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Amini P, Okeme JO. Tear Fluid as a Matrix for Biomonitoring Environmental and Chemical Exposures. Curr Environ Health Rep 2024; 11:340-355. [PMID: 38967858 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-024-00454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposures to hazardous chemicals have been linked to many detrimental health effects and it is therefore critical to have effective biomonitoring methods to better evaluate key environmental exposures that increase the risk of chronic disease and death. Traditional biomonitoring utilizing blood and urine is limited due to the specialized skills and invasiveness of collecting these fluid samples. This systematic review focuses on tear fluid, which is largely under-researched, as a promising complementary matrix to the traditional fluids used for biomonitoring. The objective is to evaluate the practicability of using human tear fluid for biomonitoring environmental exposures, highlighting potential pitfalls and opportunities. RECENT FINDING Tear fluid biomonitoring represents a promising method for assessing exposures because it can be collected with minimal invasiveness and tears contain exposure markers from both the external and internal environments. Tear fluid uniquely interfaces with the external environment at the air-tear interface, providing a surface for airborne chemicals to diffuse into the ocular environment and interact with biomolecules. Tear fluid also contains molecules from the internal environment that have travelled from the blood to tears by crossing the blood-tear barrier. This review demonstrates that tear fluid can be used to identify hazardous chemicals from the external environment and differentiate exposure groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parshawn Amini
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Joseph O Okeme
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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2
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Christensen JR, LaBine GO, Cheung JS, Rosol R, Mohapatra AK, Laird B, Chan HM. Micro-distribution of arsenic in toenail clippings using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: implications for biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:181. [PMID: 38246977 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Toenails are a common monitoring tool for arsenic exposure, but the risk of external contamination of toenails has cast doubt on its usefulness. The main objective of this study is to investigate the micro-distribution of arsenic through the dorsoventral plane of nail clippings to understand endogenous vs exogenous sources. We used laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to measure arsenic through a dorsoventral cross-section of the nail plate collected from reference (N = 17) and exposed individuals (N = 35). Our main results showed (1) bulk toenail concentrations measured using ICP-MS in this study ranged from 0.54 to 4.35 µg/g; (2) there was a double-hump pattern in arsenic concentrations, i.e., dorsal and ventral layers had higher arsenic than the inner layer; (3) the double-hump was more pronounced in the exposed group (ventral: 6.25 μg/g; inner: 0.75 μg/g; dorsal: 0.95 μg/g) than the reference group (ventral: 0.58 μg/g; inner: 0.15 μg/g; dorsal: 0.29 μg/g) on average; (4) the distribution was, in part, associated with different binding affinity of nail layers (i.e., ventral > dorsal > inner); (5) most individuals in the higher exposure group showed > 25% contamination in ventral and dorsal nail layers; and (6) there were no statistically significant correlations between LA-ICP-MS arsenic with either bulk toenail arsenic or urine arsenic from the same individuals. Our results on micro-distribution and binding affinity provide insight into the impact of external contamination on arsenic concentrations and show how LA-ICP-MS can access the protected inner nail layer to provide a more accurate result.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geriene O LaBine
- TrichAnalytics Inc., 207-1753 Sean Heights, Saanichton, BC, V8M 0B3, Canada
| | - Janet S Cheung
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Renata Rosol
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Brian Laird
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Zhang G, Zhang Q, Guan X, Liu M, Meng L, Han X, Li Y, Jiang G. Short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) exposure and type 2 diabetes risk: A population-based case-control study in East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168192. [PMID: 37924874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants may be associated to type 2 diabetes, but the studies on associations between short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) exposure and type 2 diabetes risk in humans are still scarce. Here, we conducted a case-control study involving 344 participants in Shandong Province, East China, to explore the effects of SCCPs on type 2 diabetes risk and their correlations with glycemic biomarker and serum lipid parameters. SCCPs were detected in all serum samples with a median concentration of 24 ng mL-1 in cases and 19 ng mL-1 in controls. Exposure to C10-CPs, C11-CPs, and ΣSCCPs were positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes after adjusting for confounders. The associations remained consistent in stratified analyses but stronger in male participants and obese individuals. In the control group, there were significant and positive correlations between SCCP exposure and levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total lipid, and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Significant joint effects on SCCP exposure and lipid parameters were observed in females when analyzed by the quantile-based g-computation model, and C10-CPs showed the highest contribution. Mediation analysis showed that LDL-C had significant mediation effects on the associations between C10-CPs, C11-CPs, and ΣSCCPs exposure and risk of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, TC and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were mediators in the relationship between C11-CPs and type 2 diabetes. Taken together, our study revealed that human exposure to SCCPs may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and disrupt lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
| | - Xu Han
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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Ashley-Martin J, Fisher M, Belanger P, Cirtiu CM, Arbuckle TE. Biomonitoring of inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:921-932. [PMID: 35948664 PMCID: PMC10733137 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment of inorganic arsenic is challenging due to the existence of multiple species, complexity of arsenic metabolism, and variety of exposure sources. Exposure assessment of arsenic during pregnancy is further complicated by the physiological changes that occur to support fetal growth. Given the well-established toxicity of inorganic arsenic at high concentrations, continued research into the potential health effects of low-level exposure on maternal and fetal health is necessary. Our objectives were to review the value of and challenges inherent in measuring inorganic arsenic species in pregnancy and highlight related research priorities. We discussed how the physiological changes of pregnancy influence arsenic metabolism and necessitate the need for pregnancy-specific data. We reviewed the biomonitoring challenges according to common and novel biological matrices and discussed how each matrix differs according to half-life, bioavailability, availability of laboratory methods, and interpretation within pregnancy. Exposure assessment in both established and novel matrices that accounts for the physiological changes of pregnancy and complexity of speciation is a research priority. Standardization of laboratory method for novel matrices will help address these data gaps. Research is particularly lacking in contemporary populations of pregnant women without naturally elevated arsenic drinking water concentrations (i.e. <10 µg/l).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Ashley-Martin
- Environmental Health, Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Environmental Health, Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Belanger
- INSPQ, Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Direction de la santé environnementale, au travail et de la toxicology, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Ciprian Mihai Cirtiu
- INSPQ, Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Direction de la santé environnementale, au travail et de la toxicology, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Environmental Health, Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Ferreira ALL, Freitas-Costa N, da Silva Rosa Freire S, Figueiredo ACC, Padilha M, Alves-Santos NH, Kac G. Association between persistent organic pollutants in human milk and the infant growth and development throughout the first year postpartum in a cohort from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:115050-115063. [PMID: 37878172 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are compounds that are recalcitrant and ubiquitous that bioaccumulate in human milk (HM) and can impact infant growth and development. We explore the association between POP concentration in HM at 2-50 days postpartum and infant growth and development trajectory throughout the first year of life. A cohort of 68 healthy adult Brazilian women and their infants were followed from 28 to 35 gestational weeks to 12 months postpartum. HM samples were collected between 2 and 50 days postpartum, and POP concentrations were analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Concentrations of POPs >limit of quantification (LOQ) were defined as presence, and concentrations ≤LOQ as an absence. Growth z-scores were analyzed according to WHO growth charts and infant development scores according to Age & Stages Questionnaires at 1 (n = 66), 6 (n = 50), and 12 months (n = 45). Linear mixed effects (LME) models were used to investigate the association of POPs in HM with infant growth and development. Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) correction for multiple testing was performed to reduce the false discovery ratio. P < 0.1 was considered for models with the interaction between POPs and time/sex. After BH correction, adjusted LME models with time interaction showed (1) a positive association between the presence of β hexachlorocyclohexane and an increase in head circumference-for-age z-score (β = 0.003, P = 0.095); (2) negative associations between total POPs (β = -0.000002, P = 0.10), total organochlorine pesticides (β = -0.000002, P = 0.10), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene concentrations in HM (β = -0.000002, P = 0.10) and fine motor scores. No statistical difference between the sexes was observed. Postnatal exposure to organochlorine pesticides in HM shows a positive association with the trajectory of head circumference-for-age z-score and a negative association with the trajectories of fine motor skills scores. Future studies on POP variation in HM at different postpartum times and their effect on infant growth and development should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lorena Lima Ferreira
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373/CCS, Bloco J, 2o Andar, Sala 29, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Freitas-Costa
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373/CCS, Bloco J, 2o Andar, Sala 29, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Samary da Silva Rosa Freire
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373/CCS, Bloco J, 2o Andar, Sala 29, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Amanda Caroline Cunha Figueiredo
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373/CCS, Bloco J, 2o Andar, Sala 29, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
