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Lin Y, Liu J, Chong SY, Ting HJ, Tang X, Yang L, Zhang S, Qi X, Pei P, Yi Z, Huang C, Hou X, Gao L, Torta F, Liu X, Liu B, Kah JCY, Wang JW. Dual-Function Nanoscale Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles for Targeted Diagnosis and Therapeutic Delivery in Atherosclerosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401659. [PMID: 39185808 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. However, current medical practice lacks non-invasive, reliable approaches for both imaging atherosclerotic plaques and delivering therapeutic agents directly therein. Here, a biocompatible and biodegradable pH-responsive nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs) based theranostic system is reported for managing atherosclerosis. NCPs are synthesized with a pH-responsive benzoic-imine (BI) linker and Gd3+. Simvastatin (ST), a statin not used for lowering blood cholesterol but known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in mice, is chosen as the model drug. By incorporating ST into the hydrophobic domain of a lipid bilayer shell on NCPs surfaces, ST/NCP-PEG nanoparticles are created that are designed for dual purposes: they diagnose and treat atherosclerosis. When administered intravenously, they target atherosclerotic plaques, breaking down in the mild acidic microenvironment of the plaque to release ST, which reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, and Gd-complexes for MR imaging of the plaques. ST/NCP-PEG nanoparticles show efficacy in slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in live models and allow for simultaneous in vivo monitoring without observed toxicity in major organs. This positions ST/NCP-PEG nanoparticles as a promising strategy for the spontaneous diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhe Lin
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Block E4, #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Suet Yen Chong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Ting
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Xichuan Tang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Liqiang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Sitong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Qi
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Peng Pei
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhigao Yi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chenyuan Huang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Xiao Hou
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Block E4, #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
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B. Abo-Zalam H, El Denshary EED, A. Abdalsalam R, A. Khalil I, M. Khattab M, A. Hamzawy M. Revolutionizing Hyperlipidemia Treatment: Nanoencapsulated CoQ10 and Selenium Combat Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy and Insulin Resistance in Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:364-377. [PMID: 39206395 PMCID: PMC11347742 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to develop a nanoencapsulated platform for coenzyme Q10 nanoparticles (coQNPs) or selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and explore their potential therapeutic benefits in treating hyperlipidemia and combating simvastatin (SV)-induced myopathy and adverse reactions in hyperlipidemic rats. Methods The physical and chemical properties of the solid nanoparticles, coQNPs, and SeNPs were characterized, including zeta potential studies. Male Wistar albino rats were treated with various interventions for 112 days, including a nano-vehicle only, high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with SV alone, or with coQNPs or/and SeNPs for the last 30 days. Results The coQNPs and SeNPs exhibited uniform spherical shapes with high encapsulation efficiency (EE% 91.20±2.14 and 94.89±1.54, respectively). The results demonstrated that coQNPs and SeNPs effectively reduced hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, SV-induced myopathy, and hepatotoxicity. However, combining SV with coQNPs and SeNPs resulted in severe liver and muscle damage. Treatment with SV and SeNPs or SV and coQNPs alone showed significant improvements compared to SV treatment alone. Conclusion These findings suggest that the CoQNPs or SeNPs platforms offer advanced relief for hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance while limiting adverse effects such as myopathy and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar B. Abo-Zalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 6th of October University, 6th of October, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ezz El Deen El Denshary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A. Abdalsalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- School of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Islam A. Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October, Giza, (12566) Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Hamzawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Karpouzas GA, Papotti B, Ormseth SR, Palumbo M, Hernandez E, Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Budoff MJ, Ronda N. Statins influence the relationship between ATP-binding cassette A1 membrane transporter-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity and coronary atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Transl Autoimmun 2023; 7:100206. [PMID: 37484708 PMCID: PMC10362327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2023.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is the main antiatherogenic function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). ATP-binding-cassette A1 (ABCA1) membrane transporter initiates cholesterol export from arterial macrophages to pre-β HDL particles fostering their maturation; in turn, those accept cholesterol through ABCG1-mediated export. Impaired pre-β HDL maturation may disrupt the collaborative function of the two transporters and adversely affect atherosclerosis. Statins exert atheroprotective functions systemically and locally on plaque. We here evaluated associations between ABCA1-CEC, coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk and the influence of statins on those relationships in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Evaluation with computed tomography angiography was undertaken in 140 patients and repeated in 99 after 6.9 ± 0.3 years. Events comprising cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndromes, stroke, claudication, revascularization and heart failure were recorded. ABCA1-CEC and ABCG1-CEC were evaluated in J774A.1 macrophages and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells respectively and expressed as percentage of effluxed over total intracellular cholesterol. Covariates in all cardiovascular event risk and plaque outcome models included atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Results ABCA1-CEC negatively correlated with ABCG1-CEC (r = -0.167, p = 0.049). ABCA1-CEC associated with cardiovascular risk (adjusted hazard ratio 2.05 [95%CI 1.20-3.48] per standard deviation [SD] increment). There was an interaction of ABCA1-CEC with time-varying statin use (p = 0.038) such that current statin use inversely associated with risk only in patients with ABCA1-CEC below the upper tertile. ABCA1-CEC had no main effect on plaque or plaque progression; instead, ABCA1-CEC (per SD) associated with fewer baseline total plaques (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] 0.81, [95%CI 0.65-1.00]), noncalcified plaques (aRR 0.78 [95%CI 0.61-0.98]), and vulnerable low-attenuation plaques (aRR 0.41 [95%CI 0.23-0.74]) in statin users, and more low-attenuation plaques (aRR 1.91 [95%CI 1.18-3.08]) in nonusers (p-for-interaction = 0.018, 0.011, 0.025 and < 0.001 respectively). Moreover, ABCA1-CEC (per SD) associated with greater partially/fully-calcified plaque progression (adjusted odds ratio 3.07 [95%CI 1.20-7.86]) only in patients not exposed to statins during follow-up (p-for-interaction = 0.009). Conclusion In patients with RA, higher ABCA1-CEC may reflect a proatherogenic state, associated with enhanced cardiovascular risk. Statin use may unmask the protective impact of ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux on plaque formation, progression and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Karpouzas
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Bianca Papotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sarah R. Ormseth
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Maria Pia Adorni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Nicoletta Ronda
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Ye H, Wang G, Wang X, Wang L, Ni W, Chen L, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Xiong Z, Wang Y, Dai C, Liu B. San-wei-tan-xiang capsule attenuates atherosclerosis by increasing lysosomal activity in adipose tissue macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116444. [PMID: 37061068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dyslipidemia is the leading risk factor of atherosclerosis (AS). Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) can regulate postprandial cholesterol levels via uptake and hydrolyzation of lipids and regulation of macrophage cholesterol efflux (MCE). San-wei-tan-xiang (SWTX) capsule, a Traditional Chinese medicine, exerts clinical benefits in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY This work is aimed to evaluate the chemical ingredients and mechanisms of SWTX in anti-AS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical ingredients of SWTX identified by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry were used for network pharmacological analysis. The atheroprotective function of SWTX was evaluated in ApoE-/- mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. RESULTS The chemical ingredients identified in SWTX were predicated to be important for lipid metabolism and AS. Animals studies suggested that SWTX effectively attenuated the atherosclerotic plaque growth, elevated postprandial HDL cholesterol levels, elevated the proportion of Tim4 and CD36-expressed ATMs, and upregulated the uptake of lipid and lysosomal activity in ATMs. SWTX-induced elevation of postprandial HDL cholesterol levels was dependent on increased lysosomal activity, since chloroquine, an inhibitor of lysosomal function, blocked the effect of SWTX. Lastly, some predicated bioactive compounds in SWTX can elevate lysosomal activity in vitro. CONCLUSION SWTX could attenuate atherosclerotic plaque formation by elevating lysosomal activity and enhancing MCE in ATMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ye
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Jinshan Road 2999, Xiamen, 361015, China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Jinshan Road 2999, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Xuchao Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Jinshan Road 2999, Xiamen, 361015, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Jinshan Road 2999, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Wei Ni
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Jinshan Road 2999, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Linjian Chen
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Jinshan Road 2999, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhili Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Jinshan Road 2999, Xiamen, 361015, China.
