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Wong W, Bai XC, Sleebs BE, Triglia T, Brown A, Thompson JK, Jackson KE, Hanssen E, Marapana DS, Fernandez IS, Ralph SA, Cowman AF, Scheres SH, Baum J. Mefloquine targets the Plasmodium falciparum 80S ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17031. [PMID: 28288098 PMCID: PMC5439513 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria control is heavily dependent on chemotherapeutic agents for disease prevention and drug treatment. Defining the mechanism of action for licensed drugs, for which no target is characterized, is critical to the development of their second-generation derivatives to improve drug potency towards inhibition of their molecular targets. Mefloquine is a widely used antimalarial without a known mode of action. Here, we demonstrate that mefloquine is a protein synthesis inhibitor. We solved a 3.2 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Plasmodium falciparum 80S ribosome with the (+)-mefloquine enantiomer bound to the ribosome GTPase-associated centre. Mutagenesis of mefloquine-binding residues generates parasites with increased resistance, confirming the parasite-killing mechanism. Furthermore, structure-guided derivatives with an altered piperidine group, predicted to improve binding, show enhanced parasiticidal effect. These data reveal one possible mode of action for mefloquine and demonstrate the vast potential of cryo-electron microscopy to guide the development of mefloquine derivatives to inhibit parasite protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Wong
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Tony Triglia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Alan Brown
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jennifer K. Thompson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Katherine E. Jackson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Danushka S. Marapana
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Israel S. Fernandez
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stuart A. Ralph
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Sjors H.W. Scheres
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jake Baum
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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2
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Quiliano M, Mendoza A, Fong KY, Pabón A, Goldfarb NE, Fabing I, Vettorazzi A, López de Cerain A, Dunn BM, Garavito G, Wright DW, Deharo E, Pérez-Silanes S, Aldana I, Galiano S. Exploring the scope of new arylamino alcohol derivatives: Synthesis, antimalarial evaluation, toxicological studies, and target exploration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2016; 6:184-198. [PMID: 27718413 PMCID: PMC5061469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of new 1-aryl-3-substituted propanol derivatives followed by structure-activity relationship, in silico drug-likeness, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, in silico metabolism, in silico pharmacophore modeling, and in vivo studies led to the identification of compounds 22 and 23 with significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity against drug sensitive (D6 IC50 ≤ 0.19 μM) and multidrug resistant (FCR-3 IC50 ≤ 0.40 μM and C235 IC50 ≤ 0.28 μM) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Adequate selectivity index and absence of genotoxicity was also observed. Notably, compound 22 displays excellent parasitemia reduction (98 ± 1%), and complete cure with all treated mice surviving through the entire period with no signs of toxicity. One important factor is the agreement between in vitro potency and in vivo studies. Target exploration was performed; this chemotype series exhibits an alternative antimalarial mechanism. New aryl-substituted propanol derivatives (APD) show promising antimalarial activity. γ-amino alcohol moiety is significant antimalarial chemotype. Compound 22 displays excellent in vivo parasitemia reduction (98%) and complete cure. APD are active against drug sensitive and multidrug resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Quiliano
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Adela Mendoza
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Kim Y Fong
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Adriana Pabón
- Grupo Malaria, Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nathan E Goldfarb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Isabelle Fabing
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique SPCMIB - UMR5068, CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Ben M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Giovanny Garavito
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia (DFUNC), Grupo de investigación FaMeTra (Farmacología de la Medicina tradicional y popular), Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - David W Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Eric Deharo
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Université Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Pérez-Silanes
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Ignacio Aldana
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Silvia Galiano
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
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3
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Bentzinger G, De Souza W, Mullié C, Agnamey P, Dassonville-Klimpt A, Sonnet P. Asymmetric synthesis of new antimalarial aminoquinolines through Sharpless aminohydroxylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Comparison of MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cell based permeability assays for anti-malarial drug screening and drug investigations. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:188-94. [PMID: 25150934 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria is a major health concern and affects over 300million people a year. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for new efficacious anti-malarial drugs. A major challenge in developing new anti-malarial drugs is to design active molecules that have preferable drug-like characteristics. These "drug-like" characteristics include physiochemical properties that affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Compounds with poor ADME profiles will likely fail in vivo due to poor pharmacokinetics and/or other drug delivery related issues. There have been numerous assays developed in order to pre-screen compounds that would likely fail in further development due to poor absorption properties including PAMPA, Caco-2, and MDCK permeability assays. METHODS The use of cell-based permeability assays such as Caco-2 and MDCK serve as surrogate indicators of drug absorption and transport, with the two approaches often used interchangeably. We sought to evaluate both approaches in support of anti-malarial drug development. Accordingly, a comparison of both assays was conducted utilizing apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) values determined from liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. RESULTS Both Caco-2 and MDCK permeability assays produced similar Papp results for potential anti-malarial compounds with low and medium permeability. Differences were observed for compounds with high permeability and compounds that were P-gp substrates. Additionally, the utility of MDCK-MDR1 permeability measurements was demonstrated in probing the role of P-glycoprotein transport in Primaquine-Chloroquine drug-drug interactions in comparison with in vivo pharmacokinetic changes. DISCUSSION This study provides an in-depth comparison of the Caco-2 and MDCK-MDR1 cell based permeability assays and illustrates the utility of cell-based permeability assays in anti-malarial drug screening/development in regard to understanding transporter mediated changes in drug absorption/distribution.
