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Zhang J, Ni J, Kong W, Liu J, Chen Y. Various clinical manifestations of 223 patients with IgE deficiency in a tertiary hospital in China: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38397. [PMID: 38875431 PMCID: PMC11175936 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
High Immunoglobulin E(IgE) levels associated with hypersensitivity or parasitic infection were well established, but the clinical significance of ultra-low IgE was largely unknown. Previous studies indicated these patients have an elevated risk of cancer, but large-scale epidemiological studies on the prevalence and clinical manifestations of these ultra-low IgE patients are still lacking. A total of 62,997 patients who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and had IgE level tests from January 2010 to March 2020 were included. Patients with serum IgE levels < 2 IU/mL were defined to have ultra-low IgE. And the clinical characteristics of these patients were retrospectively analyzed based on electronic medical record system and follow-up. A total of 223 patients (223/62,997, 0.35%) had ultra-low IgE were documented in 62,997 patients who had IgE tests. Among the clinical manifestations of these 223 ultra-low IgE patients, infection ranked first (125/223, 56.05%), following allergic diseases (51/223, 22.87%), hematological disorders (37/223, 16.59%), tumor (27/223, 12.11%) and autoimmune diseases (23/223, 10.31%). To the best of our knowledge, we first reported that the prevalence and clinical characteristics of 223 ultra-low IgE patients in China. The most common comorbidities were infection, allergic diseases, hematological disorders, tumor and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinyao Ni
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanzhong Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Pan J, Yao WL, Liu LP, Wang BS, Chai WZ, Huang Z, Fan XP, He WH, Wang WH, Zhang WD. Moniezia benedeni infection increases IgE + cells in sheep (Ovis aries) small intestine. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110169. [PMID: 38520755 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of immunoglobulin (Ig) E is the lowest among serum Igs, but it can induces type I hypersensitivity and plays an important role in anti-parasitic infection. The present study aimed to explore the residence characteristics of IgE+ cells in the sheep small intestine and the impact of Moniezia benedeni infection on them. The recombinant plasmids pET-28a-IgE were constructed and induced and expressed in Escherichia coli. BL21 (DE3). The rabbit anti-sheep IgE polyclonal antibody was prepared using the obtained recombinant protein as antigen. Finally, the levels of IgE+ cells in the small intestine of healthy (Control group) and naturally M. benedeni-infected (Infected group) sheep were detected analyzed. The results showed that the rabbit anti-sheep IgE polyclonal antibody with good immunogenicity (titer = 1: 128000) could specifically bind to the heavy chain of natural sheep IgE. In the Control group, the IgE+ cells were mainly distributed in lamina propria of the small intestine, and the densities were significantly decreased from duodenum to ileum (P<0.05), with respective values of (4.28 cells / 104 μm2, 1.80 cells / 104 μm2, and 1.44 cells / 104 μm2 in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In the Infected group, IgE+ cells density were 6.26 cells / 104 μm2, 3.01 cells / 104 μm2, and 2.09 cells / 104 μm2 in duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively, which were significantly higher in all segments compared to the Control group (P<0.05), increasing by 46.26%, 67.22% and 45.14%, respectively. In addition, compared with the Control group, the IgE protein levels were significantly increased in all intestinal segments of the Infected group (P<0.01), however, there was no significant differences among the different intestinal segments within the same group (P>0.05). The results demonstrated that M. benedeni infection could significantly increase the content of IgE and the distribution density of its secreting cells in sheep small intestine. The intestinal mucosal immune system of sheep presented obvious specificity against M. benedeni infection. This lays a good foundation for further exploring molecular mechanisms of the intestinal mucosal immune system monitoring and responding to M. benedeni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wan-Ling Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Bao-Shan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xi-Ping Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wan-Hong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wang-Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
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Chennuri PR, Zapletal J, Monfardini RD, Ndeffo-Mbah ML, Adelman ZN, Myles KM. Repeat mediated excision of gene drive elements for restoring wild-type populations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.23.568397. [PMID: 38045402 PMCID: PMC10690251 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.23.568397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here that single strand annealing (SSA) repair can be co-opted for the precise autocatalytic excision of a drive element. Although SSA is not the predominant form of DNA repair in eukaryotic organisms, we increased the likelihood of its use by engineering direct repeats at sites flanking the drive allele, and then introducing a double-strand DNA break (DSB) at a second endonuclease target site encoded within the drive allele. We have termed this technology Re peat M ediated E xcision of a D rive E lement (ReMEDE). Incorporation of ReMEDE into the previously described mutagenic chain reaction (MCR) gene drive, targeting the yellow gene of Drosophila melanogaster , replaced drive alleles with wild-type alleles demonstrating proof-of-principle. Although the ReMEDE system requires further research and development, the technology has a number of attractive features as a gene drive mitigation strategy, chief among these the potential to restore a wild-type population without releasing additional transgenic organisms or large-scale environmental engineering efforts.
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Duc M, Himmel T, Ilgūnas M, Eigirdas V, Weissenböck H, Valkiūnas G. Exo-erythrocytic development of two Haemoproteus species (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae), with description of Haemoproteus dumbbellus, a new blood parasite of bunting birds (Emberizidae). Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:531-543. [PMID: 37263375 PMCID: PMC7615398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Avian haemosporidians are widespread parasites categorized into four families of the order Haemosporida (Apicomplexa). Species of the subgenus Parahaemoproteus (genus Haemoproteus) belong to the Haemoproteidae and are transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Reports of death due to tissue damage during haemoproteosis in non-adapted birds have raised concerns about these pathogens, especially as their exo-erythrocytic development is known for only a few Haemoproteus spp. More research is needed to better understand the patterns of the parasites' development in tissues and their impact on avian hosts. Yellowhammers Emberiza citrinella (Emberizidae) and common house martins Delichon urbicum (Hirundinidae) were screened for Haemoproteus parasites by microscopic examination of blood films and PCR-based testing. Individuals with single infection were selected for histological investigations. H & E-stained sections were screened for detection and characterization of the exo-erythrocytic stages, while chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) and phylogenetic analysis were performed to confirm the Haemoproteus origin and their phylogenetic relationships. Haemoproteus dumbbellus n. sp. was discovered in Emberiza citrinella single-infected with the lineage hEMCIR01. Meronts of H. dumbbellus n. sp. developed in various organs of five of six tested individuals, a pattern which was reported in other Haemoproteus species clustering in the same clade, suggesting this could be a phylogenetic trait. By contrast, in Delichon urbicum infected with the Haemoproteus lineage hDELURB2, which was linked to the more distantly related parasite Haemoproteus hirundinis, only megalomeronts were found in the pectoral muscles of two of six infected individuals. All exo-erythrocytic stages were confirmed to be Haemoproteus parasites by CISH using a Haemoproteus genus-specific probe. While the development of meronts seems to be typical for species of the clade containing H. dumbbellus, further investigations and data from more species are needed to explore whether a phylogenetic pattern occurs in meront or megalomeront formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Duc
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Tanja Himmel
- Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mikas Ilgūnas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Eigirdas
- Ventės Ragas Ornithological Station, Marių 24, 99361 Ventė, Lithuania
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Sornsenee P, Wilairatana P, Kotepui KU, Masangkay FR, Romyasamit C, Kotepui M. Relation between Increased IL-10 Levels and Malaria Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:35. [PMID: 36668942 PMCID: PMC9865813 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of severe malaria have been widely studied, and the role of IL-10 in the pathogenesis of severe malaria remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the difference in IL-10 levels between patients with severe malaria and those with non-severe malaria. The search for relevant studies was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase from 1 February 2022 to 12 February 2022. The quality of the included studies was assessed according to the guidelines of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. The random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect. In all, 1215 studies were identified, and 19 were included in the quantitative syntheses. The results showed that patients with severe malaria had a higher IL-10 level than those with non-severe malaria (p = 0.03, pooled standardized mean difference: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.08-1.40, I2: 97.22%, 19 studies/21 sub studies). The meta-analysis results demonstrated increased IL-10 levels in patients with severe malaria compared with those with non-severe malaria. However, with the heterogeneity of the meta-analysis results, further studies are required to confirm the changes in the IL-10 levels according to the severity of malaria and to investigate whether a combination of other severity parameters with IL-10 levels could be an alternative marker for severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoomjai Sornsenee
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | | | - Chonticha Romyasamit
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Mulaga AN, Kamndaya MS, Masangwi SJ. Spatial disparities in impoverishing effects of out-of-pocket health payments in Malawi. Glob Health Action 2022; 15:2047465. [PMID: 35322766 PMCID: PMC8956308 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2022.2047465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Out-of-pocket health payments as a means of financing health services are a cause of concern among households in low and middle-income countries. They prevent households from accessing health care services, can disrupt households' living standards by reducing consumption of other basic needs and push households into poverty. Previous studies have reported geographical variations in impoverishing effects of out-of-pocket health payments. Yet, we know relatively little about spatial effects on impoverishing effects of health payments. OBJECTIVE This paper assesses the factors associated with impoverishing effects of health payments and quantifies the role of districts spatial effects on impoverishment in Malawi. METHODS The paper uses a cross sectional integrated household survey data collected from April 2016 to April 2017 among 12447 households in Malawi. Impoverishing effect of out-of-pocket health payments was calculated as the difference between poverty head count ratio before and after subtracting health payments from total household consumption expenditures. We assessed the factors associated with impoverishment and quantified the role of spatial effects using a spatial multilevel model. RESULTS About 1.6% and 1.2% of the Malawian population were pushed below the national and international poverty line of US$1.90 respectively due health payments. We found significant spatial variations in impoverishment across districts with higher spatial residual effects clustering in central region districts. Higher socio-economic status (AOR=0.34, 95% CI=0.22-0.52) decreased the risk of impoverishment whereas hospitalizations (AOR=3.63, 95% CI 2.54-5.15), chronic illness (AOR=1.56, 95% CI=1.10-1.22), residency in rural area (AOR=2.03, 95% CI=1.07-4.26) increased the risk of impoverishment. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests the need to plan financial protection programs according to district specific needs and target the poor, residents of rural areas and those with chronic illnesses. Policy makers need to pay attention to the importance of spatial and neighborhood effects when designing financial protection programs and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atupele N Mulaga
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,School of Science and Technology, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mphatso S Kamndaya
- School of Science and Technology, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Salule J Masangwi
- School of Science and Technology, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.,Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
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Chepkwony M, Wragg D, Latré de Laté P, Paxton E, Cook E, Ndambuki G, Kitala P, Gathura P, Toye P, Prendergast J. Longitudinal transcriptome analysis of cattle infected with Theileria parva. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:799-813. [PMID: 36244429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan cattle parasite Theileria parva is a major barrier to improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Africa, killing over one million cattle on the continent each year. Although exotic breeds not native to Africa are highly susceptible to the disease, previous studies have illustrated that such breeds often show innate tolerance to infection by the parasite. The mechanisms underlying this tolerance remain largely unclear. To better understand the host response to T. parva infection we characterised the transcriptional response over 15 days in tolerant and susceptible cattle (n = 29) naturally exposed to the parasite. We identify key genes and pathways activated in response to infection as well as, importantly, several genes differentially expressed between the animals that ultimately survived or succumbed to infection. These include genes linked to key cell proliferation and infection pathways. Furthermore, we identify response expression quantitative trait loci containing genetic variants whose impact on the expression level of nearby genes changes in response to the infection. These therefore provide an indication of the genetic basis of differential host responses. Together these results provide a comprehensive analysis of the host transcriptional response to this under-studied pathogen, providing clues as to the mechanisms underlying natural tolerance to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chepkwony