| | - Cuilian Dai
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Jinshan Road 2999, Xiamen, 361015, China.
| | - Binbin Liu
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Jinshan Road 2999, Xiamen, 361015, China.
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Kadoglou NPE, Stasinopoulou M. How to Use Statins in Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Diseases: from the Beneficial Early Initiation to the Potentially Unfavorable Discontinuation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:353-362. [PMID: 34347204 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Statins, a class of lipid-lowering drugs, reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with established atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease. Early initiation of statin therapy after admission for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), stroke, or transient ischemic attack (TIA) is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, high-dose statin treatment prior to coronary or carotid revascularization has been shown to reduce cardiovascular events in these patients. However, many patients may be undertreated, and a residual cardiovascular risk remains in current clinical practice. Despite the beneficial role of statins, their discontinuation rate among patients is still elevated leading to severe adverse cardiovascular events due to atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. In this review, we summarized the impact of statin treatment among patients, focusing on the initiation time-points as well as the potential harm derived by their discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Stasinopoulou
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4, Soranou Ephesius str, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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The hypocholesterolemic effect of methanolic extract of Bassia muricata l. on hypercholesterolemic rats. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-023-05320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHypercholesterolemia is correlated with cardiovascular diseases. The search for effective alternatives for lipid-lowering drugs is continuous. We investigated the hypocholesterolemic activity of Bassia muricata methanolic extract (BMME) in a model of hyperlipidemia. B. muricata was extracted with methanol. Male rats were randomly divided into six groups: normal control group (G1) was fed normal diet, negative control group (G2) was fed high cholesterol and fat diet (HCFD), positive control group (G3) was fed HCFD and treated with atorvastatin (20 mg/kg), a fourth, fifth and sixth groups (G4, G5, and G6) were fed HCFD and treated with 10, 30 and 100 mg/Kg of BMME, respectively. All rat groups received, for 4 weeks, the appropriate daily dose after initial two weeks of feeding normal diet or HCFD. Body weight, lipid profile, serum glucose, liver enzymes were measured weekly. HCFD caused an increased total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and glucose, decreased triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and blunted the normal gain of body weight. BMME doses restored the normal gain of body weight, caused significant decrease in serum TC, LDL-C, and increased HDL-C when compared to G2. 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of BMME failed to induce any change in alkaline phosphatase whereas 100 mg/Kg of BMME caused a significant increase in alanine transaminase. 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of BMME significantly decreased serum glucose whereas 100 mg/kg BMME significantly increased it. BMME had significant hypocholesterolemic effect and 100 mg/kg BMME increased alanine transaminase, TG and glucose in rats.
Graphical abstract
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7
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de Miranda AM, da Silva LECM, Santiago MDSA, Rodrigues DM, Aldana Mejía JA, Perobelli JE, Vieira MJF, Bastos JK. Brazilian green propolis extracts modulate cholesterol homeostasis in a preclinical guinea pig model: an in vitro and in vivo study. Food Funct 2023; 14:2022-2033. [PMID: 36723264 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Green propolis produced by Apis melífera bees, having Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C. (Asteraceae) as the primary botanical source, has been used in traditional medicine to treat numerous disorders. However, studies evaluating propolis' potential in treating cardiovascular diseases via its effects on cholesterol metabolism are lacking. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of green propolis extracts on lipid metabolism in hypercholesterolemic guinea pigs. Chemical characterization of ethanolic extracts of green propolis samples was undertaken using HPLC. The in vitro characterization included an evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the hydroalcoholic extract of green propolis (DPPH and FRAP assays) and its ability to act as an inhibitor of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. In vivo, we investigated the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of green propolis on lipid metabolism in hypercholesterolemic guinea pigs. Results obtained validated previous reports of significant antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis confirmed that coumaric acid, artepillin C, and baccharin were the most common and abundant compounds in green propolis samples among the studied compounds. Furthermore, the compounds in these extracts acted as effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in vitro. In vivo assays demonstrated that a hypercholesterolemic diet significantly reduced serum levels of the HDL cholesterol fraction. Simvastatin and propolis hydroalcoholic extracts promoted a significant increase in HDL cholesterol, suggesting that these extracts can improve the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic guinea pigs. Results obtained in this study provide a perspective on the possible hypocholesterolemic effect of green propolis, suggesting that it can improve the serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Mayrink de Miranda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Débora Munhoz Rodrigues
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jennyfer Andrea Aldana Mejía
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Elaine Perobelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria José Fonseca Vieira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Zhu X, Li Q, George V, Spanoudis C, Gilkes C, Shrestha N, Liu B, Kong L, You L, Echeverri C, Li L, Wang Z, Chaturvedi P, Muniz GJ, Egan JO, Rhode PR, Wong HC. A novel interleukin-2-based fusion molecule, HCW9302, differentially promotes regulatory T cell expansion to treat atherosclerosis in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114802. [PMID: 36761778 PMCID: PMC9907325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by deposition of oxidative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial intima which triggers the innate immune response through myeloid cells such as macrophages. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in controlling the progression or regression of atherosclerosis by resolving macrophage-mediated inflammatory functions. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling is essential for homeostasis of Tregs. Since recombinant IL-2 has an unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile limiting its therapeutic use, we constructed a fusion protein, designated HCW9302, containing two IL-2 domains linked by an extracellular tissue factor domain. We found that HCW9302 exhibited a longer serum half-life with an approximately 1000-fold higher affinity for the IL-2Rα than IL-2. HCW9302 could be administered to mice at a dosing range that expanded and activated Tregs but not CD4+ effector T cells. In an ApoE-/- mouse model, HCW9302 treatment curtailed the progression of atherosclerosis through Treg activation and expansion, M2 macrophage polarization and myeloid-derived suppressor cell induction. HCW9302 treatment also lessened inflammatory responses in the aorta. Thus, HCW9302 is a potential therapeutic agent to expand and activate Tregs for treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Lu Y, Cui X, Zhang L, Wang X, Xu Y, Qin Z, Liu G, Wang Q, Tian K, Lim KS, Charles CJ, Zhang J, Tang J. The Functional Role of Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis: Novel Directions for Diagnosis and Targeting Therapy. Aging Dis 2022; 13:491-520. [PMID: 35371605 PMCID: PMC8947823 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, characterized by a high level of lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, or both), can increase the risk of developing and progressing atherosclerosis. As atherosclerosis progresses, the number and severity of aterial plagues increases with greater risk of myocardial infarction, a major contributor to cardiovascular mortality. Atherosclerosis progresses in four phases, namely endothelial dysfunction, fatty streak formation, lesion progression and plaque rupture, and eventually thrombosis and arterial obstruction. With greater understanding of the pathological processes underlying atherosclerosis, researchers have identified that lipoproteins play a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis. In particular, apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins have been shown to associate with atherosclerosis. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) also contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) contribute to the removal of cholesterol from macrophages thereby inhibiting the formation of foam cells. Given these known associations, lipoproteins may have potential as biomarkers for predicting risk associated with atherosclerotic plaques or may be targets as novel therapeutic agents. As such, the rapid development of drugs targeting lipoprotein metabolism may lead to novel treatments for atherosclerosis. A comprehensive review of lipoprotein function and their role in atherosclerosis, along with the latest development of lipoprotein targeted treatment, is timely. This review focuses on the functions of different lipoproteins and their involvement in atherosclerosis. Further, diagnostic and therapeutic potential are highlighted giving insight into novel lipoprotein-targetted approaches to treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) group, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.,Department of Bone and Joint, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Medical Record Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Gangqiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Qiguang Wang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Kang Tian
- Department of Bone and Joint, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Khoon S Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) group, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Chris J Charles
- Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Junnan Tang, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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10
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Yin F, Lin P, Yu WQ, Shen N, Li Y, Guo SD. The Cordyceps militaris-Derived Polysaccharide CM1 Alleviates Atherosclerosis in LDLR (-/-) Mice by Improving Hyperlipidemia. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:783807. [PMID: 34966782 PMCID: PMC8710727 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.783807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has a high mortality worldwide. Our lab previously purified a polysaccharide designated as CM1 with (1→4)-β-D-Glcp and (1→2)-α-D-Manp glycosyls as the backbone. In this study, we investigated the anti-atherosclerosis effect of CM1 and the underlying mechanisms of action in a low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR(-/-) mouse model. It was found that CM1 significantly decreased the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Mechanistically, CM1 enhanced plasma level of apolipoprotein A-I and decreased the plasma levels of triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, and total cholesterol. In the absence of LDLR, CM1 elevated the expression of very low-density lipoprotein receptor for liver uptake of plasma apolipoprotein B-containing particles and reduced hepatic triglyceride synthesis by inhibiting sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c. CM1 improved lipids excretion by increasing the liver X receptor α/ATP-binding cassette G5 pathway in small intestine. CM1 reduced lipogenesis and lipolysis by inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and adipose triglyceride lipase in epididymal fat. Furthermore, CM1 improved lipid profile in C57BL/6J mice. Collectively, CM1 can modulate lipid metabolism by multiple pathways, contributing to reduced plasma lipid level and formation of atherosclerotic plaques in LDLR(-/-) mice. This molecule could be explored as a potential compound for prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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11
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Jiang S, Cai Q, Zhang D, Fan J, Hu S, Venners SA. Effect of ABCG1 gene DNA methylations on the lipid-lowering efficacy of simvastatin. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 22:27-39. [PMID: 33356546 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the effect of ABCG1 gene DNA methylation in the lipid-lowering efficacy of simvastatin. Materials & methods: An extreme sampling approach was used to select 211 individuals from the top and bottom 15% of adjusted lipid-lowering response residuals to simvastatin after eight consecutive weeks. DNA methylation was measured before treatment by the MethylTarget bisulfite sequencing method. Results: ABCG1_A DNA methylations were negatively associated with baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the change in HDL-C after treatment. ABCG1_C methylations were also related to the change in triglyceride and HDL-C. Moreover, mean ABCG1_A and ABCG1_C methylations explain 7.2% of the ΔTC (total cholesterol) and 17.5% of the ΔHDL-C level variability, respectively. Conclusion: DNA methylations at the ABCG1 gene play significant inhibitory effects in the lipid-lowering therapy of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqun Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Institute of Physical Science & Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qianru Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Juanlin Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shengnan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Scott A Venners
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
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12
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Administration of Protein Hydrolysates from Anchovy ( Engraulis Encrasicolus) Waste for Twelve Weeks Decreases Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Severity in ApoE -/-Mice. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122303. [PMID: 33291840 PMCID: PMC7762029 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is an increasing concern worldwide. It currently represents the main cause of chronic liver disease in humans in Western countries. Nutritional strategies based on fish-rich diets are considered helpful in the prevention of MAFLD, and are also thought to be beneficial for human health. In particular, cholesterol- and triacylglycerol-lowering effects are associated with fish-derived proteins or hydrolysates. Our findings suggest that supplementing the diet with 10% (w/w) anchovy protein hydrolysates has an anti-obesity effect together with an improvement in lipid metabolism and a reduction in liver fat content and high-fat diet-induced liver disease. By virtue of their nutritional value and functional proprieties, anchovy by-product protein hydrolysates may be an efficient nutritional strategy in MAFLD prevention and treatment. Abstract Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) includes several diseases, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Fish-rich diets are considered helpful in the prevention of MAFLD, and the enzymatic hydrolysis of fish waste has been explored as a means of obtaining high-value protein hydrolysates, which have been proven to exert beneficial bioactivities including anti-obesity and hypocholesterol effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of the administration of protein hydrolysates from anchovy waste (APH) for 12 weeks on attenuated high-fat diet-induced MAFLD in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice (ApoE–/–). Thirty ApoE–/– mice were divided into two groups (n = 15/group) and fed a high-fat diet (HFD), with and without the addition of 10% (w/w) APH. After 12 weeks, serum and hepatic lipid profiles, hepatic enzyme activities, liver histology and immunohistochemistry were analyzed to assess hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Twelve-weeks on a 10% (w/w) APH diet reduces total cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels, hepatic enzyme activity and hepatic triacylglycerol content (p < 0.0001), and results in a reduction in hepatic fat accumulation and macrophage recruitment (p < 0.0001). The results suggest that a 10% APH diet has an anti-obesity effect, with an improvement in lipid metabolism, hepatic steatosis and liver injury as a result of a high-fat diet. Protein hydrolysates from fish waste may represent an efficient nutritional strategy in several diseases, and their use as nutraceuticals is worthy of future investigation.
