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Bertelmann C, Mock M, Schmid A, Bühler B. Efficiency aspects of regioselective testosterone hydroxylation with highly active CYP450-based whole-cell biocatalysts. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14378. [PMID: 38018939 PMCID: PMC10832557 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hydroxylations belong to the industrially most relevant reactions catalysed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) due to the pharmacological relevance of hydroxylated derivatives. The implementation of respective bioprocesses at an industrial scale still suffers from several limitations commonly found in CYP450 catalysis, that is low turnover rates, enzyme instability, inhibition and toxicity related to the substrate(s) and/or product(s). Recently, we achieved a new level of steroid hydroxylation rates by introducing highly active testosterone-hydroxylating CYP450 BM3 variants together with the hydrophobic outer membrane protein AlkL into Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalysts. However, the activity tended to decrease, which possibly impedes overall productivities and final product titres. In this study, a considerable instability was confirmed and subject to a systematic investigation regarding possible causes. In-depth evaluation of whole-cell biocatalyst kinetics and stability revealed a limitation in substrate availability due to poor testosterone solubility as well as inhibition by the main product 15β-hydroxytestosterone. Instability of CYP450 BM3 variants was disclosed as another critical factor, which is of general significance for CYP450-based biocatalysis. Presented results reveal biocatalyst, reaction and process engineering strategies auguring well for industrial implementation of the developed steroid hydroxylation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Mock
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material SciencesGeorg Agricola University of Applied SciencesBochumGermany
| | | | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH–UFZLeipzigGermany
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2
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Diao M, Li C, Li J, Lu J, Xie N. Probing the Biotransformation Process of Sclareol by Resting Cells of Hyphozyma roseonigra. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10563-10570. [PMID: 35993186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sclareol glycol is a key starting material with significant market interest for synthesizing high-value ambroxide, a sustainable substitute for ambergris in high-end fragrances. Sclareol glycol can be obtained by biotransformation of sclareol, a labdane-type diterpene, using Hyphozyma roseonigra. However, the pathway and mechanism of sclareol glycol biosynthesis remain unclear. In this study, the dynamic time course of sclareol biotransformation was explored by resting cell assays and several intermediates produced during biotransformation were detected. The results show that (1) sclareol glycol and sclareolide are not interconverted and are potentially synthesized via different metabolic pathways and (2) several putative intermediates resulting from biotransformation are featured with a labdane carbon backbone, including isomerized and oxidized analogues. A plausible transformation pathway of sclareol in H. roseonigra was proposed based on detected metabolites. This study sheds light on the biosynthetic mechanism of sclareol glycol and paves a way for the future biotechnological production of this promising compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Chi Li
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jianxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
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3
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Fessner ND, Weber H, Glieder A. Regioselective Hydroxylation of Stilbenes by White‐Rot Fungal P450s Enables Preparative‐Scale Synthesis of Stilbenoids. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Dennis Fessner
- Technische Universitat Graz Fakultät für Technische Chemie, Verfahrenstechnik und Biotechnologie Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz AUSTRIA
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry 8010 Graz AUSTRIA
| | - Anton Glieder
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Molecular Biotechnology 8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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4
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Fessner ND, Grimm C, Srdič M, Weber H, Kroutil W, Schwaneberg U, Glieder A. Natural Product Diversification by One‐Step Biocatalysis using Human P450 3A4. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Matic Srdič
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Bisy GmbH Wuenschendorf 292 Hofstätten an der Raab 8200 Hofstaetten Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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5
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Fessner ND, Nelson DR, Glieder A. Evolution and enrichment of CYP5035 in Polyporales: functionality of an understudied P450 family. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6779-6792. [PMID: 34459954 PMCID: PMC8426240 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Bioprospecting for innovative basidiomycete cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) is highly desirable due to the fungi’s enormous enzymatic repertoire and outstanding ability to degrade lignin and detoxify various xenobiotics. While fungal metagenomics is progressing rapidly, the biocatalytic potential of the majority of these annotated P450 sequences usually remains concealed, although functional profiling identified several P450 families with versatile substrate scopes towards various natural products. Functional knowledge about the CYP5035 family, for example, is largely insufficient. In this study, the families of the putative P450 sequences of the four white-rot fungi Polyporus arcularius, Polyporus brumalis, Polyporus squamosus and Lentinus tigrinus were assigned, and the CYPomes revealed an unusual enrichment of CYP5035, CYP5136 and CYP5150. By computational analysis of the phylogeny of the former two P450 families, the evolution of their enrichment could be traced back to the Ganoderma macrofungus, indicating their evolutionary benefit. In order to address the knowledge gap on CYP5035 functionality, a representative subgroup of this P450 family of P. arcularius was expressed and screened against a test set of substrates. Thereby, the multifunctional enzyme CYP5035S7 converting several plant natural product classes was discovered. Aligning CYP5035S7 to 102,000 putative P450 sequences of 36 fungal species from Joint Genome Institute-provided genomes located hundreds of further CYP5035 family members, which subfamilies were classified if possible. Exemplified by these specific enzyme analyses, this study gives valuable hints for future bioprospecting of such xenobiotic-detoxifying P450s and for the identification of their biocatalytic potential. Graphical abstract ![]()
Key points • The P450 families CYP5035 and CYP5136 are unusually enriched in P. arcularius. • Functional screening shows CYP5035 assisting in the fungal detoxification mechanism. • Some Polyporales encompass an unusually large repertoire of detoxification P450s. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11444-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico D Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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6
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Novikova LA, Yovkova V, Luzikov VN, Barth G, Mauersberger S. Recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica strains for the heterologous expression of multi-component enzyme systems: Expression of mammalian steroidogenic proteins. J Biotechnol 2021; 339:42-52. [PMID: 34333044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
New Yarrowia lipolytica strains for the co-expression of steroidogenic mammalian proteins were obtained in this study. For this purpose, a two-step approach for constructing recombinant strains that permits the simple introduction of several expression cassettes encoding heterologous proteins into the yeast genome was successfully applied. This study tested two series of integrative multi-copy expression vectors containing cDNAs for the mature forms of P450scc system components (cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1), adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin, or fused adrenodoxin-P450scc) or for P45017α (CYP17A1) under the control of the isocitrate lyase promoter pICL1, which were constructed using the basic plasmids p64PT or p67PT (rDNA or the long terminal repeat (LTR) zeta of Ylt1 as integration targeting sequences and ura3d4 as a multi-copy selection marker). This study demonstrated the integration of up to three expression vectors containing different heterologous cDNA via their simultaneous transformation into haploid recipient strains. Additionally, further combinations of the different expression cassettes in one strain were obtained by subsequent diploidisation using selected haploid multi-copy transformants. Thus, recombinant strains containing three to five different expression cassettes were obtained, as demonstrated by Southern blotting. Expression of P450scc system proteins was identified by western blotting. The presented method for recombinant strain construction is a useful tool for the heterologous expression of multi-component enzyme systems in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A Novikova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/40, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Venelina Yovkova
- Institute of Microbiology, Dresden University of Technology, Hedda Vogel, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin N Luzikov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/40, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gerold Barth
- Institute of Microbiology, Dresden University of Technology, Hedda Vogel, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Mauersberger
- Institute of Microbiology, Dresden University of Technology, Hedda Vogel, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Yarrowia lipolytica Strains and Their Biotechnological Applications: How Natural Biodiversity and Metabolic Engineering Could Contribute to Cell Factories Improvement. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070548. [PMID: 34356927 PMCID: PMC8307478 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among non-conventional yeasts of industrial interest, the dimorphic oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica appears as one of the most attractive for a large range of white biotechnology applications, from heterologous proteins secretion to cell factories process development. The past, present and potential applications of wild-type, traditionally improved or genetically modified Yarrowia lipolytica strains will be resumed, together with the wide array of molecular tools now available to genetically engineer and metabolically remodel this yeast. The present review will also provide a detailed description of Yarrowia lipolytica strains and highlight the natural biodiversity of this yeast, a subject little touched upon in most previous reviews. This work intends to fill this gap by retracing the genealogy of the main Yarrowia lipolytica strains of industrial interest, by illustrating the search for new genetic backgrounds and by providing data about the main publicly available strains in yeast collections worldwide. At last, it will focus on exemplifying how advances in engineering tools can leverage a better biotechnological exploitation of the natural biodiversity of Yarrowia lipolytica and of other yeasts from the Yarrowia clade.
