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Seyidoglu N, Karakçı D, Bakır B, Yıkmış S. Hawthorn Vinegar in Health with a Focus on Immune Responses. Nutrients 2024; 16:1868. [PMID: 38931223 PMCID: PMC11206889 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hawthorn fruit is an interesting medicinal plant that has several biological features, especially related to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune-modulating actions, and boosting general health. In this study, we aimed to clarify the immunological effects of hawthorn vinegar on immunity and general health. We also focused on three different production processes to improve the antioxidant activity of hawthorn vinegar (2) Methods: In the study, besides the traditional production of hawthorn vinegar (N), thermal pasteurization (P) and ultrasound (U) techniques were applied to vinegars. A total of 56 female adult Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into seven groups; Control, N0.5 (regular vinegar; 0.5 mL/kgbw), N1 (regular vinegar; 1 mL/kgbw), P0.5 (pasteurized vinegar; 0.5 mL/kgbw), P1 (pasteurized vinegar; 1 mL/kgbw), U0.5 (ultrasound treated vinegar; 0.5 mL/kgbw), and U1 (ultrasound treated vinegar; 1 mL/kgbw). Vinegars were administered by oral gavage daily. The average weight gains, body mass index, and blood hematological parameters were measured, and the Neutrophil Lymphocyte ratio was calculated. The plasma IL-1β and TNF-α values, and MDA, IL-1β and TNF-α values of intestinal tissue, were determined. Also, the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method was applied to determine the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in duodenum. (3) Results: There was a decreasing tendency in the average weight gains in all vinegar groups compared to the control group. In addition, there was an increase in NL ratio in all vinegar groups, although not significant. There were no statistical differences among all vinegar groups, although decreases were observed in plasma IL-1β. Also, the plasma TNF-α values showed slight increases in high-dose-of-vinegar groups (N1, P1 and U1), although not significant. In addition, the intestinal tissue IL-1β value tended to increase in groups N0.5, N1 and P0.5, while it tended to decrease in P1, U0.5 and U1. On the other hand, there were slight increases in the TNF-α values of intestinal tissue in all groups compared to control, although these were not significant. Furthermore, the intensive expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β were determined in groups U0.5 and U1. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that either high doses or ultrasound applications of hawthorn vinegar have positive effects on intestinal health, boosting immunity and general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Seyidoglu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Türkiye
| | - Deniz Karakçı
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Türkiye;
| | - Buket Bakır
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Türkiye;
| | - Seydi Yıkmış
- Department of Food Technology, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Türkiye
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Żurek N, Świeca M, Kapusta I. UPLC-ESI-TQD-MS/MS Identification and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Obesity and Anticancer Properties of Polyphenolic Compounds of Hawthorn Seeds. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024:10.1007/s11130-024-01197-4. [PMID: 38814437 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-024-01197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Hawthorn seeds are a by-product of fruit processing and due to the scale of processing of this raw material, they can be an important source of bioactive compounds. This work is the first report on the phenolic composition of hawthorn seeds and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiobesity and anticancer activities. In the isolated phenolic fraction of six seed species, 23 phenolic compounds were identified using the UPLC-ESI-TQD-MS/MS method, the key ones of which included the B-type procyanidin dimer. The seeds of the tested species showed high antioxidant activity (mainly by scavenging O2•- and OH• radicals), anti-inflammatory (mainly through LOX inhibition), anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-cancer, with the highest activity against colon cancer cells (Dld-1 line), showing no activity against healthy colon epithelial cells (CCD841CoN). This activity was significantly dependent on the analyzed hawthorn species and, according to PCA analysis, on the content of flavan-3-ols. These discoveries provided the theoretical basis for the possibility of industrial use of hawthorn seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Żurek
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., Rzeszow, 35-601, Poland.
| | - Michał Świeca
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., Lublin, 20-704, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., Rzeszow, 35-601, Poland
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Zhang J, Li Y, Zhu F, Guo X, Huang Y. Time-/dose- series transcriptome data analysis and traditional Chinese medicine treatment of pneumoconiosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131515. [PMID: 38614165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Pneumoconiosis' pathogenesis is still unclear and specific drugs for its treatment are lacking. Analysis of series transcriptome data often uses a single comparison method, and there are few reports on using such data to predict the treatment of pneumoconiosis with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Here, we proposed a new method for analyzing series transcriptomic data, series difference analysis (SDA), and applied it to pneumoconiosis. By comparison with 5 gene sets including existing pneumoconiosis-related genes and gene set functional enrichment analysis, we demonstrated that the new method was not inferior to two existing traditional analysis methods. Furthermore, based on the TCM-drug target interaction network, we predicted the TCM corresponding to the common pneumoconiosis-related genes obtained by multiple methods, and combined them with the high-frequency TCM for its treatment obtained through literature mining to form a new TCM formula for it. After feeding it to pneumoconiosis modeling mice for two months, compared with the untreated group, the coat color, mental state and tissue sections of the mice in the treated group were markedly improved, indicating that the new TCM formula has a certain efficacy. Our study provides new insights into method development for series transcriptomic data analysis and treatment of pneumoconiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China; School of Biological Engineering & Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Yaobin Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China.