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - D Wragg
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - P Latré de Laté
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - E Paxton
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - E Cook
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - G Ndambuki
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - P Kitala
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (CAVS), University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00624, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P Gathura
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (CAVS), University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00624, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P Toye
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - J Prendergast
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Mahittikorn A, Mala W, Masangkay FR, Kotepui KU, Wilairatana P, Kotepui M. Increased interferon-γ levels and risk of severe malaria: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18917. [PMID: 36344583 PMCID: PMC9640646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ contributes to the pathogenesis of severe malaria; however, its mechanism remains unclear. Herein, differences in IFN-γ levels between patients with severe and uncomplicated malaria were evaluated using qualitative and quantitative (meta-analysis) approaches. The systematic review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022315213). The searches for relevant studies were performed in five databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science, between 1 January and 10 July 2022. A meta-analysis was conducted to pool the mean difference (MD) of IFN-γ levels between patients with severe malaria and those with uncomplicated malaria using a random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird method). Overall, qualitative synthesis indicated that most studies (14, 58.3%) reported no statistically significant difference in IFN-γ levels between patients with severe malaria and those with uncomplicated malaria. Meanwhile, remaining studies (9, 37.5%) reported that IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in patients with severe malaria than those in patients with uncomplicated malaria. Only one study (4.17%) reported that IFN-γ levels were significantly lower in patients with severe malaria than those in patients with uncomplicated malaria. The meta-analysis results indicated that patients with severe malaria had higher mean IFN-γ levels than those with uncomplicated malaria (p < 0.001, MD: 13.63 pg/mL, 95% confidence interval: 6.98-20.29 pg/mL, I2: 99.02%, 14 studies/15 study sites, 652 severe cases/1096 uncomplicated cases). In summary, patients with severe malaria exhibited higher IFN-γ levels than those with uncomplicated malaria, although the heterogeneity of the outcomes is yet to be elucidated. To confirm whether alteration in IFN-γ levels of patients with malaria may indicate disease severity and/or poor prognosis, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aongart Mahittikorn
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanida Mala
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Frederick Ramirez Masangkay
- grid.412775.20000 0004 1937 1119Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Mahittikorn A, Mala W, Srisuphanunt M, Masangkay FR, Kotepui KU, Wilairatana P, Kotepui M. Tumour necrosis factor-α as a prognostic biomarker of severe malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6573410. [PMID: 35467747 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels are reportedly altered during malaria. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to collect and compare data on TNF-α levels between patients with malaria of varying severity and healthy asymptomatic positive controls. METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for studies that reported TNF-α levels in malaria cases of different severity and healthy asymptomatic positive controls using a combination of search terms. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. To compare the TNF-α levels among fatal cases, severe cases, uncomplicated cases and healthy asymptomatic positive controls, we applied the random-effects model that assumed the existence of variations between studies. The effect estimate was pooled mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS From 1694 studies, we included 31 studies that met our eligibility criteria for systematic review and meta-analysis. Patients with severe malaria showed higher mean TNF-α levels than those with uncomplicated malaria (P < 0.001, pooled MD = 79.02 pg/ml, 95% CI: 63.68-94.35 pg/ml, I2: 99.5%, n = 26 studies). Furthermore, fatal cases had no difference in the mean TNF-α levels in comparison with survived cases (P = 0.055, pooled MD = 82.38 pg/ml, 95% CI: -1.93 to 166.69 pg/ml, I2: 99.54%, n = 5 studies). Finally, patients with uncomplicated malaria showed higher mean TNF-α levels than those with asymptomatic malaria (P < 0.001, pooled MD = 45.10 pg/ml, 95% CI: 18.45-71.76 pg/ml, I2: 97.09%, n = 5 studies). CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis confirmed the increase of TNF-α levels in patients with severe malaria. Therefore, TNF-α may be alternatively used as a prognostic biomarker of severe malaria. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanida Mala
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Mayuna Srisuphanunt
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | | | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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10
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Kotepui KU, Thirarattanasunthon P, Rattaprasert P, Kotepui M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of blood interleukin-4 levels concerning malaria infection and severity. Malar J 2022; 21:217. [PMID: 35820892 PMCID: PMC9277793 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-4 had been linked to malaria severity, but the findings are controversial, and the evidence is inconsistent and imprecise. In the current investigation, data on IL-4 levels in patients with severe and uncomplicated malaria were compiled. Methods The systematic review was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022323387). Searches for relevant articles on IL-4 levels in patients with severe malaria and studies that examined IL-4 levels in both uncomplicated malaria and healthy controls were performed in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus using the search strategy without limitation to publication years or language. The quality of all included studies was evaluated using The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: standards for reporting observational studies. Qualitative and quantitative data syntheses were performed. The random-effects model, which weights each study according to its between- and within-study variance, was used to pool the mean difference (MD) of individual studies. The degree of heterogeneity was determined using Cochran's Q and I2 statistics. Additionally, meta-regression and subgroup analyses were perfomed to investigate possible sources of heterogeneity. The outliers were identified using the leave-one-out method and assessed publication bias using funnel plots, Egger’s test, and a contour-enhanced funnel plot. Results A total of 2300 studies were identified through database searches, and 36 were included for analyses. The meta-analysis results showed lower mean IL-4 levels in severe malaria (434 cases) than in uncomplicated malaria (611 cases) (P = 0.01, pooled MD: −3.36 pg/mL, 95% confidence intervals CI −5.55 to −1.16 pg/mL, I2: 98.15%, 11 studies). The meta-analysis results showed no difference in mean IL-4 levels between cerebral malaria (96 cases) and noncerebral severe malaria (108 cases) (P = 0.71, pooled MD: 0.86 pg/mL, 95% CI −3.60 to 5.32 pg/mL, I2 92.13%, four studies). Finally, no difference was found in mean IL-4 levels between uncomplicated malaria (635 cases) and healthy controls (674 cases) (P = 0.57, pooled MD: 0.79 pg/mL, 95% CI −1.92 to 3.50 pg/mL, I2: 99.89%, 11 studies). Conclusion The meta-analysis revealed lower IL-4 levels in patients with severe malaria than in those with uncomplicated malaria, though a trend toward comparable IL-4 levels between both groups was more likely because several sources of heterogeneities were observed. Based on the limited number of studies included in the meta-analysis, until additional investigations have been conducted, IL-4 consideration as an alternative prognostic factor for malaria severity is not warranted. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04237-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Phiman Thirarattanasunthon
- Public Health Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Pongruj Rattaprasert
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
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Ingholt MM, Chen TT, Hildebrandt F, Pedersen RK, Simonsen L. Temperate climate malaria in nineteenth century Denmark. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:432. [PMID: 35509020 PMCID: PMC9069793 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax was endemic in northern Europe until the early twentieth century. Considering climate change and the recent emergence of other vector borne diseases in Europe, historical insight into the relationship between malaria and environmental factors in northern Europe is needed. This article describes malaria epidemiology in late-nineteenth century Denmark.
Methods We described the seasonality and spatial patterns of malaria, and the relationship of the disease with environmental factors such as soil types, clay content and elevation for the period 1862–1914. We studied demographic and seasonal patterns and malaria mortality in the high-morbidity period of 1862–1880. Finally, we studied the relationship between malaria seasonality and temperature and precipitation using a Spearman correlation test. Results We found that the highest incidence occurred in eastern Denmark. Lolland-Falster medical region experienced the highest incidence (14.5 cases per 1000 pop.) and Bornholm medical region experienced the lowest incidence (0.57 cases per 1000 pop.). Areas with high malaria incidence also had high soil clay content, high agricultural production, and Lolland-Falster furthermore has a low elevation. Malaria incidence typically peaked in May and was associated with high temperatures in July and August of the previous year but not with precipitation. The case fatality rate was 0.17%, and the disease affected both sexes and all age groups except for infants. In 1873, a large epidemic occurred following flooding from a storm surge in November 1872. Conclusions Malaria gradually declined in Denmark during our study period and had essentially disappeared by 1900. The high adult and low child morbidity in 1862–1880 indicates that malaria was not highly endemic in this period, as malaria is most frequent among children in highly endemic areas today. The association of high malaria incidence in spring with warmer temperatures in the previous summer suggests that transmission took place in the previous summers. The close geographical connection between malaria and soil types, agricultural production and elevation suggests that these factors are detrimental to sustain endemic malaria. Our findings of a close connection between malaria and environmental factors such as climate and geography provides insights to address potential reintroduction of malaria in temperate climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mølbak Ingholt
- PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Tzu Tung Chen
- Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Franziska Hildebrandt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Kristoffer Pedersen
- PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lone Simonsen
- PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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12
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Tchouakui M, Assatse T, Mugenzi LMJ, Menze BD, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Tchapga W, Kayondo J, Watsenga F, Manzambi EZ, Osae M, Wondji CS. Comparative study of the effect of solvents on the efficacy of neonicotinoid insecticides against malaria vector populations across Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:35. [PMID: 35462556 PMCID: PMC9036736 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New insecticides with a novel mode of action such as neonicotinoids have recently been recommended for public health by WHO. Resistance monitoring of such novel insecticides requires a robust protocol to monitor the development of resistance in natural populations. In this study, we comparatively used three different solvents to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to neonicotinoids across Africa. Methods Mosquitoes were collected from May to July 2021 from three agricultural settings in Cameroon (Njombe-Penja, Nkolondom, and Mangoum), the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ndjili-Brasserie), Ghana (Obuasi), and Uganda (Mayuge). Using the CDC bottle test, we compared the effect of three different solvents (ethanol, acetone, MERO) on the efficacy of neonicotinoids against Anopheles gambiae s.l. In addition, TaqMan assays were used to genotype key pyrethroid-resistant markers in An. gambiae and odds ratio based on Fisher exact test were used to evaluate potential cross-resistance between pyrethroids and clothianidin. Results Lower mortality was observed when using absolute ethanol or acetone alone as solvent for clothianidin (11.4‒51.9% mortality in Nkolondom, 31.7‒48.2% in Mangoum, 34.6‒56.1% in Mayuge, 39.4‒45.6% in Obuasi, 83.7‒89.3% in Congo and 71.1‒95.9% in Njombe pendja) compared to acetone + MERO for which 100% mortality were observed for all the populations. Similar observations were done for imidacloprid and acetamiprid. Synergist assays (PBO, DEM and DEF) with clothianidin revealed a significant increase of mortality suggesting that metabolic resistance mechanisms are contributing to the reduced susceptibility. A negative association was observed between the L1014F-kdr mutation and clothianidin resistance with a greater frequency of homozygote resistant mosquitoes among the dead than among survivors (OR = 0.5; P = 0.02). However, the I114T-GSTe2 was in contrast significantly associated with a greater ability to survive clothianidin with a higher frequency of homozygote resistant among survivors than other genotypes (OR = 2.10; P = 0.013). Conclusions This study revealed a contrasted susceptibility pattern depending on the solvents with ethanol/acetone resulting to lower mortality, thus possibly overestimating resistance, whereas the MERO consistently showed a greater efficacy of neonicotinoids but it could prevent to detect early resistance development. Therefore, we recommend monitoring the susceptibility using both acetone alone and acetone + MERO (4 µg/ml for clothianidin) to capture the accurate resistance profile of the mosquito populations. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00962-4.
