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Sekine M, Aune D, Nojiri S, Watanabe M, Nakanishi Y, Sakurai S, Iwashimizu T, Sakano Y, Takahashi T, Nishizaki Y. Cross-sectional study on public health knowledge among first-year university students in Japan: Implications for educators and educational institutions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291414. [PMID: 37683032 PMCID: PMC10490915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been increasing knowledge gaps and biases in public health information. This has become especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic and has contributed to the spread of misinformation. With constant exposure to disinformation and misinformation through television, the internet, and social media, even university students studying healthcare-related subjects lack accurate public health knowledge. This study aimed to assess university students' knowledge levels of basic public health topics before they started their specialized education. Participants in this cross-sectional study were first-year students from medical schools, health-related colleges, and liberal arts colleges. A self-administered electronic survey was conducted from April to May 2021 at a private university in Japan, comprising six colleges with seven programs. Data analysis, conducted from June to December 2022, included students' self-reported public health knowledge, sources of information, and self-assessment of knowledge levels. Among the 1,562 students who received the questionnaire, 549 (192 male [35%], 353 female [64.3%], and 4 undisclosed [0.7%]) responded to one question (participants' response rate for each question; 59.6%-100%). The results showed that students had limited public health knowledge, especially in sexual health topics, and 10% of students reported not learning in class before university admission the following 11 topics: two on Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs; eight on Growth, Development, and Sexual Health; and one on Personal and Community Health. These results indicate significant knowledge gaps and biases, as well as gender gaps, in public health education, especially in the area of sexual health, which may help educators and educational institutions to better understand and prepare for further specialized education. The findings also suggest a need to supplement and reinforce the foundation of public health knowledge for healthcare majors at the time of university admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Sekine
- Division of Medical Education, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Aune
- Division of Medical Education, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuko Nojiri
- Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makino Watanabe
- Division of Medical Education, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakanishi
- Juntendo University School of Health and Sport Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinobu Sakurai
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Juntendo University, Faculty of Healthcare and Nursing, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Iwashimizu
- Juntendo University School of Health Sciences and Nursing, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Sakano
- Department of Radiological Technology, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishizaki
- Division of Medical Education, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Baek J, Kim HS, Kim NJ, Yoo JJ. Midterm Results of Total Hip Arthroplasty for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in South Korea. Clin Orthop Surg 2023; 15:367-372. [PMID: 37274489 PMCID: PMC10232321 DOI: 10.4055/cios22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have reported that osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is more prevalent in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is considered reasonable management of ONFH. However, only scarce data exist on the outcomes of THA for HIV-infected patients in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the midterm results of HIV-positive patients who underwent THA for ONFH. Methods We performed a retrospective review of HIV-infected patients with ONFH who underwent THA in our institution from 2005 to 2021. Twenty-two hips in 15 patients underwent THAs with cementless implants. The clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed at each follow-up, and any complication was recorded. Results The mean follow-up period was 5.2 years (range, 1.0-16.0 years). The mean age of the HIV infected patients with osteonecrosis at the time of surgery was 44.7 ± 11.6 years. ONFH occurred 9.8 ± 3.7 years after the initial diagnosis of HIV infection. The average modified Harris hip score improved from 58.3 ± 14.8 to 95.2 ± 11.3 at the latest follow-up. Surgical complications such as infection, nerve injury, or dislocation were not present. The radiographic evidence of stable fixation by bone ingrowth without migration was seen in all implants. Conclusions Our data suggest that THA is a safe and valid option of treatment for ONFH in well-controlled HIV-infected patients in Korea. Further large-scale nationwide studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyuk Baek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Joon Yoo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Celesia M, Moscatt V, Tzannis A, Trezzi M, Focà E, Errico M, Cinque P, Nozza S, Cingolani A, Ceccarelli M, Celesia BM. Long-acting drugs: people's expectations and physicians' preparedness. Are we readying to manage it? An Italian survey. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30052. [PMID: 36281167 PMCID: PMC9592418 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate patients' expectations regarding long-acting antiretroviral agents and preferences about where to receive them. Multicenter cross-sectional survey-based study. Through an online survey, we asked people living with human immunodeficiency virus to judge their relationship with daily antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to give their opinion about long-acting drugs. We also collected data regarding the age of the patients, their site of follow-up, time since the diagnosis, and compliance to ART. Two hundred forty-two patients aged 18 to 79 years were included in the study: 58 (24%) females, 182 (75.2%) males, and 2 (0.8%) male-to-female transgenders. 81.8% of the said population had a good relationship with ART. 33.6% of them consider daily ART an obligation and a restriction to their freedom. One hundred forty-three (59.1%) patients already knew about long-acting drugs before our interview, and 215 (88.8%) patients were interested in it. One hundred fifty-six (64.4%) interviewees said they would still be interested in hospital-available injective long-acting drugs, although 57.9% of the patients would rather receive them at home. The data emerging from our survey reveal that around 90% of the people living with HIV are interested in changing their actual treatment with a long-acting one. Moreover, for the first time to our knowledge, such a high number of patients showed an enthusiastic response to the new opportunity to be treated directly at home. The introduction of these new drugs could be revolutionary and represents an important step toward treatment simplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Celesia
- Economics and Business Management/Service Management, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Moscatt
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tzannis
- Economics and Business Management/Service Management, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Trezzi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Jacopo – Pistoia – AUSL 3, Pistoia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Focà
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Paola Cinque
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS S. Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS S. Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Cingolani
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico Universitario Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- * Correspondence: Manuela Ceccarelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Catania, c/o ARNAS Garibaldi – Nesima Hospital, Hospice Building, Via Palermo 636, Catania 95122, Italy (e-mail: )