| | - Fenglin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China
| | - Xiaodi Guo
- School of Biological Engineering & Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- School of Biological Engineering & Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
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Yang J, Gu J, Shen Y, Cao L, Zhou H, Zhu W. Effect of Shan Zha (Hawthorn or Crataegus) on gastrointestinal cancer: A network pharmacology and molecular docking study. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2023; 1:229-237. [PMID: 38327605 PMCID: PMC10846330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Shan Zha (Hawthorn or Crataegus) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) most commonly used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Gastrointestinal cancer is closely correlated with blood lipid levels. This study illustrates the potential anticancer effects of Shan Zha on gastrointestinal tumors based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Methods Hawthorn's bioactive ingredients and drug targets were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine version 2.0 (TCMIP v2.0), and Herbal Ingredients' Targets Platform (HIT 2.0) databases. Validated disease targets of gastrointestinal cancer were obtained from the Therapeutic Targets Database (TTD) and HIT 2.0 databases. Protein-protein interaction analysis of intersecting genes was performed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database. The functions of these genes were further analyzed by performing gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Molecular docking verification was performed using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. Results Four main bioactive components were identified in Shan Zha. A total of 271 potential drug targets were identified, and 393 gastrointestinal-tumor targets were obtained. Through protein interaction analysis of intersecting targets, the main components of Shan Zha were found to interact more closely with proteins such as tumor protein p53 (TP53), AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), JUN proto-oncogene (JUN), interleukin 6 (IL6), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed a total of 127 pathways, mainly involving pathways in multiple types of cancer, the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Combined with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) differential analysis, key targets, including TP53, cyclin D1 (CCND1), EGFR, and VEGFA, were screened. Molecular docking results showed that quercetin and kaempferol had the good binding potential for TP53, CCND1, EGFR, and VEGFA. Conclusion These findings suggest that Shan Zha exerts its effects on gastrointestinal cancers through a multitarget, multi-component, and a multi-pathway mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang, Jiangsu 215228, China
| | - Jialin Gu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang, Jiangsu 215228, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang, Jiangsu 215228, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang, Jiangsu 215228, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang, Jiangsu 215228, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Aguilera-Rodríguez FR, Zamora-Perez AL, Gutiérrez-Hernández R, Quirarte-Báez SM, Reyes Estrada CA, Ortiz-García YM, Lazalde-Ramos BP. Teratogen Potential Evaluation of the Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extracts of Crataegus oxyacantha in Pregnancy Rats. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2388. [PMID: 37376012 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Crataegus oxyacantha is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transplacental genotoxicity effect of aqueous (AE) and hydroalcoholic extract (HE) of leaves C. oxyacantha in a rat model and the quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver. Three different doses of the AE and HE of the C. oxyacantha leaf were administered orally (500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) to Wistar rats during 5 days through the pregnancy term (16-21 days), and sampling in rats occurred every 24 h during the last 6 days of gestation, while only one sample was taken in neonates at birth. A sample of the mother's and the neonate's liver was taken for the determination of MDA. The results show that, at the hepatic level, the evaluated doses of extracts C. oxyacantha in pregnant rats and their pups did not show cytotoxicity. However, the AE and HE generated cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in the short term. On the other hand, only the AE showed a teratogenic effect. Based on these results, the AE and HE of the C. oxyacantha leaf should not be administered during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Renata Aguilera-Rodríguez
- Maestría en Ciencias y Tecnología Química, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico
| | - Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Gutiérrez-Hernández
- Licenciatura en Nutrición, Unidad Académica de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico
| | | | - Claudia Araceli Reyes Estrada
- Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico
| | - Yveth Marlene Ortiz-García
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Blanca Patricia Lazalde-Ramos
- Maestría en Ciencias y Tecnología Química, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico
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Huang Y, Wang Z, Huang ZX, Liu Z. Biomarkers and the outcomes of ischemic stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1171101. [PMID: 37342100 PMCID: PMC10277488 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1171101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are measurable substances that could be used as objective indicators for disease diagnosis, responses to treatments, and outcomes predictions. In this review, we summarized the data on a number of important biomarkers including glutamate, S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein, receptor for advanced glycation end-products, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, von willebrand factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, activated protein C, copeptin, neuron-specific enolase, tau protein, gamma aminobutyric acid, blood glucose, endothelial progenitor cells, and circulating CD34-positive cells that could be potentially used to indicate the disease burden and/or predict clinical outcome of ischemic stroke. We examined the relationship between specific biomarkers and disease burden and outcomes and discussed the potential mechanisms underlying the relationship. The clinical significance and implications of these biomarkers were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
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Heidarianpour A, Keshvari M, Shahidi S, Zarei M. Modulation of GPC-4 and GPLD1 serum levels by improving glycemic indices in type 2 diabetes: Resistance training and hawthorn extract intervention. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15537. [PMID: 37151681 PMCID: PMC10161711 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims This study was designed to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) and hawthorn extract (Ha) on Glypican-4 (GPC-4) and Insulin-regulated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPLD1) serum levels in T2DM and to examine the relationship of these variables with glycemic indexes. Method 40 male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups: Healthy Control (H-C), Diabetes Control (D-C), Diabetes Resistance training (D-RT), Diabetes Hawthorn (D-Ha), and Diabetes Resistance training Hawthorn (D-RT-Ha). T2DM was induced with a 4-week high-fat diet (HFD) and one dose of STZ intraperitoneal injection (35 mg/kg). 1-week after the injection, RT (with a range of 50%-100%1RM/3 day/week) and gavage of Ha extract (100 mg/kg/day) was performed for 12 weeks. Results The glycemic indices improvement (reducing blood glucose and increasing serum insulin level) caused by RT and/or Ha increased GPC-4 and decreased GPLD1 in the T2DM rats, but these positive changes were more effective in the combination of RT + Ha. A strong correlation was also observed between GPC-4 and GPLD1 with blood glucose and insulin. Conclusion The increase in serum GPC-4 levels was probably due to the direct effect of RT + Ha, and the improvement of glycemic indexes after RT and Ha. The double effect of RT + Ha can be a regulatory mechanism for GPC-4 and its related factors in controlling T2DM complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Keshvari
- Bu- Ali Sina University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Siamak Shahidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Corresponding author. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran.
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Salinas-Arellano ED, Castro-Dionicio IY, Jeyaraj JG, Mirtallo Ezzone NP, Carcache de Blanco EJ. Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Studies of Selected Botanical Dietary Supplements Used in the United States. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 122:1-162. [PMID: 37392311 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26768-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on their current wide bioavailability, botanical dietary supplements have become an important component of the United States healthcare system, although most of these products have limited scientific evidence for their use. The most recent American Botanical Council Market Report estimated for 2020 a 17.3% increase in sales of these products when compared to 2019, for a total sales volume of $11,261 billion. The use of botanical dietary supplements products in the United States is guided by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) from 1994, enacted by the U.S. Congress with the aim of providing more information to consumers and to facilitate access to a larger number of botanical dietary supplements available on the market than previously. Botanical dietary supplements may be formulated for and use only using crude plant samples (e.g., plant parts such as the bark, leaves, or roots) that can be processed by grinding into a dried powder. Plant parts can also be extracted with hot water to form an "herbal tea." Other preparations of botanical dietary supplements include capsules, essential oils, gummies, powders, tablets, and tinctures. Overall, botanical dietary supplements contain bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemotypes that typically are found at low concentration levels. These bioactive constituents usually occur in combination with inactive molecules that may induce synergy and potentiation of the effects observed when botanical dietary supplements are taken in their different forms. Most of the botanical dietary supplements available on the U.S. market have been used previously as herbal remedies or as part of traditional medicine systems from around the world. Their prior use in these systems also provides a certain level of assurance in regard to lower toxicity levels. This chapter will focus on the importance and diversity of the chemical features of bioactive secondary metabolites found in botanical dietary supplements that are responsible for their applications. Many of the active principles of botanical dietary substances are phenolics and isoprenoids, but glycosides and some alkaloids are also present. Biological studies on the active constituents of selected botanical dietary supplements will be discussed. Thus, the present chapter should be of interest for both members of the natural products scientific community, who may be performing development studies of the products available, as well as for healthcare professionals who are directly involved in the analysis of botanical interactions and evaluation of the suitability of botanical dietary supplements for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Salinas-Arellano
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ines Y Castro-Dionicio
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan G Jeyaraj
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nathan P Mirtallo Ezzone
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Esperanza J Carcache de Blanco
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Gu W, Wang R, Cai Z, Lin X, Zhang L, Chen R, Li R, Zhang W, Ji X, Shui G, Sun Q, Liu C. Hawthorn total flavonoids ameliorate ambient fine particulate matter-induced insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities of lipids in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114456. [PMID: 38321675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown a strong correlation between ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and diabetes risk, including abnormal lipid accumulation and systemic insulin resistance (IR). Hawthorn total flavonoids (HF) are the main groups of active substances in Hawthorn, which showed anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that HF may attenuate PM2.5-induced IR and abnormal lipid accumulation. Female C57BL/6 N mice were randomly assigned to the filtered air exposure (FA) group, concentrated PM2.5 exposure (PM) group, PM2.5 exposure maintained on a low-dose HF diet (LHF) group, and PM2.5 exposure maintained on a high-dose HF diet (HHF) group for an 8-week PM2.5 exposure using a whole-body exposure device. Body glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles in the liver and serum, and enzymes responsible for hepatic lipid metabolism were measured. We found that exposure to PM2.5 impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In addition, triacylglycerol (TAG) in serum elevated, whereas hepatic TAG levels were decreased after PM2.5 exposure, accompanied by inhibited fatty acid uptake, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in the liver. HF administration, on the other hand, balanced the hepatic TAG levels by increasing fatty acid uptake and decreasing lipid export, leading to alleviated systemic IR and hyperlipidemia in PM2.5-exposed mice. Therefore, HF administration may be an effective strategy to protect against PM2.5-induced IR and metabolic abnormalities of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Gu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Cai
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Lin
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rucheng Chen
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational health, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuming Ji
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China.
