1
|
Wohlgemuth KJ, Conner MJ, Tinsley GM, Palmer TB, Mota JA. Strategies for Improving Firefighter Health On-Shift: A Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:105. [PMID: 38921641 PMCID: PMC11204757 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The fire service suffers from high rates of cardiovascular disease and poor overall health, and firefighters often suffer fatal and non-fatal injuries while on the job. Most fatal injuries result from sudden cardiac death, while non-fatal injuries are to the musculoskeletal system. Previous works suggest a mechanistic link between several health and performance variables and injury risk. In addition, studies have suggested physical activity and nutrition can improve overall health and occupational performance. This review offers practical applications for exercise via feasible training modalities as well as nutritional recommendations that can positively impact performance on the job. Time-efficient training modalities like high-intensity interval training and feasible modalities such as resistance training offer numerous benefits for firefighters. Also, modifying and supplementing the diet and can be advantageous for health and body composition in the fire service. Firefighters have various schedules, making it difficult for planned exercise and eating while on shift. The practical training and nutritional aspects discussed in this review can be implemented on-shift to improve the overall health and performance in firefighters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kealey J. Wohlgemuth
- Neuromuscular and Occupational Performance Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | | | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Ty B. Palmer
- Muscular Assessment Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Jacob A. Mota
- Neuromuscular and Occupational Performance Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Behringer CR, Afrin S. Creatine Monohydrate as an Effective Supplement for Muscular Fatigue in an Ehlers-Danlos Patient. Cureus 2024; 16:e61721. [PMID: 38846547 PMCID: PMC11154074 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) frequently report symptoms such as chronic pain and muscular fatigue that can heavily impact their quality of life. The treatment for many of the physical symptoms of EDS is focused on supportive care, which may include physical therapy and exercise programs. However, many patients will experience difficulty in deriving benefits from these activities due to significant pain and fatigue from physical activity. We report a case of a 39-year-old female with a history of EDS whose physical capabilities were severely impacted by their chronic pain and fatigue symptoms. After little progress was made with their current treatment plan of analgesics, manual therapy, exercise, and physical therapy, the patient was supplemented with creatine monohydrate due to its studied benefits in muscular strength and endurance for athletes. Following supplementation, the patient reported significant benefits in their muscular fatigue symptoms, allowing them to engage in daily activities and exercises more effectively. This case demonstrates a potential addition to the treatment of EDS that can improve a patient's quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Behringer
- Clinical Education, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
- Family Medicine, T.J. Samson Community Hospital, Glasgow, USA
| | - Shezda Afrin
- Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McMorris T, Hale BJ, Pine BS, Williams TB. Creatine supplementation research fails to support the theoretical basis for an effect on cognition: Evidence from a systematic review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114982. [PMID: 38582412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Creatine supplementation has been put forward as a possible aid to cognition, particularly for vegans, vegetarians, the elderly, sleep deprived and hypoxic individuals. However, previous narrative reviews have only provided limited support for these claims. This is despite the fact that research has shown that creatine supplementation can induce increased brain concentrations of creatine, albeit to a limited extent. We carried out a systematic review to examine the current state of affairs. The review supported claims that creatine supplementation can increases brain creatine content but also demonstrated somewhat equivocal results for effects on cognition. It does, however, provide evidence to suggest that more research is required with stressed populations, as supplementation does appear to significantly affect brain content. Issues with research design, especially supplementation regimens, need to be addressed. Future research must include measurements of creatine brain content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth PO12ER, United Kingdom.
| | - Beverley J Hale
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice S Pine
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth PO12ER, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Furtado ETF, Oliveira JPLDE, Pereira ISB, Veiga EP, Silva SFDA, Abreu WCDE. Short term creatine loading improves strength endurance even without changing maximal strength, RPE, fatigue index, blood lactate, and mode state. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230559. [PMID: 38747788 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Creatine is consumed by athletes to increase strength and gain muscle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of creatine supplementation on maximal strength and strength endurance. Twelve strength-trained men (25.2 ± 3.4 years) supplemented with 20 g Creatina + 10g maltodextrin or placebo (20g starch + 10g maltodextrin) for five days in randomized order. Maximal strength and strength endurance (4 sets 70% 1RM until concentric failure) were determined in the bench press. In addition, blood lactate, rate of perceived effort, fatigue index, and mood state were evaluated. All measurements were performed before and after the supplementation period. There were no significant changing in maximal strength, blood lactate, RPE, fatigue index, and mood state in either treatment. However, the creatine group performed more repetitions after the supplementation (Cr: Δ = +3.4 reps, p = 0.036, g = 0.53; PLA: Δ = +0.3reps, p = 0.414, g = 0.06), and higher total work (Cr: Δ = +199.5au, p = 0.038, g = 0.52; PLA: Δ = +26.7au, p = 0.402, g = 0.07). Creatine loading for five days allowed the subjects to perform more repetitions, resulting in greater total work, but failed to change the maximum strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edilson Tadeu F Furtado
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo L DE Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela S B Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Elayne P Veiga
- Faculdade Presbiteriana Gammon, Educação Física, Praça Dr. Augusto Silva, 616, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandro F DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Educação Física, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Wilson César DE Abreu
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pagano AP, Montenegro J, Oliveira CLP, Desai N, Gonzalez MC, Cawthon PM, Evans WJ, Prado CM. Estimating Muscle Mass Using D3-Creatine Dilution: A Narrative Review of Clinical Implications and Comparison With Other Methods. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2024; 79:glad280. [PMID: 38135279 PMCID: PMC10959434 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The D3-creatine (D3-Cr) dilution method is of emerging interest for estimating total-body skeletal muscle mass. This review explores the association of muscle mass estimated via D3-Cr with various clinical outcomes and provides a summary of the literature comparing D3-Cr with other body composition techniques. METHODS A literature search was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science for studies using D3-Cr to measure muscle in adult populations (ie, ≥18 years old) from inception until September 2023. RESULTS Out of the 23 included studies, 15 investigated the correlation between D3-Cr and clinical outcomes. More consistent associations were reported for mortality (100%, n = 2), mobility disability (100%; n = 5), falls and fractures (100%; n = 3), physical performance (63.3%; n = 11), muscle strength (44.4%; n = 9), and muscle composition (33.3%; n = 3). However, conflicting findings were also reported for such correlations. Among the 23 studies, 14 compared D3-Cr-estimated muscle with other body composition techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a reference method. Strong and positive correlations were found between D3-Cr and MRI. Nonetheless, variations in muscle measurements were noted, with differences in D3-Cr values ranging from 0.62 kg lower to 13.47 kg higher compared to MRI. CONCLUSIONS D3-Cr-estimated muscle mass may be a valuable predictor of clinical outcomes showing consistent associations with falls and fractures, mobility disability, and mortality. However, less consistent associations were found with muscle strength and composition, and physical performance. Although a strong correlation exists between D3-Cr-estimated muscle mass and MRI measurements, under- or overestimation may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Pagano
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia Montenegro
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Camila L P Oliveira
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nidhi Desai
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M Cristina Gonzalez
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carla M Prado
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chu Z, Zhao T, Zhang Z, Chu CH, Cai K, Wu J, Wu W, Tang C. Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Gingival Tissue in Patients with Severe Periodontitis. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3-15. [PMID: 38018860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine potential metabolic biomarkers and therapeutic drugs in the gingival tissue of individuals with periodontitis. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the gingival tissue samples from 20 patients with severe periodontitis and 20 healthy controls. Differential metabolites were identified using variable important in projection (VIP) values from the orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) model and then verified for significance between groups using a two-tailed Student's t test. In total, 65 metabolites were enriched in 33 metabolic pathways, with 40 showing a significant increase and 25 expressing a significant decrease. In addition, it was found that patients with severe periodontitis have abnormalities in metabolic pathways, such as glucose metabolism, purine metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and so on. Furthermore, based on a multidimensional analysis, 12 different metabolites may be the potential biomarkers of severe periodontitis. The experiment's raw data have been uploaded to the MetaboLights database, and the project number is MTBLS8357. Moreover, osteogenesis differentiation characteristics were detected in the selected metabolites. The findings may provide a basis for the study of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic metabolites in severe periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Chu
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhewei Zhang
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Catherine Huihan Chu
- Department of Orthodontic, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kunzhan Cai
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chunbo Tang
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang N, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Sun X, Li Y, Wei Y, Yang J, Zhao Y. Amniotic fluid metabolic fingerprinting contributes to shaping the unfavourable intrauterine environment in monochorionic diamniotic twins. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:111-123. [PMID: 38035859 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Amniotic fluid (AF) is the primary intrauterine environment for fetal growth throughout gestation. Selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) is an adverse complication characterized by unequal growth in twins with nearly identical genetic makeup. However, the influence of AF-mediated intrauterine environment on the development and progression of sFGR remains unexplored. METHODS High-throughput targeted metabolomics analysis (G350) was performed on AF samples collected from sFGR (n = 18) and MCDA twins with birth weight concordance (MCDA-C, n = 20) cases. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify clinical features that may influence the metabolite composition in AF. Subsequently, partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to compare the different types of sFGR and MCDA-C twins. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and multivariate ROC curves were utilized to explore potential AF markers in twins with sFGR. RESULTS In our study, 182 metabolites were quantified in 76 AF samples. WGCNA indicated that the metabolite composition in late AF may not be influenced by gestational age. PLSDA demonstrated distinct variations between the metabolite profiles of AF in the sFGR and MCDA-C twins, with a significant emphasis on amino acids as the primary differential metabolite. The dissimilarities observed in sFGR twins were predominantly attributed to lipid metabolism-related metabolites. In particular, the KEGG enrichment metabolic pathway analysis revealed significant associations of both types of sFGR twins with central carbon metabolism in cancer. The multivariate ROC curves indicated that the combination of carnosine, sarcosine, l-alanine, beta-alanine, and alpha-n-phenylacetylglutamine significantly improved the AUC to 0.928. Notably, the ROC curves highlighted creatine (AUC:0.934) may be a potential biomarker for severe sFGR. CONCLUSION The data presented in this study offer a comprehensive metabolic map of the AF in cases of sFGR, shedding light on potential biomarkers associated with fetal growth and development in MCDA twins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Youzhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiya Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China.