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Kusuma MTPL, Kidd T, Muturi N, Procter SB, Yarrow L, Hsu WW. The Symbolic Meaning of HIV: Understanding Lecturers' Ambivalence over Teaching HIV to Dietetic Students. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2021; 19:2325958220939755. [PMID: 32662324 PMCID: PMC7361481 DOI: 10.1177/2325958220939755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Responding to the increasing reports of health students and professionals demonstrating stigmatized attitudes toward people living with HIV (PLHIV), this article examined the learning process that takes place during their academic training. Using symbolic interactionism as a theoretical framework, we studied the way lecturers in dietetic schools in Indonesia make meaning of their understanding and experience of HIV in relation to their teaching conduct. We found that the current curriculum does not provide adequate opportunities for students to learn and interact with PLHIV. Participants described HIV discussion is mainly limited to the clinical aspects and essential treatment as they were uncomfortable discussing HIV with the students. The ostensible symbolic meaning of HIV among dietetic lecturers in Indonesia was compounded with limitations and restrictions affecting their teaching practices and attitudes to PLHIV. Future intervention is required to help lecturers recognize their degree of awareness and personal values about HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutiara Tirta Prabandari Lintang Kusuma
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.,Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Tandalayo Kidd
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nancy Muturi
- A.Q. Miller School of Journalism and Mass Communications, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sandra Butin Procter
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Linda Yarrow
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wei-Wen Hsu
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Lai YH. The association between the use of efavirenz and the occurrence of depressive disorders among HIV-treated patients: An application of Bayesian cox regression. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-189628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Efavirenz therapy plays an important role in controlling the progression of HIV/AIDS. However, efavirenz often causes short-term side effects for the central nervous system, and it remained controversial as to whether efavirenz leads to depression or even suicidal attempt when applied for a longer period of time. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between the use of efavirenz and depressive disorders. METHODS: This study explored the use of efavirenz on HIV-infected patients using National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan by Bayesian survival analysis and investigated whether the use of efavirenz has the risk of depressive disorders. To reduce the dependence of statistical modeling assumptions, this study applied propensity score matching to research data. RESULTS: Based on the result of this study, it can be found that the use of efavirenz (HR = 1.009, 95% CI=–0.505 0.554), gender (HR = 0.324, 95% CI = –2.544 0.381) were not significantly associated with the occurrence of depressive disorders, whereas age of HIV diagnosis (HR = 1.021, 95% CI = 0.011 0.055) was significantly associated with the occurrence of depressive disorders. This study concludes that the use of efavirenz does not in-crease the risk of depressive disorders among HIV-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: For the care of HIV-infected patients (especially the older ones), the psychological harm from society, such as lack of social support, social stigma or unemployment is higher than the harm of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Horng Lai
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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An overview of global epidemics and the challenges faced. LEVERAGING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN GLOBAL EPIDEMICS 2021. [PMCID: PMC8342595 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-89777-8.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, the global epidemiological events causing infections that ravaged humanity throughout its existence by bringing hardship to rich and poor nations alike are aggregated and presented. Among these, the largest known epidemics including the recent COVID-19 pandemic will be highlighted along with the analysis of the actual and common reason behind the occurring of all the epidemic scenarios. The epidemiological and nonepidemiological impacts of the most fatal pandemics recorded in history are also discussed. The vulnerable countries’ readiness for coping with epidemics is assessed in terms of different indices. Furthermore, the current and future challenges in fighting epidemiological events are on the frontline and a number of preparative measures and strategies have been suggested.
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Zhang N, Jing X, Liu Y, Chen M, Zhu X, Jiang J, Wang H, Li X, Hao P. Interfering with retrotransposition by two types of CRISPR effectors: Cas12a and Cas13a. Cell Discov 2020; 6:30. [PMID: 32435507 PMCID: PMC7235257 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPRs are a promising tool being explored in combating exogenous retroviral pathogens and in disabling endogenous retroviruses for organ transplantation. The Cas12a and Cas13a systems offer novel mechanisms of CRISPR actions that have not been evaluated for retrovirus interference. Particularly, a latest study revealed that the activated Cas13a provided bacterial hosts with a "passive protection" mechanism to defend against DNA phage infection by inducing cell growth arrest in infected cells, which is especially significant as it endows Cas13a, a RNA-targeting CRISPR effector, with mount defense against both RNA and DNA invaders. Here, by refitting long terminal repeat retrotransposon Tf1 as a model system, which shares common features with retrovirus regarding their replication mechanism and life cycle, we repurposed CRISPR-Cas12a and -Cas13a to interfere with Tf1 retrotransposition, and evaluated their different mechanisms of action. Cas12a exhibited strong inhibition on retrotransposition, allowing marginal Tf1 transposition that was likely the result of a lasting pool of Tf1 RNA/cDNA intermediates protected within virus-like particles. The residual activities, however, were completely eliminated with new constructs for persistent crRNA targeting. On the other hand, targeting Cas13a to Tf1 RNA intermediates significantly inhibited Tf1 retrotransposition. However, unlike in bacterial hosts, the sustained activation of Cas13a by Tf1 transcripts did not cause cell growth arrest in S. pombe, indicating that virus-activated Cas13a likely acted differently in eukaryotic cells. The study gained insight into the actions of novel CRISPR mechanisms in combating retroviral pathogens, and established system parameters for developing new strategies in treatment of retrovirus-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niubing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Xinyun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Minjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Xianfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Pei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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Broadly neutralizing antibodies and vaccine design against HIV-1 infection. Front Med 2019; 14:30-42. [PMID: 31858368 PMCID: PMC8320319 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-019-0721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been achieved for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) through antiretroviral therapy. However, vaccine development has remained challenging. Recent discoveries in broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) has led to the development of multiple novel vaccine approaches for inducing bNAbs-like antibody response. Structural and dynamic studies revealed several vulnerable sites and states of the HIV-1 envelop glycoprotein (Env) during infection. Our review aims to highlight these discoveries and rejuvenate our endeavor in HIV-1 vaccine design and development.