- Health Science Center, Serra dos Órgãos University Center, Avenida Alberto Tôrres, 111 - Alto, Rio de Janeiro, 25964-004, Teresópilis, Brazil
| | - Marina Padilha
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373/CCS, Bloco J, 2o Andar, Sala 29, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Nadya Helena Alves-Santos
- Faculty of Collective Health, Institute for Health and Biological Studies, Federal University of South and Southeast of Pará, Rodovia BR-230 (Transamazônica), Loteamento Cidade Jardim, Avenida dos Ipês, s/n.o - Cidade Jardim, Maraba, PA, 68500-000, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373/CCS, Bloco J, 2o Andar, Sala 29, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Tadevosyan NS, Guloyan HA, Wallis AB, Tadevosyan AE. Maternal exposure to organochlorine pesticides and anthropometrics of newborns - a hospital-based cross-sectional study in rural and urban settings in Armenia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:895-902. [PMID: 37651265 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2253108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The study objective was to determine a possible association between maternal exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and anthropometric measures at birth in group of postpartum women in urban and rural areas of Armenia. The anthropometric measures of infants were obtained from birth records and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane were measured in breast milk. Gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection was used to identify OCPs. Total OCPs and DDTs were calculated, and the anthropometrics were analyzed for sex and areas, and group differences were compared (Student's t-test). Both individual OCPs and total OCPs and DDTs were significantly higher in rural samples than in urban ones (P < 0.01-0.000), with lower and upper quartiles differing by 2.6-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively (P < 0.000). There was no association between the anthropometrics and OCPs levels in rural or urban areas. However, this does not rule out the possibility of OCPs impact on health later in life. To our knowledge, this was the first study addressing these issues in Armenia. The results obtained will provide data on the current situation regarding birth outcomes in terms of prenatal exposure to OCPs in Armenia and will contribute to the available results from previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya S Tadevosyan
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Toxicology, Scientific-Research Center of Yerevan State Medical University named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Hasmik A Guloyan
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Toxicology, Scientific-Research Center of Yerevan State Medical University named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Anne B Wallis
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Artashes E Tadevosyan
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Organization, Yerevan State Medical University named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
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Baccarelli A, Dolinoy DC, Walker CL. A precision environmental health approach to prevention of human disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2449. [PMID: 37117186 PMCID: PMC10147599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health is determined by the interaction of our environment with the genome, epigenome, and microbiome, which shape the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic landscape of cells and tissues. Precision environmental health is an emerging field leveraging environmental and system-level ('omic) data to understand underlying environmental causes of disease, identify biomarkers of exposure and response, and develop new prevention and intervention strategies. In this article we provide real-life illustrations of the utility of precision environmental health approaches, identify current challenges in the field, and outline new opportunities to promote health through a precision environmental health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Safarlou CW, Jongsma KR, Vermeulen R, Bredenoord AL. The ethical aspects of exposome research: a systematic review. EXPOSOME 2023; 3:osad004. [PMID: 37745046 PMCID: PMC7615114 DOI: 10.1093/exposome/osad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, exposome research has been put forward as the next frontier for the study of human health and disease. Exposome research entails the analysis of the totality of environmental exposures and their corresponding biological responses within the human body. Increasingly, this is operationalized by big-data approaches to map the effects of internal as well as external exposures using smart sensors and multiomics technologies. However, the ethical implications of exposome research are still only rarely discussed in the literature. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the academic literature regarding both the exposome and underlying research fields and approaches, to map the ethical aspects that are relevant to exposome research. We identify five ethical themes that are prominent in ethics discussions: the goals of exposome research, its standards, its tools, how it relates to study participants, and the consequences of its products. Furthermore, we provide a number of general principles for how future ethics research can best make use of our comprehensive overview of the ethical aspects of exposome research. Lastly, we highlight three aspects of exposome research that are most in need of ethical reflection: the actionability of its findings, the epidemiological or clinical norms applicable to exposome research, and the meaning and action-implications of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar W. Safarlou
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for
Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - Karin R. Jongsma
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for
Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for
Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L. Bredenoord
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for
Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Philosophy, Erasmus University Rotterdam,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Stein CR, Wu H, Bellinger DC, Smith DR, Wolff MS, Savitz DA. Exposure to metal mixtures and neuropsychological functioning in middle childhood. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:84-91. [PMID: 36122627 PMCID: PMC10513744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Elevated exposure to multiple trace metals can be neurotoxic even at relatively low levels. These findings are primarily evident from adult occupational studies as well as in children exposed prenatally or in early childhood. Less research has focused on the neurodevelopmental impacts of exposure to metals among school-aged children. We examined associations between exposure to a mixture of four metals (arsenic, cadmium, manganese, lead) measured in hair and markers of cognition, attention, and behavior among 222 6-12 year old children who participated in a 2009-2010 neurodevelopmental follow-up to the C8 Health Project. Using quantile-based g-computation we estimated the adjusted overall metal mixture effect ψ (95 % CI) as the change in outcome per decile increase in all metals in the mixture. Hair metal levels varied by metal, with cadmium being lowest (median 0.007, interquartile range (IQR) 0.013 μg/g) and lead the highest concentration (median 0.152, IQR 0.252 μg/g). Children's cognitive skills and development, attention/impulsivity, and behavior were all close to standardized population means. Each decile increase in all metals was associated with a Full Scale IQ reduction of 1.01 points (95 % confidence interval (CI) -1.88, -0.15) and Verbal IQ reduction of 1.11 points (95 % CI -1.97, -0.25), adjusted for child age, sex, secondhand smoke exposure, HOME score, maternal education, maternal IQ, and examiner. Maternal report of ADHD-like behaviors and executive functioning also showed adverse associations with the metal mixture. Our findings suggest that similar to exposure during prenatal and early childhood periods, recent exposure to metals during middle childhood is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental consequences. Middle childhood may also be a developmental window of susceptibility to the negative consequences of exposure to environmental neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl R Stein
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center, One Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Farley Basement Box 127, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, 442 Physical Sciences Building, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102 Street, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - David A Savitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 S. Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Kim DH, Jeong Y, Belova L, Roggeman M, Fernández SF, Poma G, Remy S, Verheyen VJ, Schoeters G, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Comprehensive investigation of persistent and mobile chemicals and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in urine of flemish adolescents using a suspect screening approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:119972. [PMID: 35988679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile chemicals (PMs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are groups of chemicals that have received recent global attention due to their potential health effects on the environment and humans. In this study, exposure to a broad range of PMs and PFAS was investigated in Flemish adolescents' urine samples (n = 83) using a suspect screening approach. For this purpose, three sample preparation methods were evaluated, and a basic liquid-liquid extraction was optimized for urine analysis based on the extraction efficiency of PMs (53-80%) and PFAS (>70%). In total, 9 PMs were identified in urine samples at confidence levels (CL) 1-3 and, among them, acetaminophen, 4-aminophenol, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA), sulisobenzone, ethyl sulfate, and 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide were confirmed at CL 1 and 2. In addition, the detection and identification of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, 4-aminophenol, TFAA, and m-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-N,N-bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) aniline (CL 3), has been reported for the first time in human urine in this study. For PFAS, only 2 compounds were identified at CL 4, implying that urine is not a suitable matrix for suspect screening of such compounds. A significant difference between sexes was observed in the detection rate of identified PMs, in particular for acetaminophen, 4-aminophenol, and sulisobenzone. The findings of this study can be used in future human biomonitoring programs, such as by including the newly identified compounds in quantitative methods or monitoring in other human matrices (e.g., serum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Yunsun Jeong
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roggeman
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sandra F Fernández