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Videnović M, Opsenica DM, Burnett J, Gomba L, Nuss JE, Selaković Ž, Konstantinović J, Krstić M, Šegan S, Zlatović M, Sciotti RJ, Bavari S, Šolaja BA. Second generation steroidal 4-aminoquinolines are potent, dual-target inhibitors of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A metalloprotease and P. falciparum malaria. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4134-53. [PMID: 24742203 PMCID: PMC4032193 DOI: 10.1021/jm500033r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Significantly more potent second generation 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline (4,7-ACQ) based inhibitors of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) light chain were synthesized. Introducing an amino group at the C(3) position of the cholate component markedly increased potency (IC50 values for such derivatives ranged from 0.81 to 2.27 μM). Two additional subclasses were prepared: bis(steroidal)-4,7-ACQ derivatives and bis(4,7-ACQ)cholate derivatives; both classes provided inhibitors with nanomolar-range potencies (e.g., the Ki of compound 67 is 0.10 μM). During BoNT/A challenge using primary neurons, select derivatives protected SNAP-25 by up to 89%. Docking simulations were performed to rationalize the compounds' in vitro potencies. In addition to specific residue contacts, coordination of the enzyme's catalytic zinc and expulsion of the enzyme's catalytic water were a consistent theme. With respect to antimalarial activity, the compounds provided better IC90 activities against chloroquine resistant (CQR) malaria than CQ, and seven compounds were more active than mefloquine against CQR strain W2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Videnović
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan M. Opsenica
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James
C. Burnett
- Computational
Drug Development Group, Leidos Biomedical
Research, Inc., FNLCR at Frederick, P.O.
Box B, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Laura Gomba
- Department
of Bacteriology, United States Army Medical
Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Nuss
- Department
of Bacteriology, United States Army Medical
Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Života Selaković
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Konstantinović
- Faculty
of Chemistry Innovative Centre, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Krstić
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Šegan
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mario Zlatović
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Richard J. Sciotti
- Division
of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed
Army Institute of Research, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Sina Bavari
- Target
Discovery and Experimental Microbiology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Bogdan A. Šolaja
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
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6
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Sousa JC, Milner E, Carroll D, McCalmont W, Gardner S, Moon J, Johnson JD, Lee P, Auschwitz J, Roncal N, Caridha D, Tungteung A, Zeng Q, Reyes S, Smith B, Li Q, Kozar MP, Melendez V, Dow G. The use of a prodrug approach to minimize potential CNS exposure of next generation quinoline methanols while maintaining efficacy in in vivo animal models. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 39:231-6. [PMID: 24705994 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-013-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of mefloquine (MQ) for antimalarial treatment and prophylaxis has diminished largely in response to concerns about its neurologic side effects. An analog campaign designed to maintain the efficacy of MQ while minimizing blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration has resulted in the synthesis of a prodrug with comparable-to-superior in vivo efficacy versus mefloquine in a P. berghei mouse model while exhibiting a sixfold reduction in CNS drug levels. The prodrug, WR319670, performed poorly compared to MQ in in vitro efficacy assays, but had promising in vitro permeability in an MDCK-MDR1 cell line BBB permeability screen. Its metabolite, WR308245, exhibited high predicted BBB penetration with excellent in vitro efficacy. Both WR319670 and WR308245 cured 5/5 animals in separate in vivo efficacy studies. The in vivo efficacy of WR319670 was thought to be due to the formation of a more active metabolite, specifically WR308245. This was supported by pharmacokinetics studies in non-infected mice, which showed that both IV and oral administration of WR319670 produced essentially identical levels of WR319670 and WR308245 in both plasma and brain samples at all time points. In these studies, the levels of WR308245 in the brain were 1/4 and 1/6 that of MQ in similar IV and oral studies, respectively. These data show that the use of WR319670 as an antimalarial prodrug was able to maintain efficacy in in vivo efficacy screens, while significantly lowering overall penetration of drug and metabolites across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Sousa