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Chester JE, Rowneki M, Van Doren W, Helmer DA. Progression of intervention-focused research for Gulf War illness. Mil Med Res 2019; 6:31. [PMID: 31627737 PMCID: PMC6798371 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-019-0221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Persian Gulf War of 1990 to 1991 involved the deployment of nearly 700,000 American troops to the Middle East. Deployment-related exposures to toxic substances such as pesticides, nerve agents, pyridostigmine bromide (PB), smoke from burning oil wells, and petrochemicals may have contributed to medical illness in as many as 250,000 of those American troops. The cluster of chronic symptoms, now referred to as Gulf War Illness (GWI), has been studied by many researchers over the past two decades. Although over $500 million has been spent on GWI research, to date, no cures or condition-specific treatments have been discovered, and the exact pathophysiology remains elusive.Using the 2007 National Institute of Health (NIH) Roadmap for Medical Research model as a reference framework, we reviewed studies of interventions involving GWI patients to assess the progress of treatment-related GWI research. All GWI clinical trial studies reviewed involved investigations of existing interventions that have shown efficacy in other diseases with analogous symptoms. After reviewing the published and ongoing registered clinical trials for cognitive-behavioral therapy, exercise therapy, acupuncture, coenzyme Q10, mifepristone, and carnosine in GWI patients, we identified only four treatments (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exercise therapy, CoQ10, and mifepristone) that have progressed beyond a phase II trial.We conclude that progress in the scientific study of therapies for GWI has not followed the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research model. Establishment of a standard case definition, prioritized GWI research funding for the characterization of the pathophysiology of the condition, and rapid replication and adaptation of early phase, single site clinical trials could substantially advance research progress and treatment discovery for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E Chester
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA.
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving St., Washington, DC, NW, 20422, USA.
| | - Mazhgan Rowneki
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA
| | - William Van Doren
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA
| | - Drew A Helmer
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
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Urban Bioethics: A Call for the Prestige. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2019; 28:509-521. [DOI: 10.1017/s0963180119000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Many teaching hospitals in the United States were founded on philanthropic principles and aimed to aid the urban poor and underserved. However, as times have changed, there has been a divide created between the urban poor and teaching hospitals. There is a plethora of reasons why this is the case. This paper will specifically focus on the histories of ten hospitals and medical schools and the effect that white flight, segregation, elitism, and marginalization had on healthcare institutions all over the United States. It will call for a reexamination of the values of Ivy League and Ivy Plus teaching hospitals and medical schools and for them to take an intentional look into their communities.
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Agide FD, Shakibazadeh E. Discourses on Sexuality and Sexual Health Perspectives among Wachemo University Students, Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study. Ethiop J Health Sci 2019; 28:599-606. [PMID: 30607075 PMCID: PMC6308776 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v28i5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexuality is a central aspect of being human throughout life. Discourse analysis is used to understand discussion, conversation, talk, dialogue, debate, consultation and chat in the people perception and language. Therefore, this study aims to explore sexuality and sexual health perspectives among Wachemo University students in Ethiopia. Methods This qualitative study was conducted in Hosanna Town among Wachemo University students. A criterion related sampling (purposive sampling) was used to select a variety of young people. Eight focus group discussions and four in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Data was transcribed first and translated from Amharic into English. Atlas ti.7 software was used to analyze data. Then, their discourses were stated in narration and direct quotation. RESULT Discursive explanation of words and languages differ in different sub-cultures and societies. Languages and vocabularies were mostly attached to sexual relationships, love, affiliation and intention to be intimate with the opposite sex on a campus. This affiliation is known as “campus life”. The students' perspectives of what constitutes sexuality and sexual health were quite consistent. However, approaching opposite sex with unique languages and words depends on individual talents. Conclusion Discursive expressions of sexuality issues are becoming complex than ever in this generation. Therefore, further research is needed to reach this group with a variety of interventions through concurrent triangulation of qualitative research and longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feleke Doyore Agide
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Public Health Officer, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Elham Shakibazadeh
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang W, Tian Y, Wan Y, Gu S, Ju X, Luo X, Liu G. Insights into the key structural features of N1-ary-benzimidazols as HIV-1 NNRTIs using molecular docking, molecular dynamics, 3D-QSAR, and pharmacophore modeling. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Hageman JR. A Historical Perspective of HIV Infection. Pediatr Ann 2018; 47:e226. [PMID: 29898231 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20180522-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractAutophagy is a highly conserved pathway for physiological metabolism. Bilayer vesicles transport their contents to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is therefore a means of removing intracellular viruses and other pathogens in mammalian cells. However, the role of autophagy in virus infection is complex. Several viruses have developed a way to escape autophagy-dependent degradation and replicate themselves through autophagy. This article summarizes the fundamental mechanism and function of autophagy and its role in infection with viruses such as HIV, HTLV-1, and other retroviruses.