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Veerle J Verheyen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Robinette C, Knight N, Lu K, Rebuli ME. Development of LC-HRMS untargeted analysis methods for nasal epithelial lining fluid exposomics. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:847-854. [PMID: 35750751 PMCID: PMC9742129 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nasal mucosa, as a primary site of entry for inhaled substances, contains both inhaled xenobiotic and endogenous biomarkers. Nasal mucosa can be non-invasively sampled (nasal epithelial lining fluid "NELF") and analyzed for biological mediators. However, methods for untargeted analysis of compounds inhaled and/or retained in the nasal mucosa are needed. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to develop a high resolution LC-MS untargeted method to analyze collected NELF. Profiling of compounds in NELF samples will also provide baseline data for future comparative studies to reference. METHODS Extracted NELF analytes were injected to LC-ESI-MS. After spectrum processing, an in-house library provided annotations with high confidence, while more tentative annotation proposals were obtained via ChemSpider database matching. RESULTS The established method successfully detected unique molecular signatures within NELF. Baseline profiling of 27 samples detected 2002 unknown molecules, with 77 and 463 proposed structures by our in-house library and Chemspider matching. High confidence annotations revealed common metabolites and tentative annotations implied various environmental exposure biomarkers are also present in NELF. SIGNIFICANCE The experimental pipeline for analyzing NELF samples serves as simple and robust method applicable for future studies to characterize identities/effects of inhaled substances and metabolites retained in the nasal mucosa. IMPACT STATEMENT The nasal mucosa contains exogenous and endogenous compounds. The development of an untargeted analysis is necessary to characterize the nasal exposome by deciphering the identity and influence of inhaled compounds on nasal mucosal biology. This study established a high resolution LC-MS based untargeted analysis of non-invasively collected nasal epithelial lining fluid. Baseline profiling of the nasal mucosa (n = 27) suggests the presence of environmental pollutants, along with detection of endogenous metabolites. Our results show high potential for the analytical pipeline to facilitate future respiratory health studies involving inhaled pollutants or pharmaceutical compounds and their effects on respiratory biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Carole Robinette
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Noelle Knight
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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12
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Ason B, Armah FA, Essumang DK. Characterization and quantification of endocrine disruptors in female menstrual blood samples. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1877-1882. [PMID: 36561951 PMCID: PMC9764248 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) were measured in adult female menstrual blood for the first time in Ghana, Africa, taking into account the importance of non-invasive means of matrices sampling in vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women, the elderly or chronically ill people. The menstrual blood samples of twenty (20) female adults between the ages of 25-45 years were sampled. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method was applied for the extraction and clean up, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to measure the selected EDCs in adult female menstrual blood, taking into account the composition of menstrual discharge. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in all samples, whereas bisphenol A (BPA) was found in 13 participants. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was detected in 7 participants, Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) was detected in 3 participants, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and pyrimidine were detected in 2 participants, while benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) was detected in only 1 participant. The maximum concentration of DEP measured was 115.6 µg.L-1and the minimum was 439 µg.L-1. DEHP was the next most abundant phthalate with a maximum measured concentration of 982 µg.L-1 and minimum of 95 µg.L-1. The presence of parent phthalates (rather than metabolites) in menstrual blood of all participants studied suggests that bioaccumulation of selected phthalate compounds such as DEHP, DEP and DBP may be occurring with appreciable human toxicity though the carcinogenic exposure risks of DEHP via various routes were much lower than 1 × 10-6 considered to be very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ason
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Soil Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Frederick Ato Armah
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - David Kofi Essumang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Cadmium exposure in adults across Europe: Results from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies survey 2014–2020. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 246:114050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jacobson TA, Kler JS, Bae Y, Chen J, Ladror DT, Iyer R, Nunes DA, Montgomery ND, Pleil JD, Funk WE. A state-of-the-science review and guide for measuring environmental exposure biomarkers in dried blood spots. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022:10.1038/s41370-022-00460-7. [PMID: 35963945 PMCID: PMC9375076 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling is a simple, cost-effective, and minimally invasive alternative to venipuncture for measuring exposure biomarkers in public health and epidemiological research. DBS sampling provides advantages in field-based studies conducted in low-resource settings and in studies involving infants and children. In addition, DBS samples are routinely collected from newborns after birth (i.e., newborn dried blood spots, NDBS), with many states in the United States permitting access to archived NDBS samples for research purposes. OBJECTIVES We review the state of the science for analyzing exposure biomarkers in DBS samples, both archived and newly collected, and provide guidance on sample collection, storage, and blood volume requirements associated with individual DBS assays. We discuss recent progress regarding analytical methods, analytical sensitivity, and specificity, sample volume requirements, contamination considerations, estimating extracted blood volumes, assessing stability and analyte recovery, and hematocrit effects. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase (Elsevier), and CINAHL (EBSCO) was conducted in March 2022. DBS method development and application studies were divided into three main chemical classes: environmental tobacco smoke, trace elements (including lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic), and industrial chemicals (including endocrine-disrupting chemicals and persistent organic pollutants). DBS method development and validation studies were scored on key quality-control and performance parameters by two members of the review team. RESULTS Our search identified 47 published reports related to measuring environmental exposure biomarkers in human DBS samples. A total of 28 reports (37 total studies) were on methods development and validation and 19 reports were primarily the application of previously developed DBS assays. High-performing DBS methods have been developed, validated, and applied for detecting environmental exposures to tobacco smoke, trace elements, and several important endocrine-disrupting chemicals and persistent organic pollutants. Additional work is needed for measuring cadmium, arsenic, inorganic mercury, and bisphenol A in DBS and NDBS samples. SIGNIFICANCE We present an inventory and critical review of available assays for measuring environmental exposure biomarkers in DBS and NDBS samples to help facilitate this sampling medium as an emerging tool for public health (e.g., screening programs, temporal biomonitoring) and environmental epidemiology (e.g., field-based studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Jacobson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jasdeep S Kler
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yeunook Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiexi Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel T Ladror
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ramsunder Iyer
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Denise A Nunes
- Galter Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nathan D Montgomery
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William E Funk
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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15
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Nwoko KC, Kenny L, Jones K. Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate lysine conjugates in the urine of workers exposed to methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:636-642. [PMID: 35930620 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221115510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diisocyanates have long been a leading cause of occupational asthma. As control often relies on personal protective equipment and there is the potential for skin uptake, biological monitoring is often used to assess worker exposure. Current routine biological monitoring methods do not distinguish between a diisocyanate and the corresponding diamine exposure in urine samples; therefore, a specific urinary biomarker is desirable. Urine samples were obtained from a group of workers exposed to methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) where aerosol generation was unlikely. Lysine conjugates of MDI were extracted from urine by solid phase extraction; analysis was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Acetylated MDI-lysine (acMDI-Lys) conjugates were detected in 73% of samples tested from persons with exposure to MDI compared to 93% of samples that were positive for methylene dianiline (MDA) in hydrolysed urine. There was a weak but significant positive correlation between the two biomarkers (r2 = 0.377). This is the first report detecting and quantifying acMDI-Lys in the urine of workers exposed to MDI, and acMDI-Lys may be a useful non-invasive biomarker in discriminating between MDI and MDA exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Kenny
- 57176Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, UK
| | - Kate Jones
- 57176Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, UK
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16
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Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress in Shiraz, Iran: urinary levels, health risk assessment and mediation effect of MDA on the risk of metabolic syndromes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2022; 95:1043-1058. [PMID: 34997324 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified as carcinogenic and endocrine disrupter compounds that cause Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Oxidative stress can lead to carcinogenesis and MetS in exposed people. Therefore, the relationship between urinary metabolite of PAH (OH-PAHs) level and the oxidative stress biomarker (Malondialdehyde) effect as the mediator in increasing the risk of MetS due to PAH exposure and risk assessment was investigated in Shiraz, Iran. METHODS The first morning void urinary and blood samples were obtained from participants and analyzed. Physical examinations and anthropometric measurements were performed on the day of sampling. An automatic biochemistry analyzer was used to measure the blood cells. The participants' socio-demographic information was gathered using a questionnaire and direct interviews with participants. RESULTS The MetS prevalence was 26%. Malondialdehyde could act as a mediator between exposure to 1-HydroxyPyrene and increase in fast blood sugar, exposure to 2-HydroxyNaphthalene and increase in systolic blood pressure and exposure to 2-HydroxyFluorene and increase in SBP. Hazard quotients varied from 0.009 to 14.92 in women, and from 0.005 to 8.43 for Fluorene and Naphthalene in men, respectively. The Hazard Indexes were greater than one meaning that the non-cancer health risk related to the PAH exposure could be identified in the participants. CONCLUSION Although oxidative stress has been suggested to lead to MetS and the high HI levels obtained in the current study, future researches are essential to achieve more reliable findings and monitoring the environmental influencing factors in PAH exposure.