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Abstract
Coinfection with Plasmodium falciparum and helminths may impact the immune response to these parasites because they induce different immune profiles. We studied the effects of coinfections on the antibody profile in a cohort of 715 Mozambican children and adults using the Luminex technology with a panel of 16 antigens from P. falciparum and 11 antigens from helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Schistosoma spp.) and measured antigen-specific IgG and total IgE responses. We compared the antibody profile between groups defined by P. falciparum and helminth previous exposure (based on serology) and/or current infection (determined by microscopy and/or qPCR). In multivariable regression models adjusted by demographic, socioeconomic, water, and sanitation variables, individuals exposed/infected with P. falciparum and helminths had significantly higher total IgE and antigen-specific IgG levels, magnitude (sum of all levels) and breadth of response to both types of parasites compared to individuals exposed/infected with only one type of parasite (P ≤ 0.05). There was a positive association between exposure/infection with P. falciparum and exposure/infection with helminths or the number of helminth species, and vice versa (P ≤ 0.001). In addition, children coexposed/coinfected tended (P = 0.062) to have higher P. falciparum parasitemia than those single exposed/infected. Our results suggest that an increase in the antibody responses in coexposed/coinfected individuals may reflect higher exposure and be due to a more permissive immune environment to infection in the host. IMPORTANCE Coinfection with Plasmodium falciparum and helminths may impact the immune response to these parasites because they induce different immune profiles. We compared the antibody profile between groups of Mozambican individuals defined by P. falciparum and helminth previous exposure and/or current infection. Our results show a significant increase in antibody responses in individuals coexposed/coinfected with P. falciparum and helminths in comparison with individuals exposed/infected with only one of these parasites, and suggest that this increase is due to a more permissive immune environment to infection in the host. Importantly, this study takes previous exposure into account, which is particularly relevant in endemic areas where continuous infections imprint and shape the immune system. Deciphering the implications of coinfections deserves attention because accounting for the real interactions that occur in nature could improve the design of integrated disease control strategies.
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de Haan F, Bolarinwa OA, Guissou R, Tou F, Tindana P, Boon WPC, Moors EHM, Cheah PY, Dhorda M, Dondorp AM, Ouedraogo JB, Mokuolu OA, Amaratunga C. To what extent are the antimalarial markets in African countries ready for a transition to triple artemisinin-based combination therapies? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256567. [PMID: 34464398 PMCID: PMC8407563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple artemisinin-based combination therapies (TACTs) are being developed as a response to artemisinin and partner drug resistance in the treatment of falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia. In African countries, where current artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are still effective, TACTs have the potential to benefit the larger community and future patients by mitigating the risk of drug resistance. This study explores the extent to which the antimalarial drug markets in African countries are ready for a transition to TACTs. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted in Nigeria and Burkina Faso and comprised in-depth interviews (n = 68) and focus group discussions (n = 11) with key actor groups in the innovation system of antimalarial therapies. RESULTS Evidence of ACT failure in African countries and explicit support for TACTs by the World Health Organization (WHO) and international funders were perceived important determinants for the market prospects of TACTs in Nigeria and Burkina Faso. At the country level, slow regulatory and implementation procedures were identified as potential barriers towards rapid TACTs deployment. Integrating TACTs in public sector distribution channels was considered relatively straightforward. More challenges were expected for integrating TACTs in private sector distribution channels, which are characterized by patient demand and profit motives. Finally, several affordability and acceptability issues were raised for which ACTs were suggested as a benchmark. CONCLUSION The market prospects of TACTs in Nigeria and Burkina Faso will depend on the demonstration of the added value of TACTs over ACTs, their advocacy by the WHO, the inclusion of TACTs in financial and regulatory arrangements, and their alignment with current distribution and deployment practices. Further clinical, health-economic and feasibility studies are required to inform decision makers about the broader implications of a transition to TACTs in African counties. The recent reporting of artemisinin resistance and ACT failure in Africa might change important determinants of the market readiness for TACTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek de Haan
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rosemonde Guissou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Fatoumata Tou
- Institut des Sciences et Techniques, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Paulina Tindana
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Wouter P. C. Boon
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. M. Moors
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Phaik Yeong Cheah
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Bosco Ouedraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut des Sciences et Techniques, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Longo-Pendy NM, Tene-Fossog B, Tawedi RE, Akone-Ella O, Toty C, Rahola N, Braun JJ, Berthet N, Kengne P, Costantini C, Ayala D. Ecological plasticity to ions concentration determines genetic response and dominance of Anopheles coluzzii larvae in urban coastal habitats of Central Africa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15781. [PMID: 34349141 PMCID: PMC8338965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Central Africa, the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii is predominant in urban and coastal habitats. However, little is known about the environmental factors that may be involved in this process. Here, we performed an analysis of 28 physicochemical characteristics of 59 breeding sites across 5 urban and rural sites in coastal areas of Central Africa. We then modelled the relative frequency of An. coluzzii larvae to these physicochemical parameters in order to investigate environmental patterns. Then, we assessed the expression variation of 10 candidate genes in An. coluzzii, previously incriminated with insecticide resistance and osmoregulation in urban settings. Our results confirmed the ecological plasticity of An. coluzzii larvae to breed in a large range of aquatic conditions and its predominance in breeding sites rich in ions. Gene expression patterns were comparable between urban and rural habitats, suggesting a broad response to ions concentrations of whatever origin. Altogether, An. coluzzii exhibits a plastic response to occupy both coastal and urban habitats. This entails important consequences for malaria control in the context of the rapid urban expansion in Africa in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert E. Tawedi
- grid.473396.cInstitut de Recherches Géologiques Et Minières / Centre de Recherches Hydrologiques, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Celine Toty
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Nil Rahola
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Braun
- grid.473396.cInstitut de Recherches Géologiques Et Minières / Centre de Recherches Hydrologiques, Yaoundé, Cameroon ,grid.462928.30000 0000 9033 1612Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France ,International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRGM-UY1-IRD, BP 1857, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- grid.418115.80000 0004 1808 058XCIRMF, Franceville, Gabon ,grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement Et Risque Infectieux, Cellule D’Intervention Biologique D’Urgence, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Kengne
- grid.418115.80000 0004 1808 058XCIRMF, Franceville, Gabon ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Carlo Costantini
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Diego Ayala
- grid.418115.80000 0004 1808 058XCIRMF, Franceville, Gabon ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
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An increasing role of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles funestus in malaria transmission in the Lake Zone, Tanzania. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13457. [PMID: 34188090 PMCID: PMC8241841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles funestus is playing an increasing role in malaria transmission in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, where An. gambiae s.s. has been effectively controlled by long-lasting insecticidal nets. We investigated vector population bionomics, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission dynamics in 86 study clusters in North-West Tanzania. An. funestus s.l. represented 94.5% (4740/5016) of all vectors and was responsible for the majority of malaria transmission (96.5%), with a sporozoite rate of 3.4% and average monthly entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of 4.57 per house. Micro-geographical heterogeneity in species composition, abundance and transmission was observed across the study district in relation to key ecological differences between northern and southern clusters, with significantly higher densities, proportions and EIR of An. funestus s.l. collected from the South. An. gambiae s.l. (5.5%) density, principally An. arabiensis (81.1%) and An. gambiae s.s. (18.9%), was much lower and closely correlated with seasonal rainfall. Both An. funestus s.l. and An. gambiae s.l. were similarly resistant to alpha-cypermethrin and permethrin. Overexpression of CYP9K1, CYP6P3, CYP6P4 and CYP6M2 and high L1014S-kdr mutation frequency were detected in An. gambiae s.s. populations. Study findings highlight the urgent need for novel vector control tools to tackle persistent malaria transmission in the Lake Region of Tanzania.
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Pritchard DI, Falcone FH, Mitchell PD. The evolution of IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity and its immunological value. Allergy 2021; 76:1024-1040. [PMID: 32852797 DOI: 10.1111/all.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The allergic phenotype manifests itself in a spectrum of troublesome to life-threatening diseases, from seasonal hay fever, through the food allergies, atopic eczema, asthma, to anaphylaxis. Allergy, that is an overreaction to allergen in hypersensitive individuals, results from the production of IgE, mast cell and basophil sensitisation and degranulation, requiring a range of medications to manage the conditions. Yet it is highly likely that allergy evolved for a purpose and that allergic diseases are accidental consequences of an insufficiently regulated immune response. This article presents a viewpoint from which to restore the immunological reputation of the allergic phenotype. We consider the evolutionary origins of potential allergens, toxins and parasites, and how they might have influenced early-mammal species in existence when IgE first developed. We conclude that the allergic phenotype has likely saved the lives of many more mammals than have ever died from allergy, so justifying the positive role of IgE in our evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- Institute for Parasitology Justus‐Liebig‐University Gießen Gießen Germany
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18
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Lai JY, Lim TS. Infectious disease antibodies for biomedical applications: A mini review of immune antibody phage library repertoire. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:640-648. [PMID: 32650013 PMCID: PMC7340592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody phage display is regarded as a critical tool for the development of monoclonal antibodies for infectious diseases. The different classes of antibody libraries are classified based on the source of repertoire used to generate the libraries. Immune antibody libraries are generated from disease infected host or immunization against an infectious agent. Antibodies derived from immune libraries are distinct from those derived from naïve libraries as the host's in vivo immune mechanisms shape the antibody repertoire to yield high affinity antibodies. As the immune system is constantly evolving in accordance to the health state of an individual, immune libraries can offer more than just infection-specific antibodies but also antibodies derived from the memory B-cells much like naïve libraries. The combinatorial nature of the gene cloning process would give rise to a combination of natural and un-natural antibody gene pairings in the immune library. These factors have a profound impact on the coverage of immune antibody libraries to target both disease-specific and non-disease specific antigens. This review looks at the diverse nature of antibody responses for immune library generation and discusses the extended potential of a disease-specified immune library in the context of phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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19
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Georganos S, Brousse O, Dujardin S, Linard C, Casey D, Milliones M, Parmentier B, van Lipzig NPM, Demuzere M, Grippa T, Vanhuysse S, Mboga N, Andreo V, Snow RW, Lennert M. Modelling and mapping the intra-urban spatial distribution of Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate using very-high-resolution satellite derived indicators. Int J Health Geogr 2020; 19:38. [PMID: 32958055 PMCID: PMC7504835 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-020-00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid and often uncontrolled rural-urban migration in Sub-Saharan Africa is transforming urban landscapes expected to provide shelter for more than 50% of Africa's population by 2030. Consequently, the burden of malaria is increasingly affecting the urban population, while socio-economic inequalities within the urban settings are intensified. Few studies, relying mostly on moderate to high resolution datasets and standard predictive variables such as building and vegetation density, have tackled the topic of modeling intra-urban malaria at the city extent. In this research, we investigate the contribution of very-high-resolution satellite-derived land-use, land-cover and population information for modeling the spatial distribution of urban malaria prevalence across large spatial extents. As case studies, we apply our methods to two Sub-Saharan African cities, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. METHODS Openly accessible land-cover, land-use, population and OpenStreetMap data were employed to spatially model Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate standardized to the age group 2-10 years (PfPR2-10) in the two cities through the use of a Random Forest (RF) regressor. The RF models integrated physical and socio-economic information to predict PfPR2-10 across the urban landscape. Intra-urban population distribution maps were used to adjust the estimates according to the underlying population. RESULTS The results suggest that the spatial distribution of PfPR2-10 in both cities is diverse and highly variable across the urban fabric. Dense informal settlements exhibit a positive relationship with PfPR2-10 and hotspots of malaria prevalence were found near suitable vector breeding sites such as wetlands, marshes and riparian vegetation. In both cities, there is a clear separation of higher risk in informal settlements and lower risk in the more affluent neighborhoods. Additionally, areas associated with urban agriculture exhibit higher malaria prevalence values. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of this research highlights that populations living in informal settlements show higher malaria prevalence compared to those in planned residential neighborhoods. This is due to (i) increased human exposure to vectors, (ii) increased vector density and (iii) a reduced capacity to cope with malaria burden. Since informal settlements are rapidly expanding every year and often house large parts of the urban population, this emphasizes the need for systematic and consistent malaria surveys in such areas. Finally, this study demonstrates the importance of remote sensing as an epidemiological tool for mapping urban malaria variations at large spatial extents, and for promoting evidence-based policy making and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Georganos
