (adjusted rate ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.42 [1.35-1.47]), driven by mental illness and injury and/or poisoning. Unadjusted liver-related hospitalization rates were similar between cohorts. After adjustment, immigrant status was associated with lower rates of liver-related hospitalization (0.68 [.53-.88]).

CONCLUSIONS

 Higher burden of all-cause hospitalization in nonimmigrants likely reflects more prevalent behavioral comorbidities. Similar liver-related hospitalization rates appear to be driven by older age in immigrants who were more likely to have HCC at diagnosis possibly reflecting delayed HCV diagnosis. These findings suggest that earlier screening and treatment in immigrants could play an important role in preventing HCV complications in this population.

Association of work productivity with clinical and patient-reported factors in patients infected with hepatitis C virus

Patients with HCV infection have reduced work productivity (WP), in terms of both presenteeism (impairment in work productivity while working) and absenteeism (productivity loss due to absence from work). The aim of this study was to identify clinical and patient-reported factors that are predictive of WP in HCV-infected patients. HCV-infected patients enrolled in clinical trials completed 3 PRO questionnaires (CLDQ-HCV, SF-36 and FACIT-F) and one work productivity (WPAI:SHP) questionnaire. In employed subjects, work productivity and its absenteeism and presenteeism components were calculated using WPAI:SHP instrument. Of 4121 HCV-infected patients with work productivity data, 2480 (60.2%) reported to be employed, and of those, 2190 had completed all PRO questionnaires before treatment initiation. Of the study cohort, 519/2190 (23.7%) had severe work impairment. In multiple linear regression analysis, work productivity was predicted by lower scores in activity/energy domain of CLDQ-HCV, physical well-being domain of FACIT-F, worry domain of CLDQ-HCV and role physical domain of SF-36 (all P < 0.0005). Furthermore, presenteeism was independently predicted by the activity/energy of CLDQ-HCV, physical well-being of FACIT-F, worry domain of CLDQ-HCV, role physical scale of SF-36 and fatigue scale of FACIT-F (P < 0.002). Finally, absenteeism was independently predicted by physical well-being scale of FACIT-F and role physical scale of SF-36 (all P < 0.002). Clinically, work productivity impairment was predicted by the presence of cirrhosis, anxiety, depression and clinically overt fatigue (P < 0.01). Thus, the most important drivers of WP in HCV are impairment of physical aspects of PROs and clinical history of depression, anxiety, fatigue and cirrhosis.

Performance and Validation of Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire-Hepatitis C Version (CLDQ-HCV) in Clinical Trials of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

BACKGROUND

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has tremendous clinical, health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL), and economic burden on patients and the society. To assess the comprehensive impact of HCV infection, systematic tracking of HRQOL in patients with HCV infection is important.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to systematically validate an HCV-specific HRQOL instrument, the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire-Hepatitis C Version (CLDQ-HCV), in patients with chronic HCV infection.

METHODS

The CLDQ-HCV has 29 items in four domains, each scored on a Likert scale of 1 -to 7. We used a large cohort of patients with HCV infection enrolled in clinical trials (N = 4142) to test internal consistency, validity, and responsiveness, and we used another cohort of untreated patients with HCV infection (N = 36) to assess test-retest reliability.

RESULTS

The CLDQ-HCV performed well in all the psychometric assessments. In particular, the Cronbach alphas ranged from 0.84 to 0.94 for the four domains. The item-to-own-dimension correlations exceeded 0.6 for 27 of the 29 items. Of the clinical and demographic parameters, the presence of cirrhosis and history of psychiatric conditions were discriminated best by the CLDQ-HCV (all P < 0.0001). The domains' correlations with similar domains of the 36-item short form health survey exceeded 0.8. The responsiveness to significant clinical outcomes such as developing treatment-induced anemia and clearance of HCV infection was notable (up to -0.70 for anemia and up to +0.85 for achieving sustained virologic response; all P < 0.0001). Test-retest reliability showed intraclass correlations of 0.84 to 0.93 between multiple administrations.

CONCLUSIONS

The CLDQ-HCV is a fully validated, simple-to-administer HCV-specific instrument for patients with HCV infection that could be considered in studies of HCV-infected patients.