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Shahsavani S, Fararouei M, Soveid M, Hoseini M, Dehghani M. The association between the urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of metabolic syndromes and blood cell levels in adults in a Middle Eastern area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1667-1680. [PMID: 34900297 PMCID: PMC8617240 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited studies have been published on the association between the urinary biomarkers of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and risk of Metabolic Syndromes (MetS) and blood cell levels in adults in the Middle East. The present study aimed to evaluate the exposure to PAHs and the distribution of urinary OH-PAH levels in the general population of Shiraz, Iran, as well as, the association between OH-PAHs and the prevalence of MetS and blood cell levels. METHODS In this study, 200 participants were randomly selected from the adult population, and their first-morning void urine samples were collected. RESULTS The mean concentrations of 1-OHNap, 2-OHNap, 2-OHFlu, 9-OHPhe, and 1-OHP were 639.8, 332.1, 129, 160.3, and 726.9 ng/g creatinine, respectively. The prevalence of MetS was 26% according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. The results showed that urinary OH-PAHs, especially 1-OHP, were positively and significantly associated with higher waist circumstance (p < 0.001), triglyceride level (p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), number of white blood cells (p = 0.041) and red blood cells (p < 0.001). It also caused lower levels of High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C). In conclusion, the results emphasized the adverse health effects of PAHs on human health, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and decreased number of blood cells. CONCLUSION Therefore, in order to identify the PAHs sources and to develop methods for decreasing the amount of emissions to the environment, broader researches are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fararouei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mahmood Soveid
- Endocrinology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 111, 71645, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Dehghani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 111, 71645 Shiraz, Iran
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18
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Kuiper JR, O'Brien KM, Ferguson KK, Buckley JP. Urinary specific gravity measures in the U.S. population: Implications for the adjustment of non-persistent chemical urinary biomarker data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106656. [PMID: 34062395 PMCID: PMC8380693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary biomarkers are often corrected for sample dilution using creatinine, which is influenced by sociodemographic factors and certain health conditions. It is unknown whether these factors similarly influence specific gravity. OBJECTIVES To identify predictors of specific gravity and creatinine and compare methods for correcting estimated chemical concentrations for sample dilution using these measures. METHODS We assessed predictors of urinary specific gravity and creatinine among NHANES 2007-2008 participants (n = 7257). We corrected concentrations of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) for dilution using two methods, each applied to both specific gravity and creatinine: correction using a sample mean of the dilution indicator (i.e., specific gravity or creatinine) and covariate-adjusted standardization. We compared distributions and assessed the agreement of uncorrected or corrected concentrations visually using Bland-Altman plots and statistically by Kendall's τa. We stratified all analyses by age category (i.e., 6-19 or 20+ years of age). RESULTS Gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and height were associated with urinary specific gravity and creatinine. Distributions of corrected MnBP concentrations were comparable for both methods and dilution indicators, but agreement between methods was greater for specific gravity. Additionally, specific gravity- and creatinine-corrected MnBP concentrations had slightly greater agreement with each other when corrected using a covariate-adjusted standardization method. DISCUSSION Specific gravity, like creatinine, is associated with sociodemographic and body composition variables. Accounting for these factors as part of the dilution correction method may be important to minimize bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Katie M O'Brien
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Guo F, Yin S, Wang H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Aamir M, Liu W. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the colostrum samples from the Yangtze River Region: Exposure profile and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117253. [PMID: 33957509 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may transfer into the neonates through the placental transfer and via breastfeeding after the delivery, thus might be harmful to the infant. Sixty colostrum samples in the Yangtze River Region were collected to investigate the concentration, distribution pattern, and enantiomer characteristic of the PCB exposure. Among all samples, over 90% of pollutants were tetra-to hepta-chlorinated PCBs. The sum concentration of the PCB was 512 (IQR: 322-856) ng g-1 lipid weight. Enantiomer fraction (EF) of PCB 95 and PCB 149 was found lower than the racemic value, while EFs of PCB 45 and PCB 136 were found higher and near-racemic state, respectively. The concentration pattern and enantiomeric properties of the PCBs indicated that the mothers from Mianyang had a recent exposure to PCBs. Among all samples, similar exposure and metabolic pathways of the PCB congeners were observed. PCB exposure showed no significant correlation with the birth outcome of the infants, but 43.3% of the infants have potential health risks via breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Guo
- Quality and Safety Engineering Institute of Food and Drug, School of Management Engineering and Electronic Commerce, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Quality and Safety Engineering Institute of Food and Drug, School of Management Engineering and Electronic Commerce, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, China
| | - Yingxue Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institution of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Water-Energy Resilience Research Laboratory, Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
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Lum JTS, Chan YN, Leung KSY. Current applications and future perspectives on elemental analysis of non-invasive samples for human biomonitoring. Talanta 2021; 234:122683. [PMID: 34364482 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Humans are continuously exposed to numerous environmental pollutants including potentially toxic elements. Essential elements play an important role in human health. Abnormal elemental levels in the body, in different forms that existed, have been reported to be correlated with different diseases and environmental exposure. Blood is the conventional biological sample used in human biomonitoring. However, blood samples can only reflect short-term exposure and require invasive sampling, which poses infection risk to individuals. In recent years, the number of research evaluating the effectiveness of non-invasive samples (hair, nails, urine, meconium, breast milk, placenta, cord blood, saliva and teeth) for human biomonitoring is increasing. These samples can be collected easily and provide extra information in addition to blood analysis. Yet, the correlation between the elemental concentration in non-invasive samples and in blood is not well established, which hinders the application of those samples in routine human biomonitoring. This review aims at providing a fundamental overview of analytical methods of non-invasive samples in human biomonitoring. The content covers the sample collection and pretreatment, sample preparation and instrumental analysis. The technical discussions are separated into solution analysis and solid analysis. In the last section, the authors highlight some of the perspectives on the future of elemental analysis in human biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Tsz-Shan Lum
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yun-Nam Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China.
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21
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Zhao X, Liu L, Pang J. Hair as a noninvasive biomarker of human exposure to the endocrine disruptors polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:371. [PMID: 34059982 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies with small sample sizes have suggested that hair is a promising biomarker of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). We reanalyzed the data from human studies to investigate correlations between the concentrations of the five main congeners in hair and serum. We searched medical article databases for articles that reported correlation coefficients for concentrations of PBDEs in hair and serum. The methodological quality of the included articles was fully assessed. Then, the correlation coefficients were used for our analysis. Seven epidemiological studies were included in our analysis using the random-effects model. Significant positive relationships were found between the concentrations of the five congeners (BDE28, BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, BDE209) in serum and hair. The results of this study show that hair may be a promising biomarker for the biomonitoring human exposure to the five congeners of PBDEs within a certain detection range. Studies with a larger sample size are needed to explore the detection range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linfei Liu
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Pang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
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22
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Assessment of aflatoxins exposure through urinary biomarker approach and the evaluation of the impacts of aflatoxins exposure on the selected health parameters of the children of Multan city of Pakistan. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Oesterle I, Braun D, Berry D, Wisgrill L, Rompel A, Warth B. Polyphenol Exposure, Metabolism, and Analysis: A Global Exposomics Perspective. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:461-484. [PMID: 33351643 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062220-090807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are generally known for their health benefits and estimating actual exposure levels in health-related studies can be improved by human biomonitoring. Here, the application of newly available exposomic and metabolomic technology, notably high-resolution mass spectrometry, in the context of polyphenols and their biotransformation products, is reviewed. Comprehensive workflows for investigating these important bioactives in biological fluids or microbiome-related experiments are scarce. Consequently, this new era of nontargeted analysis and omic-scale exposure assessment offers a unique chance for better assessing exposure to, as well as metabolism of, polyphenols. In clinical and nutritional trials, polyphenols can be investigated simultaneously with the plethora of other chemicals to which we are exposed, i.e., the exposome, which may interact abundantly and modulate bioactivity. This research direction aims at ultimately eluting into atrue systems biology/toxicology evaluation of health effects associated with polyphenol exposure, especially during early life, to unravel their potential for preventing chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Oesterle
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; , , .,Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; , ,
| | - David Berry
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; .,The Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Annette Rompel
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; , ,
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Kuiper JR, Stapleton HM, Wills-Karp M, Wang X, Burd I, Buckley JP. Predictors and reproducibility of urinary organophosphate ester metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and associations with birth outcomes in an urban population. Environ Health 2020; 19:55. [PMID: 32448197 PMCID: PMC7247187 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of goods. Despite ubiquitous human exposures and laboratory evidence that prenatal OPE exposures may disrupt offspring metabolism, perinatal studies of OPE health effects are limited. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Determine predictors and reproducibility of urinary OPE biomarker concentrations during pregnancy, and 2) Estimate the relation of prenatal OPE exposures with birth outcomes and cord blood adipokine and insulin concentrations. METHODS We analyzed five OPE metabolites in urine samples collected at up to three visits during pregnancy from 90 women enrolled in the ORigins of Child Health And Resilience in Development (ORCHARD) pregnancy cohort in Baltimore, MD from 2017 to 2019. To quantify the variability of metabolite concentrations during pregnancy, we calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each metabolite using mixed effects regression models. Using self-reported questionnaire data collected during gestation, we assessed possible sociodemographic and environmental/behavioral predictors of each OPE metabolite using generalized estimating equations to account for repeated exposure measures. We ascertained birth outcomes of 76 offspring from medical records, including weight-for-gestational age, length, ponderal index, and gestational age. In a subset of 37 infants, we measured cord blood concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and insulin. To account for repeated exposure measures, we used linear structural equation models to assess the relations of standard deviation (SD) increases in prenatal OPE metabolite factor scores with continuous birth outcomes and cord blood biomarker concentrations. RESULTS ICCs ranged from 0.09 for isopropylphenyl-phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP) to 0.59 for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP). We observed little consistency in environmental or behavioral predictors of OPE exposures, although concentrations were generally lower for samples collected in the afternoon compared to morning and winter compared to other seasons. In adjusted analyses, a SD increase in BDCIPP concentration was associated with a 0.06 g/cm3 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.12) greater ponderal index. A SD increase in BDCIPP was associated with a 0.37 (95% CI: - 0.62, - 0.13) SD lower insulin concentration and 0.24 (95% CI: - 0.39, - 0.08) SD lower leptin concentration. Other OPEs were not associated with infant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest some OPEs may be metabolic disruptors warranting investigation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W7513A, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | | | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W7513A, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W7513A, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Anand M, Taneja A. Organochlorine pesticides residue in placenta and their influence on anthropometric measures of infants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109106. [PMID: 31927245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of placental concentrations of some organochlorine pesticides on newborn's anthropometric measurements (height, weight, head circumference & ponderal index). For this study, we have collected 90 placental tissue samples for the measurement of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) & Hexachlocyclohexane (HCH) by Gas Chromatography equipped with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). Regression analysis were performed between outcome variables such as birth weight, birth height, head circumference, ponderal index and independent variable i.e., organochlorine pesticide concentrations. In case of birth weight, there was a substantial decrease of 5.81, 1.94, 4.71, and 2.64 g for 1 ppb (μg/L) increase in placental α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and total HCH concentrations respectively. Significant decrease of 2.02 and 0.43 kg/m3 in ponderal index was found with 1 μg/L increase of total-HCH and total DDT concentrations in placenta. The results of this study support an association between environmental exposure to organochlorine pesticides and anthropometric development of the fetus leading to a significant reduction in its birth weight and ponderal index, slight and non-significant reduction in birth height and head circumference. Efforts should be made to reduce exposure of women of reproductive age in relation to long-term impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Khandari Campus, Agra, 282002, India.