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Li Q, Zhang H, Liu X. Didymin Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Activating the PPAR Signaling Pathway. Yonsei Med J 2022; 63:956-965. [PMID: 36168249 PMCID: PMC9520049 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a severe secondary injury induced by reperfusion after stroke. Didymin has been reported to have a protective effect on intracerebral hemorrhage. However, the underlying mechanism of didymin on regulating cerebral IR injury remains largely unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat cerebral IR model and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model in PC12 cells were established. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) was used to detect the pathological changes in brain tissues, and TUNEL staining was performed to detect apoptosis of brain tissues. MTT and flow cytometry were used to measure the viability and apoptosis of PC12 cells. QRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect inflammation cytokines in PC12 cells. Western blot was used to measure the expression of PPAR-γ, RXRA, Bax, c-caspase-3, and Bcl-2. RESULTS Didymin pretreatment decreased apoptotic rates, reduced levels of Bax and c-caspase-3, and increased Bcl-2 level in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, didymin pretreatment increased viability and decreased the inflammation levels [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1] of OGD/R treated PC12 cells. Moreover, didymin activated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway and increased the expression of PPAR-γ and RXRA in OGD/R treated PC12 cells. Inhibition of PPAR-γ eliminated the protective effect of didymin on OGD/R treated cells. CONCLUSION Didymin protected neuron cells against IR injury in vitro and in vivo by activation of the PPAR pathway. Didymin may be a candidate drug for IR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- ICU Department, Jiyang People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China.
| | - Hongting Zhang
- ICU Department, Jiyang People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- ICU Department, Jiyang People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Jamuna S, Ashokkumar R, Devaraj SN. Amelioration of C-Reactive Protein and Lectin Like Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Complex Induced Endothelial Dysfunction by Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2664-2686. [PMID: 35357665 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-established biochemical marker for atherosclerosis. Modification of LDL inside the artery wall favors the elevation of this acute phase protein. Hence, this mechanism is considered an important factor to trigger the monocyte to macrophages differentiation which results in the formation of foam cells. Therefore, this key event should be targeted and focused on how this complex (OxLDL + CRP) proceeds to endothelial dysfunction. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) is a well-known cardioprotective flavon-3-ols. The present study is challenged between the cardioprotective roles of OPC against the deleterious effect of OxLDL + CRP complex upon endothelial cells. Protein-protein docking was carried out between CRP and LOX-1. This docked protein complex was again docked with OPC to show the inhibitory mechanism of CRP binding with LOX-1. OPC showed a promising inhibitory mechanism against OxLDL + CRP complex. Docking studies showed that in the absence of ligands (OPC), binding of CRP and LOX-1 was greater and vice versa in the presence of ligands. Based on these molecular docking results, in vitro studies have been carried out. The monolayer of endothelial cells was incubated with THP-1 monocytes for 48 h, induced with OxLDL (10 μg/ml) + CRP (15 μg/ml) and cotreated with OPC (100 μg/ml). Morphological changes, cell migration assay, and capillary tube forming assay were carried out. Myeloperoxidase levels were estimated to determine the adhesion of monocytes onto EC monolayer. RT-PCR analysis of L-Selectin was also done. The quantification of NO levels and analysis of mRNA expressions of eNOS was to determine the nitric oxide demand caused due to OxLDL + CRP complex. LOX-1, scavenger receptor levels were analyzed by mRNA expression. Proinflammatory markers such as IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-1β were studied. Accumulation of ROS levels was measured fluorimetrically using DCF-DA staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by JC-1 dye and cell cycle analysis was done by FACS analysis. To emphasis the results, the OPC-treated group showed decreased levels of proinflammatory markers, LOX-1 and L-selectin levels. Endothelial nitric oxide levels were increased upon OPC treatment and reduction in the ROS levels was also observed. Endothelial cells apoptosis was prevented by OPC. To conclude, OxLDL + CRP complex inhibitory effects of OPC could maintain the normal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Jamuna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Rathinavel Ashokkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai, 600025, India
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Kombiyil S, Sivasithamparam ND. In Vitro Anti-cancer Effect of Crataegus oxyacantha Berry Extract on Hormone Receptor Positive and Triple Negative Breast Cancers via Regulation of Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2687-2708. [PMID: 35262883 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer treatment strategy depends mainly on the receptor status. Our aim was to identify a herbal preparation, effective against breast cancer, irrespective of hormone sensitivity, and to understand its molecular mechanism. The rich antioxidant composition of hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) makes it a promising anti-cancer drug candidate. Polyphenol-rich methanolic extract of C. oxyacantha berry (M.Co) was found to be cytotoxic on hormone receptor positive (MCF-7) and triple negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell lines, at a dose (75 μg/ml) safe on normal cells. It could effectively inhibit tumor cell proliferation and arrest cell cycle at G1/S transition in both cell lines. Molecular targets were selected from different levels of canonical Wnt signaling pathway (such as autocrine and antagonistic ligands, receptor, effector, cytoplasmic components, downstream targets, and pathway antagonist), since they are frequently found dysregulated in all breast cancers and their aberrant activation is associated with cancer stem cell expansion. M.Co could significantly downregulate the expression of Wnt pathway agonists and upregulate that of Wnt antagonists at transcriptional and translational levels, in both cell lines. To conclude, C. oxyacantha berry extract is effective against breast cancer irrespective of its hormone dependency, and cancer growth inhibition at stem cell level can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salini Kombiyil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
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13
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Biological properties and potential application of hawthorn and its major functional components: A review. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Chemoprevention with a tea from hawthorn ( Crataegus oxyacantha) leaves and flowers attenuates colitis in rats by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. FOOD CHEMISTRY-X 2021; 12:100139. [PMID: 34712949 PMCID: PMC8531563 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A tea from the leaves and flowers of hawthorn is rich in flavonoids, especially vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside. Mesalamine and hawthorn tea have positive healing effects in rats with colitis. Hawthorn tea reduces the length and area of the brownish necrotic lesions. Hawthorn tea diminishes the levels of the inflammatory markers MPO and IL-1β. Hawthorn tea regulates the activity of the oxidative stress enzymes CAT and GR.