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Abstract
We conduct textual analysis of a sample of more than 200,000 papers written on HIV/AIDS during the past three decades. Using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation method, we disentangle studies that address behavioral and social aspects from other studies and measure the trends of different topics as related to HIV/AIDS. We show that there is a regional variation in scientists’ approach to the problem of HIV/AIDS. Our results show that controlling for the economy, proximity to the HIV/AIDS problem correlates with the extent to which scientists look at the behavioral and social aspects of the disease rather than biomedical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Baghaei Lakeh
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Navid Ghaffarzadegan
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Guimarães LC, Silva ACALD, Micheletti AMR, Moura ENM, Silva-Vergara ML, Tostes S, Adad SJ. Morphological changes in the digestive system of 322 necropsies of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: comparison of findings pre- and post-HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e3. [PMID: 28380114 PMCID: PMC5441154 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of the digestive system in AIDS pathologies or injuries is frequent. Aiming at comparing the frequency, the importance that these lesions have for death and the survival time in patients using or not using HAART, we studied 322 necropsies classified as follows: Group A - without antiretroviral drugs (185 cases); B - one or two antiretroviral drugs or HAART for less than six months (83 cases); C - HAART for six months or longer (54 cases). In the overall analysis of the digestive system, changes were present in 73.6% of cases. The most frequent was Candida infection (22.7%), followed by cytomegalovirus (19.2%), Histoplasma capsulatum (6.5%), mycobacteria (5.6%), and Toxoplasma gondii (4.3%). T. gondii infection was more frequent in group A compared with group C, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) was more frequent in group A compared with groups B and C (p < 0.05); 2.2% of the deaths were due to gastrointestinal bleeding. Regarding the segments, only in the large intestine, and only cytomegalovirus, were more frequent in group A compared with group C. We conclude that digestive system infections are still frequent, even with the use of HAART. However, the average survival time in group C was more than three times greater than the one in group A and nearly double that of group B, demonstrating the clear benefit of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Calheiros Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Departamento de Patologia Especial, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Everton Nunes Melo Moura
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Departamento de Patologia Especial, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mario Léon Silva-Vergara
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Departamento de Patologia Especial, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Tostes
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Departamento de Patologia Especial, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sheila Jorge Adad
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Departamento de Patologia Especial, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Blackadar CB. Historical review of the causes of cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2016; 7:54-86. [PMID: 26862491 PMCID: PMC4734938 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v7.i1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 1900s, numerous seminal publications reported that high rates of cancer occurred in certain occupations. During this period, work with infectious agents produced only meager results which seemed irrelevant to humans. Then in the 1980s ground breaking evidence began to emerge that a variety of viruses also cause cancer in humans. There is now sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans for human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus 8 according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Many other causes of cancer have also been identified by the IARC, which include: Sunlight, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, hormones, alcohol, parasites, fungi, bacteria, salted fish, wood dust, and herbs. The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research have determined additional causes of cancer, which include beta carotene, red meat, processed meats, low fibre diets, not breast feeding, obesity, increased adult height and sedentary lifestyles. In brief, a historical review of the discoveries of the causes of human cancer is presented with extended discussions of the difficulties encountered in identifying viral causes of cancer.
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Tian Y, Yuan Y. Effect of time delays in an HIV virotherapy model with nonlinear incidence. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20150626. [PMID: 27118890 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a mathematical model for HIV infection with delays in cell infection and virus production. The model examines a viral therapy for controlling infections through recombining HIV with a genetically modified virus. For this model, we derive two biologically insightful quantities (reproduction numbers) [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and their threshold properties are discussed. When [Formula: see text], the infection-free equilibrium E0 is globally asymptotically stable. If [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the single-infection equilibrium Es is globally asymptotically stable. When [Formula: see text], there occurs the double-infection equilibrium Ed, and there exists a constant Rb such that Ed is asymptotically stable if [Formula: see text]. Some simulations are performed to support and complement the theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tian
- Department of Mathematics , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1C 5S7
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Li Y, Frederick KM, Haverland NA, Ciborowski P, Belshan M. Investigation of the HIV-1 matrix interactome during virus replication. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:156-63. [PMID: 26360636 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Like all viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires host cellular factors for productive replication. Identification of these factors may lead to the development of novel cell-based inhibitors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A Strep-tag was inserted into the C-terminus of the matrix (MA) region of the HIV-1 gag gene. The resultant virus was replication competent and used to infect Jurkat T-cells. MA complexes were affinity purified with Strep-Tactin agarose. Protein quantification was performed using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) MS, data were log2 -transformed, and Student t-tests with Bonferroni correction used to determine statistical significance. Several candidate proteins were validated by immunoblot and investigated for their role in virus infection by siRNA knockdown assays. RESULTS A total of 17 proteins were found to be statistically different between the infected versus uninfected and untagged control samples. X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 6 (Ku70), X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 5 (Ku80), and Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) were confirmed to interact with MA by immunoblot. Knockdown of two candidates, EZRIN and Y-box binding protein 1, enhanced HIV infection in vitro. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Strep-tag allowed for the capture of viral protein complexes in the context of virus replication. Several previously described factors were identified and at least two candidate proteins were found to play a role in HIV-1 infection. These data further increase our understanding of HIV host -cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kristin M Frederick
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nicole A Haverland
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Alexander CS, Pappas G, Amoroso A, Lee MC, Brown-Henley Y, Memiah P, O'Neill JF, Dix O, Redfield RR. Implementation of HIV Palliative Care: Interprofessional Education to Improve Patient Outcomes in Resource-Constrained Settings, 2004-2012. J Pain Symptom Manage 2015; 50:350-61. [PMID: 26188088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Palliative care (PC), introduced early in the management of chronic illness, improves patient outcomes. Early integration of a palliative approach for persons with HIV has been documented to be effective in identifying and managing patient-level concerns over the past decade in African settings. The experience of implementing PC in multiple African and other resource-constrained settings (RCSs) emphasizes the need for essential palliative competencies that can be integrated with chronic disease management for patients and their families facing life-limiting illness. This article is an historical description of how basic palliative competencies were observed to be acceptable for health workers providing outpatient HIV care and treatment during eight years of U.S. implementation of "care and support," a term coined to represent PC for persons living with HIV in RCS. The need for team building and interprofessional education is highlighted. The model is currently being tested in one U.S. city and may represent a mechanism for expanding the palliative approach into management of chronic disease. Such competencies may play a role in the development of the patient-centered medical home, a critical component of U.S. health care reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Alexander
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | | | - Anthony Amoroso
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mei Ching Lee
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvonne Brown-Henley
- State of Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Catonsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Memiah
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Olivia Dix
- European Health Management Association, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert R Redfield
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wynn JE, Santos WL. HIV-1 drug discovery: targeting folded RNA structures with branched peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5848-58. [PMID: 25958855 PMCID: PMC4511164 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an RNA virus that is prone to high rates of mutation. While the disease is managed with current antiretroviral therapies, drugs with a new mode of action are needed. A strategy towards this goal is aimed at targeting the native three-dimensional fold of conserved RNA structures. This perspective highlights medium-sized peptides and peptidomimetics used to target two conserved RNA structures of HIV-1. In particular, branched peptides have the capacity to bind in a multivalent fashion, utilizing a large surface area to achieve the necessary affinity and selectivity toward the target RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Wynn
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Dong M, Ren Y. Molecular modeling studies of dihydro-alkyloxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidines (DABOs) as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase using 3D-QSAR, Topomer CoMFA and molecular docking simulations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) is generally regarded as a target for the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Dong
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yujie Ren
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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Abstract
Purpose of review To summarize the role of adjuvants in eliciting desirable antibody responses against HIV-1 with particular emphasis on both historical context and recent developments. Recent findings Increased understanding of the role of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors in recruiting and directing the immune system has increased the variety of adjuvant formulations being tested in animal models and humans. Across all vaccine platforms, adjuvant formulations have been shown to enhance desirable immune responses such as higher antibody titers and increased functional activity. Although no vaccine formulation has yet succeeded in eliciting broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, the ability of adjuvants to direct the immune response to immunogens suggests they will be critically important in any successful HIV-1 vaccine. Summary The parallel development of adjuvants along with better HIV-1 immunogens will be needed for a successful AIDS vaccine. Additional comparative testing will be required to determine the optimal adjuvant and immunogen regimen that can elicit antibody responses capable of blocking HIV-1 transmission.