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA,
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7
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Synthesis, characterization and antimalarial activity of quinoline–pyrimidine hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:269-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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The design, synthesis, in silico ADME profiling, antiplasmodial and antimycobacterial evaluation of new arylamino quinoline derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 57:259-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Nevin RL. Mass administration of the antimalarial drug mefloquine to Guantánamo detainees: a critical analysis. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:1281-8. [PMID: 22882560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, evidence has emerged from an unusual form of mass drug administration practised among detainees held at US Naval Station Guantánamo Bay, Cuba ('Guantánamo'), ostensibly as a public health measure. Mefloquine, an antimalarial drug originally developed by the US military, whose use is associated with a range of severe neuropsychiatric adverse effects, was administered at treatment doses to detainees immediately upon their arrival at Guantánamo, prior to laboratory testing for malaria and irrespective of symptoms of disease. In this analysis, the history of mefloquine's development is reviewed and the indications for its administration at treatment doses are discussed. The stated rationale for the use of mefloquine among Guantánamo detainees is then evaluated in the context of accepted forms of population-based malaria control. It is concluded that there was no plausible public health indication for the use of mefloquine at Guantánamo and that based on prevailing standards of care, the clinical indications for its use are decidedly unclear. This analysis suggests the troubling possibility that the use of mefloquine at Guantánamo may have been motivated in part by knowledge of the drug's adverse effects, and points to a critical need for further investigation to resolve unanswered questions regarding the drug's potentially inappropriate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remington L Nevin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Bayne-Jones Army Community Hospital, Ft. Polk, LA, USA
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10
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Boechat N, Pinheiro LCS, Silva TS, Aguiar ACC, Carvalho AS, Bastos MM, Costa CCP, Pinheiro S, Pinto AC, Mendonça JS, Dutra KDB, Valverde AL, Santos-Filho OA, Ceravolo IP, Krettli AU. New trifluoromethyl triazolopyrimidines as anti-Plasmodium falciparum agents. Molecules 2012; 17:8285-302. [PMID: 22781441 PMCID: PMC6268855 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, half of the World's population, approximately 3.3 billion people, is at risk for developing malaria. Nearly 700,000 deaths each year are associated with the disease. Control of the disease in humans still relies on chemotherapy. Drug resistance is a limiting factor, and the search for new drugs is important. We have designed and synthesized new 2-(trifluoromethyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives based on bioisosteric replacement of functional groups on the anti-malarial compounds mefloquine and amodiaquine. This approach enabled us to investigate the impact of: (i) ring bioisosteric replacement; (ii) a CF₃ group substituted at the 2-position of the [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold and (iii) a range of amines as substituents at the 7-position of the of heterocyclic ring; on in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) through strong hydrogen bonds. The presence of a trifluoromethyl group at the 2-position of the [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring led to increased drug activity. Thirteen compounds were found to be active, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.023 to 20 μM in the anti-HRP2 and hypoxanthine assays. The selectivity index (SI) of the most active derivatives 5, 8, 11 and 16 was found to vary from 1,003 to 18,478.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núbia Boechat
- Departamento de Síntese Orgânica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041-250, Brazil.