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13
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Peng C, Stewart AG, Woodman OL, Ritchie RH, Qin CX. Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Review of Its Mechanism, Models and Medical Treatments. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:603926. [PMID: 33343375 PMCID: PMC7745178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.603926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) develops from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Currently, around 25% of the population is estimated to have NAFLD, and 25% of NAFLD patients are estimated to have NASH. NASH is typically characterized by liver steatosis inflammation, and fibrosis driven by metabolic disruptions such as obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. NASH patients with significant fibrosis have increased risk of developing cirrhosis and liver failure. Currently, NASH is the second leading cause for liver transplant in the United States. More importantly, the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma from NASH has also been highlighted in recent studies. Patients may have NAFLD for years before progressing into NASH. Although the pathogenesis of NASH is not completely understood, the current “multiple-hits” hypothesis suggests that in addition to fat accumulation, elevated oxidative and ER stress may also drive liver inflammation and fibrosis. The development of clinically relevant animal models and pharmacological treatments for NASH have been hampered by the limited understanding of the disease mechanism and a lack of sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tools. Currently, most pre-clinical animal models are divided into three main groups which includes: genetic models, diet-induced, and toxin + diet-induced animal models. Although dietary models mimic the natural course of NASH in humans, the models often only induce mild liver injury. Many genetic and toxin + diet-induced models rapidly induce the development of metabolic disruption and serious liver injury, but not without their own shortcomings. This review provides an overview of the “multiple-hits” hypothesis and an evaluation of the currently existing animal models of NASH. This review also provides an update on the available interventions for managing NASH as well as pharmacological agents that are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Lancaster, CBR, Australia
| | - Owen L Woodman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Shabir O, Moll TA, Matuszyk MM, Eyre B, Dake MD, Berwick J, Francis SE. Preclinical models of disease and multimorbidity with focus upon cardiovascular disease and dementia. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Frambach SJCM, de Haas R, Smeitink JAM, Rongen GA, Russel FGM, Schirris TJJ. Brothers in Arms: ABCA1- and ABCG1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux as Promising Targets in Cardiovascular Disease Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:152-190. [PMID: 31831519 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor. Preventive treatments mainly focus on the effective reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but their therapeutic value is limited by the inability to completely normalize atherosclerotic risk, probably due to the disease complexity and multifactorial pathogenesis. Consequently, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol gained much interest, as it appeared to be cardioprotective due to its major role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RCT facilitates removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including atherosclerotic plaques, and its subsequent hepatic clearance into bile. Therefore, RCT is expected to limit plaque formation and progression. Cellular cholesterol efflux is initiated and propagated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Their expression and function are expected to be rate-limiting for cholesterol efflux, which makes them interesting targets to stimulate RCT and lower atherosclerotic risk. This systematic review discusses the molecular mechanisms relevant for RCT and ABCA1 and ABCG1 function, followed by a critical overview of potential pharmacological strategies with small molecules to enhance cellular cholesterol efflux and RCT. These strategies include regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, degradation, and mRNA stability. Various small molecules have been demonstrated to increase RCT, but the underlying mechanisms are often not completely understood and are rather unspecific, potentially causing adverse effects. Better understanding of these mechanisms could enable the development of safer drugs to increase RCT and provide more insight into its relation with atherosclerotic risk. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor of atherosclerosis, which is a leading pathological mechanism underlying cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol is removed from atherosclerotic plaques and subsequently cleared by the liver into bile. This transport is mediated by high-density lipoprotein particles, to which cholesterol is transferred via ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Small-molecule pharmacological strategies stimulating these transporters may provide promising options for cardiovascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne J C M Frambach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ria de Haas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Rongen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Guan F, Zhang C, Jiang C, Jacques ML, Bai Y, Lu S, Liu W, Lei J. ApoE deficiency promotes hepatic pathology by aggravating Th17/Treg imbalance in murine schistosomiasis japonica. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12785. [PMID: 32786078 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The Schistosoma japonicum (S japonicum)-infected ApoE gene deficiency (ApoE-/- ) mice were used to determine effect of ApoE on hepatic immunopathology. METHODS Murine activities and appetite, body weight, and ratio of liver weight to its body weight (Hepatic mass index, HMI) were observed. Worm load and liver egg burden were evaluated as the infection intensity. Number and size of liver egg granulomas and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were investigated. We analysed hepatic fibrosis by markers of fibrosis in tissue, detected hepatic Th17 and Treg frequency by flow cytometry, and measured hepatic expressions of RORγt, Foxp3, IL-17A and TGF-β1 via qPCR. Lipid metabolism was determined by serum levels of cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) as well as hepatic Oil red O staining. RESULTS In the infected ApoE-/- mice, the increased infection intensity aggravated the hepatic immunopathology (evidenced by increased HMI, elevated egg granulomas and increased ALT levels) and fibrosis (increased hepatic collagen deposition). ApoE deficiency resulted in significantly elevated ratio of hepatic Th17/Treg and higher serum levels of TC and TG, along with higher level of hepatic Oil red O staining. CONCLUSIONS ApoE deficiency promotes hepatic pathology and fibrosis by exacerbating Th17/Treg imbalance and altering lipid metabolism in murine schistosomiasis japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunjie Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Muziazia Lupemba Jacques
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengjun Lu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Sun H, Jiang Q, Sheng L, Cui K. Downregulation of lncRNA H19 alleviates atherosclerosis through inducing the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3095-3102. [PMID: 32945413 PMCID: PMC7453499 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) serve a dominant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). Long non‑coding (lnc)RNA H19 is reported to accelerate the progression of AS by inhibiting the apoptosis of VSMCs, whereas p53 is identified as promoting VSMC apoptosis. The present study aimed to explore the effects of H19/p53 on the pathogenesis of AS. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE‑/‑) mice fed a high‑fat diet were used as in vivo AS models. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. VSMC proliferation and apoptosis were respectively assessed by CCK‑8 and flow cytometry. Compared with the control group, mouse weight and plaque area were all increased in the AS model group, as was the expression of H19. Knockdown of H19 reduced the proliferation and induced apoptosis of VSMCs, and increased the expression of p53, cleaved caspase3 (c‑caspase3) and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis, as well as enhancing the interaction between Bax and p53 proteins. Downregulation of H19 reduced the plaque area and promoted the expression of c‑caspase3 in mouse aortic tissues in vivo, as well as enhancing the effects of simvastatin, a drug used for AS treatment. Results from the present study indicated that knockdown of H19 may prevent AS deterioration through increased p53‑mediated VSMC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272100, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, Liaocheng, Shandong 252601, P.R. China
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272100, P.R. China
| | - Kai Cui
- Geriatrics Department, The Central Hospital of Shengli Oilfield, Dongying, Shandong 257034, P.R. China
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18