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Yoshihara H, Yoneoka D. National trends and in-hospital outcomes in HIV-positive patients undergoing spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014; 39:1694-8. [PMID: 24921848 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A retrospective analysis of population-based national hospital discharge data collected for the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. OBJECTIVE To examine the trends and in-hospital outcomes of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection undergoing spinal fusion on a national level. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Highly active antiretroviral therapy has provided healthier lives and prolonged the life expectancy of HIV-positive patients. However, few previous studies have reported trends and outcomes of HIV-positive patients undergoing spinal surgery. METHODS Clinical data were derived from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 2000 and 2009. Patients who underwent spinal fusion were identified. Data regarding HIV, patient- and health care system-related characteristics, comorbidities, in-hospital complications, and mortality were retrieved and analyzed. In-hospital outcomes were compared between HIV-positive and -negative patients and analyzed with the use of multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 5,070 HIV-positive patients underwent spinal fusion in the United States during the last decade. From 2000 to 2009, population-adjusted incidence of HIV-positive patients who underwent spinal fusion has increased more than 3-fold (0.094 per 100,000 in 2000 to 0.303 per 100,000 in 2009; P < 0.001). Comparison between HIV-positive and -negative patients showed that HIV-positive patients had a significantly higher respiratory complication rate (6.2% vs. 3.2%), wound-related complication rate (2.7% vs. 1.7%), overall in-hospital complication rate (12.2% vs. 9.5%), and in-hospital mortality rate (1.6% vs. 0.3%), as well as longer hospital stay (6.6 d vs. 4.2 d). The risk of in-hospital mortality was 3.53 times higher in HIV-positive patients after controlling for other factors (95% confidence interval, 2.02-6.14; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION During the last decade, the incidence of HIV-positive patients undergoing spinal fusion has increased in the United States. In this study, HIV infection was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing spinal fusion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yoshihara
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; and ‡Department of Statistical Science, School of Advanced Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tokyo, Japan
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Paté-Cornell E, Cox LA. Improving risk management: from lame excuses to principled practice. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1228-1239. [PMID: 24989791 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The three classic pillars of risk analysis are risk assessment (how big is the risk and how sure can we be?), risk management (what shall we do about it?), and risk communication (what shall we say about it, to whom, when, and how?). We propose two complements as important parts of these three bases: risk attribution (who or what addressable conditions actually caused an accident or loss?) and learning from experience about risk reduction (what works, and how well?). Failures in complex systems usually evoke blame, often with insufficient attention to root causes of failure, including some aspects of the situation, design decisions, or social norms and culture. Focusing on blame, however, can inhibit effective learning, instead eliciting excuses to deflect attention and perceived culpability. Productive understanding of what went wrong, and how to do better, thus requires moving past recrimination and excuses. This article identifies common blame-shifting "lame excuses" for poor risk management. These generally contribute little to effective improvements and may leave real risks and preventable causes unaddressed. We propose principles from risk and decision sciences and organizational design to improve results. These start with organizational leadership. More specifically, they include: deliberate testing and learning-especially from near-misses and accident precursors; careful causal analysis of accidents; risk quantification; candid expression of uncertainties about costs and benefits of risk-reduction options; optimization of tradeoffs between gathering additional information and immediate action; promotion of safety culture; and mindful allocation of people, responsibilities, and resources to reduce risks. We propose that these principles provide sound foundations for improving successful risk management.
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Heath MA, Donald DR, Theron LC, Lyon RC. AIDS in South Africa: Therapeutic interventions to strengthen resilience among orphans and vulnerable children. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034314529912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, approximately 10% of the 34.2 million individuals infected by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are under the age of 18. Additionally, 17.8 million children have experienced one or both parents dying of HIV/AIDS. In comparison to other countries, South Africa has the highest per capita of recorded HIV/AIDS cases. These deaths have altered the social landscape by compromising the security and stability of communities and families. In order to address these challenges, research-based and practitioner-recommended interventions are offered to strengthen South African children's resilience and to facilitate their emotional well-being. In particular, orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) affected by HIV/AIDS must be supported in continuing their education and staying connected with immediate family, extended family, peers, and teachers. Acknowledging the shortage of mental health professionals, school psychologists are encouraged to prepare teachers and caregivers to share responsibility in implementing interventions to support OVC.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To briefly describe some of the replication-competent vectors being investigated for development of candidate HIV vaccines focusing primarily on technologies that have advanced to testing in macaques or have entered clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Replication-competent viral vectors have advanced to the stage at which decisions can be made regarding the future development of HIV vaccines. The viruses being used as replication-competent vector platforms vary considerably, and their unique attributes make it possible to test multiple vaccine design concepts and also mimic various aspects of an HIV infection. Replication-competent viral vectors encoding simian immunodeficiency virus or HIV proteins can be used to safely immunize macaques, and in some cases, there is evidence of significant vaccine efficacy in challenge protection studies. Several live HIV vaccine vectors are in clinical trials to evaluate immunogenicity, safety, the effect of mucosal delivery, and potential effects of preexisting immunity. SUMMARY A variety of DNA and RNA viruses are being used to develop replication-competent viral vectors for HIV vaccine delivery. Multiple viral vector platforms have proven to be well tolerated and immunogenic with evidence of efficacy in macaques. Some of the more advanced HIV vaccine prototypes based on vesicular stomatitis virus, vaccinia virus, measles virus, and Sendai virus are in clinical trials.