Conceptual framework for outcomes research studies of hepatitis C: an analytical review

Hepatitis C virus infection is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Until recently, the standard antiviral regimen for hepatitis C was a combination of an interferon derivative and ribavirin, but a plethora of new antiviral drugs is becoming available. While these new drugs have shown great efficacy in clinical trials, observational studies are needed to determine their effectiveness in clinical practice. Previous observational studies have shown that multiple factors, besides the drug regimen, affect patient outcomes in clinical practice. Here, we provide an analytical review of published outcomes studies of the management of hepatitis C virus infection. A conceptual framework defines the relationships between four categories of variables: health care system structure, patient characteristics, process-of-care, and patient outcomes. This framework can provide a starting point for outcomes studies addressing the use and effectiveness of new antiviral drug treatments.

Frailty and Pre-Frailty in a Contemporary Cohort of HIV-Infected Adults

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence of pre-frailty among HIV-infected persons and associations with pre-frailty and frailty in this population.

DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

From a contemporary, prospective observational cohort of HIV-infected persons (SUN Study), we determined, using a cross-sectional analytic study design, the proportions of non-frail, pre-frail, and frail persons by the respective presence of 0, 1-2, and ≥ 3 of 5 established frailty criteria: unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, physical-inactivity, weak-grip and slow-walk. We evaluated associations with pre-frailty/frailty using multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

Of 322 participants assessed (79% men, 58% white non-Hispanic, median age 47 years, 95% on combination antiretroviral therapy [cART], median CD4 + cell count 641 cells/mm3 and 93% HIV RNA < 400 copies/mL), 57% were non-frail, 38% pre-frail, and 5% frail. Age increased from non-frailty through frailty. Notably, however, half of pre-frail and frail participants were < 50 years, and of those, 42% and 100%, respectively, were long-term unemployed (versus 16% of non-frail counterparts). In multivariate analysis, pre-frail/frail participants were more likely to have Hepatitis C seropositivity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.24, 95% CI: 1.35-7.78), a history of AIDS-defining-illness (aOR 3.51, 95% CI: 1.82-6.76), greater depressive symptoms (aOR 1.16, 95% CI:1.09-1.23), higher D-dimer levels (aOR 2.94, 95% CI:1.10-7.87), and were less likely to be white non-Hispanic (aOR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20-0.61).

CONCLUSIONS

Pre-frailty and frailty are prevalent in the cART era and are associated with unemployment even among persons < 50 years. Pre-frailty appears to be an intermediate state in the spectrum from non-frailty through frailty and our characterization of pre-frailty/frailty suggests complex multifactorial associations.

Dosing Recommendations for Concomitant Medications During 3D Anti-HCV Therapy

The development of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents has reinvigorated the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. The availability of multiple DAA agents and drug combinations has enabled the transition to interferon-free therapy that is applicable to a broad range of patients. However, these DAA combinations are not without drug-drug interactions (DDIs). As every possible DDI permutation cannot be evaluated in a clinical study, guidance is needed for healthcare providers to avoid or minimize drug interaction risk. In this review, we evaluated the DDI potential of the novel three-DAA combination of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir (the 3D regimen) with more than 200 drugs representing 19 therapeutic drug classes. Outcomes of these DDI studies were compared with the metabolism and elimination routes of prospective concomitant medications to develop mechanism-based and drug-specific guidance on interaction potential. This analysis revealed that the 3D regimen is compatible with many of the drugs that are commonly prescribed to patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Where interaction is possible, risk can be mitigated by paying careful attention to concomitant medications, adjusting drug dosage as needed, and monitoring patient response and/or clinical parameters.

Neuroplastic Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Painful Symptoms Reduction in Chronic Hepatitis C: A Phase II Randomized, Double Blind, Sham Controlled Trial

Introduction: Pegylated Interferon Alpha (Peg-IFN) in combination with other drugs is the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection (HCV) and is related to severe painful symptoms. The aim of this study was access the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in controlling the painful symptoms related to Peg-IFN side effects.

Materials and Methods: In this phase II double-blind trial, twenty eight (n = 28) HCV subjects were randomized to receive either 5 consecutive days of active tDCS (n = 14) or sham (n = 14) during 5 consecutive days with anodal stimulation over the primary motor cortex region using 2 mA for 20 min. The primary outcomes were visual analogue scale (VAS) pain and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels. Secondary outcomes were the pressure-pain threshold (PPT), the Brazilian Profile of Chronic Pain: Screen (B-PCP:S), and drug analgesics use.