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of a tea from the leaves and flowers of Crataegus oxyacantha in rats with colitis. Colitis was induced by administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Hawthorn tea (HT) (100 mg/kg) was given via gavage for 21 days and the mesalamine drug (100 mg/kg) was administrated during the period of disease onset. HT was rich in total phenolic compounds (16.5%), flavonoids (1.8%), and proanthocyanidins (1.5%); vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside was the main compound detected. Mesalamine and the HT diminished the length of the lesions formed in the colon, in addition to reducing the levels of myeloperoxidase and interleukin-1β. Mesalamine was able to significantly reverse the body weight loss, while HT improved the activity of glutathione reductase and catalase. Histological scoring was not changed by the interventions, but it was highly correlated with the necrotic area. HT given at 100 mg/kg can be effective against colitis.
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Key Words
- CAT, Catalase
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- Colon
- Crataegus oxyacantha
- DAD, Diode array detection
- DAI, Disease Activity Index
- DSS, Dextran sodium sulfate
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- FID, Flame ionization detector
- FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power
- GC, Gas chromatograph
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, Glutathione reductase
- GSH, Glutathione
- HT, Hawthorn tea
- IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease
- IL-1β, Interleukin-1beta
- Inflammatory bowel diseases
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- MPO, Myeloperoxidase
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- ORAC, Oxygen-radical absorbing capacity
- Polyphenol
- SCFA, Short-chain fatty acid
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TFC, Total flavonoids content
- TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TPC, Total polyphenols content
- TPOC, Total proanthocyanidin oligomers content
- UC, Ulcerative colitis
- UHPLC, Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
- Vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside
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Martinelli F, Perrone A, Yousefi S, Papini A, Castiglione S, Guarino F, Cicatelli A, Aelaei M, Arad N, Gholami M, Salami SA. Botanical, Phytochemical, Anti-Microbial and Pharmaceutical Characteristics of Hawthorn ( Crataegusmonogyna Jacq.), Rosaceae. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237266. [PMID: 34885847 PMCID: PMC8659235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) is a wild edible fruit tree of the genus Crataegus, one of the most interesting genera of the Rosaceae family. This review is the first to consider, all together, the pharmaceutical, phytochemical, functional and therapeutic properties of C. monogyna based on numerous valuable secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, vitamin C, glycoside, anthocyanin, saponin, tannin and antioxidants. Previous reviews dealt with the properties of all species of the entire genera. We highlight the multi-therapeutic role that C. monogyna extracts could have in the treatment of different chronic and degenerative diseases, mainly focusing on flavonoids. In the first part of this comprehensive review, we describe the main botanical characteristics and summarize the studies which have been performed on the morphological and genetic characterization of the C. monogyna germplasm. In the second part, the key metabolites and their nutritional and pharmaceutical properties are described. This work could be an essential resource for promoting future therapeutic formulations based on this natural and potent bioactive plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Perrone
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sanaz Yousefi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65178-38695, Iran; (S.Y.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Stefano Castiglione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Francesco Guarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Cicatelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Mitra Aelaei
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran;
| | - Neda Arad
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Mansour Gholami
- Department of Horticultural Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65178-38695, Iran; (S.Y.); (M.G.)
| | - Seyed Alireza Salami
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (S.A.S.)
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Aguilera-Rodríguez FR, Zamora-Perez AL, Galván-Moreno CL, Gutiérrez-Hernández R, Reyes Estrada CA, Esparza-Ibarra EL, Lazalde-Ramos BP. Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Evaluation of the Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Leaf and Bark Extracts of Crataegus oxyacantha in Murine Model. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10102217. [PMID: 34686027 PMCID: PMC8540136 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Crataegus oxyacantha has been mainly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, its safety profile has not been fully established, since only the genotoxic effects of C. oxyacantha fruit have been described. Therefore, the objective of this work was evaluating the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the aqueous and hydroalcoholic leaf and bark extracts of C. oxyacantha by means of the micronucleus test in a murine model. Doses of 2000, 1000, and 500 mg/kg of both extracts were administered orally for 5 days in mice of the Balb-C strain. Peripheral blood smears were performed at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after each administration. The number of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs), and micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) was determined at the different sampling times. Our results showed that the leaf and bark of C. oxyacantha increase the number of MNEs at the 2000 mg/kg dose, and only the aqueous leaf extract decreases the number of PCEs at the same dose. Therefore, the aqueous and hydroalcoholic leaf and bark extracts of C. oxyacantha showed genotoxic effects, and only the aqueous leaf extract exhibited cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Renata Aguilera-Rodríguez
- Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología Química, Laboratorio de Etnofarmacología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico; (F.R.A.-R.); (C.L.G.-M.)
| | - Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44100 Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Clara Luz Galván-Moreno
- Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología Química, Laboratorio de Etnofarmacología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico; (F.R.A.-R.); (C.L.G.-M.)
| | - Rosalinda Gutiérrez-Hernández
- Programa de Licenciatura en Nutrición de la Unidad Académica de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico;
| | - Claudia Araceli Reyes Estrada
- Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Académica de Medicina Human, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico;
| | - Edgar L. Esparza-Ibarra
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico;
| | - Blanca Patricia Lazalde-Ramos
- Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología Química, Laboratorio de Etnofarmacología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 98000 Zacatecas, Mexico; (F.R.A.-R.); (C.L.G.-M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +52-492-1702977
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Determination of Flavonoids Compounds of Three Species and Different Harvesting Periods in Crataegi folium Based on LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061602. [PMID: 33805809 PMCID: PMC7999497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Crataegi folium have been used as medicinal and food materials worldwide due to its pharmacological activities. Although the leaves of Crataegus songorica (CS), Crataegus altaica (CA) and Crataegus kansuensis (CK) have rich resources in Xinjiang, China, they can not provide insights into edible and medicinal aspects. Few reports are available on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids compounds of their leaves. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient methods to determine qualitative and quantitative flavonoids compounds in leaves of CS, CA and CK. In the study, 28 unique compounds were identified in CS versus CK by qualitative analysis. The validated quantitative method was employed to determine the content of eight flavonoids of the leaves of CS, CA and CK within 6 min. The total content of eight flavonoids was 7.8–15.1 mg/g, 0.1–9.1 mg/g and 4.8–10.7 mg/g in the leaves of CS, CA and CK respectively. Besides, the best harvesting periods of the three species were from 17th to 26th September for CS, from 30th September to 15th October for CA and CK. The validated and time-saving method was successfully implemented for the analysis of the content of eight flavonoids compounds in CS, CA and CK for the first time.