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Oscar Brousse
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Dujardin
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
- Department of Geography, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Catherine Linard
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
- Department of Geography, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Daniel Casey
- Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, 5710 Norman Smith Hall, Orono, ME, 04469-5710, USA
| | - Marco Milliones
- Department of Geography, University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, Fredericksburg, VA, 22401, USA
| | - Benoit Parmentier
- Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, 5710 Norman Smith Hall, Orono, ME, 04469-5710, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, Fredericksburg, VA, 22401, USA
| | - Nicole P M van Lipzig
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | | | - Tais Grippa
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Vanhuysse
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicholus Mboga
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Verónica Andreo
- Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales "Mario Gulich". Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Robert W Snow
- Population and Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Moritz Lennert
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Huang B, Huang S, Chen X, Liu XB, Wu Q, Wang Y, Li X, Li K, Gao H, Cen S, Lin R, Liu Z, Jin X. Activation of Mast Cells Promote Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection in Murine Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:322. [PMID: 31552201 PMCID: PMC6747038 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease, is a severe health problem worldwide. As reported, some anti-malarial drugs with anti-parasitic properties also block mast cells (MCs) activities. It is hypothesized that MCs activity may be correlated with the pathogenesis of malaria. Thus, the role of MCs on malarial pathogenesis and the involved physiological action and pathways need to be further investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MCs activation on malaria disease severity using KunMing mice with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) infection treated with MCs degranulator (compound 48/80, C48/80) or MCs stabilizer (disodium cromoglycate, DSCG). PbANKA infection caused a dramatic increase in MCs density and level of MCs degranulation in cervical lymph node (CLN) and skin. Compared with infected control, C48/80 treatment had shortened survival time, increased parasitemia, exacerbated liver inflammation and CLN hyperplasia, accompanied with increase in vascular leakage and leukocyte number. The infected mice with C48/80 treatment also elevated the release of CCL2, CXCL1, and MMP-9 from MCs in CLN and skin, and TNF-α, IFN-γ, CCR2, and CXCR2 mRNA expression in CLN and liver. In contrast, the infected mice treated with DSCG showed longer survival time, lower parasitemia, improved liver inflammation and CLN hyperplasia, followed by a decline of vascular leakage and leukocyte number. Decreased MCs-derived CCL2, CXCL1, and MMP-9 from CLN and skin, mRNA expression in CLN and liver (TNF-α, IFN-γ, CCR2, and CXCR2) were also observed in infected mice with DSCG treatment. Our data indicated that MCs activation may facilitate the pathogenesis of PbANKA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Bo Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunning Li
- Lady Davis institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hongzhi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaobao Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Liu X, Zhang H, Cheng R, Gu Y, Yin Y, Sun Z, Pan G, Deng Z, Yang H, Deng L, Cui W, Santos HA, Shi Q. An immunological electrospun scaffold for tumor cell killing and healthy tissue regeneration. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2018; 5:1082-1091. [PMID: 30713696 PMCID: PMC6333278 DOI: 10.1039/c8mh00704g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based cancer immune therapy has attracted lots of research interest in recent years; however, it is greatly limited by the easy distribution and burst release of antibodies. In addition, after the clearance of the tissue, healthy tissue regeneration is another challenge for cancer treatment. Herein, we have developed a specific immunological tissue engineering scaffold using the agonistic mouse anti-human CD40 antibody (CD40mAb) incorporated into poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) electrospun fibers through the dopamine (PDA) motif (PLLA-PDA-CD40mAb). CD40mAb is successfully incorporated onto the surface of the electrospun fibrous scaffold, which is proved by immunofluorescence staining, and the PLLA-PDA-CD40mAb scaffold has an anti-tumor effect by locally releasing CD40mAb. Therefore, this immunological electrospun scaffold has very good potential to be developed as a powerful tool for localized tumor treatment, and this is the first to be reported in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Orthopedic Institute , Soochow University , 708 Renmin Road , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215006 , P. R. China .
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases , Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , 197 Ruijin 2nd Road , Shanghai 200025 , P. R. China .
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Fudan University , No. 220 Handan Road , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
- Animal Experimental Center , Soochow University , 99 Renai Road , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215023 , P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory , Åbo Akademi University , FI-00520 , Finland
- Turku Center for Biotechnology , University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University , FI-00520 , Finland
| | - Ruoyu Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Orthopedic Institute , Soochow University , 708 Renmin Road , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215006 , P. R. China .
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Orthopedic Institute , Soochow University , 708 Renmin Road , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215006 , P. R. China .
| | - Yin Yin
- Animal Experimental Center , Soochow University , 99 Renai Road , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215023 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Orthopedic Institute , Soochow University , 708 Renmin Road , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215006 , P. R. China .
| | - Guoqing Pan
- Department of Orthopedics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Orthopedic Institute , Soochow University , 708 Renmin Road , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215006 , P. R. China .
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- Department of Medicine , James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville , 505 South Hancock Street , Louisville , KY 40202 , USA
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Orthopedic Institute , Soochow University , 708 Renmin Road , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215006 , P. R. China .
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases , Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , 197 Ruijin 2nd Road , Shanghai 200025 , P. R. China .
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Fudan University , No. 220 Handan Road , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases , Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , 197 Ruijin 2nd Road , Shanghai 200025 , P. R. China .
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Fudan University , No. 220 Handan Road , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program , Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014 , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) , University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014 , Finland .
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopedics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Orthopedic Institute , Soochow University , 708 Renmin Road , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215006 , P. R. China .
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology , 199 Renai Rd , Suzhou , 215123 , China
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22
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Domingos J, Casimiro A, Portugal-Calisto D, Varandas L, Nogueira F, Silva MS. Clinical, laboratorial and immunological aspects of severe malaria in children from Guinea-Bissau. Acta Trop 2018; 185:46-51. [PMID: 29684356 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease of which Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of the disease. The immune response against Plasmodium spp. is complex and remains unclear. The present report aimed to better understand the humoral immune response in severe malaria and analyse new immunodominant antigen candidates as possible serological marker in severe malaria in children. This study included children aged 0-16 years from Guinea-Bissau with clinical signs of severe malaria. Serological and immunochemical characterisation of different anti-P. falciparum antibodies were made by ELISA and immunoblotting using a crude protein extract of P. falciparum. Sera from 12 children with severe malaria were analysed. Nine samples were positive for total anti-P. falciparum antibodies, seven for IgM and eight for total IgG anti-P. falciparum. There was a predominance of IgG1 response, suggesting a cytophilic action in severe malaria and a major role of IgG1 over other immunoglobulins. The antigenic profile of P. falciparum showed a consistent immunoblotting pattern of approximately 180 kDa, 100 kDa and around 50-40 kDa. The serological reactivity found in protein bands makes them as immunodominant antigens and promising candidates for serological markers in the context of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Domingos
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anaxore Casimiro
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Portugal-Calisto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal; Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luís Varandas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal; Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia. Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Sousa Silva
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal; Imunoparasitology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
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23
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Gbalégba CGN, Ba H, Silué KD, Ba O, Tia E, Chouaibou M, Tian-Bi NTY, Yapi GY, Koné B, Utzinger J, Koudou BG. Distribution of Plasmodium spp. infection in asymptomatic carriers in perennial and low seasonal malaria transmission settings in West Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:39. [PMID: 29690913 PMCID: PMC5926534 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2000, substantial progress has been made in reducing malaria worldwide. However, some countries in West Africa remain a hotspot for malaria with all age groups at risk. Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium spp. are important sources of infections for malaria vectors and thus contribute to the anchoring of the disease in favourable eco-epidemiological settings. The objective of this study was to assess the asymptomatic malaria case rates in Korhogo and Kaedi, two urban areas in northern Côte d’Ivoire and southern Mauritania, respectively. Methods Cross-sectional surveys were carried out during the rainy season in 2014 and the dry season in 2015 in both settings. During each season, 728 households were randomly selected and a household-based questionnaire was implemented to collect demographic and epidemiological data, including of malaria preventive methods used in communities. Finger-prick blood samples were obtained for biological examination using microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Results Overall, 2672 households and 15 858 consenting participants were surveyed. Plasmodium spp. infection was confirmed in 12.4% (n = 832) and 0.3% (n = 22) of the assessed individuals in Korhogo and Kaedi, respectively. In Korhogo, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 10.5% (95% CI: 9.7–11.2) as determined by microscopy and 9.3% (95% CI: 8.6–10.0%) when assessed by RDT. In Kaedi, asymptomatic malaria prevalence was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1–0.4%) according to microscopy, while all RDTs performed were negative (n = 8372). In Korhogo, asymptomatic malaria infection was significantly associated with age and season, with higher risk within the 5–14 years-old, and during the rainy season. In Kaedi, the risk of asymptomatic malaria infection was associated with season only (higher during the dry season; crude OR (cOR): 6.37, 95% CI: 1.87–21.63). P. falciparum was the predominant species identified in both study sites representing 99.2% (n = 825) in Korhogo and 59.1% (n = 13) in Kaedi. Gametocytes were observed only in Korhogo and only during the rainy season at 1.3% (95% CI: 0.7–2.4%). Conclusions Our findings show a low prevalence of clinical malaria episodes with a significant proportion of asymptomatic carriers in both urban areas. National policies for malaria infections are focused on treatment of symptomatic cases. Malaria control strategies should be designed for monitoring and managing malaria infections in asymptomatic carriers. Additional measures, including indoor residual spraying, effective use of long-lasting insecticidal nets is strongly needed to reduce the number of Plasmodium spp. infections in Korhogo and Kaedi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0412-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constant G N Gbalégba
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 B.P. 801, Abidjan, 02, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire , 01 B.P. 1303, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Hampâté Ba