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Xie Q, Xiong F, Wu X, Chen J, Gu X, Su C, Xiao L, Zheng Z, Wei Y, Ullah H, Zha L. Soyasaponins A 1 and A 2 exert anti-atherosclerotic functionalities by decreasing hypercholesterolemia and inflammation in high fat diet (HFD)-fed ApoE -/- mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:253-269. [PMID: 31956875 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02654a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease causing coronary heart attacks and strokes. Soyasaponins (SS), the phytochemicals naturally existing in soybeans and their products, have been shown to reduce hypercholesterolemia and inflammation, which are intimately related to the genesis and development of atherosclerosis. However, the anti-atherosclerotic functionality of soyasaponins remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the supplementation of two types of soyasaponin monomers (A1 and A2) on atherosclerotic plaque formation, serum lipid profiles, and inflammation in ApoE gene knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. Sixty 5-week-old ApoE-/- male mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and intervened by SSA1 and SSA2 (10 and 20 μmol per kg BW, respectively) or simvastatin (10 μmol per kg BW) for 24 weeks. The atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, aortic root, and innominate artery, lipid profile and inflammatory markers in serum, and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling in arterial tissues were determined. SSA1 and SSA2 decreased the plaque ratio in the aortic root and innominate artery but not in the entire aorta. In serum, SSA1 reduced TG, TC, and LDL-C but increased HDL-C; SSA2 decreased TC, TG, and LDL-C but did not affect HDL-C. Meanwhile, SSA1 increased TG, SSA2 increased TC, and both of them increased bile acids in the feces. SSA1 and SSA2 lowered TNF-α, MCP-1, and hs-crp in serum. Furthermore, SSA1 and SSA2 reduced the TLR4 and MyD88 expressions in the aorta and innominate artery and inhibited NF-κB p65 and IκBα phosphorylation in the aorta. These results suggest that SSA1 and SSA2 exert anti-atherosclerotic functionalities by decreasing hypercholesterolemia and inflammation in HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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19
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Jiang H, Ruan Z, Wang Z, Wu B, Gao Z, Ye X, Lu X. Simvastatin reduces atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial inflammatory response in atherosclerosis rats through TGF-β/Smad pathway. Minerva Med 2019; 111:504-507. [PMID: 31295982 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.19.06119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ruan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zirong Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongming Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China -
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20
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Gebhard C, Rhainds D, He G, Rodés-Cabau J, Lavi S, Spence JD, Title L, Kouz S, L'Allier PL, Grégoire J, Ibrahim R, Cossette M, Guertin MC, Beanlands R, Rhéaume E, Tardif JC. Elevated level of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is associated with reduced coronary atheroma burden. Atherosclerosis 2018; 276:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Ren S, Yan X, Ma J, Pan Y, Zhang W, Wang D, Fei Z, Liu X. Defatted walnut powder extract reduces cholesterol gallstones formation in C57BL/6 mice by downregulating the levels of ABCG5/8 in the liver and NPC1L1 in the intestine. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Kunthiphun S, Chokreansukchai P, Hondee P, Tanasupawat S, Savarajara A. Diversity and characterization of cultivable oleaginous yeasts isolated from mangrove forests. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:125. [PMID: 30083778 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 198 yeasts were isolated from 140 samples collected from 7 mangrove forests in 4 provinces of Thailand, and were found to belong to 30 genera, 45 described species and at least 12 undescribed species based on their 26S rRNA (D1/D2 domain) gene sequence. The most prevalent species was Candida tropicalis, followed by Candida pseudolambica and Rhodosporidium paludigena. Lipid accumulation, as determined by Nile red staining, of the isolated yeasts revealed that 69 and 18 strains were positive and strongly positive, respectively, while quantitative analysis of the intracellular lipid accumulated in the latter indicated that 10 of these strains, Pseudozyma tsukubaensis (YWT7-2 and YWT7-3), Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa (YWW6-1 and SFL14-1SF), Saitozyma podzolica (YWT1-1, NS3-3 and NS10-2), Prototheca zopfii var. hydrocarbonea OMS6-1 and Prototheca sp. (YMTW3-1 and YMTS5-2), were oleaginous. In this study we found that under nitrogen depletion condition (155 C/N ratio) Pseudozyma tsukubaensis YWT7-2 accumulated the highest level of intracellular lipid at 32.4% (w/w, dry cell weight), with a broadly similar fatty acid composition to that in palm oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sineenath Kunthiphun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Puthita Chokreansukchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Hondee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Somboon Tanasupawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ancharida Savarajara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Chen X, Tang K, Peng Y, Xu X. 2,3,4′,5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glycoside attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: role of reverse cholesterol transport. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:8-17. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of 2,3,4′,5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG) on the development of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE−/− mice, and explore the mechanisms involved. Our data showed that after 8 weeks of treatment, TSG ameliorated serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased serum levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in ApoE−/− mice. TSG suppressed hepatic steatosis, the formation of atherosclerotic lesions, and the formation of macrophage foam cells in ApoE−/− mice. Moreover, TSG improved the expressions of hepatic SR-BI, ABCG5, and CYP7A1, and up-regulated the protein expressions of aortic ABCA1 and ABCG1. An in-vitro study showed that TSG promoted macrophage cholesterol efflux and increased the protein expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1. Our findings provide evidence for a positive role of TSG in preventing atherosclerosis by promoting reverse cholesterol transport. These effects may be achieved by stimulating cholesterol efflux through ABCA1 and ABCG1, promoting SR-BI-mediated cholesterol uptake in the liver, increasing secretion of cholesterol into bile by ABCG5, and improving cholesterol metabolism by the CYP7A1 pathway. In addition, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of TSG may also contribute to its inhibitory effects on atherosclerosis. Further study is needed to investigate whether other potential mechanisms are involved in TSG-mediated atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - XiaoLe Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
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Adorni MP, Ferri N, Marchianò S, Trimarco V, Rozza F, Izzo R, Bernini F, Zimetti F. Effect of a novel nutraceutical combination on serum lipoprotein functional profile and circulating PCSK9. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2017; 13:1555-1562. [PMID: 29270015 PMCID: PMC5729828 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s144121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk may be obtained by improving lipid-related serum lipoprotein functions such as high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) and serum cholesterol loading capacity (CLC) and by reducing proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9), independently of lipoprotein concentrations. Aim We aimed to evaluate the effect of an innovative nutraceutical (NUT) combination containing red yeast rice (monacolin K 3.3 mg), berberine 531.25 mg and leaf extract of Morus alba 200 mg (LopiGLIK®), on HDL-CEC, serum CLC and on circulating PCSK9 levels. Materials and methods Twenty three dyslipidemic subjects were treated for 4 weeks with the above NUT combination. HDL-CEC was measured using specific cell-based radioisotopic assays; serum CLC and PCSK9 concentrations were measured fluorimetrically and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results The NUT combination significantly reduced plasma level of the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−9.8% and −12.6%, respectively). Despite no changes in HDL-cholesterol, the NUT combination improved total HDL-CEC in 83% of the patients, by an average of 16%, as a consequence of the increase mainly of the ATP-binding cassette A1-mediated CEC (+28.5%). The NUT combination significantly reduced serum CLC (−11.4%) while it did not change PCSK9 plasma levels (312.9±69.4 ng/mL vs 334.8±103.5 mg/L, before and after treatment, respectively). Conclusion The present NUT combination improves the serum lipoprotein functional profile providing complementary beneficial effects, without any detrimental increase of PCSK9 plasma levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan
| | | | - Francesco Rozza