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
West S, Monteyne AJ, van der Heijden I, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:774-795. [PMID: 37127187 PMCID: PMC10334161 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accepting a continued rise in the prevalence of vegan-type diets in the general population is also likely to occur in athletic populations, it is of importance to assess the potential impact on athletic performance, adaptation, and recovery. Nutritional consideration for the athlete requires optimization of energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes, and potentially the judicious selection of dietary supplements, all specified to meet the individual athlete's training and performance goals. The purpose of this review is to assess whether adopting a vegan diet is likely to impinge on such optimal nutrition and, where so, consider evidence based yet practical and pragmatic nutritional recommendations. Current evidence does not support that a vegan-type diet will enhance performance, adaptation, or recovery in athletes, but equally suggests that an athlete can follow a (more) vegan diet without detriment. A clear caveat, however, is that vegan diets consumed spontaneously may induce suboptimal intakes of key nutrients, most notably quantity and/or quality of dietary protein and specific micronutrients (eg, iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and vitamin D). As such, optimal vegan sports nutrition requires (more) careful consideration, evaluation, and planning. Individual/seasonal goals, training modalities, athlete type, and sensory/cultural/ethical preferences, among other factors, should all be considered when planning and adopting a vegan diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam West
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ino van der Heijden
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Longobardi I, Gualano B, Seguro AC, Roschel H. Is It Time for a Requiem for Creatine Supplementation-Induced Kidney Failure? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061466. [PMID: 36986197 PMCID: PMC10054094 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine has become one of the most popular dietary supplements among a wide range of healthy and clinical populations. However, its potential adverse effects on kidney health are still a matter of concern. This is a narrative review of the effects of creatine supplementation on kidney function. Despite a few case reports and animal studies suggesting that creatine may impair kidney function, clinical trials with controlled designs do not support this claim. Creatine supplementation may increase serum creatinine (Crn) concentration for some individuals, but it does not necessarily indicate kidney dysfunction, as creatine is spontaneously converted into Crn. Based on studies assessing kidney function using reliable methods, creatine supplements have been shown to be safe for human consumption. Further studies with people who have pre-existing kidney disease remain necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Longobardi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (I.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (I.L.); (B.G.)
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Seguro
- Nephrology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (I.L.); (B.G.)
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3061-8789
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Endurance Performance in a Trained Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1017-1027. [PMID: 36877404 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is robust evidence that creatine monohydrate supplementation can enhance short-term high-intensity exercise in athletes. However, the effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic performance and its role during aerobic activities is still controversial. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the supplementation effects of creatine monohydrate on endurance performance in a trained population. METHODS The search strategy in this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were explored from inception until 19 May, 2022. Only human experimental trials, controlled with a placebo group, evaluating the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on endurance performance in a trained population were analyzed in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS A total of 13 studies satisfied all the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results for the pooled meta-analysis showed a non-significant change in endurance performance after creatine monohydrate supplementation in a trained population (p = 0.47), with a trivial negative effect (pooled standardized mean difference = - 0.07 [95% confidence interval - 0.32 to 0.18]; I2 = 34.75%). Further, after excluding the studies not evenly distributed around the base of the funnel plot, the results were similar (pooled standardized mean difference = - 0.07 [95% confidence interval - 0.27 to 0.13]; I2 = 0%; p = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS Creatine monohydrate supplementation was shown to be ineffective on endurance performance in a trained population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The study protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) with the following registration number: CRD42022327368.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jang YJ. The Effects of Protein and Supplements on Sarcopenia in Human Clinical Studies: How Older Adults Should Consume Protein and Supplements. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:143-150. [PMID: 36474318 PMCID: PMC9998208 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2210.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a condition in which muscle mass, strength, and performance decrease with age. It is associated with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension, and contributes to an increase in mortality. Because managing sarcopenia is critical for maintaining good health and quality of life for the elderly, the condition has sparked concern among many researchers. To counteract sarcopenia, intake of protein is an important factor, while a lack of either protein or vitamin D is a major cause of sarcopenia. In addition, essential amino acids, leucine, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB), creatine, and citrulline are used as supplements for muscle health and are suggested as alternatives for controlling sarcopenia. There are many studies on such proteins and supplements, but it is necessary to actually organize the types, amounts, and methods by which proteins and supplements should be consumed to inhibit sarcopenia. In this study, the efficacy of proteins and supplements for controlling sarcopenia according to human clinical studies is summarized to provide suggestions about how the elderly may consume proteins, amino acids, and other supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Jang
- Major of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
dos Santos Quaresma MVL, Marques CG, Magalhães ACO, Cirillo L, Ciudi RB, Oliveira LS, dos Santos RVT, Nakamoto FP. Prevalence of dietary supplement consumption among CrossFit practitioners. NUTRIRE : REVISTA DE SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ALIMENTACAO E NUTRICAO = JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 2023; 48:9. [PMID: 38625281 PMCID: PMC9924833 DOI: 10.1186/s41110-023-00193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to verify the prevalence of dietary supplements among CrossFit practitioners (CFPs), considering gender and training status. Still, we aimed to determine the type, reasons, and associated factors of dietary supplement utilization among CFPs. Methods This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive study with the snowball sampling method. Data were collected through online questionnaires using the Google Forms® tool. We included CFPs aged 18-64 years, from Aug 1, 2020, to Sept 31, 2020. The questionnaire contained questions to assess the prevalence, type, and reasons for supplement use; also, we assessed information about sociodemographic variables and the prevalence of the main chronic morbidities. To analyze aspects of eating behavior and sleep-related parameters, we applied the three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ)-R21 and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI), respectively. Results We assessed one hundred twelve (n = 112; 57 men; 55 women) CFPs (28.9 ± 7.64 years old; body mass index (BMI), 25.5 ± 4.83 kg/m2). Eighty-seven (50 men; 37 women; 28.2 ± 6.66 years old; BMI, 25.4 ± 4.55 kg/m2) reported using dietary supplements. Whey protein was the most used supplement (n = 70), followed by creatine (n = 54). Cognitive restraint (a dimension of eating behavior) score was higher in supplement users than in non-users (51.7 ± 18.6 vs. 42.6 ± 20.5; p = 0.040). Sleep-related parameters did not differ between supplement users and non-users. The most associated factors to supplement use were sex (being man; OR, 7.99; p = 0.007), sleep quality (poor; OR, 5.27; p = 0.045), CrossFit level (as prescribed (RX); OR, 4.51; p = 0.031), and cognitive restraint (OR, 1.03; p = 0.029). Conclusion The CFPs, especially RX and Elite ones, showed a higher prevalence of supplement utilization. Anabolic-related supplements (i.e., whey protein and creatine) were the most used; moreover, several CFPs used supplements not supported by scientific evidence. Cognitive restraint score was higher in supplement users than in non-users. RX level, being men, and poor sleep quality were associated with supplement utilization. These data draw attention to the necessity of nutritional education for CrossFit coaches and athletes. Broader studies are necessary to confirm our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Carolina Oumatu Magalhães
- Centro Universitário São Camilo, Curso de Nutrição, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Letícia Cirillo
- Centro Universitário São Camilo, Curso de Nutrição, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli dos Santos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
L-Carnitine and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Review on Nutrition and Health Perspectives. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020298. [PMID: 36836532 PMCID: PMC9960140 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive segmental glomerulosclerosis is acknowledged as a characteristic of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). It is a major health issue that exponentially reduces health and economy and also causes serious morbidity and mortality across the globe. This review is aimed at comprehending the health perspectives of L-Carnitine (LC) as an adjuvant regimen for alleviating CKD and its associated complications. The data were gathered from different online databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, ACS publication, PubMed, Springer, etc., using keywords such as CKD/Kidney disease, current epidemiology and its prevalence, LC supplementations, sources of LC, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of LC and its supplementation for mimicking the CKD and its associated problem, etc. Various items of literature concerning CKD were gathered and screened by experts based on their inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings suggest that, among the different comorbidities such as oxidative stress and inflammatory stress, erythropoietin-resistant anemia, intradialytic hypotension, muscle weakness, myalgia, etc., are considered as the most significant onset symptoms in CKD or hemodialysis patients. LC or creatine supplementation provides an effective adjuvant or therapeutic regimen that significantly reduces oxidative and inflammatory stress and erythropoietin-resistant anemia and evades comorbidities such as tiredness, impaired cognition, muscle weakness, myalgia, and muscle wasting. However, no significant changes were found in biochemical alteration such as creatinine, uric acid, urea, etc., after creatine supplementation in a patient with renal dysfunction. The expert-recommended dose of LC or creatine to a patient is approached for better outcomes of LC as a nutritional therapy regimen for CKD-associated complications. Hence, it can be suggested that LC provides an effective nutritional therapy to ameliorate impaired biochemicals and kidney function and to treat CKD and its associated complications.