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Ziegler BE, Marta RA, Burt MB, Martens SM, Martens JK, McMahon TB. Structural investigation of protonated azidothymidine and protonated dimer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:176-185. [PMID: 24306778 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy experiments and quantum chemical calculations have been used to explore the possible structures of protonated azidothymidine and the corresponding protonated dimer. Many interesting differences between the protonated and neutral forms of azidothymidine were found, particularly associated with keto-enol tautomerization. Comparison of computational vibrational and the experimental IMRPD spectra show good agreement and give confidence that the dominant protonated species has been identified. The protonated dimer of azidothymidine exhibits three intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The IRMPD spectrum of the protonated dimer is consistent with the spectrum of the most stable computational structure. This work brings to light interesting keto-enol tautomerization and exocyclic hydrogen bonding involving azidothymidine and its protonated dimer. The fact that one dominant protonated species is observed in the gas phase, despite both the keto and enol structures being similar in energy, is proposed to be the direct result of the electrospray ionization process in which the dominant protonated dimer structure dissociates in the most energetically favorable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake E Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Pirmohamed M, Drummond NS, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK. Drug hypersensitivity reactions in patients with HIV disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:395-410. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kakkar J, Chaudhary KK, Prasad CVSS. Design of inhibitors using a combinatorial library for HIV-Nef and human SH3 domain interaction. Bioinformation 2013; 9:777-81. [PMID: 24023420 PMCID: PMC3766310 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Nef protein has the ability to down regulate important molecules at the immune synapse. These include class I and class II (Human Leukocyte Antigen) HLA on the Antigen Presenting Cells (APC). The receptors in these molecules consist of SH-3 domain and their interaction with the HIV-1 Nef is critical. Therefore, it is important to inhibit this HIV-Nef and human SH3 domain interaction. Thus, we used a combinatorial library to screen for molecules to inhibit this interaction. The exercise identified a group of top ranking compounds for further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Kakkar
- Division of Applied Sciences & IRCB, M. Tech. Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Deoghat, Jhalwa, Allahabad 211012, India
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Blanchard DC, Summers CH, Blanchard RJ. The role of behavior in translational models for psychopathology: functionality and dysfunctional behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1567-77. [PMID: 23791787 PMCID: PMC3800172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The history of science has frequently included a problem-based impetus toward research that can be translated expeditiously into solutions. A current problem is that psychopathologies, typically chronic, contribute hugely to the economic and social burden of medical care, especially in the United States. For behavioral neuroscientists a psychopathology-aimed translational research emphasis particularly involves animal models to facilitate the experimental and invasive work necessary to an understanding of the biology of normal and aberrant behavior. When the etiology of a particular psychopathology is unknown, and there are no specific biomarkers, behavioral parallels between the focal disorder and its putative models become crucial elements in assessing model validity. Evaluation of these parallels is frequently neglected, reflecting in part the lack of a systematic conceptualization of the organization of behavior and how this may be conserved across species. Recent work specifically attempting to bridge this gap suggests that analysis of behaviors that are functional - adaptive in crucial situations such as danger or social contexts - can facilitate an understanding of the parallels between behaviors of human and nonhuman species, including the dysfunctional behaviors of psycho pathologies. As research with animal models comes to provide a more systematic analysis of particular behaviors and their adaptive functions, cross-talk between model and focal psychopathology may be advantageous to understanding both.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Caroline Blanchard
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, 1993 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Lin CA, Kuo AC, Takemoto S. Comorbidities and perioperative complications in HIV-positive patients undergoing primary total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:1028-36. [PMID: 23780541 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.l.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly active antiretroviral therapy has prolonged the lifespan of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We hypothesized that the number of primary total joint arthroplasties performed in this population has been increasing and that HIV infection is not an independent risk factor for postoperative complications. METHODS The Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 2000 through 2008 was queried to identify patients who underwent primary total joint arthroplasty. HIV, comorbidities, and complications were identified with use of ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes. Data were analyzed with use of multivariate logistic regression, the Pearson chi-square test, and the Mann-Kendall trend test. RESULTS Of the estimated 5,681,024 admissions for primary total hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States during this period, 8229 (0.14%) were in patients who had HIV. Compared with HIV-negative patients (controls), infected patients were more likely to be younger, be male, and have a history of osteonecrosis, liver disease, drug use, and coagulopathy. The number of total hip and total knee arthroplasties in HIV-positive patients increased from 2000 to 2008 (p < 0.05). Seventy-nine percent (6499) of the total joint arthroplasties in the HIV-positive patients involved the hip. Compared with HIV-negative patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, HIV-positive patients were more likely to develop acute renal failure (1.3% compared with 0.8%, p = 0.04), develop a wound infection (0.6% compared with 0.3%, p = 0.02), and undergo postoperative irrigation and debridement (0.2% compared with 0.1%, p = 0.01). They were less likely to have a myocardial infarction (0.4% compared with 0.9%, p = 0.04). There was no difference in total complications (8.3% compared with 7.8%, p = 0.52). Similarly, there was no difference in total complications in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (7.8% compared with 8.0%, p = 0.76). HIV was not an independent risk factor for complications in total hip arthroplasty (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 1.47) or total knee arthroplasty (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.49 to 1.25). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of primary total joint arthroplasty in HIV-positive patients has been increasing. These patients were at slightly higher risk of certain immediate postoperative complications because of a higher rate of medical comorbidities. HIV infection was not an independent risk factor for the total rate of perioperative complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Avenue, MUW 320, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Vansintejan J, Janssen J, Van De Vijver E, Vandevoorde J, Devroey D. The Gay Men Sex Studies: prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in Belgian HIV(+) gay men. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2013; 5:89-96. [PMID: 23671398 PMCID: PMC3643290 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s43962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this Internet-based survey was to investigate the prevalence and associated predictors of sexual dysfunctions in Belgian self-reported HIV-positive men who have sex with other men. Of the 72 participants, 56% had a mild-to-severe erectile dysfunction, and 15% reported a hypoactive sexual desire disorder. The prevalence of premature ejaculation and anodyspareunia was 18% for both. Independent predictors for erectile dysfunction were frequency of masturbation, frequency of sex with partner, use of erectile enhancement drugs, having a passive sex role, and not having a steady relationship. Independent predictors for hypoactive sexual desire disorder were frequency of masturbation and having a lower lifetime number of sexual partners. Independent predictors for premature ejaculation were not having a steady relationship, having a lower lifetime number of sexual partners, and a lower level of education. The only independent predictor for anodyspareunia was having an active sex role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Vansintejan
- Department of Family Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Tang SW, Ducroux A, Jeang KT, Neuveut C. Impact of cellular autophagy on viruses: Insights from hepatitis B virus and human retroviruses. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:92. [PMID: 23110561 PMCID: PMC3495035 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a protein degradative process important for normal cellular metabolism. It is apparently used also by cells to eliminate invading pathogens. Interestingly, many pathogens have learned to subvert the cell’s autophagic process. Here, we review the interactions between viruses and cells in regards to cellular autophagy. Using findings from hepatitis B virus and human retroviruses, HIV-1 and HTLV-1, we discuss mechanisms used by viruses to usurp cellular autophagy in ways that benefit viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Wen Tang
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0460, USA
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Reynolds C, de Koning CB, Pelly SC, van Otterlo WAL, Bode ML. In search of a treatment for HIV--current therapies and the role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4657-70. [PMID: 22618809 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), a disease in which the immune system progressively deteriorates, making sufferers vulnerable to all manner of opportunistic infections. Currently, world-wide there are estimated to be 34 million people living with HIV, with the vast majority of these living in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, an important research focus is development of new drugs that can be used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This review gives an overview of the disease and addresses the drugs currently used for treatment, with specific emphasis on new developments within the class of allosteric non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chevonne Reynolds
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO WITS, 2050, South Africa
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Gonzalez-Rabade N, McGowan EG, Zhou F, McCabe MS, Bock R, Dix PJ, Gray JC, Ma JKC. Immunogenicity of chloroplast-derived HIV-1 p24 and a p24-Nef fusion protein following subcutaneous and oral administration in mice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:629-38. [PMID: 21443546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-level expression of foreign proteins in chloroplasts of transplastomic plants provides excellent opportunities for the development of oral vaccines against a range of debilitating or fatal diseases. The HIV-1 capsid protein p24 and a fusion of p24 with the negative regulatory protein Nef (p24-Nef) accumulate to ∼4% and ∼40% of the total soluble protein of leaves of transplastomic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. This study has investigated the immunogenicity in mice of these two HIV-1 proteins, using cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant. Subcutaneous immunization with purified chloroplast-derived p24 elicited a strong antigen-specific serum IgG response, comparable to that produced by Escherichia coli-derived p24. Oral administration of a partially purified preparation of chloroplast-derived p24-Nef fusion protein, used as a booster after subcutaneous injection with either p24 or Nef, also elicited strong antigen-specific serum IgG responses. Both IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes, associated with cell-mediated Th1 and humoral Th2 responses, respectively, were found in sera after subcutaneous and oral administration. These results indicate that chloroplast-derived HIV-1 p24-Nef is a promising candidate as a component of a subunit vaccine delivered by oral boosting, after subcutaneous priming by injection of p24 and/or Nef.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Chloroplasts/genetics
- Chloroplasts/immunology
- Female
- HIV Core Protein p24/administration & dosage
- HIV Core Protein p24/genetics
- HIV Core Protein p24/immunology
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nicotine/toxicity
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Nicotiana/genetics
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/administration & dosage
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Mack R. History of the american college health association. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2011; 59:482-488. [PMID: 21660802 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2011.568557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Following Dr Edward Hitchcock's lead at Amherst College in 1861, soon other institutions of higher education established physical education departments that evolved into independent college health programs. As the field of college health expanded, leaders from numerous campuses began meeting to share information and discuss formation of a national organization. As a result, the American Student Health Association was founded in 1920 to promote campus health care for students and advance the interests of college health. The name was changed to the American College Health Association in 1948. The past history of this organization has been well documented in the literature, so this review will focus more on ACHA's accomplishments over the past 20 years.(1)(,) (2)(,) (3)(,) (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mack
- American College Health Association, Linthicum, Maryland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Haitian-born persons have been historically stigmatized for introducing HIV to North America; however, no previous study has reported on the national HIV surveillance trends among this foreign-born group. METHODS Annual AIDS cases were estimated for adults and adolescents (aged >12 years) from all 50 US states and the District of Columbia who were diagnosed between 1985 and 2007, and who reported 'Haiti' as country of birth to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV data (with or without AIDS) for Haitian-born adults and adolescents diagnosed between 2004 and 2007 were obtained from 34 US states. Denominators for AIDS rates by race/ethnicity are from postcensal estimates, the American Community Survey of the US Census Bureau and the Haitian Consulates. RESULTS In 2007, Haitian-born persons constituted 1.2% of US AIDS cases, yet accounted for 0.18% of the total US population based on the American Community Survey estimates, which suggests a seven-fold overrepresentation in the CDC AIDS surveillance data. However, when using population estimates from the Haitian Consulate, the overrepresentation ranges from three-to-four-fold, which is similar to the AIDS rate for blacks/African-Americans. CONCLUSION The importance of having accurate denominators to estimate the AIDS rate for the Haitian population is paramount.