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11
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Summers RL, Nash MN, Martin RE. Know your enemy: understanding the role of PfCRT in drug resistance could lead to new antimalarial tactics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1967-95. [PMID: 22286067 PMCID: PMC11115045 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of malaria is heavily dependent on antimalarial drugs. However, beginning with the emergence of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites 50 years ago, efforts to control the disease have been thwarted by failed or failing drugs. Mutations in the parasite's 'chloroquine resistance transporter' (PfCRT) are the primary cause of CQ resistance. Furthermore, changes in PfCRT (and in several other transport proteins) are associated with decreases or increases in the parasite's susceptibility to a number of other antimalarial drugs. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of CQ resistance and discuss these in the broader context of the parasite's susceptibilities to other quinolines and related drugs. We suggest that PfCRT can be viewed both as a 'multidrug-resistance carrier' and as a drug target, and that the quinoline-resistance mechanism is a potential 'Achilles' heel' of the parasite. We examine a number of the antimalarial strategies currently undergoing development that are designed to exploit the resistance mechanism, including relatively simple measures, such as alternative CQ dosages, as well as new drugs that either circumvent the resistance mechanism or target it directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Summers
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Megan N. Nash
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Rowena E. Martin
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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12
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Mullié C, Jonet A, Desgrouas C, Taudon N, Sonnet P. Differences in anti-malarial activity of 4-aminoalcohol quinoline enantiomers and investigation of the presumed underlying mechanism of action. Malar J 2012; 11:65. [PMID: 22401346 PMCID: PMC3314553 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A better anti-malarial efficiency and lower neurotoxicity have been reported for mefloquine (MQ) (+)- enantiomer. However, the importance of stereoselectivity remains poorly understood as the anti-malarial activity of pure enantiomer MQ analogues has never been described. Building on these observations, a series of enantiopure 4-aminoalcohol quinoline derivatives has previously been synthesized to optimize the efficiency and reduce possible adverse effects. Their in vitro activity on Plasmodium falciparum W2 and 3D7 strains is reported here along with their inhibition of β-haematin formation and peroxidative degradation of haemin, two possible mechanisms of action of anti-malarial drugs. Results The (S)-enantiomers of this series of 4-aminoalcohol quinoline derivatives were found to be at least as effective as both chloroquine (CQ) and MQ. The derivative with a 5-carbon side-chain length was the more efficient on both P. falciparum strains. (R )-enantiomers displayed an activity decreased by 2 to 15-fold as compared to their (S) counterparts. The inhibition of β-haematin formation was significantly stronger with all tested compounds than with MQ, irrespective of the stereochemistry. Similarly, the inhibition of haemin peroxidation was significantly higher for both (S) and (R)-enantiomers of derivatives with a side-chain length of five or six carbons than for MQ and CQ. Conclusions The prominence of stereochemistry in the anti-malarial activity of 4-aminoalcohol quinoline derivatives is confirmed. The inhibition of β-haematin formation and haemin peroxidation can be put forward as presumed mechanisms of action but do not account for the stereoselectivity of action witnessed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mullié
- Laboratoire des Glucides, UMR-CNRS 6219, UFR de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens Cedex 1, France.