Collapse
|
15
|
Puente-Fernández J, Larumbe-Zabala E, Jiménez A, Liguori G, Rossato CJL, Mayo X, Naclerio F. No impact of combining multi-ingredient supplementation with exercise on body composition and physical performance, in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 2023; 172:112079. [PMID: 36587797 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.112079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-based multi-ingredient (MTN) supplements have been suggested as a safe and effective way of enhancing exercise outcomes. However, their effectiveness remains controversial when compared to isocaloric and single-nutrient supplements. This review aims to systematically summarise the current knowledge of multi-ingredient supplementation to optimise body composition and physical performance in middle-aged and older adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The search of the literature was conducted using PubMed, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus from June to October 2021. Every publication identified from the outset to October 2021 was considered. The main inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies conducted in adults (≥45 years old), following resistance- or endurance-based training programmes for a period of 6 weeks or longer, combined with MTN supplementation and a calorie equivalent comparator (COMP) supplement (e.g., carbohydrates). Continuous data on body composition [fat-free mass (FFM) or lean body mass], strength, and functional capacity as markers of physical performance were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS Initially, 3329 publications were identified. Data from nine RCTs were ultimately included, involving 476 participants. The overall quality of the included studies was high, demonstrating a low risk of bias. Compared to COMP, no significant further benefits of ingesting MTN were identified for FFM (kg) (g = 0.044, 95 % CI -0.14 to 0.22), upper-body strength (kg) (g = 0.046, 95 % CI -0.24 to 0.33), lower-body strength, leg press exercise (kg) (g = 0.025, 95 % CI -0.26 to 0.31), leg extension exercise (kg) (g = 0.106, 95 % CI -0.15 to 0.36) and functional capacity (time in seconds) (g = 0.079, 95 % CI -0.12 to 0.27). CONCLUSIONS No additional benefits of ingesting MTN vs. COMP to maximise exercise-induced outcomes on body composition and physical performance in healthy physically active middle-aged and older adults have been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Puente-Fernández
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Centre for Exercise Activity and Rehabilitation, University of Greenwich, Eltham SE9 2TB, UK; GO Fit LAB, Ingesport, 28108 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eneko Larumbe-Zabala
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FCIISC), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alfonso Jiménez
- Observatory of Healthy and Active Living of Spain Active Foundation, Centre for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain; GO Fit LAB, Ingesport, 28108 Madrid, Spain; Advanced Well-Being Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Gary Liguori
- College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Claire J L Rossato
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Centre for Exercise Activity and Rehabilitation, University of Greenwich, Eltham SE9 2TB, UK
| | - Xian Mayo
- Observatory of Healthy and Active Living of Spain Active Foundation, Centre for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain; GO Fit LAB, Ingesport, 28108 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Centre for Exercise Activity and Rehabilitation, University of Greenwich, Eltham SE9 2TB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maicas-Pérez L, Hernández-Lougedo J, Heredia-Elvar JR, Pedauyé-Rueda B, Cañuelo-Márquez AM, Barba-Ruiz M, Lozano-Estevan MDC, García-Fernández P, Maté-Muñoz JL. Effects of Creatine Supplementation after 20 Minutes of Recovery in a Bench Press Exercise Protocol in Moderately Physically Trained Men. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030657. [PMID: 36771365 PMCID: PMC9919782 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to analyse the effect of creatine supplementation on the performance improvement in a bench pressing (BP) strength test of muscle failure and to evaluate muscle fatigue and metabolic stress 20 min after the exercise. METHODS Fifty young and healthy individuals were randomly assigned to a creatine group (n = 25) or a placebo group (n = 25). Three exercise sessions were carried out, with one week of rest between them. In the first week, a progressive load BP test was performed until the individuals reached the one repetition maximum (1RM) in order to for us obtain the load-to-velocity ratio of each participant. In the second week, the participants conducted a three-set BP exercise protocol against 70% 1RM, where they performed the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) until muscle failure occurred, with two minutes of rest between the sets. After one week, and following a supplementation period of 7 days, where half of the participants consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of creatine monohydrate (CR) and the other half consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of placebo (PLA, maltodextrin), the protocol from the second week was repeated. After each set, and up to 20 min after finishing the exercise, the blood lactate concentrations and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) at 1 m·s-1 were measured. RESULTS The CR group performed a significantly higher number of repetitions in Set 1 (CR = 14.8 repetitions, PLA = 13.6 repetitions, p = 0.006) and Set 2 (CR = 8 repetitions, PLA = 6.7 repetitions, p = 0.006) after supplementation, whereas no significant differences were seen in Set 3 (CR = 5.3 repetitions, PLA = 4.7 repetitions, p = 0.176). However, there was a significant increase in blood lactate at minute 10 (p = 0.003), minute 15 (p = 0.020), and minute 20 (p = 0.015) after the exercise in the post-supplementation period. Similarly, a significant increase was observed in the MPV at 1 m·s-1 in the CR group with respect to the PLA group at 10, 15, and 20 min after the exercise. CONCLUSIONS Although the creatine supplementation improved the performance in the strength test of muscle failure, the metabolic stress and muscle fatigue values were greater during the 20 min of recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Maicas-Pérez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Hernández-Lougedo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Heredia-Elvar
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Pedauyé-Rueda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Cañuelo-Márquez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Barba-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pediatric strength training: benefits, concerns, and current trends. Curr Opin Pediatr 2022; 34:625-633. [PMID: 36226732 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the advent of social media combined with several large-scale promotions by nationwide gym chains, pediatric interest in strength training has reached new heights during the past few years. While this is a healthy way for young gym users to build strength and stay active, there are significant risks associated with improper utilization of exercise resources. Lack of adult supervision and guidance in the gym can lead to physical injury, inappropriate use of supplements, and body image issues. The purpose of this review is to provide pediatricians with up-to-date information about well tolerated exercise practices for pubertal and prepubertal youth. RECENT FINDINGS Current exercise trends may negatively impact both the physical and mental health of participants. Various physical injuries may occur when adolescents use gym equipment incorrectly under inadequate adult supervision. Use of unproven equipment such as waist trainers may cause bodily injury, and social media content on exercising and weight loss can negatively influence adolescent body image. Potential consequences include low self-esteem and uncommon body dysmorphic disorders, such as muscle dysmorphia. Further, the intense marketing of supplements can induce pediatric gym users to engage in inappropriate consumption behaviors. The increasing accessibility of commercial gyms to youth has increased the potential for children and adolescents to be exposed to such physical and mental health hazards. SUMMARY Greater knowledge regarding strength training techniques will help pediatricians guide their patients toward well tolerated and healthy gym habits. Caregivers and medical professionals should recognize the necessity of supervision, as well as the dangers of incorrect equipment use and unsafe trends to mitigate risks and maximize benefits of pediatric gym use.