| | - A Taneja
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Khandari Campus, Agra, 282002, India
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Rafiee A, Delgado-Saborit JM, Sly PD, Quémerais B, Hashemi F, Akbari S, Hoseini M. Environmental chronic exposure to metals and effects on attention and executive function in the general population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135911. [PMID: 31838411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are neurotoxic, associated with brain dysfunction, and have been linked with cognitive decline in adults. This study was aimed to characterize chronic exposure to metals (Cd, Be, Co, Hg, Sn, V, Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and metalloids (As, B, Sb) and assess its impact on cognitive performance of Tehran's residents, capital of Iran. Scalp hair samples gathered from 200 volunteered participants (110 men and 90 women), aged 14-70 years and quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Attention and executive function, two measures of cognitive performance, were characterized using the trail making test (TMT) part A and B, respectively. Mental flexibility was characterized as the Delta TMT B-A scores and cognitive efficiency or dissimulation as the ration between TMT B and A scores. A comprehensive questionnaire was used to gather information on demographic and socioeconomic as well as lifestyle and health status. The highest and lowest mean concentrations were observed for B (325 μg/g) and As (0.29 μg/g), respectively. Results indicated that chronic metal exposure measured in hair changed significantly based on gender and age (p < 0.05). The levels of Cr, Fe, Ni, Si, Hg, Pb and B were significantly higher in males' hair, whereas those of Ag and Ba were greater in females' hair (p < 0.05). The results of the cognitive TMT test were significantly different between gender and age groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, results revealed that As, Hg, Mn, and Pb levels in hair were significantly associated with poorer participants' performance scores in the TMT test (p < 0.05). Age, gender, cigarette smoking, water-pipe smoking, traffic density in the area of residence, and dental amalgam filling were significant factors affecting the TMT test scores. The results suggest that chronic exposure to metals has detrimental effects on attention, executive function, mental flexibility and cognitive efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Analytical Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Fallah Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sadaf Akbari
- Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Tehrani MW, Yang KX, Parsons PJ. Development and characterization of reference materials for trace element analysis of keratinized matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1847-1861. [PMID: 32020317 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring for human exposure to lead, arsenic, mercury, and other toxic metal(loid)s often relies on analyzing traditional biospecimens such as blood and urine. While biomonitoring based on blood and urine is well-established, non-traditional biospecimens such as hair and nails can offer the potential to explore past exposures as well as the advantages of non-invasive collection and ease of storage. The present study describes the production of four reference materials (NYS RMs 18-01 through 18-04) based on caprine horn, a keratinized tissue similar to human hair and nails, intended to serve as a resource for calibration, quality control, and method validation purposes. The elemental content and homogeneity of these candidate reference materials were characterized for 17 elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Commutability between two or more of the NYS caprine horn RMs and human nails was established for 8 elements (Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sr, and Zn) based on analysis by ICP-MS/MS and ICP-optical emission spectrometry. The development and optimization of an ICP-MS/MS instrumental method for the determination of 17 elements in keratinized tissues is described. The method was validated against three certified reference materials based on human hair showing good accuracy and method repeatability better than 25% for all analytes. This study also describes sample preparation issues and addresses common challenges including surface contamination, microwave digestion, matrix effects, and spectral interferences in inorganic mass spectrometry. New York State Department of Health Keratin Matrix Reference Materials. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina W Tehrani
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Karl X Yang
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201, USA. .,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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Analytical Strategies in Lipidomics for Discovery of Functional Biomarkers from Human Saliva. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:6741518. [PMID: 31885741 PMCID: PMC6914909 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6741518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human saliva is increasingly being used and validated as a biofluid for diagnosing, monitoring systemic disease status, and predicting disease progression. The discovery of biomarkers in saliva biofluid offers unique opportunities to bypass the invasive procedure of blood sampling by using oral fluids to evaluate the health condition of a patient. Saliva biofluid is clinically relevant since its components can be found in plasma. As salivary lipids are among the most essential cellular components of human saliva, there is great potential for their use as biomarkers. Lipid composition in cells and tissues change in response to physiological changes and normal tissues have a different lipid composition than tissues affected by diseases. Lipid imbalance is closely associated with a number of human lifestyle-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, systemic cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. Thus, identification of lipidomic biomarkers or key lipids in different diseases can be used to diagnose diseases and disease state and evaluate response to treatments. However, further research is needed to determine if saliva can be used as a surrogate to serum lipid profiles, given that highly sensitive methods with low limits of detection are needed to discover salivary biomarkers in order to develop reliable diagnostic and disease monitoring salivary tests. Lipidomic methods have greatly advanced in recent years with a constant advance in mass spectrometry (MS) and development of MS detectors with high accuracy and high resolution that are able to determine the elemental composition of many lipids.
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Guarneros M, López-Rivera C, Gonsebatt ME, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Hummel T, Schriever VA, Valdez B, Hudson R. Metal-containing Particulate Matter and Associated Reduced Olfactory Identification Ability in Children from an Area of High Atmospheric Exposure in Mexico City. Chem Senses 2019; 45:45-58. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAir pollution has been linked to poor olfactory function in human adults. Among pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is especially relevant, as it may contain toxic metal ions that can reach the brain via olfactory pathways. Our purpose was to investigate the relation between atmospheric PM and olfactory identification performance in children. Using a validated method, we tested the olfactory identification performance of 120 children, 6–12 years old, from two locations in Mexico City: a focal group (n = 60) from a region with high PM levels and a control group of equal size and similar socioeconomic level from a region with markedly lower PM concentrations. Groups were matched for age and sex. Concentrations of manganese and lead in the hair of participants were determined as biomarkers of exposure. Daily outdoor PM levels were obtained from official records, and indoor PM levels were measured in the children’s classrooms. Official records confirmed higher levels of outdoor PM in the focal region during the days of testing. We also found higher classroom PM concentrations at the focal site. Children from the focal site had on average significantly lower olfactory identification scores than controls, and hair analysis showed significantly higher levels of manganese for the focal children but no difference in lead. Children appear to be vulnerable to the effects of air pollution on olfactory identification performance, and metal-containing particles likely play a role in this. Olfactory tests provide a sensitive, noninvasive means to assess central nervous function in populations facing poor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guarneros
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina López-Rivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Gonsebatt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mireya Alcaraz-Zubeldia
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía ‘Manuel Velasco Suárez’, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Taste and Smell Clinic, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Taste and Smell Clinic, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bertha Valdez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Robyn Hudson
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Yasmeen R, Muhammad HA, Bokhari SS, Rafi U, Shakoor A, Qurashi AW. Assessment of heavy metals in different organs of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) from a rural and urban environment in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13095-13102. [PMID: 30900122 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the concentration of essential elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn, and B) and non-essential elements (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, As, and Ni) in muscle, liver, bone, and intestine of matured cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis). Sampling was carried out at two sites of Lahore, Pakistan-Havalian Karbath (site I) and Mehmood Booti (site II)-over a period of 1 month in the winter season. Metal analyses of samples were carried out using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS). The trend of essential elements in liver and intestine of site I was noticed as Fe > Zn > Cu > B > Mn > Se > Ni and almost same for bone and muscle as Fe > Zn > B > Mn > Cu > Se > Ni. It was noticed that Cu was less deposited in bone and muscle tissues compared to liver and intestine from site I. The deposition of essential elements in liver and intestine from site II was noticed as Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > B > Se > Ni. Similar trend was found for bone and muscle: Fe > Zn > B > Mn > Cu > Se > Ni with great deposition of B than Cu compared to liver and intestine. The findings of the present study revealed almost similar trend for essential elements deposition at both sites. However, a random trend was observed for deposition of non-essential elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb) in organs from both sites. Moreover, data showed higher levels of non-essential elements accumulation (particularly As, Ba, and Pb) in the body tissues/organs of cattle egret in an urban area (site II) as compared to rural area (site I) of Lahore. Furthermore, non-essential elements were more in intestine, bone, and muscles from site II showing more exposure to some non-essential elements at urban site due to human and natural activities. However, higher concentration of non-essential elements in liver from site I as compared to other organs not only reflect the land exposure to plant growth promoting fertilizers and sewage water for irrigation purpose but also better detoxification abilities of the rural birds. The study gave a new insight to inform contamination levels in the rural and urban sites. Future implications of this study need remediation strategies to clean environment requisite for avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roheela Yasmeen
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Sector C Phase 6 DHA, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Hifsa Ali Muhammad
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Sector C Phase 6 DHA, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Shazia Bokhari
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Sector C Phase 6 DHA, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Rafi
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Sector C Phase 6 DHA, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Shakoor
- Environment Protection Agency Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Waheed Qurashi
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Sector C Phase 6 DHA, Lahore, Pakistan
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Nouioui MA, Araoud M, Milliand ML, Bessueille-Barbier F, Amira D, Ayouni-Derouiche L, Hedhili A. Biomonitoring chronic lead exposure among battery manufacturing workers in Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7980-7993. [PMID: 30680687 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was the biomonitoring of the chronic exposure to Pb by measuring its levels in blood, urine, and hair of battery workers. Blood lead (BPb), urinary lead (UPb), hair lead (HPb), and urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid (UALA) levels were determined for 52 workers in a battery plant and compared to those of 20 non-occupational exposed subjects (controls). BPb and UPb levels were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). HPb levels were measured by triple quadrupole ICP-MS and UALA levels were determined using cation exchanger column. The measured levels were significantly higher compared to the controls exceeding the OSHA cutoff values (p < 0.01). The GM mean levels of BPb, UPb, UALA, and HPb of workers were 715 μg L-1, 331 μg L-1, 16.3 mg g-1, and 234 μg g-1, respectively. The GM mean levels of BPb, UPb, UALA, and HPb of controls were 93.6 μg L-1, 36.3 μg L-1, 1.9 mg g-1, and 1.8 μg g-1, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between BPb and UALA (r = 0.630, p = 0.000), UPb and UALA (r = 0.566, p = 0.000), and between BPb and HPb (r = 0.466, p = 0.004). The significant correlation between BPb and HPb suggests the usefulness of hair for assessing occupational exposure particularly when the study area presents medium to high levels of Pb pollution. The association between Pb biomarkers and potential confounding factors revealed significant influence of the occupational factor over smoking and alcohol consumption. The results of this study urge for the reinforcement of the implemented engineering controls and safety measures in order to reduce exposure and to address the health issues related to Pb poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Anouar Nouioui
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement (LR12SP07), Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente, 10 Rue Abou Kacem Chebbi, 1089, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia.