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Zhang L, Zhao X, Liu Z, Zhou W. A systems-based analysis to explore the multiple mechanisms of Shan Zha for treating human diseases. Food Funct 2021; 12:1176-1191. [PMID: 33432314 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02433c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Shan Zha has garnered increasing attention in the field of functional foods and medicines due to its widely reported healing effects. However, the potential mechanisms of Shan Zha for human health benefits have not been fully interpreted. Therefore, in the current study, a systems-based method that integrates ADME evaluation, target fishing, gene ontology enrichment analysis, network pharmacology, and pathway analysis is proposed to clarify the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of Shan Zha. As a result, 45 active components of Shan Zha that interacted with 161 protein targets were screened and identified. Moreover, gene ontology enrichment, network and pathway analysis indicated that Shan Zha is beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular system diseases, digestive system diseases, immune system diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and other diseases through multiple mechanisms. Our study not only proposed an integrated method to comprehensively elucidate the complicated mechanisms of Shan Zha for the treatment of various disorders at the system level, but also provided a reference approach for the mechanistic research of other functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Zhang
- School of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China.
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Lilei Zhang
- School of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- School of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China. and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Liu X, Liu R, Fu D, Wu H, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wang M, Pu X. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide inhibits neuroinflammation by stimulating foxp3 and Ki-67 in an ischemic stroke model. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3763-3778. [PMID: 33461169 PMCID: PMC7906154 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) has been widely used to treat ischemic stroke in China. To investigate the mechanisms underlying NBP activity, we established a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) rat model and injected the rats with 4 mg/kg/d NBP for nine days. We then assessed neuroinflammation, neovascularization and nerve regeneration within the brain. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-TOF MSI) was used to determine the phospholipid distribution, while laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry imaging (LA-ICP MSI) was used to measure Foxp3, Ki-67 and pCREB levels in the brain. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and its inflammatory products, caspase-1 and interleukin-1β, in brain tissues. NBP attenuated ischemic damage and ameliorated neurological deficits in rats with pMCAO. In the ischemic brain region, NBP reduced phosphatidylethanolamine (18:0), NLRP3, caspase-1 and interleukin-1β levels, but increased levels of Foxp3, Ki-67, pCREB and several phospholipids. In molecular docking analyses, NBP bound to NLRP3, interleukin-1β, caspase-1, Foxp3, and Ki-67. These results demonstrate that NBP reduces neuroinflammation in brain tissues and promotes nerve and blood vessel regeneration, thus protecting neuromorphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Runzhe Liu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Dongxu Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Pu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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Tao T, Liu M, Chen M, Luo Y, Wang C, Xu T, Jiang Y, Guo Y, Zhang JH. Natural medicine in neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: Challenges and prospective. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Medicinal plants, many of which are wild, have recently been under the spotlight worldwide due to growing requests for natural and sustainable eco-compatible remedies for pathological conditions with beneficial health effects that are able to support/supplement a daily diet or to support and/or replace conventional pharmacological therapy. The main requests for these products are: safety, minimum adverse unwanted effects, better efficacy, greater bioavailability, and lower cost when compared with synthetic medications available on the market. One of these popular herbs is hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), belonging to the Rosaceae family, with about 280 species present in Europe, North Africa, West Asia, and North America. Various parts of this herb, including the berries, flowers, and leaves, are rich in nutrients and beneficial bioactive compounds. Its chemical composition has been reported to have many health benefits, including medicinal and nutraceutical properties. Accordingly, the present review gives a snapshot of the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic potential of this herb on human health.
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22
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Li Y, Sun J, Wu R, Bai J, Hou Y, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Meng X. Mitochondrial MPTP: A Novel Target of Ethnomedicine for Stroke Treatment by Apoptosis Inhibition. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:352. [PMID: 32269527 PMCID: PMC7109312 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), across the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria, is a nonspecific channel for signal transduction or material transfer between mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm such as maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis, regulation of oxidative stress signals, and protein translocation evoked by some of stimuli. Continuous MPTP opening has been proved to stimulate neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. Meanwhile, inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced apoptosis has shown excellent efficacy in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Among of which, the potential molecular mechanisms of drug therapy for stroke has also been gradually revealed by researchers. The characteristics of multi-components or multi-targets for ethnic drugs also provide the possibility to treat stroke from the perspective of mitochondrial MPTP. The advantages mentioned above make it necessary for us to explore and clarify the new perspective of ethnic medicine in treating stroke and to determine the specific molecular mechanisms through advanced technologies as much as possible. In this review, we attempt to uncover the relationship between abnormal MPTP opening and neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. We further summarized currently authorized drugs, ethnic medicine prescriptions, herbs, and identified monomer compounds for inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced ischemic neuron apoptosis. Finally, we strive to provide a new perspective and enlightenment for ethnic medicine in the prevention and treatment of stroke by inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxin Li
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinrong Bai
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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23
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Pang HQ, An HM, Yang H, Wu SQ, Fan JL, Mi L, Wang H, Li P, Gao W. Comprehensive chemical profiling of Yindan Xinnaotong soft capsule and its neuroprotective activity evaluation in vitro. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:288-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Saoudi M, Slama-Ben Salem RB, Salem MB, Brahmi N, Badraoui R, Nasri M, El Feki A. Beneficial effects of crataegus oxyacantha extract on neurobehavioral deficits and brain tissue damages induced by an insecticide mixture of deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos in adult wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108795. [PMID: 30909143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides, such as organophosphorus and pyrethroids, are extensively used in the agrofields which can significantly increase crop productivity. Humans are exposed to pesticides via dermal contact, inhalation and ingestion due to occupational exposure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective role of the aqueous extract of Crataegus oxyacantha during acute exposure of rats to the combination of deltamethrin (DM) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) in rats (DCF). The combination of vitamins C and E (Vit CE) was used as a standard antioxidant. The Crataegus oxyacantha extract revealed the presence of a high level of phenolic compounds identified by HPLC analysis. Male wistar rats were divided into six groups: (I) corn oil, (II) AECO (1 ml/100 g), (III) DCF (DM 5 mg/kg, CPF 1 mg/kg), (IV) AECO + DCF, (V) Vit CE (Vit C 100 mg/kg, Vit E 100 mg/kg), and (VI) Vit CE + DCF. AECO and Vit CE were administered 10 days before the administration of DCF. The findings revealed that the administration of DM and CPF mixture induced a significant decrease in serum AChE and DNA damage, as indicated by brain DNA fragmentation. In addition, behavioral tests by open field and elevated plus maze showed impaired recognition memory. The results showed that AECO or Vit CE alleviated significantly neurobehavioral alterations, reduced lipid peroxidation in brain, and restored the antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH) to normal levels. Furthermore, brain DNA fragmentation and histopathology in DCF treated rats were improved by AECO administration. All results revealed that C. oxyacantha extract, rich in polyphenolic compounds, had potential antioxidant effects on the combination of DM and CPF-induced oxidative brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mongi Saoudi