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13
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Milner E, Gardner S, Moon J, Grauer K, Auschwitz J, Bathurst I, Caridha D, Gerena L, Gettayacamin M, Johnson J, Kozar M, Lee P, Leed S, Li Q, McCalmont W, Melendez V, Roncal N, Sciotti R, Smith B, Sousa J, Tungtaeng A, Wipf P, Dow G. Structure–Activity Relationships of 4-Position Diamine Quinoline Methanols as Intermittent Preventative Treatment (IPT) against Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6277-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200647u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Milner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Sean Gardner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Jay Moon
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Kristina Grauer
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer Auschwitz
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Ian Bathurst
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, International Center Cointrin, Route de Pre-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, CH-1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Diana Caridha
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Lucia Gerena
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Montip Gettayacamin
- United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jacob Johnson
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael Kozar
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Patricia Lee
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Susan Leed
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Qigui Li
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - William McCalmont
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Victor Melendez
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Norma Roncal
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Richard Sciotti
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Bryan Smith
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Jason Sousa
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Anchalee Tungtaeng
- United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue, CSC 1301, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Geoffrey Dow
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
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Characterization of in vivo metabolites of WR319691, a novel compound with activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 36:151-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Wu T, Nagle A, Kuhen K, Gagaring K, Borboa R, Francek C, Chen Z, Plouffe D, Goh A, Lakshminarayana SB, Wu J, Ang HQ, Zeng P, Kang ML, Tan W, Tan M, Ye N, Lin X, Caldwell C, Ek J, Skolnik S, Liu F, Wang J, Chang J, Li C, Hollenbeck T, Tuntland T, Isbell J, Fischli C, Brun R, Rottmann M, Dartois V, Keller T, Diagana T, Winzeler E, Glynne R, Tully DC, Chatterjee AK. Imidazolopiperazines: hit to lead optimization of new antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5116-30. [PMID: 21644570 PMCID: PMC6950218 DOI: 10.1021/jm2003359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Starting from a hit series from a GNF compound library collection and based on a cell-based proliferation assay of Plasmodium falciparum, a novel imidazolopiperazine scaffold was optimized. SAR for this series of compounds is discussed, focusing on optimization of cellular potency against wild-type and drug resistant parasites and improvement of physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The lead compounds in this series showed good potencies in vitro and decent oral exposure levels in vivo. In a Plasmodium berghei mouse infection model, one lead compound lowered the parasitemia level by 99.4% after administration of 100 mg/kg single oral dose and prolonged mice survival by an average of 17.0 days. The lead compounds were also well-tolerated in the preliminary in vitro toxicity studies and represents an interesting lead for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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16
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Dow GS, Milner E, Bathurst I, Bhonsle J, Caridha D, Gardner S, Gerena L, Kozar M, Lanteri C, Mannila A, McCalmont W, Moon J, Read KD, Norval S, Roncal N, Shackleford DM, Sousa J, Steuten J, White KL, Zeng Q, Charman SA. Central nervous system exposure of next generation quinoline methanols is reduced relative to mefloquine after intravenous dosing in mice. Malar J 2011; 10:150. [PMID: 21645370 PMCID: PMC3128011 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical use of mefloquine (MQ) has declined due to dose-related neurological events. Next generation quinoline methanols (NGQMs) that do not accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS) to the same extent may have utility. In this study, CNS levels of NGQMs relative to MQ were measured and an early lead chemotype was identified for further optimization. Experimental design The plasma and brain levels of MQ and twenty five, 4-position modified NGQMs were determined using LCMS/MS at 5 min, 1, 6 and 24 h after IV administration (5 mg/kg) to male FVB mice. Fraction unbound in brain tissue homogenate was assessed in vitro using equilibrium dialysis and this was then used to calculate brain-unbound concentration from the measured brain total concentration. A five-fold reduction CNS levels relative to mefloquine was considered acceptable. Additional pharmacological properties such as permeability and potency were determined. Results The maximum brain (whole/free) concentrations of MQ were 1807/4.9 ng/g. Maximum whole brain concentrations of NGQMs were 23 - 21546 ng/g. Maximum free brain concentrations were 0.5 to 267 ng/g. Seven (28%) and two (8%) compounds exhibited acceptable whole and free brain concentrations, respectively. Optimization of maximum free brain levels, IC90s (as a measure or potency) and residual plasma concentrations at 24 h (as a surrogate for half-life) in the same molecule may be feasible since they were not correlated. Diamine quinoline methanols were the most promising lead compounds. Conclusion Reduction of CNS levels of NGQMs relative to mefloquine may be feasible. Optimization of this property together with potency and long half-life may be feasible amongst diamine quinoline methanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Dow
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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17