- Hypertension Research Center, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Izzo
- Hypertension Research Center, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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25
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Ahmadi Y, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Argani H. The effect of statins on the organs: similar or contradictory? J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2017; 9:64-70. [PMID: 28740624 PMCID: PMC5516053 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy-Methyl-Glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) – the main enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway – is mostly inhibited by statins in hepatocytes. In spite of the other tissues, liver utilizes cholesterol in different ways such as the synthesis of bile acids, excretion in to the intestine and synthesis of lipoproteins. Therefore, statins theoretically alter these pathways; although, there have not been such effects. In this review, we aim to show the roles of extra-hepatic tissues, in particular intestine, adipose and cutaneous tissues in providing the cholesterol after reduction of the whole body cholesterol content by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ghorbanihaghjo
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Argani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Yin M, Liu Q, Yu L, Yang Y, Lu M, Wang H, Luo D, Rong X, Tang F, Guo J. Downregulations of CD36 and Calpain-1, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis by Simvastatin in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. J Vasc Res 2017; 54:123-130. [DOI: 10.1159/000464288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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27
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Yang X, Yin M, Yu L, Lu M, Wang H, Tang F, Zhang Y. Simvastatin inhibited oxLDL-induced proatherogenic effects through calpain-1–PPARγ–CD36 pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1336-1343. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that simvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, inhibits atherosclerosis in rats. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of simvastatin on mouse peritoneal macrophage foam cell formation, the early feature of atherosclerosis, and explore its mechanisms. The results showed that simvastatin decreased cholesterol content and DiI–oxLDL (1,1′-didodecyl 3,3,3′,3′-indocarbocyanine perchlorate – oxidized low-density lipoprotein) uptake, reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the medium, down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of CD36 (a fatty acid receptor), and reduced the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), TNF-α, and IL-6 in macrophages treated with oxLDL. However, PPARγ agonist troglitazone partly abolished the effects of simvastatin on foam cells. In addition, simvastatin reduced the protein expression of calpain-1, a Ca2+-sensitive cysteine protease, in oxLDL-treated macrophages. Furthermore, PD150606, a specific calpain inhibitor, reduced mRNA expressions of PPARγ and CD36 in macrophages treated with oxLDL. Combination of simvastatin and PD150606 had no further effect on mRNA expression of PPARγ and CD36 compared with either alone. However, over-expression of calpain-1 in macrophages partly reversed the simvastatin effects, including cell cholesterol content, mRNA expressions of PPARγ, and CD36. The results suggested that simvastatin inhibits foam cell formation of oxLDL-treated macrophages through a calpain-1–PPARγ–CD36 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Departments, the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meihui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
- Central Hospital of Yingkou Development Areas, Yingkou, 115007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Futian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Departments, the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Metabolic liver injury is one of the fastest growing health problems worldwide. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty livers have been shown to be associated with progression to end-stage liver diseases, as well as to liver cancers, in humans. More importantly, there are no validated therapies for these disorders, therefore intensive research is required in this area. This review of standard operation procedures focuses on the experimental models of fatty liver disease in the mouse. Firstly, use of these experimental models might improve understanding of underlying mechanisms, and secondly this might help to test potential therapeutic options. This article includes, besides a short historic background, an insight into the pathobiochemical mechanisms and detailed experimental procedures as well as the practical implementation of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramadori
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Streetz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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29
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Seven weeks of Western diet in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice induce metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with liver fibrosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12931. [PMID: 26263022 PMCID: PMC4531783 DOI: 10.1038/srep12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterised by hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, which might progress to cirrhosis. Human NASH is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). Currently, rodent NASH models either lack significant fibrosis or MS. ApoE−/− mice are a MS model used in cardiovascular research. The aim of this work was to establish and characterise a novel mouse NASH model with significant fibrosis and MS. ApoE−/− and wild-type mice (wt) were fed either a western-diet (WD), methionine-choline-deficient-diet (MCD) or normal chow. Liver histology, RT-PCR, hepatic hydroxyproline content, triglycerides and cholesterol levels, and fasting glucose levels assessed hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Further, portal pressure was measured invasively, and kidney pathology was assessed by histology. ApoE−/− mice receiving WD showed abnormal glucose tolerance, hepatomegaly, weight gain and full spectrum of NASH including hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation, with no sign of renal damage. MCD-animals showed less severe liver fibrosis, but detectable renal pathological changes, besides weight loss and unchanged glucose tolerance. This study describes a murine NASH model with distinct hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, without renal pathology. ApoE−/− mice receiving WD represent a novel and fast model with all characteristic features of NASH and MS well suitable for NASH research.
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Song XY, Xu S, Hu JF, Tang J, Chu SF, Liu H, Han N, Li JW, Zhang DM, Li YT, Chen NH. Piperine prevents cholesterol gallstones formation in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 751:112-7. [PMID: 25645812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biliary cholesterol may contribute to the formation of cholesterol gallstones, and regulation of these levels could be a useful therapeutic strategy for gallstones disease. Piperine (PA) is a potential cholesterol lowering agent. In this study, we assessed the effect and mechanism of PA in preventing cholesterol gallstones formation induced by feeding lithogenic diet containing high cholesterol levels to mice. C57BL/6 inbred mice were fed lithogenic or chow diets for 10 weeks, with or without PA (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, 60 mg/kg) administration. Cholesterol, phospholipids and crystals in bile, the lipid in serum, pathological changes and proteins expression in liver were analyzed. The results showed that PA could decrease the cholesterol potency and crystals in bile, reduce total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and increase high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein (HDL/LDL) levels in serum. Furthermore, PA treatment reduced liver lipid peroxidation and protected hepatobiliary cells from liver injury by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, PA inhibited the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters G5/8 (ABCG5/8) and liver X receptor (LXR) in liver, and reduced cholesterol transport from the hepatocytes to the gallbladder. It may be the mechanism of PA in preventing cholesterol gallstones formation. PA as a potential drug for prevention cholesterol gallstones merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jia Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ning Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Dong-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yue-Ting Li
- Beijing Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Liu R, Li J, Cheng Y, Huo T, Xue J, Liu Y, Liu J, Chen X. Effects of ellagic acid-rich extract of pomegranates peel on regulation of cholesterol metabolism and its molecular mechanism in hamsters. Food Funct 2015; 6:780-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00759j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PEA promoted cholesterol removal by enhancement of fecal bile acid and up-regulation of the two pathways, LXR/PPAR-ABCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Jianke Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Yujiang Cheng