Results: tDCS reduced the VAS scores (P < 0.003), with a mean pain drop of 56% (p < 0.001). Furthermore, tDCS was able to enhance BDNF levels (p < 0.01). The mean increase was 37.48% in the active group. Finally, tDCS raised PPT (p < 0.001) and reduced the B-PCP:S scores and analgesic use (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Five sessions of tDCS were effective in reducing the painful symptoms in HCV patients undergoing Peg-IFN treatment. These findings support the efficacy of tDCS as a promising therapeutic tool to improve the tolerance of the side effects related to the use of Peg-IFN. Future larger studies (phase III and IV trials) are needed to confirm the clinical use of the therapeutic effects of tDCS in such condition.

Trial registration: Brazilian Human Health Regulator for Research with the approval number CAAE 07802012.0.0000.5327.

Increase in nonhepatic diagnoses among persons with hepatitis C hospitalized for any cause, United States, 2004-2011

Although persons with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may experience nonhepatic illnesses, little is known about the frequency of and trends in such conditions in a population-based sample of HCV-infected persons. Using hospitalization data collected during 2004-2011 from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, we examined trends in comorbidities among all hospitalizations that included either a principal or secondary HCV diagnostic code (i.e., HCV was not necessarily the cause for hospitalization). We also compared comorbidities among all persons aged 45-64 years hospitalized with and without principal or secondary HCV diagnostic codes. The estimated number of hospitalizations among persons with HCV infection increased from 850,490 in 2004-2005 to 1,178,633 in 2010-2011; mean age at hospitalization was 50 years in 2004-2005 and 52.5 years in 2010-2011. There were significant increases in the prevalence of most medical and psychiatric comorbidities; the largest were for lipid disorders, chronic kidney disease and obesity. Among HCV-infected aged 45-64 persons hospitalized for any cause, the prevalence of alcohol /substance abuse, mental disorders, chronic kidney disease, pneumonia, hepatitis B virus infection and HIV infection were significantly higher than those aged 45-64 persons hospitalized without HCV infection (P < 0.001 for all). The prevalence of cryoglobulinaemia, vasculitis, nephrotic syndrome or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and porphyria cutanea tarda among hospitalizations with HCV infection was consistently low during the study period (i.e., <0.5%). The increase we observed in nonhepatic comorbidities associated with a high risk of HCV-related complications has important implications for the current HCV treatment recommendations in a greatly expanded treatment population.

A Taiwanese Nationwide Cohort Study Shows Interferon-Based Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C Reduces the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, it remains unclear whether interferon-based therapy (IBT) for HCV was associated with reduced risk of CKD.From the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 919 patients who received 3 months or more of IBT as our treated cohort. This cohort was propensity score-matched 1:4 with 3676 controls who had never received IBT for HCV infection (untreated cohort). Cumulative incidences of and hazard ratios (HRs) for CKD were calculated after adjusting for competing mortality.In the matched HCV cohort, the risk of CKD was significantly lower in the treated cohort (7-year cumulative incidence, 2.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7%-6.9%) than in the untreated cohort (4%; 95% CI, 3.5%-5.2%) (P < 0.001), with an adjusted HR of 0.42 (95% CI, 0.20-0.92; P = 0.03). The results also held in the overall HCV cohort. The number needed to treat for 1 fewer CKD at 7 years was 58. The reduced risk of CKD was greatest (0.35; 0.14-0.87; P = 0.024) in HCV-infected patients who received 6 months or more of IBT. Multivariable stratified analysis verified that greater risk reduction of CKD was present in HCV-infected patients with hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and those without coronary heart disease.In conclusion, IBT, especially for 6 or more months, is associated with reduced risk of CKD in HCV-infected patients. Hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease can modify this association.

Treatment with ledipasvir and sofosbuvir improves patient-reported outcomes: Results from the ION-1, -2, and -3 clinical trials

Treatment with interferon (IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) significantly impairs quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Patient experience with IFN- and RBV-free anti-HCV (hepatitis C virus) regimens has not been reported. We assessed PROs in patients treated with ledipasvir and sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) with and without RBV. Four different PRO questionnaires were administered at baseline, during, and post-treatment in HCV genotype 1 patients treated with LDV/SOF±RBV (ION-1, -2, and -3). A total of 1,952 patients were enrolled to be treated for 8 (N = 431), 12 (N = 867), or 24 weeks (N = 654) with LDV/SOF (N = 1,080) or LDV/SOF+RBV (N = 872). Baseline demographics and psychiatric disorders were similar between treatment groups (all P > 0.05). Patients receiving LDV/SOF regimens showed significant improvement of PRO scores during treatment (up to +7.4%, +7.0%, and +6.7% on a normalized 0%-100% scale in the 8-, 12-, and 24-week-long treatment groups, respectively (all P < 0.0001). These PRO improvements coincided with early viral suppression after 2 weeks of treatment and maximized by the end of treatment. On the other hand, during treatment with LDV/SOF+RBV, PRO scores declined (up to -5.5% regardless of treatment duration; P < 0.0001). Receiving RBV was an independent predictor of PRO impairment in multivariate analysis (beta up to -5.9%; P < 0.0001). Patients who achieved sustained virological response at 12 weeks showed significant improvement of their PROs post-treatment (up to +8.3%; P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