Collapse
|
18
|
Stabilization Effects Induced by Trehalose on Creatine Aqueous Solutions Investigated by Infrared Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196310. [PMID: 36234846 PMCID: PMC9573458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a very popular amino acid widely utilized in the sports world due to its functions mainly related to muscle building and increasing performance. The present work investigates the behavior of creatine aqueous solutions and of creatine aqueous in the presence of trehalose as a function of time changes by means of Infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra have been gathered and studied over time for both the full spectrum and the intramolecular OH-stretching region for the two mixtures. This latter region was studied more specifically using a cutting-edge technique called Spectral Distance (SD). From this analysis of the spectral features of the investigated samples, it emerges that trehalose has a significant stabilizing effect on creatine aqueous solutions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles by creatine as a novel and efficient catalyst for the green synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene derivatives. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10664. [PMID: 35739165 PMCID: PMC9226349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By employing the naturally-originated molecule of creatine, Fe3O4@SiO2-creatine as an environmentally benign magnetic organometallic nanobiocatalyst was successfully prepared via a convenient and green route. Then to acquire an inclusive comprehension of different properties of the catalyst, it was studied by various characterization techniques such as FT‐IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, and VSM analyses. It was found that the size distribution of nanoparticles was an average diameter size of 70 nm. To examine the catalytic activity, it was applied in sequential knoevenagel condensation-Michael addition room temperature reaction of dimedone, malononitrile, and different substituted aromatic aldehydes to produce a variety of 2-amino-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives in a single step. Among the multiple outstanding advantages that can be mentioned for this work, some of the most noticeable ones include: affording the products in short reaction times with high yields, operating the reaction at ambient conditions and ease of catalyst separation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Papadopoulou SK, Mantzorou M, Kondyli-Sarika F, Alexandropoulou I, Papathanasiou J, Voulgaridou G, Nikolaidis PT. The Key Role of Nutritional Elements on Sport Rehabilitation and the Effects of Nutrients Intake. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060084. [PMID: 35736824 PMCID: PMC9227980 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is of utmost importance for athletes, especially during rehabilitation after injury in order to achieve fast healing and return to sports. The aim of this narrative review is to define the proper nutritional elements for athletes to meet their needs and facilitate their fast return to sports after surgery or injury, as well as determine the effects of specific nutrients intake. Studies on antioxidants, which are substances that protect against free radicals, for the injured athlete are few and unclear, yet poly-phenols and especially flavonoids might improve healing and inflammation following an injury. Benefits of vitamin C or E on muscle damage are disputable in relevant studies, while optimal levels of vitamin D and calcium contribute to bone healing. Minerals are also essential for athletes. Other supplements suggested for muscle damage treatment and protein synthesis include leucine, creatine, and hydroxymethylbutyrate. Diets that include high-quality products, rich in micronutrients (like vitamins, minerals, etc.) bio-active compounds and other nutritional elements (like creatine) are suggested, while an individualized nutrition program prescribed by a trained dietitian is important. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of these nutritional elements, especially regarding injury treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Maria Mantzorou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece;
| | - Foivi Kondyli-Sarika
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Ioanna Alexandropoulou
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Jannis Papathanasiou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Allergology& Physiotherapy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Department of Kinesitherapy, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gavriela Voulgaridou
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Functional Properties of Meat in Athletes’ Performance and Recovery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095145. [PMID: 35564540 PMCID: PMC9102337 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) and sport play an essential role in promoting body development and maintaining optimal health status both in the short and long term. Despite the benefits, a long-lasting heavy training can promote several detrimental physiological changes, including transitory immune system malfunction, increased inflammation, and oxidative stress, which manifest as exercise-induced muscle damages (EIMDs). Meat and derived products represent a very good source of bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Bioactive molecules represent dietary compounds that can interact with one or more components of live tissue, resulting in a wide range of possible health consequences such as immune-modulating, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and antioxidative activities. The health benefits of meat have been well established and have been extensively reviewed elsewhere, although a growing number of studies found a significant positive effect of meat molecules on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function. Based on the limited research, meat could be an effective post-exercise food that results in favorable muscle protein synthesis and metabolic performance.
Collapse
|
22
|
Schroeder N. Evidence-Based Nutritional Strategies to Enhance Athletic Performance. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
Li Y, Jin X, Yang X, Zhang L, Qi Z. Creatine promotes the repair of peripheral nerve injury by affecting macrophage polarization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 604:116-122. [PMID: 35303677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore whether creatine promotes the repair of peripheral nerve injury and its possible mechanism. In vitro: RAW264.7 cells were used to investigate the role of proteins related to the JAK2/STAT1 pathway in the polarization of macrophages treated with creatine. In vivo: A sciatic nerve crush model was used. After the injury, IL-4 or creatine was injected. The recovery of motor function was assessed by the rotarod test and sciatic function index at 2, 6, 10, and 16 days after injury. At 16 days after injury, the ultrastructure of the nerve tissue was observed under a transmission electron microscope. Immunostaining were performed at 4 and 16 days to investigate the expression levels of macrophage-related markers as well as the distribution of macrophages after injury. Compared with the IFN-γ group, the group pretreated with creatine showed a significant decrease in p-JAK2 and p-STAT1 in vitro. The motor function of mice in the creatine group (CR1) and creatine 4 days group (CR2) was significantly improved compared to the control group (CON). The improvement in the CR2 group was more significant. Immunostaining showed that infiltrating macrophages mainly comprised M1 macrophages in the CON group and M2 macrophages in the CR group. Our study shows that creatine promotes the repair of peripheral nerve injury by affecting macrophage polarization, possibly through decreasing M1 polarization by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- Center of Clinical Biological Sample Management, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.