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Tianbo Huo
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Jiayi Xue
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Yingli Liu
- Shaanxi Normal University's Hospital
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Jianshu Liu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Xi'an 710003
- China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Xi'an 710003
- China
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LI XIUYING, ZHOU YUANDA, YU CHAO, YANG HUI, ZHANG CHENGZHI, YE YUN, XIAO SHUNLIN. Paeonol suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and downregulation of the cluster of differentiation 36. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:764-74. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Fu ZD, Cui JY, Klaassen CD. Atorvastatin induces bile acid-synthetic enzyme Cyp7a1 by suppressing FXR signaling in both liver and intestine in mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2576-86. [PMID: 25278499 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are effective cholesterol-lowering drugs to treat CVDs. Bile acids (BAs), the end products of cholesterol metabolism in the liver, are important nutrient and energy regulators. The present study aims to investigate how statins affect BA homeostasis in the enterohepatic circulation. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with atorvastatin (100 mg/kg/day po) for 1 week, followed by BA profiling by ultra-performance LC-MS/MS. Atorvastatin decreased BA pool size, mainly due to less BA in the intestine. Surprisingly, atorvastatin did not alter total BAs in the serum or liver. Atorvastatin increased the ratio of 12α-OH/non12α-OH BAs. Atorvastatin increased the mRNAs of the BA-synthetic enzymes cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) (over 10-fold) and cytochrome P450 27a1, the BA uptake transporters Na⁺/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1b2, and the efflux transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in the liver. Noticeably, atorvastatin suppressed the expression of BA nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) target genes, namely small heterodimer partner (liver) and fibroblast growth factor 15 (ileum). Furthermore, atorvastatin increased the mRNAs of the organic cation uptake transporter 1 and cholesterol efflux transporters Abcg5 and Abcg8 in the liver. The increased expression of BA-synthetic enzymes and BA transporters appear to be a compensatory response to maintain BA homeostasis after atorvastatin treatment. The Cyp7a1 induction by atorvastatin appears to be due to suppressed FXR signaling in both the liver and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidong Donna Fu
- Departments of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China 150081
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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Shimizu T, Miura SI, Tanigawa H, Kuwano T, Zhang B, Uehara Y, Saku K. Rosuvastatin Activates ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1–Dependent Efflux Ex Vivo and Promotes Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Macrophage Cells in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2246-53. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Shimizu
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., S.M., H.T., T.K., Y.U., K.S.), Molecular Cardiovascular Therapeutics (S.M., Y.U., K.S.), Biochemistry (B.Z.), and Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease (H.T., K.S.), Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Miura
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., S.M., H.T., T.K., Y.U., K.S.), Molecular Cardiovascular Therapeutics (S.M., Y.U., K.S.), Biochemistry (B.Z.), and Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease (H.T., K.S.), Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanigawa
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., S.M., H.T., T.K., Y.U., K.S.), Molecular Cardiovascular Therapeutics (S.M., Y.U., K.S.), Biochemistry (B.Z.), and Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease (H.T., K.S.), Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuwano
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., S.M., H.T., T.K., Y.U., K.S.), Molecular Cardiovascular Therapeutics (S.M., Y.U., K.S.), Biochemistry (B.Z.), and Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease (H.T., K.S.), Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Bo Zhang
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., S.M., H.T., T.K., Y.U., K.S.), Molecular Cardiovascular Therapeutics (S.M., Y.U., K.S.), Biochemistry (B.Z.), and Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease (H.T., K.S.), Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Uehara
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., S.M., H.T., T.K., Y.U., K.S.), Molecular Cardiovascular Therapeutics (S.M., Y.U., K.S.), Biochemistry (B.Z.), and Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease (H.T., K.S.), Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keijiro Saku
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., S.M., H.T., T.K., Y.U., K.S.), Molecular Cardiovascular Therapeutics (S.M., Y.U., K.S.), Biochemistry (B.Z.), and Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease (H.T., K.S.), Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tiaozhi Tongmai Granules reduce atherogenesis and promote the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in rabbit atherosclerotic plaque macrophages and the liver. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Schulze I, Hansen S, Großhans S, Rudszuck T, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C, Neumann A. Characterization of newly isolated oleaginous yeasts - Cryptococcus podzolicus, Trichosporon porosum and Pichia segobiensis. AMB Express 2014; 4:24. [PMID: 24949259 PMCID: PMC4052688 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast strains Cryptococcus podzolicus, Trichosporon porosum and Pichia segobiensis were isolated from soil samples and identified as oleaginous yeast strains beneficial for the establishment of microbial production processes for sustainable lipid production suitable for several industrial applications. When cultured in bioreactors with glucose as the sole carbon source C. podzolicus yielded 31.8% lipid per dry biomass at 20°C, while T. porosum yielded 34.1% at 25°C and P. segobiensis 24.6% at 25°C. These amounts correspond to lipid concentrations of 17.97 g/L, 17.02 g/L and 12.7 g/L and volumetric productivities of 0.09 g/Lh, 0.1 g/Lh and 0.07 g/Lh, respectively. During the culture of C. podzolicus 30 g/l gluconic acid was detected as by-product in the culture broth and 12 g/L gluconic acid in T. porosum culture. The production of gluconic acid was eliminated for both strains when glucose was substituted by xylose as the carbon source. Using xylose lipid yields were 11.1 g/L and 13.9 g/L, corresponding to 26.8% and 33.4% lipid per dry biomass and a volumetric productivity of 0.07 g/Lh and 0.09 g/Lh, for C. podzolicus and T. porosum respectively. The fatty acid profile analysis showed that oleic acid was the main component (39.6 to 59.4%) in all three strains and could be applicable for biodiesel production. Palmitic acid (18.4 to 21.1%) and linolenic acid (7.5 to 18.7%) are valuable for cosmetic applications. P. segobiensis had a considerable amount of palmitoleic acid (16% content) and may be suitable for medical applications.
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Ying R, Yuan Y, Qin YF, Tian D, Feng L, Guo ZG, Sun YX, Li MX. The combination of L-4F and simvastatin stimulate cholesterol efflux and related proteins expressions to reduce atherosclerotic lesions in apoE knockout mice. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:180. [PMID: 24314261 PMCID: PMC3866605 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both L-4F, one apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic peptide, and statins can reduce progression of atherosclerosis by different mechanisms. The combination of the two drugs can cause lesion regression by rendering HDL anti-inflammatory. We postulated that combination of L-4F and simvastatin may stimulate cholesterol efflux and related proteins expressions to alleviate atherosclerosis. Methods Thirty male wild-type (W-T) C57 BL/6 mice and apo E−/− mice were divided into five groups: W-T group, atherosclerosis (AS) group, simvastatin group, L-4F group and the combination of simvastatin and L-4F group. After 16 weeks, serum lipids, atherosclerotic lesion areas, cholesterol efflux and the expressions of related proteins including ABCA1, SR-BI, ABCG1, LXRα and PPARγ were evaluated. Results The aortic atherosclerotic lesion areas were reduced more significantly by combination of both drugs than single agent, and cholesterol efflux was promoted more in combination group than simvastatin and L-4F group. Besides, the combination group promoted expressions of cholesterol efflux related proteins. Conclusions The combination of L-4F and simvastatin reduced atherosclerotic lesions, which stimulates cholesterol efflux by promoting the expressions of related proteins. In addition, these results help us further understand that the regression of the atherosclerosis would be assessed by reduction in LDL-C with increase of cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan hospital, Sun Yat- Sen University, Zhongshan, Guang Dong, China.