- Animal Ecophysiology Laboratory, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Rabeb Ben Slama-Ben Salem
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineering of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Noura Brahmi
- Animal Ecophysiology Laboratory, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Badraoui
- Laboratory of Histo-Embryology and Cytogenetic, Medicine Faculty, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Nasri
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineering of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelfattah El Feki
- Animal Ecophysiology Laboratory, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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Ranjbar K, Zarrinkalam E, Salehi I, Komaki A, Fayazi B. Cardioprotective effect of resistance training and Crataegus oxyacantha extract on ischemia reperfusion–induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:455-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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NF-κB/twist mediated regulation of colonic inflammation by lupeol in abating dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Zarrinkalam E, Ranjbar K, Salehi I, Kheiripour N, Komaki A. Resistance training and hawthorn extract ameliorate cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:503-510. [PMID: 29091901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that diabetic rats display cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training and natural antioxidants on learning and memory in type 1 diabetic rats. For this purpose, fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: (i) Control (Con, n=10), (ii) Diabetic (D, n=10), (iii) Diabetic+Resistance training (DRT, n=10), (iv) Diabetic+natural antioxidants (DHE, n=10), and (v) Diabetic+Resistance training+ natural antioxidants (DRH, n=10). Climbing the ladder for a period of 5days/week for 10 consecutive weeks was considered as the resistance training model in our study. Natural antioxidants (100mg/kg per day) were administered to natural antioxidant groups for a period of 10 weeks. Moreover, spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory function were evaluated by Morris Water Maze (MWM) and shuttle box tests. The results showed that, mean of total escape latency decreased 25% (P<0.0001) in the DRH group compared with the D group in MWM. The percentage of time spent in the target quadrant identically decreased (34%) in the D and DHE groups compared with the Con group (p=0.001). In this regard, time spent in the dark Compartment (TDC) respectively rose 86% and 95% in the D and DHE groups compared with the Con group (p<0.05), and decreased 88% in the DRT and DRH groups compared with the D group in the shuttle box test (p<0.05). Furthermore, we noticed that total antioxidant capacity increase and lipid peroxidation decrease in response to the treatments in the diabetic rats as well. Therefore, the current study indicated that exercise training and natural antioxidants synergistically ameliorated learning and memory deficits in type 1 diabetic rats via reducing oxidative stress. Hence, it may propose a potential role of resistance training and natural antioxidants as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Zarrinkalam
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Kamal Ranjbar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nejat Kheiripour
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Jose LMR, Claudia ARE, Rosalinda GH, Jesus AL. Antioxidant, hypolipidemic and preventive effect of Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) on alcoholic liver damage in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jpp2016.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zheng C, Liu C, Wang W, Tang G, Dong L, Zhou J, Zhong Z. Ethanol extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. attenuated ischemia/reperfusion induced rat neural injury through inhibition of HMGB1 induced inflammation. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:5016-5024. [PMID: 27904702 PMCID: PMC5126344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well demonstrated that the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) mediated inflammation has been implicated as one of the important causes for brain damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In the present study, we assessed the neuro-protective and anti-inflammation effects of the ethanol extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. (EEPO) against cerebral I/R injury in the rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Rats were administrated with their respective treatment for 7 days before the MCA occlusion. After that, rats were intraperitoneal injection with chloral hydrate and sacrificed by decapitation, then the serum and brain tissue were collected. The neurological deficit score, infarct size and brain edema were tested. The levels of serum cytokine as TNF-α, IL-1β, INF-γ, IL-6, and HMGB1 and LDH were detected. The protein level of tissue or nucleus HMGB1, IκB and p-p65 were tested, too. The results showed that pretreatment with EEPO significantly decreased the neurological deficit score, infarct size and brain edema. Moreover, EEPO decreased rat serum cytokine level and rat right cortices p-p65 and IκB protein level. In conclusion all these results suggested that pretreatment with EEFPO provided significant protection against cerebral I/R injury in rats might by virtue of its anti-inflammation property through inhibition of increase of neuleus HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Zheng
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Wanyin Wang
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Gusheng Tang
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Liwei Dong
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhengrong Zhong
- Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Department of The Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeAnhui, China
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The emerging role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in cerebral ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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A human neural stem cell line provides neuroprotection and improves neurological performance by early intervention of neuroinflammatory system. Brain Res 2015; 1631:194-203. [PMID: 26620543 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A human neural stem cell line, HB1.F3, demonstrated neuroprotective properties in cerebral ischemia animal models. In this study, we have investigated about the mechanisms of such neuroprotection, mainly focusing on the neuroinflammatory system at an earlier time point of the pathology. Cerebral ischemia model was generated by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult male Wister rats. HB1.F3 cells were transplanted through jugular vein 6h after MCAO. Forty eight hours after MCAO, transplanted rats showed better neurological performance and decreased TUNEL positive apoptotic cell number in the penumbra. However, haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunostaining showed that, HB1.F3 cells did not affect the necrotic cell death. Twenty four hours after MCAO (18h after HB1.F3 transplantation), infiltrated granulocytes and macrophage/microglia number in the core regions were decreased compared to PBS-treated controls. Immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated that the transplantation decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expressing cell number in the core and penumbra, respectively. Double immunofluorescence results revealed that iNOS was mainly expressed in granulocytes and macrophage/microglia in the core region, and COX-2 mainly expressed in neurons, endothelial cells and granulocytes in penumbra. Further analysis showed that although the percentage of iNOS expressing granulocytes and macrophage/microglia was not decreased, COX-2 expressing neurons and vessel number was decreased by the transplantation. In vitro mRNA analysis showed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), basic fibroblast growth factor (βFGF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-4 expression was high in cultured HB1.F3 cells. Thus, our results demonstrated that HB1.F3 cell transplantation provide neuroprotection possibly through the regulation of early inflammatory events in the cerebral ischemia condition.
