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Shrestha S, Orsel K, Droscha C, Mijar S, van der Meer F. Removing bovine leukemia virus-infected animals with high proviral load leads to lower within-herd prevalence and new case reduction. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:6015-6024. [PMID: 38554820 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Bovine leukosis is prevalent in the North American dairy industry, and its effect on animal health and production is widely documented. However, not all bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected animals transmit the virus equally. Animals with high proviral loads (HPL) of BLV are associated with higher transmission risks, and therefore, their removal may reduce transmission and eventually within-herd prevalence. We aimed to evaluate the impact of selectively removing HPL cows on the within-herd BLV prevalence and incidence rate of BLV infection in 10 dairy herds. Annual blood or milk samples (or both) were collected from adult cows over 3 yr. Positivity with BLV were determined by ELISA tests, and proviral loads in blood of BLV-positive animals were estimated with BLV SS1 quantitative PCR assays. Herd managers were encouraged to consider the proviral load when making culling decisions and implement BLV control practices. Cows with high proviral load had the highest relative risk of removal, indicating the farmers prioritized HPL cows for culling. The within-herd BLV prevalence decreased significantly in 4 herds, whereas BLV incidence rate decreased in 9 herds. Over the 3 yr, the proviral load demonstrated a relatively stable level, suggesting a single proviral load test in an adult cow may suffice to make culling decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Shrestha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Casey Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative Inc., East Lansing, MI 48910
| | - Sanjaya Mijar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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2
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Watanuki S, Shoji K, Izawa M, Okami M, Ye Y, Bao A, Liu Y, Saitou E, Sugiyama K, Endo M, Matsumoto Y, Aida Y. Development of Dry and Liquid Duplex Reagent Mix-Based Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays as Novel Tools for the Rapid and Easy Quantification of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) Proviral Loads. Viruses 2024; 16:1016. [PMID: 39066179 PMCID: PMC11281531 DOI: 10.3390/v16071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is prevalent worldwide, causing serious problems in the cattle industry. The BLV proviral load (PVL) is a useful index for estimating disease progression and transmission risk. We previously developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to measure the PVL using the coordination of common motif (CoCoMo) degenerate primers. Here, we constructed a novel duplex BLV-CoCoMo qPCR assay that can amplify two genes simultaneously using a FAM-labeled MGB probe for the BLV LTR gene and a VIC-labeled MGB probe for the BoLA-DRA gene. This liquid duplex assay maintained its original sensitivity and reproducibility in field samples. Furthermore, we developed a dry duplex assay composed of PCR reagents necessary for the optimized liquid duplex assay. We observed a strong positive correlation between the PVLs measured using the dry and liquid duplex assays. Validation analyses showed that the sensitivity of the dry duplex assay was slightly lower than that of the other methods for the detection of a BLV molecular clone, but it showed similar sensitivity to the singleplex assay and slightly higher sensitivity than the liquid duplex assay for the PVL quantification of 82 field samples. Thus, our liquid and dry duplex assays are useful for measuring the BLV PVL in field samples, similar to the original singleplex assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Watanuki
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Kazuyuki Shoji
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., 2-8-16 Toiya-machi, Toyama 930-0834, Japan
| | - Masaki Izawa
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., 2-8-16 Toiya-machi, Toyama 930-0834, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Okami
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., 2-8-16 Toiya-machi, Toyama 930-0834, Japan
| | - Yingbao Ye
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Aronggaowa Bao
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Yulin Liu
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Etsuko Saitou
- Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Meat Inspection Center, 49-18 Shitoorinagata, Minamiawaji 656-0152, Japan
| | | | - Michiru Endo
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya 360-0813, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
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3
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Iwamoto J, Koreeda T, Iino M, Eitoku R, Shibata S. Estimation of the proviral load in Japanese Black cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus by statistical modeling. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:135-140. [PMID: 38123328 PMCID: PMC10898988 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is B-cell lymphoma in cattle caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. The incidence of EBL has been increasing since 1998 in Japan, resulting in significant economic losses for farms. The BLV genome integrates with the host genome as provirus, leading to sustainably infection. Although most of the BLV-infected cattle are aleukemic, some cattle cause persistent lymphocytosis (PL) and subsequently develop EBL. Recent reports suggest the association between the risk for the transmission of BLV and the developing EBL and the proviral load (PVL) in BLV-infected cattle, which cannot measure readily in the field. This study aims to build a statistical model for predicting PVL of BLV-infected asymptomatic or PL cattle based on data accessible in the field. Five negative binomial regression models with different linear predictors were built and compared for the predictability of PVL. Consequently, the model with two explanatory variables (age in months and logarithm of lymphocyte count) was selected as the best model. The model can be used in the field as a cost-beneficial supporting tool to estimate the risk of transmission of BLV and developing EBL in infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Iwamoto