- Département de Chimie Appliquée, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie INSAT, 1080 Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Manel Araoud
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement (LR12SP07), Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente, 10 Rue Abou Kacem Chebbi, 1089, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marie-Laure Milliand
- Département de Chimie Appliquée, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie INSAT, 1080 Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédérique Bessueille-Barbier
- Département de Chimie Appliquée, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie INSAT, 1080 Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dorra Amira
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement (LR12SP07), Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente, 10 Rue Abou Kacem Chebbi, 1089, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Linda Ayouni-Derouiche
- Département de Chimie Appliquée, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie INSAT, 1080 Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abderrazek Hedhili
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Environnement (LR12SP07), Centre d'Assistance Médicale et Urgente, 10 Rue Abou Kacem Chebbi, 1089, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
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Xu J, Guo W, Wei L, Gao Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Sun M, Chen J. Validation of a HRGC-ECNI/LRMS method to monitor short-chain chlorinated paraffins in human plasma. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 75:289-295. [PMID: 30473294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are produced in high volume and have the high potential to pose a threat to human health. However, little information is available for SCCP contamination in human blood/plasma/serum, mainly due to the difficulty of sample preparation and quantitative analysis. A method using high resolution gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization low resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-ECNI/LRMS) was developed and validated to measure SCCPs in human plasma. The pretreatment process included protein denaturation and lipid elimination, liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of n-hexane/dichloromethane (1:1, V/V), and cleanup on a multi-layer silica column. The blank controls, including procedural blank, vacuum blood collection tube blank, and instrumental blank, were the most pivotal points for the reliable analysis of SCCPs. The average value of procedural blanks was 9.0ng/g; and the method detection limit (MDL), calculated as the sum of the average procedural blank value and 3 times of the standard deviation of the procedural blanks, was 12.6ng/g plasma. The validated method was applied to measure the concentrations of the total SCCPs (∑SCCPs) in 50 plasma samples from a general population. The measured plasma concentrations of ∑SCCPs ranged from <MDL to 203ng/g wet weight (ww), with an average value of 32.0ng/g ww. The relative abundance profiles of SCCPs in plasma samples were dominated by C10- and C11-CP congener groups centered on Cl6-7. The developed method can be used for the comprehensive and large-scale investigation of SCCP levels in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weijing Guo
- Dalian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Linhuan Wei
- Dalian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yichi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Dalian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Meconium analysis as a promising diagnostic tool for monitoring fetal exposure to toxic substances: Recent trends and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Evaluation of non-invasive biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in saliva. Toxicology 2018; 410:171-181. [PMID: 30118794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for non-invasive biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in saliva. Using an in vitro rat salivary gland epithelial cell (SGEC) system, a collection of experiments investigating chemical protein binding, temporal and directional transport, as well as competitive transport with para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), a substrate for renal organic anion transporters, was conducted to identify cellular transport parameters required to computationally model salivary transport of 2,4-D. Additionally, a physiological protein gradient was implemented to mimic physiologically relevant concentrations of protein in rat plasma and saliva, and under these conditions the transfer of 2,4-D was markedly slower, driven by increased protein binding (i.e. reduced free 2,4-D species available to cross salivary barrier). The rate of transfer was directly proportional to the amount of unbound 2,4-D and demonstrated no indication of active transport. An in vivo assessment of 2,4-D exposure in rats revealed non-linear protein binding in plasma, indicating saturated protein binding and increased levels of unbound 2,4-D species at higher doses. A strong correlation between 2,4-D concentrations in saliva and unbound 2,4-D in plasma was observed (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.95). Saliva:plasma 2,4-D ratios measured in vivo (0.0079) were consistent within the linear protein binding range and expected 2,4-D levels from occupational exposures but were significantly different than ratios measured in vitro (physiological conditions) (0.034), possibly due to 2,4-D concentrations in saliva not being at equilibrium with 2,4-D concentrations in blood, as well as physiological features absent in in vitro settings (e.g. blood flow). We demonstrated that 2,4-D is consistently transported into saliva using both in vitro and in vivo models, making 2,4-D a potential candidate for human non-invasive salivary biomonitoring. Further work is needed to understand whether current sensor limits of detection are sufficient to measure occupationally relevant exposures.
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Barbeau D, Lutier S, Choisnard L, Marques M, Persoons R, Maitre A. Urinary trans-anti-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene as the most relevant biomarker for assessing carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:147-155. [PMID: 29272778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous pollutants present as complex mixtures in the environment. Among them, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency of Research on Cancer. Taking into account all absorption ways, human biomonitoring allows PAH exposure assessment, but biomarkers both specific to carcinogenic effect and sufficiently sensitive are lacking. In this work, we proposed the urinary 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (7,8,9,10-OHBaP) stemming from hydrolysis of BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide, the ultimate carcinogenic BaP metabolite, as biomarker of PAH exposure. A simple and highly sensitive analytical method, with a limit of quantification (LQ) reaching 0.06pmol/L (0.02ng/L), was described and validated. The relevance of urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP concentrations adjustment by creatinine was demonstrated. In a group of 24 non-occupationally PAH exposed subjects, only 15% of 7,8,9,10-OHBaP levels was below the LQ and the last daily void has been found as the best sampling time. Tobacco consumption had a significant positive effect on 7,8,9,10-OHBaP concentrations with a 90e percentile equal to 0.05nmole/mole creatinine (nmol/mol) and 0.03nmol/mol for smokers and non-smokers, respectively. In case of occupational PAH exposure, all the pre- and post-shift urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP levels of 7 non-smoking workers in a prebaked electrodes production plant were above the LQ. Concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.91nmol/mol and accumulation of 7,8,9,10-OHBaP into organism of workers during the working week was clearly observed. The best sampling time was the post-shift at the end of week but samples should also be collected at pre-shift the beginning of week to assess the background level. Finally, the urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP elimination kinetic through the weekend was studied using non-linear mixed effect modelling. Mean apparent urinary half-life was 31.5h with low inter-individual variability. Describing key characteristics of urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP as PAH exposure biomarker, this work should promote its use for future large-scale biomonitoring campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Barbeau
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, IBP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Simon Lutier
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Luc Choisnard
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5063, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie Marques
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Renaud Persoons
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, IBP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Anne Maitre
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, IBP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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Tian Y, Xiang X, Juan J, Song J, Cao Y, Huang C, Li M, Hu Y. Short-term effects of ambient fine particulate matter pollution on hospital visits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, China. Environ Health 2018; 17:21. [PMID: 29482552 PMCID: PMC6389038 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China. The objective of this study was to explore the short-term effects of PM2.5 on outpatient and inpatient visits for COPD in Beijing, China. METHODS A total of 3,503,313 outpatient visits and 126,982 inpatient visits for COPD between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2012, were identified from the Beijing Medical Claim Data for Employees. A generalized additive Poisson model was applied to estimate the percentage change with 95% confidence interval (CI) in hospital visits for COPD in relation to an interquartile range (IQR) (90.8 μg/m3) increase in PM2.5 concentrations. RESULTS Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was significantly associated with increased use of COPD-related health services. There were clear exposure-response associations of PM2.5 with COPD outpatient and inpatient visits. An IQR increase in the concurrent day PM2.5 concentrations was significantly associated with a 2.38% (95% CI, 2.22%-2.53%) and 6.03% (95% CI, 5.19%-6.87%) increase in daily outpatient visits and inpatient visits, respectively. Elderly people were more sensitive to the adverse effects. The estimated risk was higher during the warm season compared to the cool season. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased risk of hospital visits for COPD. Our findings contributed to the limited evidence concerning the effects of ambient PM2.5 on COPD morbidity in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Juan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yaying Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Kim DH, Oh JE. Development and validation of an extraction method for the analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances in human hair. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:446-451. [PMID: 28237518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human hair has many advantages as a non-invasive sample; however, analytical methods for detecting perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human hair are still in the development stage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for monitoring 11 PFASs in human hair. Solid-phase extraction (SPE), ion-pairing extraction (IPE), a combined method (SPE+IPE) and solvent extraction with ENVI-carb clean-up were compared to develop an optimal extraction method using two types of hair sample (powder and piece forms). Analysis of PFASs was performed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Among the four different extraction procedures, the SPE method using powdered hair showed the best extraction efficiency and recoveries ranged from 85.8 to 102%. The method detection limits for the SPE method were 0.114-0.796 ng/g and good precision (below 10%) and accuracy (66.4-110%) were obtained. In light of these results, SPE is considered the optimal method for PFAS extraction from hair. It was also successfully used to detect PFASs in human hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