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie - Mycologie, Institut National de Recherches en Santé Publique , B.P. 695, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Kigbafori D Silué
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire , 01 B.P. 1303, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan, 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ousmane Ba
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie - Mycologie, Institut National de Recherches en Santé Publique , B.P. 695, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Emmanuel Tia
- Centre d'Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, 27 B.P. 529, Abidjan, 27, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mouhamadou Chouaibou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire , 01 B.P. 1303, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Nathan T Y Tian-Bi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire , 01 B.P. 1303, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan, 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Grégoire Y Yapi
- Centre d'Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, 27 B.P. 529, Abidjan, 27, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Brama Koné
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire , 01 B.P. 1303, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly, B.P. 1328, Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , P.O. Box, CH- 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 B.P. 801, Abidjan, 02, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire , 01 B.P. 1303, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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24
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Felizardo AA, Marques DVB, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV, Novaes RD. Could age and aging change the host response to systemic parasitic infections? A systematic review of preclinical evidence. Exp Gerontol 2018; 104:17-27. [PMID: 29366738 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of age and aging in the evolution of systemic parasitic infections remains poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review from preclinical models of Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, sleeping sickness and toxoplasmosis. From a structured and comprehensive search in electronic databases, 29 studies were recovered and included in the review. Beyond the characteristics of the experimental models, parasitological and immunological outcomes, we also discussed the quality of current evidence. Our findings indicated that throughout aging, parasitemia and mortality were consistently reduced in Chagas disease and malaria, but were similar or increased in leishmaniasis and highly variable in toxoplasmosis. While a marked humoral response in older animals was related to the anti-T. cruzi protective phenotype, cellular responses mediated by a polarized Th1 phenotype were associated with a more effective defense against Plasmodium infection. Conversely, in leishmaniasis, severe infections and high mortality rates were potentially related to attenuation of humoral response and an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 phenotypes. Due to the heterogeneous parasitological outcomes and limited immunological data, the role of aging on toxoplasmosis evolution remains unclear. From a detailed description of the methodological bias, more controlled researches could avoid the systematic reproduction of inconsistent and poorly reproducible experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Aparecida Felizardo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Vasconcelos Bastos Marques
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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25
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Adeola AM, Botai JO, Rautenbach H, Adisa OM, Ncongwane KP, Botai CM, Adebayo-Ojo TC. Climatic Variables and Malaria Morbidity in Mutale Local Municipality, South Africa: A 19-Year Data Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14111360. [PMID: 29117114 PMCID: PMC5707999 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The north-eastern parts of South Africa, comprising the Limpopo Province, have recorded a sudden rise in the rate of malaria morbidity and mortality in the 2017 malaria season. The epidemiological profiles of malaria, as well as other vector-borne diseases, are strongly associated with climate and environmental conditions. A retrospective understanding of the relationship between climate and the occurrence of malaria may provide insight into the dynamics of the disease’s transmission and its persistence in the north-eastern region. In this paper, the association between climatic variables and the occurrence of malaria was studied in the Mutale local municipality in South Africa over a period of 19-year. Time series analysis was conducted on monthly climatic variables and monthly malaria cases in the Mutale municipality for the period of 1998–2017. Spearman correlation analysis was performed and the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model was developed. Microsoft Excel was used for data cleaning, and statistical software R was used to analyse the data and develop the model. Results show that both climatic variables’ and malaria cases’ time series exhibited seasonal patterns, showing a number of peaks and fluctuations. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that monthly total rainfall, mean minimum temperature, mean maximum temperature, mean average temperature, and mean relative humidity were significantly and positively correlated with monthly malaria cases in the study area. Regression analysis showed that monthly total rainfall and monthly mean minimum temperature (R2 = 0.65), at a two-month lagged effect, are the most significant climatic predictors of malaria transmission in Mutale local municipality. A SARIMA (2,1,2) (1,1,1) model fitted with only malaria cases has a prediction performance of about 51%, and the SARIMAX (2,1,2) (1,1,1) model with climatic variables as exogenous factors has a prediction performance of about 72% in malaria cases. The model gives a close comparison between the predicted and observed number of malaria cases, hence indicating that the model provides an acceptable fit to predict the number of malaria cases in the municipality. To sum up, the association between the climatic variables and malaria cases provides clues to better understand the dynamics of malaria transmission. The lagged effect detected in this study can help in adequate planning for malaria intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun M Adeola
- South African Weather Service, Private Bag X097, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Joel O Botai
- South African Weather Service, Private Bag X097, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics & Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Hannes Rautenbach
- South African Weather Service, Private Bag X097, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- School for Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Omolola M Adisa
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics & Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Katlego P Ncongwane
- South African Weather Service, Private Bag X097, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Christina M Botai
- South African Weather Service, Private Bag X097, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Temitope C Adebayo-Ojo
- School for Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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26
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Tiedje KE, Oduro AR, Agongo G, Anyorigiya T, Azongo D, Awine T, Ghansah A, Pascual M, Koram KA, Day KP. Seasonal Variation in the Epidemiology of Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum Infections across Two Catchment Areas in Bongo District, Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:199-212. [PMID: 28719306 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the epidemiology of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections is critical for countries to move toward malaria elimination. Using different methods for parasite detection, we evaluated how seasonality, spatial location, and other factors affect the age-specific epidemiology of asymptomatic malaria in Bongo District, Ghana. Asymptomatic prevalence by microscopy decreased significantly from 42.5% at the end of the wet to 27.5% at the end of the dry season (P < 0.001). Using the 18S rRNA polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), all microscopy-negative samples were screened and prevalence of submicroscopic infections also decreased significantly from the wet (55.4%) to the dry (20.7%) season (P < 0.001). Combining detection methods, 74.4% and 42.5% of the population in the wet and dry seasons, respectively, had evidence of a P. falciparum infection. Interestingly in those > 20 years of age, we found evidence of infection in 64.3% of the population in the wet and 27.0% in the dry season. Using both microscopy and PCR, the asymptomatic P. falciparum reservoir peaks at the end of the wet season and infections in all age groups constitute the reservoir of malaria infection. At the end of the wet season, spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence and density of P. falciparum infections was observed between the two catchment areas surveyed in Bongo District. These results indicate that if elimination is to succeed, interventions will need to target not just P. falciparum infections in children but also in adults, and be implemented toward the end of the dry season in this area of West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Tiedje
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York.,School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anita Ghansah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Santa Fe Institute, Sante Fe, New Mexico.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kwadwo A Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Karen P Day
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York.,School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Figueiredo MAP, Di Santi SMF, Figueiredo TAP, Machado RZ. Natural Plasmodium infection in neotropical primates in the island of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:122-8. [PMID: 26154952 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612015034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The states that make up the Legal Amazon Region, which include the state of Maranhão, account for 99% of registered cases of human malaria in Brazil. It is also believed that transmission of malaria from nonhuman primates (NHP) to humans occurs in this region, because of current reports of seroepidemiological results from samples from humans and NHP coexisting in the same areas. This study aimed to make morphological, serological and molecular diagnoses of Plasmodium spp. in neotropical primates on the island of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. The diagnostic techniques used were optical microscopy, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). From June 2009 to April 2010, 70 NHP were sampled: 50 at the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS), located in the municipality of São Luís and 20 free-living individuals that were caught in a private reserve located in the municipality of São Jose de Ribamar, state of Maranhão. Under an optical microscope, 140 slides (two from each animal) were evaluated and five animals (7.1%) were found to be positive. IFA did not detect anti-Plasmodium spp. From PCR on the 70 animals sampled, amplified Plasmodium spp. products were observed in 13 samples, of which eight (61.5%) were from free-living animals and five (38.5%) were from animals at CETAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Araguaia Pereira Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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Ferrão JL, Mendes JM, Painho M. Modelling the influence of climate on malaria occurrence in Chimoio Municipality, Mozambique. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:260. [PMID: 28545595 PMCID: PMC5445389 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mozambique was recently ranked fifth in the African continent for the number of cases of malaria. In Chimoio municipality cases of malaria are increasing annually, contrary to the decreasing trend in Africa. As malaria transmission is influenced to a large extent by climatic conditions, modelling this relationship can provide useful insights for designing precision health measures for malaria control. There is a scarcity of information on the association between climatic variability and malaria transmission risk in Mozambique in general, and in Chimoio in particular. Therefore, the aim of this study is to model the association between climatic variables and malaria cases on a weekly basis, to help policy makers find adequate measures for malaria control and eradication. Methods Time series analysis was conducted using data on weekly climatic variables and weekly malaria cases (counts) in Chimoio municipality, from 2006 to 2014. All data were analysed using SPSS-20, R 3.3.2 and BioEstat 5.0. Cross-correlation analysis, linear processes, namely ARIMA models and regression modelling, were used to develop the final model. Results Between 2006 and 2014, 490,561 cases of malaria were recorded in Chimoio. Both malaria and climatic data exhibit weekly and yearly systematic fluctuations. Cross-correlation analysis showed that mean temperature and precipitation present significantly lagged correlations with malaria cases. An ARIMA model (2,1,0) (2,1,1)52, and a regression model for a Box-Cox transformed number of malaria cases with lags 1, 2 and 3 of weekly malaria cases and lags 6 and 7 of weekly mean temperature and lags 12 of precipitation were fitted. Although, both produced similar widths for prediction intervals, the last was able to anticipate malaria outbreak more accurately. Conclusion The Chimoio climate seems ideal for malaria occurrence. Malaria occurrence peaks during January to March in Chimoio. As the lag effect between climatic events and malaria occurrence is important for the prediction of malaria cases, this can be used for designing public precision health measures. The model can be used for planning specific measures for Chimoio municipality. Prospective and multidisciplinary research involving researchers from different fields is welcomed to improve the effect of climatic factors and other factors in malaria cases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2205-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Luís Ferrão
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica de Moçambique, Chimoio, Mozambique.
| | - Jorge M Mendes
- NOVA Information Management Scholl, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Painho
- NOVA Information Management Scholl, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Rowe RK, Pyle DM, Tomlinson AR, Lv T, Hu Z, Gill MA. IgE cross-linking impairs monocyte antiviral responses and inhibits influenza-driven T H1 differentiation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:294-298.e8. [PMID: 28087327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina K Rowe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Tex
| | - David M Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Tex; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Andrew R Tomlinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tinghong Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Tex
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Tex
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Tex; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas.