IFN- and RBV-free regimens with LDV/SOF result in early HCV suppression with simultaneous improvement in PROs that continued throughout the duration of treatment and post-treatment.

Utility of evaluating HCV in an uninsured population

OBJECTIVES

Although effective HCV treatment is available, it can be difficult to access for uninsured, urban patients. Our aim was to assess the utility of evaluation and outcomes in the uninsured with HCV when access to health care and treatment with triple therapy is provided.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients referred for HCV from 2011 to June 2013 to an indigent HCV clinic. The primary outcomes were assessment of disease severity by noninvasive means and initiation of therapy.

RESULTS

We identified 350 patients: mean age 50.6, 84 % with no insurance, 62 % men, 58 % black, 91 % HCV treatment naïve. Of these, 148 underwent liver biopsy and 68 % had F0-F1 and 10 % had F3-F4 fibrosis. FIB-4 and APRI were highly correlated (r = 0.9; p < .0001) and correctly classified patients by fibrosis strata (F0-F1, F2, and F3-F4; p = .0004). When combined, a FIB-4 ≤1.5 and APRI ≤0.5 correctly classified the absence of advanced disease in 97 % (p < .0001). Of those evaluated, 39 (11 %) went on to HCV treatment. Of those not in a clinical trial, 51 % completed treatment with SVR in 61 % with genotype 1 and 75 % in genotypenon-1. Of those not treated (n = 309), the most common reasons were mild disease (16 %), lost to follow-up (23 %), ongoing alcohol or substance abuse (24 %), and uncontrolled depression (10 %).

CONCLUSION

Noninvasive assessment can accurately exclude advanced fibrosis. Despite access to care, the utility of evaluating to initiate HCV treatment is low suggesting that eliminating the barrier to health care may not increase HCV treatment.

Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of faldaprevir in patients with renal impairment

Faldaprevir is a potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor with negligible urinary excretion. We assessed the pharmacokinetics and safety of a single oral dose of faldaprevir (480 mg) in 32 HCV-negative subjects with renal impairment or normal renal function. Compared with subjects with normal renal function, the adjusted geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals in parentheses) for overall exposure area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-∞) were 113.6% (41.6 to 310.2%), 178.3% (85.2 to 373.0%), and 169.2% (73.2 to 391.2%) for subjects with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, respectively. Overall, 5/8 (63%) subjects with normal renal function and 20/24 (83%) subjects with renal impairment reported adverse events, with gastrointestinal events being the most common. No severe or serious adverse events or deaths were reported. These results suggest that moderate or severe renal impairment can result in a modest increase in faldaprevir exposure. The increase in exposure may be related to decrease in the activity of the liver uptake transporter OATP1B1 as a result of renal impairment. Given this relatively slight increase in exposure, a dose adjustment in HCV patients with renal impairment is not warranted. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration number NCT01957657.).