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Franken C, Koppen G, Lambrechts N, Govarts E, Bruckers L, Den Hond E, Loots I, Nelen V, Sioen I, Nawrot TS, Baeyens W, Van Larebeke N, Boonen F, Ooms D, Wevers M, Jacobs G, Covaci A, Schettgen T, Schoeters G. Environmental exposure to human carcinogens in teenagers and the association with DNA damage. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:165-174. [PMID: 27771571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether human environmental exposure to chemicals that are labeled as (potential) carcinogens leads to increased (oxidative) damage to DNA in adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six hundred 14-15-year-old youngsters were recruited all over Flanders (Belgium) and in two areas with important industrial activities. DNA damage was assessed by alkaline and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) modified comet assays in peripheral blood cells and analysis of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Personal exposure to potentially carcinogenic compounds was measured in urine, namely: chromium, cadmium, nickel, 1-hydroxypyrene as a proxy for exposure to other carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), t,t-muconic acid as a metabolite of benzene, 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), organophosphate pesticide metabolites, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites. In blood, arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners 118 and 156, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were analyzed. Levels of methylmercury (MeHg) were measured in hair. Multiple linear regression models were used to establish exposure-response relationships. RESULTS Biomarkers of exposure to PAHs and urinary chromium were associated with higher levels of both 8-OHdG in urine and DNA damage detected by the alkaline comet assay. Concentrations of 8-OHdG in urine increased in relation with increasing concentrations of urinary t,t-muconic acid, cadmium, nickel, 2,5-DCP, and DEHP metabolites. Increased concentrations of PFOA in blood were associated with higher levels of DNA damage measured by the alkaline comet assay, whereas DDT was associated in the same direction with the Fpg-modified comet assay. Inverse associations were observed between blood arsenic, hair MeHg, PCB 156 and HCB, and urinary 8-OHdG. The latter exposure biomarkers were also associated with higher fish intake. Urinary nickel and t,t-muconic acid were inversely associated with the alkaline comet assay. CONCLUSION This cross-sectional study found associations between current environmental exposure to (potential) human carcinogens in 14-15-year-old Flemish adolescents and short-term (oxidative) damage to DNA. Prospective follow-up will be required to investigate whether long-term effects may occur due to complex environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Franken
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Govarts
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Ilse Loots
- Political and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Van Larebeke
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Radiotherapy and Experimental Cancerology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Boonen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Daniëlla Ooms
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Mai Wevers
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Griet Jacobs
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense, Denmark
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Grzunov Letinić J, Matek Sarić M, Piasek M, Jurasović J, Varnai VM, Sulimanec Grgec A, Orct T. Use of human milk in the assessment of toxic metal exposure and essential element status in breastfeeding women and their infants in coastal Croatia. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 38:117-125. [PMID: 27522529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant and lactating women and infants are vulnerable population groups for adverse effects of toxic metals due to their high nutritional needs and the resultant increased gastrointestinal absorption of both, essential and toxic elements. Although breastfeeding is recommended for infants worldwide, as human milk is the best source of nutrients and other required bioactive factors, it is also a pathway of maternal excretion of toxic substances including toxic metals and thus a source of infant exposure. The aim of this research was to assess health risks in breastfeeding women in the coastal area of the Republic of Croatia and their infants (N=107) due to maternal exposure to Cd and Pb via cigarette smoking, and Hg via seafood and dental amalgam fillings, and their interaction with essential elements. Biological markers of exposure were the concentrations of main toxic metals Pb, Cd and Hg in maternal blood and three types of breast milk throughout lactation stages. Biological markers of effects were the levels of essential elements Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Se in maternal serum and breast milk. With regard to cigarette smoking as a source of exposure to Cd and Pb, there were effects of smoking on Cd concentration in blood and correlations between the smoking index and Cd concentrations in maternal blood (ρ=0.593; P<0.001) and mature milk (ρ=0.271; P=0.011) and Pb concentration in transitional milk (ρ=0.280; P=0.042). Regarding fish, we found correlations between weekly consumption frequency and total Hg concentrations in maternal blood (ρ=0.292; P=0.003) and mature milk (ρ=0.303; P=0.003). The number of dental amalgam fillings correlated with total Hg concentrations in colostrum (ρ=0.489; P=0.005) and transitional milk (ρ=0.309; P=0.018). As for the essential element status, only Se levels in maternal serum decreased by 10% in persons who continued smoking during pregnancy compared to non-smokers. In conclusion, the levels of main toxic metals Cd, Pb and Hg and essential elements Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Se in maternal blood and three types of breast milk samples in the studied area of coastal Croatia showed no risk of disrupted essential element levels with regard of toxic metal exposure in both breastfeeding women and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marijana Matek Sarić
- University of Zadar, Department for Health Studies, Splitska 1, HR-23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Martina Piasek
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, PO Box 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Jurasović
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, PO Box 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Veda Marija Varnai
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, PO Box 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonija Sulimanec Grgec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, PO Box 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Orct
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, PO Box 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
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Qiao L, Zheng XB, Zheng J, Lei WX, Li HF, Wang MH, He CT, Chen SJ, Yuan JG, Luo XJ, Yu YJ, Yang ZY, Mai BX. Analysis of human hair to assess exposure to organophosphate flame retardants: Influence of hair segments and gender differences. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:177-183. [PMID: 27078091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hair is a promising, non-invasive, human biomonitoring matrix that can provide insight into retrospective and integral exposure to organic pollutants. In the present study, we measured the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in hair and serum samples from university students in Guangzhou, China, and compared the PFR concentrations in the female hair segments using paired distal (5~10cm from the root) and proximal (0~5cm from the root) samples. PFRs were not detected in the serum samples. All PFRs except tricresyl phosphate (TMPP) and tri-n-propyl phosphate (TPP) were detected in more than half of all hair samples. The concentrations of total PFRs varied from 10.1 to 604ng/g, with a median of 148ng/g. Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tri(2-ethylexyl) phosphate (TEHP) were the predominant PFRs in hair. The concentrations of most PFRs in the distal segments were 1.5~8.6 times higher than those in the proximal segments of the hair (t-test, p<0.05), which may be due to the longer exposure time of the distal segments to external sources. The values of log (PFR concentrations-distal/PFR concentrations-proximal) were positively and significantly correlated with log KOA of PFRs (p<0.05, r=0.68), indicating that PFRs with a higher log KOA tend to accumulate in hair at a higher rate than PFRs with a lower log KOA. Using combined segments of female hair, significantly higher PFR concentrations were observed in female hair than in male hair. In contrast, female hair exhibited significantly lower PFR concentrations than male hair when using the same hair position for both genders (0-5cm from the scalp). The controversial results regarding gender differences in PFRs in hair highlight the importance of segmental analysis when using hair as an indicator of human exposure to PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Wei-Xiang Lei
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hong-Fang Li
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei-Huan Wang
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chun-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Gang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yun-Jiang Yu
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Antonucci A, Vitali M, Avino P, Manigrasso M, Protano C. Sensitive multiresidue method by HS-SPME/GC-MS for 10 volatile organic compounds in urine matrix: a new tool for biomonitoring studies on children. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5789-5800. [PMID: 27311952 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A HS-SPME method coupled with GC-MS analysis has been developed for simultaneously measuring the concentration of 10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, and p-xylene, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, 2-methyl-2-butyl methyl ether, and diisopropyl ether) in urine matrix as a biomonitoring tool for populations at low levels of exposure to such VOCs. These compounds, potentially toxic for human health, are common contaminants of both outdoor and indoor air, as they are released by autovehicular traffic; some of them are also present in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Thus, the exposure to these pollutants cannot be neglected and should be assessed. The low limits of detection and quantification (LODs and LOQs <6.5 and 7.5 ng L(-1), respectively) and the high reproducibility (CVs <4 %) make the developed method suited for biomonitoring populations exposed at low levels such as children. Further, the method is cost-effective and low in time-consumption; therefore, it is useful for investigating large populations. It has been applied to children exposed to traffic pollution and/or ETS; the relevant results are reported, and the relevant implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Antonucci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Via S. Maria in Gradi, 4, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Polar stir bars for isolation and preconcentration of perfluoroalkyl substances from human milk samples prior to UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:633-47. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A new method for the determination of four perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (from C5 to C8) and perfluorooctane sulfonate in human milk samples using stir-bar sorptive extraction-ultra-HPLC–MS/MS has been accurately optimized and validated. Methodology: Polydimethylsiloxane and polyethyleneglycol modified silicone materials were evaluated. Discussion: Overall, polyethyleneglycol led to a better sensitivity. After optimizing experimental variables, the method was validated reaching detection limits in the range of 0.05–0.20 ng ml-1; recovery rates from 81 to 105% and relative standard deviations fewer than 13% in all cases. The method was applied to milk samples from five randomly selected women. All samples were positive for at least one of the target compounds with concentrations ranging between 0.8 and 6.6 ng ml-1, being the most abundant perfluorooctane sulfonate.