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Nabavi SF, Habtemariam S, Ahmed T, Sureda A, Daglia M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Nabavi SM. Polyphenolic Composition of Crataegus monogyna Jacq.: From Chemistry to Medical Applications. Nutrients 2015; 7:7708-28. [PMID: 26378574 PMCID: PMC4586556 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of scientific evidence has shown that many synthetic drugs can cause serious adverse effects in patients. Recently, the search of natural therapeutic agents with low adverse effects has attracted much attention. In particular, considerable interest has focused on edible and medicinal plants, which play an important role in human diet, and have been used for disease treatment since ancient times. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (hawthorn) is one of the most important edible plants of the Rosaceae family and is also used in traditional medicine. Growing evidence has shown that this plant has various interesting physiological and pharmacological activities due to the presence of different bioactive natural compounds. In addition, scientific evidence suggests that the toxicity of hawthorn is negligible. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide a critical review of the available scientific literature about pharmacological activities as well as botanical aspects, phytochemistry and clinical impacts of C. monogyna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1193653471, Iran.
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, and CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain.
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia 15782, Spain.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1193653471, Iran.
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Xiao A, Chen R, Kang M, Tan S. Heat-sensitive moxibustion attenuates the inflammation after focal cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 7:2600-6. [PMID: 25368636 PMCID: PMC4200727 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.33.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-sensitive moxibustion has neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, however its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, rat models of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were treated with suspended moxibustion at acupoint Dazhui (DU14) for 35 minutes. Results showed that suspended moxibustion decreased infarct volume, reduced cortical myeloperoxidase activity, and suppressed serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our experimental findings indicated that heat-sensitive moxibustion can attenuate inflammation and promote repair after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijiao Xiao
- Basal Medical College of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Rixin Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Mingfei Kang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shenghai Tan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
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34
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Park JH, Park OK, Cho JH, Chen BH, Kim IH, Ahn JH, Lee JC, Yan BC, Yoo KY, Lee CH, Hwang IK, Kwon SH, Lee YL, Won MH, Choi JH. Anti-inflammatory effect of tanshinone I in neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in the gerbil hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1300-12. [PMID: 24760430 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone I (TsI) is an important lipophilic diterpene extracted from Danshen (Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae) and has been used in Asia for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effect of TsI against ischemic damage and its neuroprotective mechanism in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) induced by 5 min of transient global cerebral ischemia. Pre-treatment with TsI protected pyramidal neurons from ischemic damage in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the CA1 after ischemia-reperfusion. The pre-treatment with TsI increased the immunoreactivities and protein levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13] in the TsI-treated-sham-operated-groups compared with those in the vehicle-treated-sham-operated-groups; however, the treatment did not increase the immunoreactivities and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α). On the other hand, in the TsI-treated-ischemia-operated-groups, the immunoreactivities and protein levels of all the cytokines were maintained in the SP of the CA1 after transient cerebral ischemia. In addition, we examined that IL-4 injection into the lateral ventricle did not protect pyramidal neurons from ischemic damage. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the pre-treatment with TsI can protect against ischemia-induced neuronal death in the CA1 via the increase or maintenance of endogenous inflammatory cytokines, and exogenous IL-4 does not protect against ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
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Aegle marmelos fruit extract abates dextran sodium sulfate induced acute colitis in mice: Repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines during colonic inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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36
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Sun L, Zhuang W, Xu X, Yang J, Teng J, Zhang F. The effect of injection of EGb 761 into the lateral ventricle on hippocampal cell apoptosis and stem cell stimulation in situ of the ischemic/reperfusion rat model. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Neuroprotective evaluation of Tilia americana and Annona diversifolia in the neuronal damage induced by intestinal ischemia. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1632-40. [PMID: 23739919 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tilia americana and Annona diversifolia are plants widely distributed in Mexico and sold in markets for their medicinal properties on the central nervous system (CNS) including possible neuroprotection. Pharmacological studies have corroborated CNS activities due to flavonoid constituents, but evidence of their neuroprotector effects are lacking. This study was conducted to test aqueous and organic extracts of these two plants for neuroprotective effects in a novel experimental model of intestinal ischemia in situ. T. americana and A. diversifolia aqueous and organic extracts were administrated to guinea pigs at an oral dose of 100 and 300 mg/kg for 15 days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were anesthetized and intestinal ischemia in situ was induced by clamping for 80 min selected branches of the superior mesenteric artery. Ischemic segments placed in an in vitro organ bath were stimulated electrically (0.3 Hz frequency, 3.0 ms duration, 14 V intensity) and chemically (ACh; 1 × 10(-9) to 1×10(-5) M). Neuroprotection was considered present when the depressed contractile response of the ischemic tissue to electrical stimulation was normalized in the treated animals. Results showed that pretreatment with the T. americana hexane and aqueous extracts, but not with those from A. diversifolia, significantly improved responses of the ischemic tissue. These results suggest that T. americana possesses neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage induced by ischemia, and that flavonoids as well as non-polar constituents are involved. Our study supports the use of this plant in folk medicine and suggests its possible effectiveness for stroke prevention.
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Shrivastava K, Llovera G, Recasens M, Chertoff M, Giménez-Llort L, Gonzalez B, Acarin L. Temporal expression of cytokines and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 activation after neonatal hypoxia/ischemia in mice. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:212-25. [PMID: 23571161 DOI: 10.1159/000348432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia/ischemia (HI) is a prevalent reason for neonatal brain injury with inflammation being an inevitable phenomenon following such injury; but there is a scarcity of data regarding the signaling pathway involved and the effector molecules. The signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) is known to modulate injury following imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral and central nervous system injury making it a potential molecule for study. The current study investigates the temporal expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) after carotid occlusion and hypoxia (8% O2, 55 min) in postnatal day 7 C57BL/6 mice from 3 h to 21 days after hypoxia. Protein array illustrated notable changes in cytokines expressed in both hemispheres in a time-dependent manner. The major pro-inflammatory cytokines showing immediate changes between ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres were IL-6 and IL-1β. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 demonstrated a delayed augmentation with no prominent differences between hemispheres, while IL-1ra showed two distinct peaks of expression spread over time. We also illustrate for the first time the spatiotemporal activation of pSTAT3 (Y705 phosphorylation) after a neonatal HI in mice brain. The main regions expressing pSTAT3 were the hippocampus and the corpus callosum. pSTAT3+ cells were mostly a subpopulation of activated astrocytes (GFAP+) and microglia/macrophages (F4/80+) seen only in the ipsilateral hemisphere at most time points studied (till 7 days after hypoxia). The highest expression of pSTAT3+ cells was observed to be around 24-48 h, where the presence of pSTAT3+ astrocytes and pSTAT3+ microglia/macrophages was seen by confocal micrographs. In conclusion, our study highlights a synchronized expression of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, especially in the long term not previously defined. It also points towards a significant role of STAT3 signaling following micro- and astrogliosis in the pathophysiology of neonatal HI-related brain injury. In the study, a shift from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine profile was also noted as the injury progressed. We suggest that while designing efficient neuroprotective therapies using inflammatory molecules, the time of intervention and balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shrivastava