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8
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Schmitz LM, Kinner A, Althoff K, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Investigation of Vitamin D 2 and Vitamin D 3 Hydroxylation by Kutzneria albida. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2266-2274. [PMID: 33647186 PMCID: PMC8359954 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The active vitamin D metabolites 25-OH-D and 1α,25-(OH)2 -D play an essential role in controlling several cellular processes in the human body and are potentially effective in the treatment of several diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The microbial synthesis of vitamin D2 (VD2 ) and vitamin D3 (VD3 ) metabolites has emerged as a suitable alternative to established complex chemical syntheses. In this study, a novel strain, Kutzneria albida, with the ability to form 25-OH-D2 and 25-OH-D3 was identified. To further improve the conversion of the poorly soluble substrates, several solubilizers were tested. 100-fold higher product concentrations of 25-OH-D3 and tenfold higher concentrations of 25-OH-D2 after addition of 5 % (w/v) 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) were reached. Besides the single-hydroxylation products, the human double-hydroxylation products 1,25-(OH)2 -D2 and 1,25-(OH)2 -D3 and various other potential single- and double-hydroxylation products were detected. Thus, K. albida represents a promising strain for the biotechnological production of VD2 and VD3 metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Kirsten Althoff
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
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9
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Schmitz LM, Hageneier F, Rosenthal K, Busche T, Brandt D, Kalinowski J, Lütz S. Recombinant expression and characterization of novel P450s from Actinosynnema mirum. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116241. [PMID: 34139548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are the major contributor in the metabolism of xenobiotics, including therapeutic agents. Thus, P450s find broad application in the pharmaceutical industry to synthesize metabolites of new active pharmaceutical ingredients in order to evaluate toxicity and pharmacokinetics. As an alternative to human hepatic P450s, microbial P450s offer several advantages, such as an easier and more efficient heterologous expression as well as higher stability under process conditions. Recently, the wild-type strain Actinosynnema mirum has been reported to catalyze hydroxylation reactions with high activity on a broad range of substrates. In this study, one of these substrates, ritonavir, was used to analyze the transcriptional response of the wild-type strain. Analysis of the differential gene expression pattern allowed the assignment of genes potentially responsible for ritonavir conversion. Heterologous expression of these candidates and activity testing led to the identification of a novel P450 that efficiently converts ritonavir resembling the activity of the human CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felix Hageneier
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David Brandt
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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10
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Cai E, Li L, Deng Y, Sun S, Jia H, Wu R, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Chang C. MAP kinase Hog1 mediates a cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase to promote the Sporisorium scitamineum cell survival under oxidative stress. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:3306-3317. [PMID: 33973324 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The MAP kinase high osmolarity glycerol 1 (Hog1) plays a central role in responding to external oxidative stress in budding yeast Saccchromyces cerevisiae. However, the downstream responsive elements regulated by Hog1 remain poorly understood. In this study, we report that a Sporisorium scitamineum orthologue of Hog1, named as SsHog1, induced transcriptional expression of a putative cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase encoding gene SsCPR1, to antagonize oxidative stress. We found that upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), SsHog1 underwent strikingly phosphorylation, which was proved to be critical for transcriptional induction of SsCPR1. Loss of SsCPR1 led to hypersensitive to oxidative stress similar as the sshog1Δ mutant did, but was resistant to osmotic stress, which is different from the sshog1Δ mutant. On the other hand, overexpression of SsCPR1 in the sshog1Δ mutant could partially restore its ability of oxidative stress tolerance, which indicated that the Hog1 MAP kinase regulates the oxidative stress response specifically through cytochrome P450 (SsCpr1) pathway. Overall, our findings highlight a novel MAPK signalling pathway mediated by Hog1 in regulation of the oxidative stress response via the cytochrome P450 system, which plays an important role in host-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enping Cai
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Integrate Microbiology Research Center/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Integrate Microbiology Research Center/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Integrate Microbiology Research Center/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuquan Sun
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Huan Jia