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Cerda A, Issa MH, Genvigir FDV, Rohde CB, Cavalli SA, Bertolami MC, Faludi AA, Hirata MH, Hirata RDC. Atorvastatin and hormone therapy influence expression of ABCA1, APOA1 and SCARB1 in mononuclear cells from hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:403-9. [PMID: 24007717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) has been inversely related to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. The influence of menopause in the RCT process is poorly understood and the effects of cholesterol-lowering interventions, including statins and hormone therapy (HT), on genes controlling the RCT in postmenopausal women are also unknown. METHODS The effects on serum lipids and expression profile of genes involved in RCT - APOA1, ABCA1, ABCG1, SCARB1 and LXRA - were evaluated by TaqMan(®) quantitative PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 87 postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women treated with atorvastatin (AT, n=17), estrogen or estrogen plus progestin (HT, n=34) and estrogen or estrogen plus progestin associated with atorvastatin (HT+AT, n=36). RESULTS Atorvastatin and HT treatments reduced the mRNA levels of APOA1 and SCARB1, respectively, whereas ABCA1 expression was reduced after all treatments. Although the expression of LXRA, an important transcription factor controlling the expression of genes involved in RCT, was not modified after any treatment, it was correlated with ABCA1, APOA1 and SCARB1 RNAm values before and after treatments, however no correlation with ABCG1 was observed. In a linear regression analysis, HT was related to an increase in apoAI levels after treatment when compared to atorvastatin and, moreover, higher SCARB1 and ABCA1 basal expression were also associated with decreased apoAI levels after treatments. CONCLUSION ABCA1 mRNA levels are decreased by atorvastatin and HT, however these treatments have a differential effect on APOA1 and SCARB1 expression in PBMC from postmenopausal women. Basal ABCA1 and SCARB1 expression profile could be helpful markers in predicting the effect of atorvastatin and HT on RCT, according to the changes in apoAI levels in this sample population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Cerda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The reduction in cardiovascular disease risk by statins is well established. This risk reduction has mostly been attributed to decreases in plasma LDL cholesterol and other pleiotropic effects of statins. Emerging evidence indicates that statins exert multiple effects on lipoprotein metabolism, including chylomicrons and HDLs. RECENT FINDINGS Kinetic and in-vitro studies have documented that the effects of statins on the metabolism of different lipoproteins are for the most part the direct consequence of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition and the subsequent change in transcription factors and cell signaling, regulating different aspects of lipoprotein metabolism. Differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics among statins lead to diverse biological outcomes. SUMMARY The current review summarizes recent experimental evidence highlighting the different effects of statins on cellular pathways regulating gene expression. Understanding the basic mechanisms by which different statins regulate lipoprotein metabolism will lead to improved strategies for the prevention and treatment of specific lipoprotein disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Zacharski LR, DePalma RG, Shamayeva G, Chow BK. The statin-iron nexus: anti-inflammatory intervention for arterial disease prevention. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e105-12. [PMID: 23409890 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We postulated the existence of a statin-iron nexus by which statins improve cardiovascular disease outcomes at least partially by countering proinflammatory effects of excess iron stores. METHODS Using data from a clinical trial of iron (ferritin) reduction in advanced peripheral arterial disease, the Iron and Atherosclerosis Study, we compared effects of ferritin levels versus high-density lipoprotein to low-density lipoprotein ratios (both were randomization variables) on clinical outcomes in participants receiving and not receiving statins. RESULTS Statins increased high-density lipoprotein to low-density lipoprotein ratios and reduced ferritin levels by noninteracting mechanisms. Improved clinical outcomes were associated with lower ferritin levels but not with improved lipid status. CONCLUSIONS There are commonalities between the clinical benefits of statins and the maintenance of physiologic iron levels. Iron reduction may be a safe and low-cost alternative to statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo R Zacharski
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Hospital, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA.
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Rodella LF, Favero G, Rossini C, Foglio E, Bonomini F, Reiter RJ, Rezzani R. Aging and vascular dysfunction: beneficial melatonin effects. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:103-115. [PMID: 22109832 PMCID: PMC3543744 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological functions and metabolic processes. In aging and in diseases associated with the elderly, the loss of cells in vital structures or organs may be related to several factors. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is a member of the sirtuin family of protein deacetylases involved in life span extension; however, its involvement in the aging is not yet completely defined. Recently, melatonin, a pleiotropic molecule, shown to activate SIRT1 in primary neurons of young animals, as well as in aged neurons of a murine model of senescence. Melatonin is known to modulate oxidative stress-induced senescence and pro-survival pathways. We treated 6- and 15-week-old apolipoprotein E (APOE)-deficient mice (APOE 6w and 15w) with two melatonin formulations (FAST and RETARD) to evaluate their anti-aging effect. Morphological changes in vessels (aortic arch) of APOE mice were evaluated SIRT1, p53, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) markers. We demonstrate that SIRT1 and eNOS decresed in APOE mice between 6 and 15 weeks and that aging induced an elevated expression of p53 and ET-1 in APOE animals. Melatonin improved the impairment of endothelial damage and reduced loss of SIRT1 and eNOS decreasing p53 and ET-1 expression. The RETARD melatonin preparation caused a greater improvement of vessel cytoarchitecture. In summary, we indicate that SIRT1-p53-eNOS axis as one of the important marker of advanced vascular dysfunctions linked to aging. Finally, we suggest that extended-release melatonin (RETARD) provides a more appropriate option for contrasting these dysfunctions compared with rapid release melatonin (FAST) administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Rossini
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Foglio
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonomini
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- />Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Rita Rezzani
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Sang H, Yuan N, Yao S, Li F, Wang J, Fang Y, Qin S. Inhibitory effect of the combination therapy of simvastatin and pinocembrin on atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:166. [PMID: 23216643 PMCID: PMC3567959 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of the combination therapy of pinocembrin and simvastatin on the atherosclerotic lesions development in the ApoE−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sang
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by a major elevation in circulating LDL-cholesterol levels, cholesterol deposition within the arterial wall and an increased risk of premature coronary artery disease. The reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is now considered as a key process that protects against development of atherosclerosis. The major antiatherogenic action of HDL particles is intimately linked to their determinant role in RCT pathway. However, the steady-sate of HDL-cholesterol levels does not represent the optimal marker to evaluate the efficiency of the RCT in all circumstances. RECENT FINDINGS By using ex-vivo systems for the evaluation of the efficacy of RCT a strong inverse relationship between HDL efflux capacity from macrophages and atherosclerosis progression has been demonstrated. Low HDL-C phenotype observed in familial hypercholesterolemia patients is associated with defective capacities of HDL particles to mediate major steps of the centripetal movement of cholesterol from peripheral cells to feces. However, current available treatment used to reduce LDL-C to therapeutic goals does not correct altered functions of HDL particles in humans. SUMMARY In the context of familial hypercholesterolemia, a growing body of evidence suggests that impaired efficacy of the RCT pathway contributes significantly to the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Guerin
- INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France.
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Zong C, Yu Y, Song G, Luo T, Li L, Wang X, Qin S. Chitosan oligosaccharides promote reverse cholesterol transport and expression of scavenger receptor BI and CYP7A1 in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:194-200. [PMID: 22302708 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are beneficial in improving plasma lipids and diminishing atherosclerotic risks. In this study, we examined the effects of COS on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in C57BL/6 mice. (3)H-cholesterol-laden macrophages were injected intraperitoneally into mice fed with various dosage of COS (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg mouse weight, respectively) or vehicle by gastric gavages. Plasma lipid level was determined and (3)H-cholesterol was traced in plasma, liver, bile and feces. The effects of COS on hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) expression were also investigated. COS administration led to a significant decrease in plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a significant increase in peritoneal macrophage-derived (3)H-cholesterol in liver and bile as well as in feces. Liver protein expressions of CYP7A1, SR-BI and LDL receptor (LDL-R) were improved in a dosage-dependent manner in COS-administered mice. Our findings provide the first in vivo demonstration of a positive role for COS in RCT pathway and hepatic CYP7A1 and SR-BI expression in mice. Additionally, the LDL cholesterol lowering effect might be relative to hepatic LDL-R expression stimulated by COS in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Zong
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
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