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Amoako-Sakyi D, Adukpo S, Kusi KA, Dodoo D, Ofori MF, Adjei GO, Edoh DE, Asmah RH, Brown C, Adu B, Obiri-Yeboah D, Futagbi G, Abubakari SB, Troye-Blomberg M, Akanmori BD, Goka BQ, Arko-Mensah J, Gyan BA. A STAT6 Intronic Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism is Associated with Clinical Malaria in Ghanaian Children. GENETICS & EPIGENETICS 2016; 8:7-14. [PMID: 27279750 PMCID: PMC4887113 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s38307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Malaria pathogenesis may be influenced by IgE responses and cytokine cross-regulation. Several mutations in the IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway can alter cytokine cross-regulation and IgE responses during a Plasmodium falciparum malarial infection. This study investigated the relationship between a STAT6 intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs3024974), total IgE, cytokines, and malaria severity in 238 Ghanaian children aged between 0.5 and 13 years. Total IgE and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA, while genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Compared with healthy controls, heterozygosity protected against clinical malaria: uncomplicated malaria (odds ratios [OR] = 0.13, P < 0.001), severe malarial anemia (OR = 0.18, P < 0.001), and cerebral malaria (OR = 0.39, P = 0.022). Levels of total IgE significantly differed among malaria phenotypes (P = 0.044) and rs3024974 genotypes (P = 0.037). Neither cytokine levels nor IL-6/IL-10 ratios were associated with malaria phenotypes or rs3024974 genotypes. This study suggests a role for rs3024974 in malaria pathogenesis and offers further insights into an IL-4/STAT6 pathway mutation in malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Amoako-Sakyi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.; Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selorme Adukpo
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kwadwo A Kusi
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael F Ofori
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George O Adjei
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.; Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dominic E Edoh
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard H Asmah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charles Brown
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright Adu
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godfred Futagbi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sharif Buari Abubakari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bartholomew D Akanmori
- Immunization and Vaccines Development Programme, Family & Reproductive Health Cluster, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Bamenla Q Goka
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ben A Gyan
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Shelton JMG, Corran P, Risley P, Silva N, Hubbart C, Jeffreys A, Rowlands K, Craik R, Cornelius V, Hensmann M, Molloy S, Sepulveda N, Clark TG, Band G, Clarke GM, Spencer CCA, Kerasidou A, Campino S, Auburn S, Tall A, Ly AB, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Sakuntabhai A, Djimdé A, Maiga B, Touré O, Doumbo OK, Dolo A, Troye-Blomberg M, Mangano VD, Verra F, Modiano D, Bougouma E, Sirima SB, Ibrahim M, Hussain A, Eid N, Elzein A, Mohammed H, Elhassan A, Elhassan I, Williams TN, Ndila C, Macharia A, Marsh K, Manjurano A, Reyburn H, Lemnge M, Ishengoma D, Carter R, Karunaweera N, Fernando D, Dewasurendra R, Drakeley CJ, Riley EM, Kwiatkowski DP, Rockett KA. Genetic determinants of anti-malarial acquired immunity in a large multi-centre study. Malar J 2015; 14:333. [PMID: 26314886 PMCID: PMC4552443 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies report associations between human genetic factors and immunity to malaria but few have been reliably replicated. These studies are usually country-specific, use small sample sizes and are
not directly comparable due to differences in methodologies. This study brings together samples and data collected from multiple sites across Africa and Asia to use standardized methods to look for consistent genetic effects on anti-malarial antibody levels. Methods Sera, DNA samples and clinical data were collected from 13,299 individuals from ten sites in Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka using standardized methods. DNA was extracted and typed for 202 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with known associations to malaria or antibody production, and antibody levels to four clinical grade malarial antigens [AMA1, MSP1, MSP2, and (NANP)4] plus total IgE were measured by ELISA techniques. Regression models were used to investigate the associations of clinical and genetic factors with antibody levels. Results Malaria infection increased levels of antibodies to malaria antigens and, as expected, stable predictors of anti-malarial antibody levels included age, seasonality, location, and ethnicity. Correlations between antibodies to blood-stage antigens AMA1, MSP1 and MSP2 were higher between themselves than with antibodies to the (NANP)4 epitope of the pre-erythrocytic circumsporozoite protein, while there was little or no correlation with total IgE levels. Individuals with sickle cell trait had significantly lower antibody levels to all blood-stage antigens, and recessive homozygotes for CD36 (rs321198) had significantly lower anti-malarial antibody levels to MSP2. Conclusion Although the most significant finding with a consistent effect across sites was for sickle cell trait, its effect is likely to be via reducing a microscopically positive parasitaemia rather than directly on antibody levels. However, this study does demonstrate a framework for the feasibility of combining data from sites with heterogeneous malaria transmission levels across Africa and Asia with which to explore genetic effects on anti-malarial immunity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0833-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M G Shelton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Patrick Corran
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK. .,National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Paul Risley
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Nilupa Silva
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Christina Hubbart
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Anna Jeffreys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kate Rowlands
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rachel Craik
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Victoria Cornelius
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Meike Hensmann
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sile Molloy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nuno Sepulveda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.
| | - Taane G Clark
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.
| | - Gavin Band
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Geraldine M Clarke
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Christopher C A Spencer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Angeliki Kerasidou
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, The Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Susana Campino
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Adama Tall
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Alioune Badara Ly
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Odile Mercereau-Puijalon
- Parasite Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Abdoulaye Djimdé
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Malaria Research and Training Center, USTTB, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Boubacar Maiga
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Malaria Research and Training Center, USTTB, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Ousmane Touré
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Malaria Research and Training Center, USTTB, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Malaria Research and Training Center, USTTB, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Amagana Dolo
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, Malaria Research and Training Center, USTTB, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20B, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Valentina D Mangano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Frederica Verra
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - David Modiano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Edith Bougouma
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Sodiomon B Sirima
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Muntaser Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Medical Sciences Campus, Qasser Street, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ayman Hussain
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Medical Sciences Campus, Qasser Street, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Nahid Eid
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Medical Sciences Campus, Qasser Street, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Abier Elzein
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Medical Sciences Campus, Qasser Street, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Hiba Mohammed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Medical Sciences Campus, Qasser Street, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ahmed Elhassan
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Medical Sciences Campus, Qasser Street, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ibrahim Elhassan
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Medical Sciences Campus, Qasser Street, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Thomas N Williams
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya. .,Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Carolyne Ndila
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Alexander Macharia
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Kevin Marsh
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Alphaxard Manjurano
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK. .,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Hugh Reyburn
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK. .,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Martha Lemnge
- National Institute for Medical Research, Ocean Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Deus Ishengoma
- National Institute for Medical Research, Ocean Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Richard Carter
- Division of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
| | - Nadira Karunaweera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Deepika Fernando
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Rajika Dewasurendra
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Christopher J Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK. .,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK. .,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Dominic P Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK. .,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Kirk A Rockett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK. .,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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Ktsoyan ZA, Mkrtchyan MS, Zakharyan MK, Mnatsakanyan AA, Arakelova KA, Gevorgyan ZU, Ktsoyan LA, Sedrakyan AÌ, Hovhannisyan AI, Ghazaryan KA, Boyajyan AS, Aminov RI. Differential induction of total IgE by two Salmonella enterica serotypes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:43. [PMID: 26075186 PMCID: PMC4443841 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to establish how the inflammation caused by infection with two different Salmonella enterica serotypes, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, may lead to the predisposition to allergy as measured by total IgE level in the blood. Infection by S. Typhimurium did not affect the systemic IgE concentration while in S. Enteritidis-infected patients there was a significant 3.5-fold increase. This effect was especially profound in patients >4 years old, with up to the 8-fold increase above the norm. The degree of dysbiosis in these two infections measured with the comparative counts of cultivated bacteria showed an inverse relationship with the IgE concentration. Earlier we reported the elevated level of IL-17 in patients infected by S. Enteritidis. In the current study a significant correlation was found between the concentrations of IL-17 and IgE suggesting a possible role played by this cytokine in triggering the production of IgE in response to S. Enteritidis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna A Ktsoyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Mkhitar S Mkrtchyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Magdalina K Zakharyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armine A Mnatsakanyan
- "Nork" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karine A Arakelova
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaruhi U Gevorgyan
- "Nork" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lusntag A Ktsoyan
- Yerevan State Medical University after Mkthitar Heratsi Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anahit Ì Sedrakyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Alvard I Hovhannisyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karine A Ghazaryan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anna S Boyajyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Rustam I Aminov
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Wangala B, Vovor A, Gantin RG, Agbeko YF, Lechner CJ, Huang X, Soboslay PT, Köhler C. Chemokine levels and parasite- and allergen-specific antibody responses in children and adults with severe or uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:131-41. [PMID: 25883801 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi-d-14-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine and antibody response profiles were investigated in children and adults with severe or uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria; the aim was to reveal which profiles are associated with severe disease, as often seen in nonimmune children, or with mild and uncomplicated disease, as seen in semi-immune adults. Blood samples were obtained from children under 5 years of age as well as adults with falciparum malaria. Classification of malaria was performed according to parasite densities and hemoglobin concentrations. Plasma levels of chemokines (IL-8, IP-10, MCP-4, TARC, PARC, MIP-1δ, eotaxins) were quantified, and antibody responses (IgE, IgG1, and IgG4) to P. falciparum, Entamoeba histolytica-specific antigen, and mite allergen extracts were determined. In children with severe malaria proinflammatory, IL-8, IP10, MIP-1δ, and LARC were at highly elevated levels, suggesting an association with severe disease. In contrast, the Th2-type chemokines TARC, PARC, and eotaxin-2 attained in children the same levels as in adults suggesting the evolution of immune regulatory components. In children with severe malaria, an elevated IgG1 and IgE reactivity to mite allergens and intestinal protozoan parasites was observed. In conclusion, exacerbated proinflammatory chemokines together with IgE responses to mite allergens or E. histolytica-specific antigen extract were observed in children with severe falciparum malaria.
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Konzuch S, Umeda T, Held J, Hähn S, Brücher K, Lienau C, Behrendt CT, Gräwert T, Bacher A, Illarionov B, Fischer M, Mordmüller B, Tanaka N, Kurz T. Binding modes of reverse fosmidomycin analogs toward the antimalarial target IspC. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8827-38. [PMID: 25254502 DOI: 10.1021/jm500850y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase of Plasmodium falciparum (PfIspC, PfDxr), believed to be the rate-limiting enzyme of the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis (MEP pathway), is a clinically validated antimalarial target. The enzyme is efficiently inhibited by the natural product fosmidomycin. To gain new insights into the structure activity relationships of reverse fosmidomycin analogs, several reverse analogs of fosmidomycin were synthesized and biologically evaluated. The 4-methoxyphenyl substituted derivative 2c showed potent inhibition of PfIspC as well as of P. falciparum growth and was more than one order of magnitude more active than fosmidomycin. The binding modes of three new derivatives in complex with PfIspC, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and Mg(2+) were determined by X-ray structure analysis. Notably, PfIspC selectively binds the S-enantiomers of the study compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Konzuch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität , Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Mulu A, Kassu A, Legesse M, Erko B, Nigussie D, Shimelis T, Belyhun Y, Moges B, Ota F, Elias D. Helminths and malaria co-infections are associated with elevated serum IgE. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:240. [PMID: 24886689 PMCID: PMC4063426 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both helminth and malaria infections result in a highly polarized immune response characterized by IgE production. This study aimed to investigate the total serum IgE profile in vivo as a measure of Th2 immune response in malaria patients with and without helminth co-infection. Methods A cross sectional observational study composed of microscopically confirmed malaria positive (N = 197) and malaria negative (N = 216) apparently healthy controls with and without helminth infection was conducted at Wondo Genet Health Center, Southern Ethiopia. A pre-designed structured format was utilized to collect socio-demographic and clinical data of the subjects. Detection and quantification of helminths, malaria parasites and determination of serum IgE levels were carried out following standard procedures. Results Irrespective of helminth infection, individuals infected by malaria showed significantly high levels of serum IgE compared with malaria free apparently healthy controls (with and without helminth infections). Moreover, malaria patients co-infected with intestinal helminths showed high level of serum IgE compared with those malaria patients without intestinal helminths (2198 IU/ml versus 1668 IU/ml). A strong statistically significant association was observed between malaria parasite density and elevated serum IgE levels (2047 IU/ml versus 1778 IU/ml; P = 0.001) with high and low parasitaemia (parasite density >50,000 parasite/μl of blood), respectively. Likewise, helminth egg loads were significantly associated with elevated serum IgE levels (P = 0.003). Conclusions The elevated serum IgE response in malaria patients irrespective of helminth infection and its correlation with malaria parasite density and helminth egg intensity support that malaria infection is also a strong driver of IgE production as compared to helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andargachew Mulu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Fink G, Dickens WT, Jordan M, Cohen JL. Access to subsidized ACT and malaria treatment--evidence from the first year of the AMFm program in six districts in Uganda. Health Policy Plan 2013; 29:517-27. [PMID: 23783833 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czt041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of the Affordable Medicines Facility for malaria (AMFm) launched in April 2011 in Uganda on the use of Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) for malaria treatment. METHODS 2398 households across six districts in Eastern Uganda were monitored through monthly survey visits from April 2011 to April 2012. During each visit, health seeking modules were completed for any morbidity episode reported by the household. Additional surveys were conducted with 114 licensed drug shops in the same districts in April 2011 and April 2012. Changes in drug shops' stocking and pricing of ACTs, as well as changes in households' treatment behaviour and drug usage were analysed. RESULTS The fraction of licensed drug shops reporting that an ACT was one of their top five bestselling antimalarial drugs increased from 32% to 84% (Δ=0.517, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) [0.407, 0.628], P<0.001). The fraction of children under the age of 5 with fevers getting an ACT increased from 37% to 47% (Δ=0.103, 95% CI [0.070, 0.136], P<0.001), and the fraction of ACT treatments among patients getting any antimalarial increased from 51% to 65% (Δ=0.145, 95% CI [0.121, 0.169], P<0.001). The observed changes were particularly large among poorer households, and were smallest for households from the highest wealth quintile. CONCLUSIONS The study results suggest that, during its first year of implementation in Uganda, the AMFm achieved its main objective of increasing the availability and use of ACTs. Estimates of the impact of the AMFm on ACT use for children under 5 imply that the program should be considered highly cost-effective under current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The overall results look promising, but larger and longer term studies will be needed to assess the health impact and cost-effectiveness of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Fink
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Economics, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 301 Lake Hall, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA, The Brookings Institution, 1775 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20036 and Harvard School of Public Health and Brookings Institution
| | - William T Dickens
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Economics, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 301 Lake Hall, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA, The Brookings Institution, 1775 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20036 and Harvard School of Public Health and Brookings Institution
| | - Matthew Jordan
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Economics, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 301 Lake Hall, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA, The Brookings Institution, 1775 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20036 and Harvard School of Public Health and Brookings Institution
| | - Jessica L Cohen
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Economics, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 301 Lake Hall, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA, The Brookings Institution, 1775 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20036 and Harvard School of Public Health and Brookings Institution
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Herrant M, Loucoubar C, Bassène H, Gonçalves B, Boufkhed S, Diene Sarr F, Fontanet A, Tall A, Baril L, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Mécheri S, Sakuntabhai A, Paul R. Asthma and atopic dermatitis are associated with increased risk of clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2013-002835. [PMID: 23883878 PMCID: PMC3731724 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of atopy and allergy on the risk of clinical malaria. DESIGN A clinical and immunological allergy cross-sectional survey in a birth cohort of 175 children from 1 month to 14 years of age followed for up to 15 years in a longitudinal open cohort study of malaria in Senegal. Malaria incidence data were available for 143 of these children (aged 4 months to 14 years of age) for up to 15 years. Mixed-model regression analysis was used to determine the impact of allergy status on malaria incidence, adjusting for age, gender, sickle-cell trait and force of infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis status, the number of clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria episodes since birth and associated parasite density. RESULTS 12% of the children were classified as asthmatic and 10% as having atopic dermatitis. These groups had respectively a twofold (OR 2.12 95%; CI 1.46 to 3.08; p=8×10(-5)) and threefold (OR 3.15; 1.56 to 6.33; p=1.3×10(-3)) increase in the risk of clinical P falciparum malaria once older than the age of peak incidence of clinical malaria (3-4 years of age). They also presented with higher P falciparum parasite densities (asthma: mean 105.3 parasites/μL±SE 41.0 vs 51.3±9.7; p=6.2×10(-3). Atopic dermatitis: 135.4±70.7 vs 52.3±11.0; p=0.014). There was no effect of allergy on the number of non-malaria clinical presentations. Individuals with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis did not have an increased risk of clinical malaria nor any difference in parasite densities. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that asthma and atopic dermatitis delay the development of clinical immunity to P falciparum. Despite the encouraging decrease in malaria incidence rates in Africa, a significant concern is the extent to which the increase in allergy will exacerbate the burden of malaria. Given the demonstrated antiparasitic effect of antihistamines, administration to atopic children will likely reduce the burden of clinical malaria in these children, increase the efficacy of first-line treatment antimalarials and alleviate the non-infectious consequences of atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Herrant
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de la Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de la Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
- INSERM, U946, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit,Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Hubert Bassène
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Bronner Gonçalves
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sabah Boufkhed
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatoumata Diene Sarr
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Adama Tall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Laurence Baril
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Salaheddine Mécheri
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasite, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 2581, Paris, France
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de la Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
- Complex Systems Group, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Richard Paul
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de la Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
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Wang CC, Sung TC, Hsu CH, Tsai YD, Chen YC, Lee MC, Huang IY. A protein concentration measurement system using a flexural plate-wave frequency-shift readout technique. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 13:86-105. [PMID: 23344375 PMCID: PMC3574666 DOI: 10.3390/s130100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A protein concentration measurement system with two-port flexural plate-wave (FPW) biosensors using a frequency-shift readout technique is presented in this paper. The proposed frequency-shift readout method employs a peak detecting scheme to measure the amount of resonant frequency shift. The proposed system is composed of a linear frequency generator, a pair of peak detectors, two registers, and a subtractor. The frequency sweep range of the linear frequency generator is limited to 2 MHz to 10 MHz according to the characteristics of the FPW biosensors. The proposed frequency-shift readout circuit is carried out on silicon using a standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The sensitivity of the peak detectors is measured to be 10 mV. The power consumption of the proposed protein concentration measurement system is 48 mW given a 0.1 MHz system clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chua-Chin Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (T.-C.S.); (Y.-D.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-C.L.)
| | - Tzu-Chiao Sung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (T.-C.S.); (Y.-D.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-C.L.)
| | - Chia-Hao Hsu
- Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Tainan 70955, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yue-Da Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (T.-C.S.); (Y.-D.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-C.L.)
| | - Yun-Chi Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (T.-C.S.); (Y.-D.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-C.L.)
| | - Ming-Chih Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (T.-C.S.); (Y.-D.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-C.L.)
| | - I-Yu Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (T.-C.S.); (Y.-D.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-C.L.)
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Zarebavani M, Dargahi D, Einollahi N, Dashti N, Mohebali M, Rezaeian M. Serum levels of zinc, copper, vitamin B12, folate and immunoglobulins in individuals with giardiasis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 41:47-53. [PMID: 23641390 PMCID: PMC3640781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia lamblia is one of the most important intestinal parasites. The aim of this study was to measure serum levels of IgA, IgE, zinc, copper, vitamin B12 and folate in individuals with giardiasis in comparison to normal subjects. METHODS The study was carried out among 49 Giardia positive and 39 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. Examination of stool samples was done by direct wet smear and formol-ether concentration method. Serum samples were obtained for further laboratory examination. IgA levels were measured by Single Radial Immune Diffusion (SRID). IgE levels were measured by ELISA kit. Zinc and copper levels was measured by Ziestchem Diagnostics Kit and colorimetric endpoint-method respectively. Vitamin B12 and folate levels were measured by DRG Diagnostics Kit and Enzyme Immunoassay method respectively. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 17. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in IgA, IgE, copper and zinc levels between positive and negative groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between vitamin B12 and folate levels between the two groups. Mean values of Giardia positive and negative groups for IgA were 309.26 and 216.89 mg/dl, IgE 167.34 and 35.49 IU/ml, copper 309.74 and 253.61 μg/dl and zinc 69.41 and 144.75 μg/dl respectively. CONCLUSION The results showed levels of IgA may correlate more closely with giardiasis than IgE. Regarding trace elements, giardiasis elevated serum copper levels, while it decreased serum zinc. Finally, there was no significant difference in serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zarebavani
- Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - D Dargahi
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Einollahi
- Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Authors: ,
| | - N Dashti
- Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mohebali
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Rezaeian
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Authors: ,
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Duarte J, Herbert F, Guiyedi V, Franetich JF, Roland J, Cazenave PA, Mazier D, Kombila M, Fesel C, Pied S. High Levels of Immunoglobulin E Autoantibody to 14-3-3 Protein Correlate With Protection Against Severe Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1781-9. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Karagiannis SN, Josephs DH, Karagiannis P, Gilbert AE, Saul L, Rudman SM, Dodev T, Koers A, Blower PJ, Corrigan C, Beavil AJ, Spicer JF, Nestle FO, Gould HJ. Recombinant IgE antibodies for passive immunotherapy of solid tumours: from concept towards clinical application. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1547-64. [PMID: 22139135 PMCID: PMC11028906 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have revolutionised treatment of some cancers and improved prognosis for many patients. Over half of those available are approved for haematological malignancies, but efficacious antibodies for solid tumours are still urgently needed. Clinically available antibodies belong to the IgG class, the most prevalent antibody class in human blood, while other classes have not been extensively considered. We hypothesised that the unique properties of IgE, a class of tissue-resident antibodies commonly associated with allergies, which can trigger powerful immune responses through strong affinity for their particular receptors on effector cells, could be employed for passive immunotherapy of solid tumours such as ovarian and breast carcinomas. Our laboratory has examined this concept by evaluating two chimaeric antibodies of the same specificity (MOv18) but different isotype, an IgG1 and an IgE against the tumour antigen folate receptor α (FRα). The latter demonstrates the potency of IgE to mount superior immune responses against tumours in disease-relevant models. We identified Fcε receptor-expressing cells, monocytes/macrophages and eosinophils, activated by MOv18 IgE to kill tumour cells by mechanisms such as ADCC and ADCP. We also applied this notion to a marketed therapeutic, the humanised IgG1 antibody trastuzumab and engineered an IgE counterpart, which retained the functions of trastuzumab in restricting proliferation of HER2/neu-expressing tumour cells but also activated effector cells to kill tumour cells by different mechanisms. On-going efficacy, safety evaluations and future first-in-man clinical studies of IgE therapeutics constitute key metrics for this concept, providing new scope for antibody immunotherapies for solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia N Karagiannis
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK.
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Laishram DD, Sutton PL, Nanda N, Sharma VL, Sobti RC, Carlton JM, Joshi H. The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria. Malar J 2012; 11:29. [PMID: 22289302 PMCID: PMC3342920 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a serious parasitic disease in the developing world, causing high morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of malaria is complex, and the clinical presentation of disease ranges from severe and complicated, to mild and uncomplicated, to asymptomatic malaria. Despite a wealth of studies on the clinical severity of disease, asymptomatic malaria infections are still poorly understood. Asymptomatic malaria remains a challenge for malaria control programs as it significantly influences transmission dynamics. A thorough understanding of the interaction between hosts and parasites in the development of different clinical outcomes is required. In this review, the problems and obstacles to the study and control of asymptomatic malaria are discussed. The human and parasite factors associated with differential clinical outcomes are described and the management and treatment strategies for the control of the disease are outlined. Further, the crucial gaps in the knowledge of asymptomatic malaria that should be the focus of future research towards development of more effective malaria control strategies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolie D Laishram
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Blank U, Mécheri S. Duality and complexity of allergic type inflammatory mechanisms in determining the outcome of malaria disease. Front Immunol 2011; 2:78. [PMID: 22566867 PMCID: PMC3342065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the effector arms of the pathogenesis of severe forms of malaria disease is the development of uncontrolled or excessive inflammatory responses. A characteristic inflammatory response may arise from the propensity of some individuals to produce IgE antibodies against environmental antigens or against parasite components. We believe that an allergic inflammatory response which develops concomitantly with a malaria episode may drive the disease course toward severe forms. The role of the IgE–FcεRI complex in malaria severity in Plasmodium falciparum-hosting patients is unknown. Subsequently, except a very limited number of reports, study of effector cells that express this complex such as mast cells and basophils and that may contribute to malaria pathogenesis have been particularly neglected. A better understanding of this type of inflammatory response and its implication in malaria disease and how it impacts Plasmodium parasite development may provide additional tools to alleviate or to cure this deadly disease.