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Integrate Microbiology Research Center/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Integrate Microbiology Research Center/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lianhui Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Integrate Microbiology Research Center/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Changqing Chang
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Integrate Microbiology Research Center/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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11
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Li H, Shi W, Li C, Zhang X, Gong J, Shi J, Koffas MA, Xu Z. Impact of ethylene glycol on DHEA dihydroxylation in Colletotrichum lini: Increasing the expression of cytochrome P450 and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and enhancing the generation of NADPH. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Martinez-Brito D, Iannone M, Tatangelo MA, Molaioni F, de la Torre X, Botrè F. A further insight into methyltestosterone metabolism: New evidences from in vitro and in vivo experiments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8870. [PMID: 32570291 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although the metabolism of methyltestosterone (MT) has been extensively studied since the 1950s using different techniques, the aim of this study was to investigate the hydroxylation in positions C2, C4 and C6 after in vitro experiments and in vivo excretion studies using gas chromatography time-of-flight (GC/TOF) and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The results could be influenced by the mass spectrometric analyser used. METHODS Incubations were carried out with human liver microsomes and six enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family using MT as a substrate. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of the samples were analysed using GC/TOF and GC/MS/MS once the correct MS/MS transitions had been selected, mainly for 6-hydroxymethyltestosterone (6-OH-MT) to avoid artefact interferences. A urinary excretion study was then performed after the administration of a 10 mg single oral dose of MT to a volunteer. RESULTS The formation of hydroxylated metabolites of MT in the C6, C4 and C2 positions after both in vitro and in vivo experiments was observed. Sample evaluation using GC/TOF showed an interference for 6-OH-MT that could only be resolved in GC/MS/MS by monitoring specific transitions. The transitory detection of these hydroxylated metabolites in urine agrees with previous investigations that had described this metabolic route as being of little significance. CONCLUSIONS In doping analysis, the formation of 4-hydroxymethyltestosterone (oxymesterone) from MT cannot be underestimated. Although it is only detected as a minor and short-term excretion metabolite, it cannot be overlooked as it was found in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The use of a combination of different mass spectrometric instruments allowed reliable conclusions to be reached, and it was shown that special attention must be given to artefact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Fessner ND, Srdič M, Weber H, Schmid C, Schönauer D, Schwaneberg U, Glieder A. Preparative‐Scale Production of Testosterone Metabolites by Human Liver Cytochrome P450 Enzyme 3A4. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 14/3 Austria
| | - Matic Srdič
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH Aachen Germany
- Bisy GmbH Hofstaetten Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Austria
| | - Christian Schmid
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 14/3 Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) Graz Austria
| | | | | | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 14/3 Austria
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14
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Sheludko YV, Volk J, Brandt W, Warzecha H. Expanding the Diversity of Plant Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids Employing Human Cytochrome P450 3A4. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1976-1980. [PMID: 32181956 PMCID: PMC7496586 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human drug‐metabolizing cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) have enormous substrate promiscuity; this makes them promising tools for the expansion of natural product diversity. Here, we used CYP3A4 for the targeted diversification of a plant biosynthetic route leading to monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. In silico, in vitro and in planta studies proved that CYP3A4 was able to convert the indole alkaloid vinorine into vomilenine, the former being one of the central intermediates in the ajmaline pathway in the medicinal plant Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. However, to a much larger extent, the investigated conversion yielded vinorine (19R,20R)‐epoxide, a new metabolite with an epoxide functional group that is rare for indole alkaloids. The described work represents a successful example of combinatorial biosynthesis towards an increase in biodiversity of natural metabolites. Moreover, characterisation of the products of the in vitro and in planta transformation of potential pharmaceuticals with human CYPs might be indicative of the route of their conversion in the human organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V Sheludko
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 3-5, 64285, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jascha Volk