Hepatitis C crónica: aspectos clínicos, serológicos y de tratamiento en dos centros de atención en Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción: el virus de la hepatitis C afecta a cerca de 170 millones de personas en el mundo. La organización mundial de la salud (OMS) estima una prevalencia mundial del 2%. La respuesta global al tratamiento en la era de la terapia dual para genotipo 1 es del orden de 40%. En Colombia hay datos limitados que confirmen un comportamiento similar y que describan las características clínicas de los pacientes con esta infección. Metodología: se revisaron retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de hepatitis C crónica que asistieron a consulta externa del servicio de Hepatología en la Clínica Universitaria Colombia y de la consulta externa del servicio de Hepatología de uno de los autores durante el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 30 de mayo de 2013, se describen las características clínicas, serológicas y de respuesta al tratamiento. Resultados: se evaluaron las historias clínicas de 163 pacientes, 62% mujeres y 38% hombres, con una edad promedio de 58,2 años. El principal factor de riesgo para la adquisición de la hepatitis C fue historia de transfusiones antes de 1992 en 62% de los pacientes. La decisión de iniciar tratamiento se tomó en 77 pacientes (47,2%) y en 86 (52,8%) no se inició por diferentes razones dentro de las cuales la edad avanzada y cirrosis avanzada suman más de 50%; otras razones para no iniciar el tratamiento fueron: enfermedad mínima (4,7%), enfermedad mínima más edad avanzada (10,5%), curación espontánea (14%), poca probabilidad de respuesta (3,3%) y otras (14%). De 62 pacientes de los que se contaba con información acerca de tratamientos previos o tratados recientemente 30,6% presentaron respuesta viral sostenida (RVS), 29,0% fueron clasificados como reincidentes o relapser, 8,1% como respondedores parciales, 19,4% no tuvieron respuesta y 12,9% suspendieron el tratamiento por intolerancia. Conclusiones: el antecedente más frecuente para la adquisición del VHC en el grupo de pacientes estudiado fue la historia de transfusiones antes de 1992 asociada con cirugía ginecológica. Cerca de la mitad de los pacientes se diagnostican tardíamente. Se muestra una mayor tendencia al tratamiento de la hepatitis con tasas de RVS similares a las encontradas en otras series. Este estudio abre puertas a la realización de otros que permitan definir de forma más amplia la prevalencia, factores de riesgo y variables de respuesta al tratamiento de esta entidad en nuestro país.

A psychiatric pharmacist in a liver clinic managing treated patients with chronic hepatitis C viral infection

A board-certified psychiatric pharmacist is an ideal clinician to manage medication needs for patients being treated for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Underlying psychiatric symptoms should be managed before initiating medications such as interferons-therapeutic biologicals associated with causing psychiatric adverse events, including suicide. The role of a psychiatric pharmacist in a hepatitis C liver clinic highlights the value of a psychiatric pharmacist providing direct patient care and improving the quality of healthcare services in a subspecialty practice model.

Costs of telaprevir-based triple therapy for hepatitis C: $189,000 per sustained virological response

In registration trials, triple therapy with telaprevir (TVR), pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN), and ribavirin (RBV) achieved sustained virological response (SVR) rates between 64% and 75%, but the clinical effectiveness and economic burdens of this treatment in real-world practice remain to be determined. Records of 147 patients who initiated TVR-based triple therapy at the Mount Sinai Medical Center (May-December 2011) were reviewed. Direct medical costs for pretreatment, on-treatment, and posttreatment care were calculated using data from Medicare reimbursement databases, RED Book, and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database. Costs are presented in 2012 U.S. dollars. SVR (undetectable hepatitis C virus [HCV] RNA 24 weeks after the end of treatment) was determined on an intention-to-treat basis. Cost per SVR was calculated by dividing the median cost by the SVR rate. Median age of the 147 patients was 56 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 51-61), 68% were male, 19% were black, 11% had human immunodeficiency virus/HCV coinfection, 36% had advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis (FIB-4 scores ≥3.25), and 44% achieved an SVR. The total cost of care was $11.56 million. Median cost of care was $83,721 per patient (IQR = $66,652-$98,102). The median cost per SVR was $189,338 (IQR = $150,735-$221,860). Total costs were TVR (61%), IFN (24%), RBV (4%), adverse event management (8%), professional fees (2%), and laboratory tests (1%).

CONCLUSIONS

TVR and Peg-IFN accounted for 85% of costs. Pharmaceutical prices and the low (44%) SVR rate, in this real-world study, were major contributors to the high cost per SVR.

Medication use and medical comorbidity in patients with chronic hepatitis C from a US commercial claims database: high utilization of drugs with interaction potential

BACKGROUND

With the advent of the direct-acting antiviral agents, significant drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential now exists for patients treated for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, little is known about how often patients with HCV infection use medications that may interact with newer HCV treatments, especially those with cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) DDI potential.

METHODS

Using a large US commercial insurance database, medication use and comorbidity burden were examined among adult patients with a chronic HCV diagnosis from 2006 to 2010. Medications were examined in terms of total number of prescription claims, proportion of patients exposed, and DDI potential with the prototypical CYP3A direct-acting antiviral agents boceprevir and telaprevir, for which data were available.