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Muxel SM, Freitas do Rosário AP, Zago CA, Castillo-Méndez SI, Sardinha LR, Rodriguez-Málaga SM, Câmara NOS, Álvarez JM, Lima MRD. The spleen CD4+ T cell response to blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi malaria develops in two phases characterized by different properties. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22434. [PMID: 21814579 PMCID: PMC3141041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of spleen CD4+ T cells in the development of both malaria pathogenesis and protective immunity makes necessary a profound comprehension of the mechanisms involved in their activation and regulation during Plasmodium infection. Herein, we examined in detail the behaviour of non-conventional and conventional splenic CD4+ T cells during P. chabaudi malaria. We took advantage of the fact that a great proportion of CD4+ T cells generated in CD1d-/- mice are I-Ab-restricted (conventional cells), while their counterparts in I-Ab-/- mice are restricted by CD1d and other class IB major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (non-conventional cells). We found that conventional CD4+ T cells are the main protagonists of the immune response to infection, which develops in two consecutive phases concomitant with acute and chronic parasitaemias. The early phase of the conventional CD4+ T cell response is intense and short lasting, rapidly providing large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and helping follicular and marginal zone B cells to secrete polyclonal immunoglobulin. Both TNF-α and IFN-γ production depend mostly on conventional CD4+ T cells. IFN-γ is produced simultaneously by non-conventional and conventional CD4+ T cells. The early phase of the response finishes after a week of infection, with the elimination of a large proportion of CD4+ T cells, which then gives opportunity to the development of acquired immunity. Unexpectedly, the major contribution of CD1d-restricted CD4+ T cells occurs at the beginning of the second phase of the response, but not earlier, helping both IFN-γ and parasite-specific antibody production. We concluded that conventional CD4+ T cells have a central role from the onset of P. chabaudi malaria, acting in parallel with non-conventional CD4+ T cells as a link between innate and acquired immunity. This study contributes to the understanding of malaria immunology and opens a perspective for future studies designed to decipher the molecular mechanisms behind immune responses to Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marcia Muxel
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wang Y, Jackson KJL, Chen Z, Gaëta BA, Siba PM, Pomat W, Walpole E, Rimmer J, Sewell WA, Collins AM. IgE sequences in individuals living in an area of endemic parasitism show little mutational evidence of antigen selection. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:496-504. [PMID: 21284686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of somatic mutation in IgE genes from allergic individuals have been a focus of study for many years, but IgE sequences have never been reported from parasitized individuals. To study the role of antigen selection in the evolution of the anti-parasite response, we therefore generated 118 IgE sequences from donors living in Papua New Guinea (PNG), an area of endemic parasitism. For comparison, we also generated IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 sequences from these donors, as well as IgG1 sequences from Australian donors. IgE sequences had, on average, 23.0 mutations. PNG IgG sequences had average mutation levels that varied from 17.7 (IgG3) to 27.1 (IgG4). Mean mutation levels correlated significantly with the position of their genes in the constant region gene locus (IgG3 < IgG1 < IgG2 < IgG4). Interestingly, given the heavy, life-long antigen burden experienced by PNG villagers, average mutation levels in IgG sequences were little different to that seen in Australian IgG1 sequences (19.2). Patterns of mutation provide clear evidence of antigen selection in many IgG sequences. The percentage of IgG sequences that showed significant accumulations of replacement mutations in the complementarity determining regions ranged from 22% of IgG3 sequences to 39% of IgG2 sequences. By contrast, only 12% of IgE sequences had such evidence of antigen selection, and this was significantly less than in PNG IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 subclass sequences (P < 0.01). The anti-parasite IgE response therefore has the reduced evidence of antigen selection that has previously been reported in studies of IgE sequences from allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mecheri S. Contribution of allergic inflammatory response to the pathogenesis of malaria disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:49-56. [PMID: 21354307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the aetiological agent of human lethal malaria, is responsible for over 2 million deaths per year and malaria episodes may vary considerably in their severity and clinical manifestations. Dysregulated balance of the inflammatory response and a defect in the anti-Plasmodium parasite immune response represent the hallmarks of malaria disease. Among the many possible mechanisms, it is now widely recognized that the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines and upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules play important roles in malaria pathogenesis. We and others provided evidence that some components of allergic inflammatory response to malaria parasites or elicited by by-products of parasite infection may contribute to malaria pathogenesis. This review provides some clue regarding these mechanisms where mast cells and histamine, an inflammatory mediator generated following IgE-independent or IgE-mediated immune response, were found to play a major role in parasite transmission and malaria pathogenesis, respectively. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mast cells in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salaheddine Mecheri
- Biology of Host Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Pate MB, Smith JK, Chi DS, Krishnaswamy G. Regulation and dysregulation of immunoglobulin E: a molecular and clinical perspective. Clin Mol Allergy 2010; 8:3. [PMID: 20178634 PMCID: PMC2837605 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered levels of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) represent a dysregulation of IgE synthesis and may be seen in a variety of immunological disorders. The object of this review is to summarize the historical and molecular aspects of IgE synthesis and the disorders associated with dysregulation of IgE production. METHODS Articles published in Medline/PubMed were searched with the keyword Immunoglobulin E and specific terms such as class switch recombination, deficiency and/or specific disease conditions (atopy, neoplasia, renal disease, myeloma, etc.). The selected papers included reviews, case reports, retrospective reviews and molecular mechanisms. Studies involving both sexes and all ages were included in the analysis. RESULTS Both very low and elevated levels of IgE may be seen in clinical practice. Major advancements have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of IgE class switching including roles for T cells, cytokines and T regulatory (or Treg) cells in this process. Dysregulation of this process may result in either elevated IgE levels or IgE deficiency. CONCLUSION Evaluation of a patient with elevated IgE must involve a detailed differential diagnosis and consideration of various immunological and non-immunological disorders. The use of appropriate tests will allow the correct diagnosis to be made. This can often assist in the development of tailored treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah B Pate
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - John Kelly Smith
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - David S Chi
- Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Guha Krishnaswamy
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Mountain Home, TN, USA
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Bansal D, Herbert F, Lim P, Deshpande P, Bécavin C, Guiyedi V, de Maria I, Rousselle JC, Namane A, Jain R, Cazenave PA, Mishra GC, Ferlini C, Fesel C, Benecke A, Pied S. IgG autoantibody to brain beta tubulin III associated with cytokine cluster-II discriminate cerebral malaria in central India. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8245. [PMID: 20011600 PMCID: PMC2788233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main processes in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum involved sequestration of parasitized red blood cells and immunopathological responses. Among immune factors, IgG autoantibodies to brain antigens are increased in P. falciparum infected patients and correlate with disease severity in African children. Nevertheless, their role in the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria (CM) is not fully defined. We extended our analysis to an Indian population with genetic backgrounds and endemic and environmental status different from Africa to determine if these autoantibodies could be either a biomarker or a risk factor of developing CM. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the significance of these self-reactive antibodies in clinically well-defined groups of P. falciparum infected patients manifesting mild malaria (MM), severe non-cerebral malaria (SM), or cerebral malaria (CM) and in control subjects from Gondia, a malaria epidemic site in central India using quantitative immunoprinting and multivariate statistical analyses. A two-fold complete-linkage hierarchical clustering allows classifying the different patient groups and to distinguish the CM from the others on the basis of their profile of IgG reactivity to brain proteins defined by PANAMA Blot. We identified beta tubulin III (TBB3) as a novel discriminant brain antigen in the prevalence of CM. In addition, circulating IgG from CM patients highly react with recombinant TBB3. Overall, correspondence analyses based on singular value decomposition show a strong correlation between IgG anti-TBB3 and elevated concentration of cluster-II cytokine (IFNgamma, IL1beta, TNFalpha, TGFbeta) previously demonstrated to be a predictor of CM in the same population. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, these findings validate the relationship between antibody response to brain induced by P. falciparum infection and plasma cytokine patterns with clinical outcome of malaria. They also provide significant insight into the immune mechanisms associated to CM by the identification of TBB3 as a new disease-specific marker and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Bansal
- Equipe PIME CNRS, Inserm U547, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Pôle Universitaire Nord, France
| | - Fabien Herbert
- Equipe PIME CNRS, Inserm U547, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Pôle Universitaire Nord, France
| | - Pharath Lim
- Equipe PIME CNRS, Inserm U547, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Pôle Universitaire Nord, France
| | | | - Christophe Bécavin
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire CNRS USR3078 Univ. Lille I, II, and Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Bures sur Yvettes, France
| | - Vincent Guiyedi
- Equipe PIME CNRS, Inserm U547, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Pôle Universitaire Nord, France
| | - Ilaria de Maria
- Laboratory of Antineoplastic Pharmacology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Abdelkader Namane
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-Forme de Protéomique, CNRS URA 2185, Paris, France
| | - Rajendra Jain
- K.T.S. Hospital, Gondia District, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- Equipe PIME CNRS, Inserm U547, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Pôle Universitaire Nord, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–CNRS U7087, and Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Cristiano Ferlini
- Laboratory of Antineoplastic Pharmacology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Arndt Benecke
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire CNRS USR3078 Univ. Lille I, II, and Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Bures sur Yvettes, France
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Equipe PIME CNRS, Inserm U547, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Pôle Universitaire Nord, France
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50
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Oleinikov AV, Amos E, Frye IT, Rossnagle E, Mutabingwa TK, Fried M, Duffy PE. High throughput functional assays of the variant antigen PfEMP1 reveal a single domain in the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum genome that binds ICAM1 with high affinity and is targeted by naturally acquired neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000386. [PMID: 19381252 PMCID: PMC2663049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum–infected erythrocytes bind endothelial receptors to sequester in vascular beds, and binding to ICAM1 has been implicated in cerebral malaria. Binding to ICAM1 may be mediated by the variant surface antigen family PfEMP1: for example, 6 of 21 DBLβC2 domains from the IT4 strain PfEMP1 repertoire were shown to bind ICAM1, and the PfEMP1 containing these 6 domains are all classified as Group B or C type. In this study, we surveyed binding of ICAM1 to 16 DBLβC2 domains of the 3D7 strain PfEMP1 repertoire, using a high throughput Bioplex assay format. Only one DBL2βC2 domain from the Group A PfEMP1 PF11_0521 showed strong specific binding. Among these 16 domains, DBL2βC2PF11_0521 best preserved the residues previously identified as conserved in ICAM1-binding versus non-binding domains. Our analyses further highlighted the potential role of conserved residues within predominantly non-conserved flexible loops in adhesion, and, therefore, as targets for intervention. Our studies also suggest that the structural/functional DBLβC2 domain involved in ICAM1 binding includes about 80 amino acid residues upstream of the previously suggested DBLβC2 domain. DBL2βC2PF11_0521 binding to ICAM1 was inhibited by immune sera from east Africa but not by control US sera. Neutralizing antibodies were uncommon in children but common in immune adults from east Africa. Inhibition of binding was much more efficient than reversal of binding, indicating a strong interaction between DBL2βC2PF11_0521 and ICAM1. Our high throughput approach will significantly accelerate studies of PfEMP1 binding domains and protective antibody responses. Plasmodium falciparum exports the protein PfEMP1 to the surface of parasitized erythrocytes for roles in immunoevasion and adhesion. The size and structural complexity of this diverse protein family have limited earlier studies of PfEMP1 biology to low throughput and semi-quantitative approaches. We developed a high throughput quantitative assay of PfEMP1 adhesion and used it to analyze structural features of domains that bind the putative cerebral receptor ICAM1, as well as to survey the acquisition of functional antibodies in malaria-exposed children and adults. In studies of the PfEMP1 repertoire of clone 3D7 parasites, a single specific domain bound ICAM1 strongly. PfEMP1 domains that bind ICAM1 strongly have conserved features, including conserved amino acids within otherwise highly variant flexible loops of the protein. While neutralizing antibodies against the PfEMP1–ICAM1 interaction were uncommon in Tanzanian children, such antibodies were common in east African adults, possibly explaining why immune adults rarely carry ICAM1-binding parasites. This high throughput platform will significantly accelerate studies of PfEMP1 binding domains and the corresponding antibody responses involved in protective immunity.
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