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 3-5, 64285, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Heribert Warzecha
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 3-5, 64285, Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Liu J, Zhang C, Lu W. Biosynthesis of Long-Chain ω-Hydroxy Fatty Acids by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4545-4552. [PMID: 30929440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) are rare in nature but have many promising industrial applications. In this study, we developed a biosynthesis method to produce long-chain ω-hydroxy fatty acids. Through disruption of the acyl-CoA synthetases FAA1 and FAA4 and the fatty acyl-CoA oxidase POX1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was engineered to accumulate free fatty acids (FFAs). Subsequently, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP52M1 from Starmerella bombicola was introduced to convert FFAs to HFAs, leading to the production of C16 and C18 HFAs at the ω or ω-1 positions. Next, CYP52M1 was reconstituted with the homologous reductase S. bombicola CPR and the heterologous reductase Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 reductase. The results showed that the CYP52M1-AtCPR1 system significantly increased the hydroxylation in FFA. Moreover, a self-sufficient P450 enzyme system was constructed to achieve higher transformation efficiency. Finally, fed-batch fermentation yielded as much as 347 ± 9.2 mg/L ω-HFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Chuanbo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University) , Ministry of Education , Tianjin , 300072 , P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin , 300350 , P. R. China
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16
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Priebe X, Daschner M, Schwab W, Weuster-Botz D. Rational selection of biphasic reaction systems for geranyl glucoside production by Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalysts. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 112:79-87. [PMID: 29499785 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Geranyl glucoside, the glucosylated, high-value derivative of the monoterpenoid geraniol, has various applications in the flavor and fragrance industry and can be produced through whole-cell biotransformation of geraniol with Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalysts expressing the glucosyltransferase VvGT14a. However, the low water solubility and high cytotoxicity of geraniol require the design of a proper biphasic system where the second, non-aqueous phase functions as an in-situ substrate reservoir. In this work, a rational selection strategy was applied for choosing suitable sequestering phases for geranyl glucoside production by whole-cell biotransformation of geraniol. Hansen solubility parameters and octanol/water distribution coefficients were used as first principle methods in combination with extensive database research to preselect 12 liquid and 6 solid sequestering phases. Subsequently, experimental approaches were applied to determine physicochemical characteristics and the distribution of geraniol and geranyl glucoside between the phases. Moreover, the effects of the sequestering phases on the whole-cell biocatalysts and on the produced geranyl glucoside concentration were measured during parallel biotransformations in milliliter-scale stirred-tank bioreactors. The fatty acid ester isopropyl myristate emerged as the best choice due to its low viscosity, very poor water solubility, low price and compatibility with the whole-cell biocatalyst. The biphasic system containing 20% (v/v) of this solvent boosted geranyl glucoside production (4.2-fold increase of geranyl glucoside concentration in comparison to aqueous system) and exhibits advantageous partitioning of geraniol into the organic phase (logD of 2.42±0.03) and of geranyl glucoside into the water phase (logD of -2.08±0.05). The systematic selection of a suitable biphasic system constitutes basic groundwork for the development of new bioprocesses involving geraniol. Moreover, this study can serve as a guideline for selecting sequestering phases for other whole-cell biotransformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Priebe
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Daschner
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Biotechnology of Natural Products, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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17
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Shi S, Zhao H. Metabolic Engineering of Oleaginous Yeasts for Production of Fuels and Chemicals. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2185. [PMID: 29167664 PMCID: PMC5682390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleaginous yeasts have been increasingly explored for production of chemicals and fuels via metabolic engineering. Particularly, there is a growing interest in using oleaginous yeasts for the synthesis of lipid-related products due to their high lipogenesis capability, robustness, and ability to utilize a variety of substrates. Most of the metabolic engineering studies in oleaginous yeasts focused on Yarrowia that already has plenty of genetic engineering tools. However, recent advances in systems biology and synthetic biology have provided new strategies and tools to engineer those oleaginous yeasts that have naturally high lipid accumulation but lack genetic tools, such as Rhodosporidium, Trichosporon, and Lipomyces. This review highlights recent accomplishments in metabolic engineering of oleaginous yeasts and recent advances in the development of genetic engineering tools in oleaginous yeasts within the last 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuobo Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory, Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory, Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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18