| | - Zuoliang Qi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bogdanis GC, Nevill ME, Aphamis G, Stavrinou PS, Jenkins DG, Giannaki CD, Lakomy HKA, Williams C. Effects of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Power Output during Repeated Treadmill Sprinting. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061140. [PMID: 35334797 PMCID: PMC8950892 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on power output during repeated sprints on a non-motorized treadmill. Sixteen recreationally active males volunteered for this study (age 25.5 ± 4.8 y, height 179 ± 5 cm, body mass 74.8 ± 6.8 kg). All participants received placebo supplementation (75 mg of glucose·kg-1·day-1) for 5 days and then performed a baseline repeated sprints test (6 × 10 s sprints on a non-motorised treadmill). Thereafter, they were randomly assigned into a Cr (75 mg of Cr monohydrate·kg-1·day-1) or placebo supplementation, as above, and the repeated sprints test was repeated. After Cr supplementation, body mass was increased by 0.99 ± 0.83 kg (p = 0.007), peak power output and peak running speed remained unchanged throughout the test in both groups, while the mean power output and mean running speed during the last 5 s of the sprints increased by 4.5% (p = 0.005) and 4.2% to 7.0%, respectively, during the last three sprints (p = 0.005 to 0.001). The reduction in speed within each sprint was also blunted by 16.2% (p = 0.003) following Cr supplementation. Plasma ammonia decreased by 20.1% (p = 0.037) after Cr supplementation, despite the increase in performance. VO2 and blood lactate during the repeated sprints test remained unchanged after supplementation, suggesting no alteration of aerobic or glycolytic contribution to adenosine triphosphate production. In conclusion, Cr supplementation improved the mean power and speed in the second half of a repeated sprint running protocol, despite the increased body mass. This improvement was due to the higher power output and running speed in the last 5 s of each 10 s sprint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of P.E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2107276115
| | - Mary E. Nevill
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (G.A.); (P.S.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Pinelopi S. Stavrinou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (G.A.); (P.S.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - David G. Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Christoforos D. Giannaki
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (G.A.); (P.S.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Henryk K. A. Lakomy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK; (H.K.A.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Clyde Williams
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK; (H.K.A.L.); (C.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Siddiq F, Umer Farooq M, Aslam Shad M, Badaruddin Ahmad H, Ashraf M, Majeed S. Magnetic chitosan membrane as an effective analytical tool for adsorptive removal of creatinine from biological samples. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2042073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Siddiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Aslam Shad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Saadat Majeed
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Delpino FM, Figueiredo LM. Does creatine supplementation improve glycemic control and insulin resistance in healthy and diabetic patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:128-134. [PMID: 35063192 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Creatine supplementation shows promising effects on diabetes, especially in glucose management and insulin secretion. This study aimed to review the literature on studies that evaluated the effects of creatine supplementation on parameters of diabetes in humans. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, until December 2020, in the following databases: Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. It included experimental studies that investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on diabetes treatment or prevention and its relationship with fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance. RESULTS Nine studies were included in the review, from which five showed some benefit of creatine supplementation in at least one diabetes parameter. In diabetic individuals (n = 2), creatine was beneficial. In the meta-analysis, there are no significant effect on fasting blood glucose [SMD: 0.05; CI95%: -0.53, 0.63; p = 0.28; I2 = 22%] and insulin resistance [SMD: -0.38; 95% CI: -0.90, 0.14; p = 0.22; I2 = 33%]. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated an insufficient basis to state that creatine can positively affect diabetes parameters. Future studies should be conducted with diabetic individuals due to the potential of creatine on diabetes parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Mendes Delpino
- Postgraduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Pelotas.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
“Food First but Not Always Food Only”: Recommendations for Using Dietary Supplements in Sport. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:371-386. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The term “food first” has been widely accepted as the preferred strategy within sport nutrition, although there is no agreed definition of this and often limited consideration of the implications. We propose that food first should mean “where practically possible, nutrient provision should come from whole foods and drinks rather than from isolated food components or dietary supplements.” There are many reasons to commend a food first strategy, including the risk of supplement contamination resulting in anti-doping violations. However, a few supplements can enhance health and/or performance, and therefore a food only approach could be inappropriate. We propose six reasons why a food only approach may not always be optimal for athletes: (a) some nutrients are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities in the diet, or may require excessive energy intake and/or consumption of other nutrients; (b) some nutrients are abundant only in foods athletes do not eat/like; (c) the nutrient content of some foods with established ergogenic benefits is highly variable; (d) concentrated doses of some nutrients are required to correct deficiencies and/or promote immune tolerance; (e) some foods may be difficult to consume immediately before, during or immediately after exercise; and (f) tested supplements could help where there are concerns about food hygiene or contamination. In these situations, it is acceptable for the athlete to consider sports supplements providing that a comprehensive risk minimization strategy is implemented. As a consequence, it is important to stress that the correct terminology should be “food first but not always food only.”
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou Q, Kerbl-Knapp J, Zhang F, Korbelius M, Kuentzel KB, Vujić N, Akhmetshina A, Hörl G, Paar M, Steyrer E, Kratky D, Madl T. Metabolomic Profiles of Mouse Tissues Reveal an Interplay between Aging and Energy Metabolism. Metabolites 2021; 12:17. [PMID: 35050139 PMCID: PMC8779655 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism, including alterations in energy intake and expenditure, is closely related to aging and longevity. Metabolomics studies have recently unraveled changes in metabolite composition in plasma and tissues during aging and have provided critical information to elucidate the molecular basis of the aging process. However, the metabolic changes in tissues responsible for food intake and lipid storage have remained unexplored. In this study, we aimed to investigate aging-related metabolic alterations in these tissues. To fill this gap, we employed NMR-based metabolomics in several tissues, including different parts of the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and brown/white adipose tissues (BAT, WAT), of young (9-10 weeks) and old (96-104 weeks) wild-type (mixed genetic background of 129/J and C57BL/6) mice. We, further, included plasma and skeletal muscle of the same mice to verify previous results. Strikingly, we found that duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and WAT do not metabolically age. In contrast, plasma, skeletal muscle, and BAT show a strong metabolic aging phenotype. Overall, we provide first insights into the metabolic changes of tissues essential for nutrient uptake and lipid storage and have identified biomarkers for metabolites that could be further explored, to study the molecular mechanisms of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qishun Zhou
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Jakob Kerbl-Knapp
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Fangrong Zhang
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Katharina Barbara Kuentzel
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Nemanja Vujić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Alena Akhmetshina
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Gerd Hörl
- Otto-Loewi Research Center, Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Margret Paar
- Otto-Loewi Research Center, Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Ernst Steyrer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Ageing, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (Q.Z.); (J.K.-K.); (F.Z.); (M.K.); (K.B.K.); (N.V.); (A.A.); (E.S.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang L, Bu P. The two sides of creatine in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:380-390. [PMID: 34895811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is a nitrogen-containing organic acid naturally existing in mammals. It can be converted into phosphocreatine to provide energy for muscle and nerve tissues. Creatine and its analog, cyclocreatine, have been considered cancer suppressive metabolites due to their effects on suppression of subcutaneous cancer growth. Recently, emerging studies have demonstrated the promoting effect of creatine on cancer metastasis. Orthotopic mouse models revealed that creatine promoted invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Thus, creatine possesses considerably complicated roles in cancer progression. In this review, we systematically summarized the role of creatine in tumor progression, which will call to caution when considering creatine supplementation to clinically treat cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cegielski J, Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Boereboom C, Phillips BE, Gladman JFR, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Combined in vivo muscle mass, muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown measurement: a 'Combined Oral Stable Isotope Assessment of Muscle (COSIAM)' approach. GeroScience 2021; 43:2653-2665. [PMID: 34046811 PMCID: PMC8602438 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimising approaches for measuring skeletal muscle mass and turnover that are widely applicable, minimally invasive and cost effective is crucial in furthering research into sarcopenia and cachexia. Traditional approaches for measurement of muscle protein turnover require infusion of expensive, sterile, isotopically labelled tracers which limits the applicability of these approaches in certain populations (e.g. clinical, frail elderly). To concurrently quantify skeletal muscle mass and muscle protein turnover i.e. muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB), in elderly human volunteers using stable-isotope labelled tracers i.e. Methyl-[D3]-creatine (D3-Cr), deuterium oxide (D2O), and Methyl-[D3]-3-methylhistidine (D3-3MH), to measure muscle mass, MPS and MPB, respectively. We recruited 10 older males (71 ± 4 y, BMI: 25 ± 4 kg.m2, mean ± SD) into a 4-day study, with DXA and consumption of D2O and D3-Cr tracers on day 1. D3-3MH was consumed on day 3, 24 h prior to returning to the lab. From urine, saliva and blood samples, and a single muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis), we determined muscle mass, MPS and MPB. D3-Cr derived muscle mass was positively correlated to appendicular fat-free mass (AFFM) estimated by DXA (r = 0.69, P = 0.027). Rates of cumulative myofibrillar MPS over 3 days were 0.072%/h (95% CI, 0.064 to 0.081%/h). Whole-body MPB over 6 h was 0.052 (95% CI, 0.038 to 0.067). These rates were similar to previous literature. We demonstrate the potential for D3-Cr to be used alongside D2O and D3-3MH for concurrent measurement of muscle mass, MPS, and MPB using a minimally invasive design, applicable for clinical and frail populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cegielski
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Catherine Boereboom
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - John F R Gladman
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Effects of Introducing Rest Intervals in Functional Fitness Training. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Functional Fitness Training (FFT) is a new exercise modality prioritizing functional multi-joint movements executed at high intensity as a circuit. Objective: To examine the impacts of introducing rest intervals in a FFT workout compared to “rounds for time” (RFT) FFT. Materials and Methods: Participants were 25 resistance-trained adults who completed two FFT workouts 1 week apart. The study design was crossover such that in a given session half the participants completed the standard and the other half the adapted FFT (FFTadapted). The workouts consisted of the same exercises (circuit of four rounds of exercises), but one (FFTadapted) included preset rest intervals (three sets of 1 min after each completed round). Before and after the workouts, countermovement jump ability and blood lactate were measured. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured post-exercise. Results: For both the standard and adapted protocols, mean HR was 90% age-predicted maximum. Final RPE was also similar for both workouts (~15–15.5) and indicated a “hard” work intensity. Both FFTs took the same time to complete (~13 min). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in jump ability between FFTs. In contrast, lactate (15.11 ± 3.64 vs. 13.48 ± 3.64 mmol·L−1, p < 0.05), measured 3 min post-exercise, was significantly lower in FFTadapted. Conclusions: In FFTadapted, there was a significant reduction in RPE and blood lactate concentrations after exercise, while there were no significant differences in either HR or jumping ability, compared to a FFT workout in RFT methodology.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Impaired cardiac energy metabolism has been proposed as a mechanism common to different heart failure aetiologies. The energy-depletion hypothesis was pursued by several researchers, and is still a topic of considerable interest. Unlike most organs, in the heart, the creatine kinase system represents a major component of the metabolic machinery, as it functions as an energy shuttle between mitochondria and cytosol. In heart failure, the decrease in creatine level anticipates the reduction in adenosine triphosphate, and the degree of myocardial phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate ratio reduction correlates with disease severity, contractile dysfunction, and myocardial structural remodelling. However, it remains to be elucidated whether an impairment of phosphocreatine buffer activity contributes to the pathophysiology of heart failure and whether correcting this energy deficit might prove beneficial. The effects of creatine deficiency and the potential utility of creatine supplementation have been investigated in experimental and clinical models, showing controversial findings. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview on the role of creatine in cardiac energy metabolism, the assessment and clinical value of creatine deficiency in heart failure, and the possible options for the specific metabolic therapy.