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Grimberg BT, Mehlotra RK. Expanding the Antimalarial Drug Arsenal-Now, But How? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:681-712. [PMID: 21625331 PMCID: PMC3102560 DOI: 10.3390/ph4050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of available and effective antimalarial drugs is quickly dwindling. This is mainly because a number of drug resistance-associated mutations in malaria parasite genes, such as crt, mdr1, dhfr/dhps, and others, have led to widespread resistance to all known classes of antimalarial compounds. Unfortunately, malaria parasites have started to exhibit some level of resistance in Southeast Asia even to the most recently introduced class of drugs, artemisinins. While there is much need, the antimalarial drug development pipeline remains woefully thin, with little chemical diversity, and there is currently no alternative to the precious artemisinins. It is difficult to predict where the next generation of antimalarial drugs will come from; however, there are six major approaches: (i) re-optimizing the use of existing antimalarials by either replacement/rotation or combination approach; (ii) repurposing drugs that are currently used to treat other infections or diseases; (iii) chemically modifying existing antimalarial compounds; (iv) exploring natural sources; (v) large-scale screening of diverse chemical libraries; and (vi) through parasite genome-based ("targeted") discoveries. When any newly discovered effective antimalarial treatment is used by the populus, we must maintain constant vigilance for both parasite-specific and human-related factors that are likely to hamper its success. This article is neither comprehensive nor conclusive. Our purpose is to provide an overview of antimalarial drug resistance, associated parasite genetic factors (1. Introduction; 2. Emergence of artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum), and the antimalarial drug development pipeline (3. Overview of the global pipeline of antimalarial drugs), and highlight some examples of the aforementioned approaches to future antimalarial treatment. These approaches can be categorized into "short term" (4. Feasible options for now) and "long term" (5. Next generation of antimalarial treatment-Approaches and candidates). However, these two categories are interrelated, and the approaches in both should be implemented in parallel with focus on developing a successful, long-lasting antimalarial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Grimberg
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; E-Mails: (B.T.G.); (R.K.M.); Tel.: +1-216-368-6328 or +1-216-368-6172, Fax: +1-216-368-4825
| | - Rajeev K. Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; E-Mails: (B.T.G.); (R.K.M.); Tel.: +1-216-368-6328 or +1-216-368-6172, Fax: +1-216-368-4825
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18
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Opsenica I, Burnett JC, Gussio R, Opsenica D, Todorović N, Lanteri CA, Sciotti RJ, Gettayacamin M, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Nuss JE, Wanner L, Panchal RG, Šolaja BA, Bavari S. A chemotype that inhibits three unrelated pathogenic targets: the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain, P. falciparum malaria, and the Ebola filovirus. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1157-69. [PMID: 21265542 PMCID: PMC3056319 DOI: 10.1021/jm100938u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A 1,7-bis(alkylamino)diazachrysene-based small molecule was previously identified as an inhibitor of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain metalloprotease. Subsequently, a variety of derivatives of this chemotype were synthesized to develop structure-activity relationships, and all are inhibitors of the BoNT/A LC. Three-dimensional analyses indicated that half of the originally discovered 1,7-DAAC structure superimposed well with 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline-based antimalarial agents. This observation led to the discovery that several of the 1,7-DAAC derivatives are potent in vitro inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and, in general, are more efficacious against CQ-resistant strains than against CQ-susceptible strains. In addition, by inhibiting β-hematin formation, the most efficacious 1,7-DAAC-based antimalarials employ a mechanism of action analogous to that of 4,7-ACQ-based antimalarials and are well tolerated by normal cells. One candidate was also effective when administered orally in a rodent-based malaria model. Finally, the 1,7-DAAC-based derivatives were examined for Ebola filovirus inhibition in an assay employing Vero76 cells, and three provided promising antiviral activities and acceptably low toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Opsenica
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James C. Burnett
- Target Structure-Based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rick Gussio
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, F.V.C. 310, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dejan Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nina Todorović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Charlotte A. Lanteri
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Richard J. Sciotti
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Montip Gettayacamin
- United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica- Microbiologia-Virologia, Università di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica- Microbiologia-Virologia, Università di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jonathan E. Nuss
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702; USA
| | - Laura Wanner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702; USA
| | - Rekha G. Panchal
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702; USA
| | - Bogdan A. Šolaja
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702; USA
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Jonet A, Dassonville-Klimpt A, Da Nascimento S, Leger JM, Guillon J, Sonnet P. First enantioselective synthesis of 4-aminoalcohol quinoline derivatives through a regioselective SN2 epoxide opening mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Burrows JN, Waterson D. Discovering New Medicines to Control and Eradicate Malaria. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Prabha K, Vennila KN, Prasad KJR, Velmurugan D. 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylquinoline. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2020. [PMID: 21588331 PMCID: PMC3007505 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810025419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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