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Darvishi F, Fathi Z, Ariana M, Moradi H. Yarrowia lipolytica as a workhorse for biofuel production. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Combinatorial Engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica as a Promising Cell Biorefinery Platform for the de novo Production of Multi-Purpose Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acids. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation3030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Ly TTB, Schifrin A, Nguyen BD, Bernhardt R. Improvement of a P450-Based Recombinant Escherichia coli Whole-Cell System for the Production of Oxygenated Sesquiterpene Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3891-3899. [PMID: 28447451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are common constituents of essential oil in plants. Their oxygenated derivatives often possess desirable flavor, fragrance, and pharmaceutical properties. Recently, the CYP264B1-based recombinant Escherichia coli whole-cell system has been constructed for the oxidation of sesquiterpenes. However, limiting factors of this system related to the high volatility of substrates and the suitability of the P450 redox partner need to be addressed. In this work, the improvement of the system was implemented with (+)-α-longipinene as a model substrate. By using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and an alternative ferredoxin reductase, the conversion of (+)-α-longipinene was improved 77.1%. Applying the optimized conditions, the yields of the main products were 54.2, 34.2, and 47.2 mg L-1, corresponding to efficiencies of 82.1, 51.8, and 71.5% for the conversion of (+)-α-longipinene, (-)-isolongifolene, and α-humulene, respectively, at a 200 mL scale. These products were characterized as 12-hydroxy-α-longipinene, isolongifolene-9-one, and 5-hydroxy-α-humulene, respectively, by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T B Ly
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Alexander Schifrin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University , D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Bach Duc Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture , Ngo Xuan Quang, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University , D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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21
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Durairaj P, Hur JS, Yun H. Versatile biocatalysis of fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:125. [PMID: 27431996 PMCID: PMC4950769 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases, the nature’s most versatile biological catalysts have unique ability to catalyse regio-, chemo-, and stereospecific oxidation of a wide range of substrates under mild reaction conditions, thereby addressing a significant challenge in chemocatalysis. Though CYP enzymes are ubiquitous in all biological kingdoms, the divergence of CYPs in fungal kingdom is manifold. The CYP enzymes play pivotal roles in various fungal metabolisms starting from housekeeping biochemical reactions, detoxification of chemicals, and adaptation to hostile surroundings. Considering the versatile catalytic potentials, fungal CYPs has gained wide range of attraction among researchers and various remarkable strategies have been accomplished to enhance their biocatalytic properties. Numerous fungal CYPs with multispecialty features have been identified and the number of characterized fungal CYPs is constantly increasing. Literature reveals ample reviews on mammalian, plant and bacterial CYPs, however, modest reports on fungal CYPs urges a comprehensive review highlighting their novel catalytic potentials and functional significances. In this review, we focus on the diversification and functional diversity of fungal CYPs and recapitulate their unique and versatile biocatalytic properties. As such, this review emphasizes the crucial issues of fungal CYP systems, and the factors influencing efficient biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepraj Durairaj
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
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22
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Yarrowia lipolytica: recent achievements in heterologous protein expression and pathway engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4559-77. [PMID: 25947247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has become a recognized system for expression/secretion of heterologous proteins. This non-conventional yeast is currently being developed as a workhorse for biotechnology by several research groups throughout the world, especially for single-cell oil production, whole cell bioconversion and upgrading of industrial wastes. This mini-review presents established tools for protein expression in Y. lipolytica and highlights novel developments in the areas of promoter design, surface display, and host strain or metabolic pathway engineering. An overview of the industrial and commercial biotechnological applications of Y. lipolytica is also presented.