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Bleilevens C, Roehl AB, Goetzenich A, Zoremba N, Kipp M, Dang J, Tolba R, Rossaint R, Hein M. Effect of anesthesia and cerebral blood flow on neuronal injury in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Exp Brain Res 2012; 224:155-64. [PMID: 23064810 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models have become well established as the most suitable way to simulate stroke in experimental studies. The high variability in the size of the resulting infarct due to filament composition, rodent strain and vessel anatomy makes the setup of such models very complex. Beside controllable variables of homeostasis, the choice of anesthetics and the grade of ischemia and reperfusion played a major role for extent of neurological injury. Transient MCAO was induced during either isoflurane or ketamine/xylazine (ket/xyl) anesthesia with simultaneously measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in 60 male Wistar rats (380-420 g). Neurological injury was quantified after 24 h. Isoflurane compared with ket/xyl improved mortality 24 h after MCAO (10 vs. 50 %, p = 0.037) and predominantly led to striatal infarcts (78 vs. 18 %, p = 0.009) without involvement of the neocortex and medial caudoputamen. Independent of anesthesia type, cortical infarcts could be predicted with a sensitivity of 67 % and a specificity of 100 % if CBF did not exceed 35 % of the baseline value during ischemia. In all other cases, cortical infarcts developed if the reperfusion values remained below 50 %. Hyperemia during reperfusion significantly increased infarct and edema volumes. The cause of frequent striatal infarcts after isoflurane anesthesia might be attributed to an improved CBF during ischemia (46 ± 15 % vs. 35 ± 19 %, p = 0.04). S-100β release, edema volume and upregulation of IL-6 and IL-1β expression were impeded by isoflurane. Thus, anesthetic management as well as the grade of ischemia and reperfusion after transient MCAO demonstrated important effects on neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bleilevens
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Chen Y, Wu X, Yu S, Lin X, Wu J, Li L, Zhao J, Zhao Y. Neuroprotection of tanshinone IIA against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40165. [PMID: 22768247 PMCID: PMC3387137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with systemic inflammatory response. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been implicated in many inflammatory processes. Tanshinone IIA (TSA) is one of the active ingredients in danshen, which derived from the dried root or rhizome of Salviae miltiorrhizae Bge. Recent studies have demonstrated that TSA has protective effects against focal cerebral I/R injury. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here we put forward the hypothesis that TSA acts through inhibition of MIF expression during focal cerebral I/R injury in rats. Methodology/Principal Findings Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 hours. This was followed by reperfusion. We measured neurological deficits, brain water content, and infarct volume, and found that neurological dysfunction, brain edema, and brain infarction were significantly attenuated by TSA 6 hours after reperfusion. We also measured myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity at 6 and 24 hours, and found that neutrophil infiltration was significantly higher in the vehicle+I/R group than in the TSA+I/R group. ELISA demonstrated that TSA could inhibit MIF expression and the release of TNF-α and IL-6 induced by I/R injury. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining showed that MIF expression was significantly lower in the TSA+I/R group than in the vehicle+I/R group. MIF was found almost all located in neurons and hardly any located in astrocytes in the cerebral cortex. Western blot analysis and EMSA demonstrated that NF-κB expression and activity were significantly increased in the vehicle+I/R group. However, these changes were attenuated by TSA. Conclusion/Significance Our results suggest that TSA helps alleviate the proinflammatory responses associated with I/R-induced injury and that this neuroprotective effect may occur through down-regulation of MIF expression in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Lin
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JZ)
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JZ)
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Lycium barbarum extracts protect the brain from blood-brain barrier disruption and cerebral edema in experimental stroke. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33596. [PMID: 22438957 PMCID: PMC3306421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Ischemic stroke is a destructive cerebrovascular disease and a leading cause of death. Yet, no ideal neuroprotective agents are available, leaving prevention an attractive alternative. The extracts from the fruits of Lycium barbarum (LBP), a Chinese anti-aging medicine and food supplement, showed neuroprotective function in the retina when given prophylactically. We aim to evaluate the protective effects of LBP pre-treatment in an experimental stroke model. Methods C57BL/6N male mice were first fed with either vehicle (PBS) or LBP (1 or 10 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. Mice were then subjected to 2-hour transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by the intraluminal method followed by 22-hour reperfusion upon filament removal. Mice were evaluated for neurological deficits just before sacrifice. Brains were harvested for infarct size estimation, water content measurement, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blot experiments. Evans blue (EB) extravasation was determined to assess blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption after MCAO. Results LBP pre-treatment significantly improved neurological deficits as well as decreased infarct size, hemispheric swelling, and water content. Fewer apoptotic cells were identified in LBP-treated brains by TUNEL assay. Reduced EB extravasation, fewer IgG-leaky vessels, and up-regulation of occludin expression were also observed in LBP-treated brains. Moreover, immunoreactivity for aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were significantly decreased in LBP-treated brains. Conclusions Seven-day oral LBP pre-treatment effectively improved neurological deficits, decreased infarct size and cerebral edema as well as protected the brain from BBB disruption, aquaporin-4 up-regulation, and glial activation. The present study suggests that LBP may be used as a prophylactic neuroprotectant in patients at high risk for ischemic stroke.
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Current therapies in ischemic stroke. Part B. Future candidates in stroke therapy and experimental studies. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:671-84. [PMID: 22405898 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stroke still remains a major healthcare problem. The growing understanding of the mechanism of cell death in ischemia leads to new approaches in stroke treatment. The aim of neuroprotection is to reduce the post-stroke impairment and the overall costs that are accompanied in patients with severe disability. Despite encouraging data from experimental animal models, almost all neuroprotective therapies have, to date, not been established in clinical routine. In this part B of our review on stroke therapies we provide an overview on future candidates in stroke therapy and neuroprotective agents that are under investigation.
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Ethnomedicinal and phytopharmacological potential of Crataegus oxyacantha Linn. – A review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Liu P, Kallio H, Yang B. Phenolic compounds in hawthorn (Crataegus grayana) fruits and leaves and changes during fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:11141-11149. [PMID: 21905654 DOI: 10.1021/jf202465u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics in the fruits and leaves of Crataegus grayana were identified by HPLC-UV-ESI-MS. The contents of these compounds and their changes during autumn were also analyzed. Epicatechin [1-7 mg/g dry mass (DM) in fruits and 1-10 mg/g DM in leaves), procyanidins B2 (2-4 and 1-8 mg/g DM) and C1 (2-4 and 1-8 mg/g DM), hyperoside (0.5-1 and 2-11 mg/g DM), and a quercetin-pentoside (0.3-0.5 and 2-6 mg/g DM) were the major phenolics in both fruits and leaves. C-Glycosyl flavones were present in leaves (2-5 mg/g DM), whereas only trace levels were found in fruits. Ideain and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid were found only in fruits. An additional 11 phenolics were identified/tentatively identified. Total phenolic contents reached highest levels by the end of August in fruits and by the end of September in leaves. The compositional profiles of phenolics in fruits and leaves of C. grayana were different from those of other Crataegus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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