Collapse
|
33
|
Dunham TC, Murphy JE, MacPherson REK, Fajardo VA, Ward WE, Roy BD. Sex- and tissue-dependent creatine uptake in response to different creatine monohydrate doses in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1298-1302. [PMID: 34171201 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 32) underwent 8-weeks of creatine monohydrate (CM) supplementation (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g/L). Total creatine (TCr) concentrations in female white fibre-dominant gastrocnemius (WGAS) and cardiac muscle (HRT) were significantly higher compared with males (p < 0.05). CM supplementation increased TCr concentrations in female WGAS (p < 0.05) and HRT (p < 0.01) and in male red fibre-dominant gastrocnemius muscle (RGAS) (p < 0.05). Future research should further investigate sex-differences in basal levels of TCr and the response to CM supplementation. Novelty: There is a sex- and tissue-dependant response to CM supplementation in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Dunham
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Jensen E Murphy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Wendy E Ward
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Franz S, Skopp G, Musshoff F. The effect of creatine ingestion on urinary creatinine concentration: Does supplementation mask a heavy dilution? Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:162-168. [PMID: 34559477 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A high volume of fluid can strongly reduce a drug's concentration in urine. Therefore, to detect diluted samples, the concentration of creatinine in urine is determined during testing drugs of abuse. If the concentration is below 20 mg creatinine/dl urine, the urine sample is usually rejected for drug testing. It should be examined whether creatine or creatinine ingestion can mask urine dilution by increasing the creatinine concentration. A total of 18 subjects drank 1.3 L of water and 0.2 L of orange juice on each of the three testing days: (1) without creatine, (2) with 20 g of creatine, and (3) with 20 g of creatine following incubation for 4 days in orange juice at room temperature; an acidic environment should promote conversion of creatine to creatinine. The lowest creatinine concentrations in urine were observed on average 2 h after fluid intake. At that time, ingestion of fluid without creatine, with creatine, and with creatine(ine)-orange juice mixture resulted in mean values of 11.6, 22.5, and 28.3 mg creatinine/dl urine, respectively. It can be concluded that ingestion of creatine or creatinine can increase the concentration of creatinine in urine and thus mask dilution of a sample. The conversion of creatine in orange juice further increases availability of creatinine as it is obvious from urine creatinine concentration. Therefore, creatine ingestion during drug testing will give rise to negative results due to matrix adulteration. In a case of suspected creatine supplementation, the creatine content of the sample should be determined in addition to creatinine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Franz
- Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Skopp
- Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Musshoff
- Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ryan CR, Finch MS, Dunham TC, Murphy JE, Roy BD, MacPherson REK. Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation Increases White Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Markers in Male and Female Rats in a Depot Specific Manner. Nutrients 2021; 13:2406. [PMID: 34371916 PMCID: PMC8308802 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a dynamic endocrine organ that can play a significant role in thermoregulation. WAT has the capacity to adopt structural and functional characteristics of the more metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) and contribute to non-shivering thermogenesis under specific stimuli. Non-shivering thermogenesis was previously thought to be uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent however, recent evidence suggests that UCP1-independent mechanisms of thermogenesis exist. Namely, futile creatine cycling has been identified as a contributor to WAT thermogenesis. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of creatine supplementation to alter mitochondrial markers as well as adipocyte size and multilocularity in inguinal (iWAT), gonadal (gWAT), and BAT. Thirty-two male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with varying doses (0 g/L, 2.5 g/L, 5 g/L, and 10 g/L) of creatine monohydrate for 8 weeks. We demonstrate that mitochondrial markers respond in a sex and depot specific manner. In iWAT, female rats displayed significant increases in COXIV, PDH-E1alpha, and cytochrome C protein content. Male rats exhibited gWAT specific increases in COXIV and PDH-E1alpha protein content. This study supports creatine supplementation as a potential method of UCP1-independant thermogenesis and highlights the importance of taking a sex-specific approach when examining the efficacy of browning therapeutics in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal R. Ryan
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (C.R.R.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Michael S. Finch
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (C.R.R.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Tyler C. Dunham
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.C.D.); (J.E.M.); (B.D.R.)
| | - Jensen E. Murphy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.C.D.); (J.E.M.); (B.D.R.)
| | - Brian D. Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.C.D.); (J.E.M.); (B.D.R.)
| | - Rebecca E. K. MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (C.R.R.); (M.S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT Creatine is a popular and widely used ergogenic dietary supplement among athletes, for which studies have consistently shown increased lean muscle mass and exercise capacity when used with short-duration, high-intensity exercise. In addition to strength gains, research has shown that creatine supplementation may provide additional benefits including enhanced postexercise recovery, injury prevention, rehabilitation, as well as a number of potential neurologic benefits that may be relevant to sports. Studies show that short- and long-term supplementation is safe and well tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hall
- Sports Medicine, UConn Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellowship, Department of Orthopedics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Elizabeth Manetta
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut, St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - Kristofer Tupper
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut, St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, CT
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ardalan M, Miesner MD, Reinhardt CD, Thomson DU, Armendariz CK, Smith JS, Titgemeyer EC. Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on nitrogen retention and methionine flux in cattle. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6308973. [PMID: 34165572 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine stores high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle and is synthesized in the liver through methylation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA). Supplementation of GAA may therefore increase methyl group requirements, and this may affect methyl group utilization. Our experiment evaluated the metabolic responses of growing cattle to postruminal supplementation of GAA, in a model where methionine (Met) was deficient, with and without Met supplementation. Seven ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (161 kg initial body weight [BW]) were limit-fed a soybean hull-based diet (2.7 kg/d dry matter) and received continuous abomasal infusions of an essential amino acid (AA) mixture devoid of Met to ensure that no AA besides Met limited animal performance. To provide energy without increasing the microbial protein supply, all steers received ruminal infusions of 200 g/d acetic acid, 200 g/d propionic acid, and 50 g/d butyric acid, as well as abomasal infusions of 300 g/d glucose. Treatments, provided abomasally, were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial in a split-plot design, and included 0 or 6 g/d of l-Met and 0, 7.5, and 15 g/d of GAA. The experiment included six 10-d periods. Whole body Met flux was measured using continuous jugular infusion of 1-13C-l-Met and methyl-2H3-l-Met. Nitrogen retention was elevated by Met supplementation (P < 0.01). Supplementation with GAA tended to increase N retention when it was supplemented along with Met, but not when it was supplemented without Met. Supplementing GAA linearly increased plasma concentrations of GAA and creatine (P < 0.001), but treatments did not affect urinary excretion of GAA, creatine, or creatinine. Supplementation with Met decreased plasma homocysteine (P < 0.01). Supplementation of GAA tended (P = 0.10) to increase plasma homocysteine when no Met was supplemented, but not when 6 g/d Met was provided. Protein synthesis and protein degradation were both increased by GAA supplementation when no Met was supplemented, but decreased by GAA supplementation when 6 g/d Met were provided. Loss of Met through transsulfuration was increased by Met supplementation, whereas synthesis of Met from remethylation of homocysteine was decreased by Met supplementation. No differences in transmethylation, transsulfuration, or remethylation reactions were observed in response to GAA supplementation. The administration of GAA, when methyl groups are not limiting, has the potential to improve lean tissue deposition and cattle growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Ardalan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Matt D Miesner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Christopher D Reinhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daniel U Thomson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Cheryl K Armendariz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - J Scott Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Evan C Titgemeyer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Escalante G, Stevenson SW, Barakat C, Aragon AA, Schoenfeld BJ. Peak week recommendations for bodybuilders: an evidence based approach. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:68. [PMID: 34120635 PMCID: PMC8201693 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bodybuilding is a competitive endeavor where a combination of muscle size, symmetry, "conditioning" (low body fat levels), and stage presentation are judged. Success in bodybuilding requires that competitors achieve their peak physique during the day of competition. To this end, competitors have been reported to employ various peaking interventions during the final days leading to competition. Commonly reported peaking strategies include altering exercise and nutritional regimens, including manipulation of macronutrient, water, and electrolyte intake, as well as consumption of various dietary supplements. The primary goals for these interventions are to maximize muscle glycogen content, minimize subcutaneous water, and reduce the risk abdominal bloating to bring about a more aesthetically pleasing physique. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of evidence to support the commonly reported practices employed by bodybuilders during peak week. Hence, the purpose of this article is to critically review the current literature as to the scientific support for pre-contest peaking protocols most commonly employed by bodybuilders and provide evidence-based recommendations as safe and effective strategies on the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University- San Bernardino, CA San Bernardino, USA
| | | | - Christopher Barakat
- Competitive Breed LLC, FL Tampa, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Tampa, FL Tampa, USA