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23
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Ferreira IM, Meira EB, Rosset IG, Porto AL. Chemoselective biohydrogenation of α,β- and α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketones by the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186 in a biphasic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Durairaj P, Malla S, Nadarajan SP, Lee PG, Jung E, Park HH, Kim BG, Yun H. Fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of Fusarium oxysporum for the synthesis of ω-hydroxy fatty acids in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:45. [PMID: 25880760 PMCID: PMC4387584 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Omega hydroxy fatty acids (ω-OHFAs) are multifunctional compounds that act as the basis for the production of various industrial products with broad commercial and pharmaceutical implications. However, the terminal oxygenation of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids for the synthesis of ω-OHFAs is intricate to accomplish through chemocatalysis, due to the selectivity and controlled reactivity in C-H oxygenation reactions. Cytochrome P450, the ubiquitous enzyme is capable of catalyzing the selective terminal omega hydroxylation naturally in biological kingdom. Results To gain a deep insight on the biochemical role of fungal P450s towards the production of omega hydroxy fatty acids, two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases from Fusarium oxysporum (FoCYP), FoCYP539A7 and FoCYP655C2; were identified, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For the efficient production of ω-OHFAs, the S. cerevisiae was engineered to disrupt the acyl-CoA oxidase enzyme and the β-oxidation pathway inactivated (ΔPox1) S. cerevisiae mutant was generated. To elucidate the significance of the interaction of redox mechanism, FoCYPs were reconstituted with the heterologous and homologous reductase systems - S. cerevisiae CPR (ScCPR) and F. oxysporum CPR (FoCPR). To further improve the yield, the effect of pH was analyzed and the homologous FoCYP-FoCPR system efficiently hydroxylated caprylic acid, capric acid and lauric acid into their respective ω-hydroxy fatty acids with 56%, 79% and 67% conversion. Furthermore, based on computational simulations, we identified the key residues (Asn106 of FoCYP539A7 and Arg235 of FoCYP655C2) responsible for the recognition of fatty acids and demonstrated the structural insights of the active site of FoCYPs. Conclusion Fungal CYP monooxygenases, FoCYP539A7 and FoCYP655C2 with its homologous redox partner, FoCPR constitutes a promising catalyst due to its high regio- and stereo-selectivity in the hydroxylation of fatty acids and in the substantial production of industrially valuable ω-hydroxy fatty acids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0228-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sailesh Malla
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Current position: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Pyung-Gang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Eunok Jung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea.
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
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25
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Guidelines for development and implementation of biocatalytic P450 processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2465-83. [PMID: 25652652 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic reactions performed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are interesting in pharmaceutical research since they are involved in human drug metabolism. Furthermore, they are potentially interesting as biocatalysts for synthetic chemistry because of the exquisite selectivity of the chemistry they undertake. For example, selective hydroxylation can be undertaken on a highly functionalized molecule without the need for functional group protection. Recent progress in the discovery of novel P450s as well as protein engineering of these enzymes strongly encourages further development of their application, including use in synthetic processes. The biological characteristics of P450s (e.g., cofactor dependence) motivate the use of whole-cell systems for synthetic processes, and those processes implemented in industry are so far dominated by growing cells and native host systems. However, for an economically feasible process, the expression of P450 systems in a heterologous host with sufficient biocatalyst yield (g/g cdw) for non-growing systems or space-time yield (g/L/h) for growing systems remains a major challenge. This review summarizes the opportunities to improve P450 whole-cell processes and strategies in order to apply and implement them in industrial processes, both from a biological and process perspective. Indeed, a combined approach of host selection and cell engineering, integrated with process engineering, is suggested as the most effective route to implementation.
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26
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Comparative functional characterization of a novel benzoate hydroxylase cytochrome P450 of Fusarium oxysporum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 70:58-65. [PMID: 25659633 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
FoCYP53A19, a novel cytochrome P450 capable of performing benzoate hydroxylation, was identified and characterized from the ascomycete Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Comparative functional analysis of FoCYP53A19 with the heterologous and homologous cytochrome P450 reductases (CPR) such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScCPR), Candida albicans (CaCPR) and F. oxysporum (FoCPR) revealed novel catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity of FoCYP53A19 were significantly influenced and altered by the source of the reductase employed. The yeast reconstitution system of FoCYP53A19 with ScCPR performed the hydroxylation of benzoic acid (BA) and demethylation of 3-methoxybenzoic acid (3-MBA); but when reconstituted with CaCPR, FoCYP53A19 performed only the essential hydroxylation of fungal benzoate catabolism. Remarkably, FoCYP53A19 with its homologous reductase FoCPR, not only demonstrated the improved conversion rates of BA and 3-MBA, but also exhibited activity toward the hydroxylation of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. The electron transfer compatibility and the coupling efficiency between the homologous FoCYP-FoCPR system are significant and it favored enhanced monooxygenase activity with broader substrate specificity.