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Wallace MAG, Kormos TM, Pleil JD. Blood-borne biomarkers and bioindicators for linking exposure to health effects in environmental health science. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2016; 19:380-409. [PMID: 27759495 PMCID: PMC6147038 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2016.1215772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental health science aims to link environmental pollution sources to adverse health outcomes to develop effective exposure intervention strategies that reduce long-term disease risks. Over the past few decades, the public health community recognized that health risk is driven by interaction between the human genome and external environment. Now that the human genetic code has been sequenced, establishing this "G × E" (gene-environment) interaction requires a similar effort to decode the human exposome, which is the accumulation of an individual's environmental exposures and metabolic responses throughout the person's lifetime. The exposome is composed of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, many of which are measurable as biomarkers in blood, breath, and urine. Exposure to pollutants is assessed by analyzing biofluids for the pollutant itself or its metabolic products. New methods are being developed to use a subset of biomarkers, termed bioindicators, to demonstrate biological changes indicative of future adverse health effects. Typically, environmental biomarkers are assessed using noninvasive (excreted) media, such as breath and urine. Blood is often avoided for biomonitoring due to practical reasons such as medical personnel, infectious waste, or clinical setting, despite the fact that blood represents the central compartment that interacts with every living cell and is the most relevant biofluid for certain applications and analyses. The aims of this study were to (1) review the current use of blood samples in environmental health research, (2) briefly contrast blood with other biological media, and (3) propose additional applications for blood analysis in human exposure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- a Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | | | - Joachim D Pleil
- a Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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Saxton DI, Brown P, Seguinot-Medina S, Eckstein L, Carpenter DO, Miller P, Waghiyi V. Environmental health and justice and the right to research: institutional review board denials of community-based chemical biomonitoring of breast milk. Environ Health 2015; 14:90. [PMID: 26606980 PMCID: PMC4659157 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, conflicts and challenges have emerged regarding environmental justice and research ethics for some indigenous communities. Alaska Community Action on Toxics (ACAT) responded to community requests for breast milk biomonitoring and conceived the Breast Milk Pilot Study (BMPS). Despite having community support and federal and private funding, the BMPS remains incomplete due to repeated disapprovals by the Alaska Area IRB (Institutional Review Board). In this commentary, we explore the consequences of years of IRB denials, in terms of health inequalities, environmental justice, and research ethics. We highlight the greater significance of this story with respect to research in Alaska Native communities, biomonitoring, and global toxics regulation. We offer suggestions to community-based researchers conducting biomonitoring projects on how to engage with IRBs in order to cultivate reflective, context-based research ethics that better consider the needs and concerns of communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvera I Saxton
- Department of Anthropology, College of Social Sciences, California State University, Fresno, 5242N. Backer Ave. Peters Business Building M/S 20, Fresno, CA, 93740, USA.
| | - Phil Brown
- Northeastern University, Social Science Environmental Health Research Institute, 318 INV, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Samarys Seguinot-Medina
- Alaska Community Action on Toxics, 505W. Northern Lights; Suite 205, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA.
| | - Lorraine Eckstein
- Alaska Community Action on Toxics, 505W. Northern Lights; Suite 205, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA.
| | - David O Carpenter
- University at Albany, Institute for Health and the Environment, 5 University Pl., Rm. A217, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
| | - Pamela Miller
- Alaska Community Action on Toxics, 505W. Northern Lights; Suite 205, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA.
| | - Vi Waghiyi
- Alaska Community Action on Toxics, 505W. Northern Lights; Suite 205, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA.
- Native Village of Savoonga Tribal Member, St. Lawrence Island, AK, USA.
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Chanpiwat P, Himeno S, Sthiannopkao S. Arsenic and Other Metals' Presence in Biomarkers of Cambodians in Arsenic Contaminated Areas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:14285-300. [PMID: 26569276 PMCID: PMC4661647 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121114285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical analyses of metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ba, and Pb) concentrations in hair, nails, and urine of Cambodians in arsenic-contaminated areas who consumed groundwater daily showed elevated levels in these biomarkers for most metals of toxicological interest. The levels of metals in biomarkers corresponded to their levels in groundwater, especially for As, whose concentrations exceeded the WHO guidelines for drinking water. About 75.6% of hair samples from the population in this study contained As levels higher than the normal level in unexposed individuals (1 mg·kg−1). Most of the population (83.3%) showed As urinary levels exceeding the normal (<50 ng·mg−1). These results indicate the possibility of arsenicosis symptoms in residents of the areas studied. Among the three biomarkers tested, hair has shown to be a reliable indicator of metal exposures. The levels of As (r2 = 0.633), Ba (r2 = 0.646), Fe (r2 = 0.595), and Mo (r2 = 0.555) in hair were strongly positively associated with the levels of those metals in groundwater. In addition, significant weak correlations (p < 0.01) were found between levels of exposure to As and As concentrations in both nails (r2 = 0.544) and urine (r2 = 0.243).
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Affiliation(s)
- Penradee Chanpiwat
- Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Seiichiro Himeno
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Suthipong Sthiannopkao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 604-714, Korea.
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Alves A, Jacobs G, Vanermen G, Covaci A, Voorspoels S. New approach for assessing human perfluoroalkyl exposure via hair. Talanta 2015; 144:574-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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47
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Multi-class method for biomonitoring of hair samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8725-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kucharska A, Cequier E, Thomsen C, Becher G, Covaci A, Voorspoels S. Assessment of human hair as an indicator of exposure to organophosphate flame retardants. Case study on a Norwegian mother-child cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:50-7. [PMID: 26081984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge of non-invasive human biomonitoring using hair is to assess whether it can be used as an indicator of exposure to Flame Retardants, such as Organophosphate Flame Retardants (PFRs), since the contribution of atmospheric deposition (air and/or dust) cannot be neglected. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of using human hair more thoroughly by comparison of (i) levels of PFRs in human hair (from 48 mothers and 54 children), with levels measured in dust and air in their respective households; and (ii) levels of selected PFRs in hair with the levels of corresponding PFR metabolites in matching urine samples collected simultaneously. Most PFRs (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), 2-ethyl-hexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), tri-phenyl phosphate (TPHP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TIBP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP)) were detected in all human hair samples, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) in 93%, tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) in 69% and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in 21% of the samples. Levels of individual PFRs ranged between <1 and 3744 ng/g hair and were lower than in indoor dust from the participants' homes. Several statistically significant associations between PFR levels in human hair and PFR levels in house dust and/or air were found, e.g. Spearman correlation (rS = 0.561, p < 0.05) between TBOEP in children's hair and in indoor air. Also, associations were found between TDCIPP in hair and its metabolite bis(1,3-dichloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) in urine; they were stronger for children (e.g. Pearson correlation rP = 0.475; p = 0.001) than for mothers (rP = 0.395, p = 0.01). Levels of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) in mothers' and children's urine were slightly correlated (rS = 0.409, p = 0.008), suggesting similar sources of exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study with such design and our findings might help to understand human exposure to and body burdens of PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kucharska
- VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Enrique Cequier
- NIPH - Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- NIPH - Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Georg Becher
- NIPH - Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Poon S, Wade MG, Aleksa K, Rawn DFK, Carnevale A, Gaertner DW, Sadler A, Breton F, Koren G, Ernest SR, Lalancette C, Robaire B, Hales BF, Goodyer CG. Hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14650-14658. [PMID: 25387207 DOI: 10.1021/es502789h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of using hair as a biomarker for exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants was assessed in humans and an animal model. Paired human hair and serum samples were obtained from adult men and women (n = 50). In parallel, hair, serum, liver, and fat were collected from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to increasing doses of the PBDE mixture found in house dust for 70 days via the diet. All samples were analyzed by GC-MS for eight common PBDEs: BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209. Paired human hair and serum samples had five congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, and -154) with significant individual correlations (0.345-0.566). In rat samples, BDE-28 and BDE-183 were frequently below the level of detection. Significant correlations were observed for BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -209 in rat hair, serum, liver, and fat across doses, with r values ranging from 0.803 to 0.988; weaker correlations were observed between hair and other tissues when data from the lowest dose group or for BDE-209 were analyzed. Thus, human and rat hair PBDE measurements correlate strongly with those in alternative matrices, validating the use of hair as a noninvasive biomarker of long-term PBDE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Poon
- Hospital for Sick Children , 555 University Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Inter- and intra-individual variation in urinary biomarker concentrations over a 6-day sampling period. Part 2: Personal care product ingredients. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:261-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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