| | - Alan A. Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University- Northridge, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dietary Supplementation for Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062016. [PMID: 34208239 PMCID: PMC8230900 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dietary supplements is high among athletes and non-athletes alike, as well as able-bodied individuals and those with impairments. However, evidence is lacking in the use of dietary supplements for sport performance in a para-athlete population (e.g., those training for the Paralympics or similar competition). Our objective was to examine the literature regarding evidence for various sport supplements in a para-athlete population. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MedLine, and Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Source. Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in our review. Seven varieties of supplements were investigated in the studies reviewed, including caffeine, creatine, buffering agents, fish oil, leucine, and vitamin D. The evidence for each of these supplements remains inconclusive, with varying results between studies. Limitations of research in this area include the heterogeneity of the subjects within the population regarding functionality and impairment. Very few studies included individuals with impairments other than spinal cord injury. Overall, more research is needed to strengthen the evidence for or against supplement use in para-athletes. Future research is also recommended on performance in para-athlete populations with classifiable impairments other than spinal cord injuries.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wax B, Kerksick CM, Jagim AR, Mayo JJ, Lyons BC, Kreider RB. Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations. Nutrients 2021; 13:1915. [PMID: 34199588 PMCID: PMC8228369 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine is one of the most studied and popular ergogenic aids for athletes and recreational weightlifters seeking to improve sport and exercise performance, augment exercise training adaptations, and mitigate recovery time. Studies consistently reveal that creatine supplementation exerts positive ergogenic effects on single and multiple bouts of short-duration, high-intensity exercise activities, in addition to potentiating exercise training adaptations. In this respect, supplementation consistently demonstrates the ability to enlarge the pool of intracellular creatine, leading to an amplification of the cell's ability to resynthesize adenosine triphosphate. This intracellular expansion is associated with several performance outcomes, including increases in maximal strength (low-speed strength), maximal work output, power production (high-speed strength), sprint performance, and fat-free mass. Additionally, creatine supplementation may speed up recovery time between bouts of intense exercise by mitigating muscle damage and promoting the faster recovery of lost force-production potential. Conversely, contradictory findings exist in the literature regarding the potential ergogenic benefits of creatine during intermittent and continuous endurance-type exercise, as well as in those athletic tasks where an increase in body mass may hinder enhanced performance. The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing literature surrounding the efficacy of creatine supplementation on exercise and sports performance, along with recovery factors in healthy populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wax
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
| | - Jerry J. Mayo
- Department of Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR 72035, USA;
| | - Brian C. Lyons
- Health, Kinesiology, and Sport Management Department, University of Wisconsin—Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141, USA;
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wooten SV, Fleming RYD, Wolf JS, Stray-Gundersen S, Bartholomew JB, Mendoza D, Stanforth PR, Stanforth D, Hernandez LM, Tanaka H. Prehabilitation program composed of blood flow restriction training and sports nutrition improves physical functions in abdominal cancer patients awaiting surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 2021; 47:2952-2958. [PMID: 34092455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of prehabilitation remains controversial due to a short presurgical waiting period and the diminished capacity of the patient population. A strategy to augment and optimize the effectiveness of prehabilitations for abdominal cancer patients may be found in the unlikely field of sport science. We investigated the use of blood flow restriction training and sport nutrition supplementation to augment functional capacity and increase muscle strength in twenty-four abdominal cancer patients awaiting surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sport science-based program was comprised of blood flow restriction exercise 5 to 6 times per week and a daily sports nutrition supplement containing l-citrulline, creatine monohydrate, and whey protein. RESULTS After 4 weeks of prehabilitation, 6-min walk test, timed up and go, short physical performance battery, 5-chair stand test and physical component score of quality of life were significantly improved (all p < 0.05). Total body and appendicular lean mass as assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry increased by 0.73 ± 1.04 kg (p = 0.004) and 0.42 ± 0.64 kg (p = 0.006), respectively. Total body fat mass and trunk fat mass decreased (p = 0.004 and p = 0.021). There were no significant changes in hand grip strength, fear of falling, the mental component summary of quality of life, or fasting serum concentrations of myostatin, follistatin, and growth hormone. CONCLUSION A multimodal prehabilitation program, which encompasses blood flow restriction training and sports nutrition supplements, is both feasible and effective in improving lean mass and physical function in abdominal cancer patients prior to surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ladia M Hernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Alqrache A, Mostafa M, Ghabrah O, Ghabrah Z, Kamal N, Ghabrah T, Atta H. Knowledge and Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use among Students Attending King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2021; 58:469580211020882. [PMID: 34053321 PMCID: PMC8743916 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211020882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oral dietary supplements (DSs) include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, energy drinks, and herbal products. The use of DSs is increasing and their manufacturers promote their benefits. Studies have validated some of these benefits, but have also indicated that some DSs can have adverse effects, especially if used without the appropriate supervision. Little information on DS use among Saudis is available. This study assessed the use of dietary supplements among male and female university students with the goal of educating the community about DSs and the dangers associated with their misuse. Online and paper validated questionnaires were administered to King Abdulaziz University (KAU) students between September 2019 and January 2020. The responses were collected and analyzed statistically. Of the 954 KAU students who completed the survey, one-third used DSs (42.9% women vs 25.7% men). Of these, 51.7% believed that DSs are essential for health, 41.7% classified them as both food and drugs, 67.2% were aware that DSs could not replace a healthy diet, and 25.8% were aware of their potentially harmful effects. Multivitamins and minerals were the most used DSs. DS awareness among KAU students is limited. Additional health education is necessary to assist students in their selection of the most suitable DSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Mostafa
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Ghabrah
- Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Ghabrah
- Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nezar Kamal
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hazem Atta
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wohlgemuth KJ, Arieta LR, Brewer GJ, Hoselton AL, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33794937 PMCID: PMC8015182 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a plethora of information available regarding the impact of nutrition on exercise performance, many recommendations are based on male needs due to the dominance of male participation in the nutrition and exercise science literature. Female participation in sport and exercise is prevalent, making it vital for guidelines to address the sex-specific nutritional needs. Female hormonal levels, such as estrogen and progesterone, fluctuate throughout the mensural cycle and lifecycle requiring more attention for effective nutritional considerations. Sex-specific nutritional recommendations and guidelines for the active female and female athlete have been lacking to date and warrant further consideration. This review provides a practical overview of key physiological and nutritional considerations for the active female. Available literature regarding sex-specific nutrition and dietary supplement guidelines for women has been synthesized, offering evidenced-based practical information that can be incorporated into the daily lives of women to improve performance, body composition, and overall health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kealey J Wohlgemuth
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Luke R Arieta
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew L Hoselton
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Skaperda Z, Tekos F, Makri S, Angelakis C, Vassi E, Vardakas P, Patouna A, Terizi K, Kyriazi D, Kouretas D. A novel combined bioactivity / chemoactivity holistic approach for the evaluation of dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112159. [PMID: 33789120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the excessive generation of free radicals in the human body plays a major role in the pathophysiology and development of various diseases, closely associated with oxidative damage. In this frame, the consumption of antioxidant nutrients through food or dietary supplements may prevent from the harmful effects of free radicals on human cells. This work proposes a holistic approach consisting of distinct methodologies, suitable to evaluate the antioxidant and chemoprotective activity of three novel dietary supplements, each one containing active substances with complementary properties. In the first step, this approach includes in vitro studies to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the dietary supplements by measuring the parameters of free radical scavenging capacity, of reducing power activity, as well as, their ability to protect biomolecules from oxidation. Furthermore, the evaluation of their antimutagenic and antigenotoxic effects is also presented. SubsequentlySub, the specific effects of the dietary supplements were examined in three cancer cell lines (HepG2, HeLa, MKN45), by measuring redox biomarkers such as glutathione, reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, using flow cytometry and spectrophotometry. Our results indicate that all the dietary supplements exhibit high antioxidant, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic and lipid protective activity. The most prominent result is their capability to induce oxidative damage on cancer cells via the critical decrease of the levels of their intracellular glutathione, as well as the increase of ROS and lipid peroxidation levels after the administration of non-cytotoxic concentrations. We suggest that the proposed methodology could constitute a valuable tool for the characterization of dietary supplements based on their chemical and functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Skaperda
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Fotios Tekos
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotiria Makri
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Angelakis
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Eleni Vassi
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Periklis Vardakas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Anastasia Patouna
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Kallirroi Terizi
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Despina Kyriazi
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Creatine Supplementation in Women's Health: A Lifespan Perspective. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030877. [PMID: 33800439 PMCID: PMC7998865 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on creatine, evidence for use among females is understudied. Creatine characteristics vary between males and females, with females exhibiting 70–80% lower endogenous creatine stores compared to males. Understanding creatine metabolism pre- and post-menopause yields important implications for creatine supplementation for performance and health among females. Due to the hormone-related changes to creatine kinetics and phosphocreatine resynthesis, supplementation may be particularly important during menses, pregnancy, post-partum, during and post-menopause. Creatine supplementation among pre-menopausal females appears to be effective for improving strength and exercise performance. Post-menopausal females may also experience benefits in skeletal muscle size and function when consuming high doses of creatine (0.3 g·kg−1·d−1); and favorable effects on bone when combined with resistance training. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence indicates positive effects from creatine supplementation on mood and cognition, possibly by restoring brain energy levels and homeostasis. Creatine supplementation may be even more effective for females by supporting a pro-energetic environment in the brain. The purpose of this review was to highlight the use of creatine in females across the lifespan with particular emphasis on performance, body composition, mood, and dosing strategies.