RESULTS

Patient comorbidity burden was high and increased over the study period. Medication use was investigated in 53 461 patients with chronic HCV. Twenty-one (53%) of the top 40 most utilized medications were classified as having interaction potential, with 62% of patients receiving at least one of the top 22 interacting medications by exposure. Of these, 59 and 41% were listed in a common DDI resource but not in medication-prescribing information, 77 and 77% had not been investigated in DDI studies, 41 and 36% did not have clear recommendations for DDI management, and only 14 and 23% carried a recommendation to avoid coadministration for boceprevir and telaprevir, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Practitioners may expect a medication with CYP3A DDI potential in two-thirds of patients with HCV and may expect almost one-half of the most frequently used medications to have CYP3A DDI potential. However, DDI potential may not be reflected in prescribing information.

Medication use and medical comorbidity in patients with chronic hepatitis C from a US commercial claims database: high utilization of drugs with interaction potential

BACKGROUND

With the advent of the direct-acting antiviral agents, significant drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential now exists for patients treated for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, little is known about how often patients with HCV infection use medications that may interact with newer HCV treatments, especially those with cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) DDI potential.

METHODS

Using a large US commercial insurance database, medication use and comorbidity burden were examined among adult patients with a chronic HCV diagnosis from 2006 to 2010. Medications were examined in terms of total number of prescription claims, proportion of patients exposed, and DDI potential with the prototypical CYP3A direct-acting antiviral agents boceprevir and telaprevir, for which data were available.

RESULTS

Patient comorbidity burden was high and increased over the study period. Medication use was investigated in 53 461 patients with chronic HCV. Twenty-one (53%) of the top 40 most utilized medications were classified as having interaction potential, with 62% of patients receiving at least one of the top 22 interacting medications by exposure. Of these, 59 and 41% were listed in a common DDI resource but not in medication-prescribing information, 77 and 77% had not been investigated in DDI studies, 41 and 36% did not have clear recommendations for DDI management, and only 14 and 23% carried a recommendation to avoid coadministration for boceprevir and telaprevir, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Practitioners may expect a medication with CYP3A DDI potential in two-thirds of patients with HCV and may expect almost one-half of the most frequently used medications to have CYP3A DDI potential. However, DDI potential may not be reflected in prescribing information.

Is hepatitis C associated with atherosclerotic burden? A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Increasing evidence demonstrates that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with atherosclerosis. However, there are contrasting findings in several studies that the atherosclerotic burden is not associated with HCV infections. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to clarify if HCV infection is associated with atherosclerosis compared to non-infected people.

METHODS

Standard guidelines for performance of meta-analysis were followed.

RESULTS

A thorough database search performed by two independent investigators identified 14 eligible studies for analysis. The data from 11 studies were synthesized to report unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) for carotid atherosclerosis; the pooled unadjusted OR (95% confidence interval (CI)) was 1.65 (1.21, 2.09). By synthesizing the data from 8 studies to report adjusted ORs for carotid atherosclerosis the pooled multi-confounder adjusted OR (95% CI) was 1.76 (1.20, 2.32). However, the numbers of studies on coronary or femoral atherosclerosis were limited and not enough for analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our meta-analysis indicates that HCV infection is associated with carotid atherosclerosis independent of classical risk factors. Therefore, we would recommend for HCV infected patients to be counseled on their risk for carotid atherosclerosis.

National estimates of healthcare utilization by individuals with hepatitis C virus infection in the United States

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health problem in the United States. Although prior studies have evaluated the HCV-related healthcare burden, these studies examined a single treatment setting and did not account for the growing "baby boomer" population (individuals born during 1945-1965).

METHODS

Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample were analyzed. We sought to characterize healthcare utilization by individuals infected with HCV in the United States, examining adult (≥18 years) outpatient, emergency department (ED), and inpatient visits among individuals with HCV diagnosis for the period 2001-2010. Key subgroups included persons born before 1945 (older), between 1945 and 1965 (baby boomer), and after 1965 (younger).

RESULTS

Individuals with HCV infection were responsible for >2.3 million outpatient, 73 000 ED, and 475 000 inpatient visits annually. Persons in the baby boomer cohort accounted for 72.5%, 67.6%, and 70.7% of care episodes in these settings, respectively. Whereas the number of outpatient visits remained stable during the study period, inpatient admissions among HCV-infected baby boomers increased by >60%. Inpatient stays totaled 2.8 million days and cost >$15 billion annually. Nonwhites, uninsured individuals, and individuals receiving publicly funded health insurance were disproportionately affected in all healthcare settings.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals with HCV infection are large users of outpatient, ED, and inpatient health services. Resource use is highest and increasing in the baby boomer generation. These observations illuminate the public health burden of HCV infection in the United States.