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Broder S. Twenty-Five Years of Translational Medicine in Antiretroviral Therapy: Promises to Keep. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:39ps33. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mace FC, Critchfield TS. Translational research in behavior analysis: historical traditions and imperative for the future. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 93:293-312. [PMID: 21119847 PMCID: PMC2861871 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2010.93-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
"Pure basic" science can become detached from the natural world that it is supposed to explain. "Pure applied" work can become detached from fundamental processes that shape the world it is supposed to improve. Neither demands the intellectual support of a broad scholarly community or the material support of society. Translational research can do better by seeking innovation in theory or practice through the synthesis of basic and applied questions, literatures, and methods. Although translational thinking has always occurred in behavior analysis, progress often has been constrained by a functional separation of basic and applied communities. A review of translational traditions in behavior analysis suggests that innovation is most likely when individuals with basic and applied expertise collaborate. Such innovation may have to accelerate for behavior analysis to be taken seriously as a general-purpose science of behavior. We discuss the need for better coordination between the basic and applied sectors, and argue that such coordination compromises neither while benefiting both.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Charles Mace
- Send correspondence to Thomas S Critchfield, Department of Psychology, Campus Box 4620, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, (309) 438-2998, e-mail: or F. Charles Mace, 407 Bailey Hall, University of Southern Maine, Gorham, ME 04038, e-mail:
| | - Thomas S Critchfield
- Send correspondence to Thomas S Critchfield, Department of Psychology, Campus Box 4620, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, (309) 438-2998, e-mail: or F. Charles Mace, 407 Bailey Hall, University of Southern Maine, Gorham, ME 04038, e-mail:
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Schlick T. Biomolecular Structure and Modeling: Problem and Application Perspective. INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2010. [PMCID: PMC7124132 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6351-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The experimental progress described in the previous chapter has been accompanied by an increasing desire to relate the complex three-dimensional (3D) shapes of biomolecules to their biological functions and interactions with other molecular systems. Structural biology, computational biology, genomics, proteomics,
bioinformatics, chemoinformatics, and others are natural partner disciplines in such endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Schlick
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY 10012 USA
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Phillips JC, Patsdaughter CA(. Transitioning Into Competent Health and HIV Care for Transgender Persons. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2009; 20:335-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wainberg MA, Jeang KT. 25 years of HIV-1 research - progress and perspectives. BMC Med 2008; 6:31. [PMID: 18976462 PMCID: PMC2585089 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-6-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five years after the discovery and isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus by French and American scientists, much progress has been made in basic research, clinical treatment, and public health prevention measures for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Here, we summarize, in brief, advances that have been achieved and provide some perspectives on future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wainberg
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Chemin Cote Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.
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Abstract
HIV-1 resistance to currently employed antiretroviral drugs and drug-associated adverse reactions and toxicity point to a need for additional measures to control HIV-1 replication in HIV-infected patients. The immune system of HIV-infected individuals mount an immune response against the regions harboring drug-resistance mutations, sometimes stronger than that against the parental wild-type sequences. A potent cross-reactive immune response against drug-resistant pol proteins can suppress the replication of drug-escaping HIV. This suggests the possibility for a vaccination against existing and anticipated drug-resistant HIV variants. If successful, therapeutic vaccines against drug resistance would ease the therapeutic modalities and limit the spread of drug-resistant HIV. A better understanding of the complex interactions between patterns of drug-resistance mutations, immune responses against these mutations and their antigen presentation by particular human lymphocyte antigen alleles could help to tailor these vaccines after new drugs/new mutations. In this review, we describe the developments in the field of immunization against mutations conferring drug resistance and evaluate their prospects for human vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boberg
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 171 82 Solna, Sweden.
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Kumar A, Jeang KT. Insights into cellular microRNAs and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:327-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jeang KT. World AIDS Day 2007: AIDS at 26, are we there yet? Retrovirology 2007; 4:86. [PMID: 18053150 PMCID: PMC2169258 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial comments on selected progress made in combating the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) after 26 years and some of the remaining challenges.
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Vyas TK, Shahiwala A, Amiji MM. Improved oral bioavailability and brain transport of Saquinavir upon administration in novel nanoemulsion formulations. Int J Pharm 2007; 347:93-101. [PMID: 17651927 PMCID: PMC2213794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to develop novel oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsions containing Saquinavir (SQV), an anti-HIV protease inhibitor, for enhanced oral bioavailability and brain disposition. SQV was dissolved in different types of edible oils rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to constitute the internal oil phase of the nanoemulsions. The external phase consisted of surfactants Lipoid-80 and deoxycholic acid dissolved in water. The nanoemulsions with an average oil droplet size of 100-200 nm, containing tritiated [(3)H]-SQV, were administered orally and intravenously to male Balb/c mice. The SQV bioavailability as well as distribution in different organ systems was examined. SQV concentrations in the systemic circulation administered in flax-seed oil nanoemulsions were threefold higher as compared to the control aqueous suspension. The oral bioavailability and distribution to the brain, a potential sanctuary site for HIV, were significantly enhanced with SQV delivered in nanoemulsion formulations. In comparing SQV in flax-seed oil nanoemulsion with aqueous suspension, the maximum concentration (C(max)) and the area-under-the-curve (AUC) values were found to be five- and threefold higher in the brain, respectively, suggesting enhanced rate and extent of SQV absorption following oral administration of nanoemulsions. The results of this study show that oil-in-water nanoemulsions made with PUFA-rich oils may be very promising for HIV/AIDS therapy, in particular, for reducing the viral load in important anatomical reservoir sites.
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Lu DY, Ding J. AIDS and human genome studies, from a hypothesis to systematic approaches. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:695. [PMID: 17329035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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