Collapse
|
46
|
Creatine Supplementation, Physical Exercise and Oxidative Stress Markers: A Review of the Mechanisms and Effectiveness. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030869. [PMID: 33800880 PMCID: PMC8000194 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by antioxidant mechanisms. ROS degrade biogenic substances such as deoxyribonucleic acid, lipids, and proteins, which in turn may lead to oxidative tissue damage. One of the physiological conditions currently associated with enhanced oxidative stress is exercise. Although a period of intense training may cause oxidative damage to muscle fibers, regular exercise helps increase the cells' ability to reduce the ROS over-accumulation. Regular moderate-intensity exercise has been shown to increase antioxidant defense. Endogenous antioxidants cannot completely prevent oxidative damage under the physiological and pathological conditions (intense exercise and exercise at altitude). These conditions may disturb the endogenous antioxidant balance and increase oxidative stress. In this case, the use of antioxidant supplements such as creatine can have positive effects on the antioxidant system. Creatine is made up of two essential amino acids, arginine and methionine, and one non-essential amino acid, glycine. The exact action mechanism of creatine as an antioxidant is not known. However, it has been shown to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the capability to eliminate ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It seems that the antioxidant effects of creatine may be due to various mechanisms such as its indirect (i.e., increased or normalized cell energy status) and direct (i.e., maintaining mitochondrial integrity) mechanisms. Creatine supplement consumption may have a synergistic effect with training, but the intensity and duration of training can play an important role in the antioxidant activity. In this study, the researchers attempted to review the literature on the effects of creatine supplementation and physical exercise on oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
47
|
The Potential Role of Creatine in Vascular Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030857. [PMID: 33807747 PMCID: PMC7999364 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is an organic compound, consumed exogenously in the diet and synthesized endogenously via an intricate inter-organ process. Functioning in conjunction with creatine kinase, creatine has long been known for its pivotal role in cellular energy provision and energy shuttling. In addition to the abundance of evidence supporting the ergogenic benefits of creatine supplementation, recent evidence suggests a far broader application for creatine within various myopathies, neurodegenerative diseases, and other pathologies. Furthermore, creatine has been found to exhibit non-energy related properties, contributing as a possible direct and in-direct antioxidant and eliciting anti-inflammatory effects. In spite of the new clinical success of supplemental creatine, there is little scientific insight into the potential effects of creatine on cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of mortality. Taking into consideration the non-energy related actions of creatine, highlighted in this review, it can be speculated that creatine supplementation may serve as an adjuvant therapy for the management of vascular health in at-risk populations. This review, therefore, not only aims to summarize the current literature surrounding creatine and vascular health, but to also shed light onto the potential mechanisms in which creatine may be able to serve as a beneficial supplement capable of imparting vascular-protective properties and promoting vascular health.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The potential ergogenic effect of nutritional supplements depends on their dosage and the type of exercise executed. Aiming at reviewing the research literature regarding sport supplements utilized in judo in order to improve performance, a literature search was performed at the following databases: Dialnet, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and SportDiscus. A total of 11 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected. Evidence revised indicates that supplementation with caffeine, β-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, creatine, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate has a positive effect on judo-related performance. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that combining some of these nutritional supplements may produce an additive effect.
Collapse
|
49
|
Tamura JK, Carvalho IP, Leanna LMW, Feng JN, Rosenblat JD, Mansur R, Lee Y, Cha DS, Teopiz K, Ahmad Z, Nasri F, Kim J, McIntyre RS. Management of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. CNS Spectr 2021:1-22. [PMID: 33706820 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852921000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common in bipolar disorder and is emerging as a therapeutic target to enhance quality of life and function. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, PsycInfo, Cochrane, clinicaltrials.gov, and Embase databases for blinded or open-label randomized controlled trials evaluating the pro-cognitive effects of pharmacological, neurostimulation, or psychological interventions for bipolar disorder. Twenty-two trials were identified, evaluating a total of 16 different pro-cognitive interventions. The methodological quality of the identified trials were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Currently, no intervention (i.e., pharmacologic, neurostimulation, cognitive remediation) has demonstrated robust and independent pro-cognitive effects in adults with bipolar disorder. Findings are preliminary and methodological limitations limit the interpretation of results. Methodological considerations including, but not limited to, the enrichment with populations with pre-treatment cognitive impairment, as well as the inclusion of individuals who are in remission are encouraged. Future trials may also consider targeting interventions to specific cognitive subgroups and the use of biomarkers of cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn K Tamura
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle P Carvalho
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lui M W Leanna
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia Nuo Feng
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle S Cha
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayla Teopiz
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zara Ahmad
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flora Nasri
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiin Kim
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stares A, Bains M. The Additive Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Training in an Aging Population: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2021; 43:99-112. [PMID: 30762623 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of creatine supplementation in young athletes and bodybuilders is well established including ergogenic properties of muscular hypertrophy, strength, power, and endurance. Whether the benefits of creatine supplementation translate to an aging population with moderate training stimulus remains unclear especially in regard to gender, creatine dose, and duration. This systematic review assessed whether creatine supplementation combined with exercise results in additive improvements in indices of skeletal muscle, bone, and mental health over exercise alone in healthy older adults. METHODS PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were utilized to identify randomized controlled trials of creatine supplementation combined with exercise in an aging population with additional predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts, reviewed full-text articles, and performed quality assessments using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Seventeen studies were comprehensively reviewed according to categories of strength, endurance, functional capacity, body composition, cognition, and safety. These studies suggest that any additive ergogenic creatine effects on upper and/or lower body strength, functional capacity, and lean mass in an older population would require a continuous and daily low-dose creatine supplementation combined with at least 12 weeks of resistance training. Potential creatine specific increases in regional bone mineral density of the femur are possible but may require at least 1 year of creatine supplementation combined with moderate resistance training, and additional long-term clinical trials are warranted. The limited data suggested no additive effects of creatine over exercise alone on indices of mental health. The beneficial effects of creatine supplementation are more consistent in older women than in men. CONCLUSIONS Creatine monohydrate is safe to use in older adults. While creatine in conjunction with moderate- to high-intensity exercise in an aging population may improve skeletal muscle health, additional studies are needed to determine the effective dosing and duration paradigm for potential combined creatine and exercise effects on bone and cognition in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Stares
- School of Physical Therapy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas
| | | |
Collapse
|