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27
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Emmerstorfer A, Wriessnegger T, Hirz M, Pichler H. Overexpression of membrane proteins from higher eukaryotes in yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7671-98. [PMID: 25070595 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression and characterisation of the membrane proteins of higher eukaryotes is of paramount interest in fundamental and applied research. Due to the rather simple and well-established methods for their genetic modification and cultivation, yeast cells are attractive host systems for recombinant protein production. This review provides an overview on the remarkable progress, and discusses pitfalls, in applying various yeast host strains for high-level expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins. In contrast to the cell lines of higher eukaryotes, yeasts permit efficient library screening methods. Modified yeasts are used as high-throughput screening tools for heterologous membrane protein functions or as benchmark for analysing drug-target relationships, e.g., by using yeasts as sensors. Furthermore, yeasts are powerful hosts for revealing interactions stabilising and/or activating membrane proteins. We also discuss the stress responses of yeasts upon heterologous expression of membrane proteins. Through co-expression of chaperones and/or optimising yeast cultivation and expression strategies, yield-optimised hosts have been created for membrane protein crystallography or efficient whole-cell production of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Emmerstorfer
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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28
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Mattanovich D, Sauer M, Gasser B. Yeast biotechnology: teaching the old dog new tricks. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:34. [PMID: 24602262 PMCID: PMC3975642 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are regarded as the first microorganisms used by humans to process food and alcoholic beverages. The technology developed out of these ancient processes has been the basis for modern industrial biotechnology. Yeast biotechnology has gained great interest again in the last decades. Joining the potentials of genomics, metabolic engineering, systems and synthetic biology enables the production of numerous valuable products of primary and secondary metabolism, technical enzymes and biopharmaceutical proteins. An overview of emerging and established substrates and products of yeast biotechnology is provided and discussed in the light of the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethard Mattanovich
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Roiban GD, Agudo R, Reetz MT. Cytochrome P450 Catalyzed Oxidative Hydroxylation of Achiral Organic Compounds with Simultaneous Creation of Two Chirality Centers in a Single CH Activation Step. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Roiban GD, Agudo R, Reetz MT. Cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidative hydroxylation of achiral organic compounds with simultaneous creation of two chirality centers in a single C-H activation step. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8659-63. [PMID: 24590553 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Regio- and stereoselective oxidative hydroxylation of achiral or chiral organic compounds mediated by synthetic reagents, catalysts, or enzymes generally leads to the formation of one new chiral center that appears in the respective enantiomeric or diastereomeric alcohols. By contrast, when subjecting appropriate achiral compounds to this type of C-H activation, the simultaneous creation of two chiral centers with a defined relative and absolute configuration may result, provided that control of the regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity is ensured. The present study demonstrates that such control is possible by using wild type or mutant forms of the monooxygenase cytochrome P450 BM3 as catalysts in the oxidative hydroxylation of methylcyclohexane and seven other monosubstituted cyclohexane derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe-Doru Roiban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany); Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg (Germany)
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31
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Wriessnegger T, Pichler H. Yeast metabolic engineering – Targeting sterol metabolism and terpenoid formation. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:277-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Faletrov YV, Frolova NS, Hlushko HV, Rudaya EV, Edimecheva IP, Mauersberger S, Shkumatov VM. Evaluation of the fluorescent probes Nile Red and 25-NBD-cholesterol as substrates for steroid-converting oxidoreductases using pure enzymes and microorganisms. FEBS J 2013; 280:3109-19. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav V. Faletrov
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
| | - Nina S. Frolova
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
| | - Hanna V. Hlushko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
| | - Elena V. Rudaya
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
| | - Irina P. Edimecheva
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
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33
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Mauersberger S, Novikova LA, Shkumatov VM. Cytochrome P450 Expression in Yarrowia lipolytica and Its Use in Steroid Biotransformation. YARROWIA LIPOLYTICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38583-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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34
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Geier M, Braun A, Emmerstorfer A, Pichler H, Glieder A. Production of human cytochrome P450 2D6 drug metabolites with recombinant microbes - a comparative study. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1346-58. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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