- Kagoshima Prefectural Aira Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Terunori Koreeda
- Kagoshima Prefectural Hokusatsu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mei Iino
- Kagoshima Prefectural Soo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rikako Eitoku
- Kagoshima Prefectural Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center Oshima Branch Office, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shibata
- Kagoshima Prefectural Aira Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
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Hamada R, Fereig RM, Metwally S. The influence of risk factors on bovine leukemia virus infection and proviral load in egyptian cattle. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:191-202. [PMID: 37610507 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which affects cattle globally. In Egypt, BLV control strategies have been ignored because of the shortage of BLV research studies and the silent infection in most animals. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the prevalence of BLV among dairy and beef cattle from six different geographic and climatic provinces in Egypt. Additionally, risk factors affecting the BLV proviral load (PVL) among the positive cattle were targeted. The total BLV prevalence in cattle from six investigated Egyptian provinces was 24.2% (105/433), while the mean PVL (8651.6 copies /105 white blood cells) was absolutely high as estimated by the BLV-CoCoMo-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-2 assay. Analysis of the influence of risk factors (age, sex, breed, production type, farm size, and location) on BLV prevalence indicated that the Holstein breed (OR = 1.582, p = 0.007), beef cattle (OR = 1.088, p = 0.0001), large-size farms (OR = 1.26, p = 0.0001), and cattle from Damietta (OR = 1.43, p = 0.0001) and Cairo (OR = 1.16, p = 0.0001) were ultimately proven the most important risks for BLV infection. The risk factors were analyzed considering the BLV PVL levels in the BLV-positive cases. Significantly high PVL (HPVL) levels were observed in cattle > 5 years old (p < 0.0001), females (p = 0.0008), Holstein (p < 0.0001), dairy cows (p = 0.0053), large-size farms (p < 0.0001), and cattle from Damietta (p < 0.0001) compared to other categories. Contrary, no significant differences in PVL levels were reported between the Native and Mixed cattle breeds (p = 0.13). Ultimately, the logistic regression model indicated that the probability of carrying HPVL in cattle > 5 years is 1.27 (95% CI: 1.03-2.09, p < 0.001) times more likely compared to cattle < 2 years old. In conclusion, the findings were valuably correlating the BLV prevalence with PVL as an indicator of the risk of BLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamada
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, 22511, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - Ragab M Fereig
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena City, Qena, Egypt
| | - Samy Metwally
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, 22511, Damanhour, Egypt.
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Lv G, Wang J, Lian S, Wang H, Wu R. The Global Epidemiology of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Current Trends and Future Implications. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:297. [PMID: 38254466 PMCID: PMC10812804 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. Although EBL has been successfully eradicated in most European countries, infections continue to rise in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the United States. BLV imposes a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, particularly in dairy farming, as it leads to a decline in animal production performance and increases the risk of disease. Moreover, trade restrictions on diseased animals and products between countries and regions further exacerbate the problem. Recent studies have also identified fragments of BLV nucleic acid in human breast cancer tissues, raising concerns for public health. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, controlling the disease is challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately detect and diagnose BLV at an early stage to control its spread and minimize economic losses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of BLV, encompassing its genomic structure, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical symptoms, detection methods, hazards, and control strategies. The aim is to provide strategic information for future BLV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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6
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Shrestha S, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Martins L, Shrestha S, van der Meer F. Effects of bovine leukemia virus seropositivity and proviral load on milk, fat, and protein production of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:530-539. [PMID: 37709045 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, as determined by BLV seropositivity and proviral load, on 305-d milk, fat, and protein production of dairy cows. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,712 cows from 9 dairy herds in Alberta, Canada. The BLV status was assessed using an antibody ELISA, whereas BLV proviral load in BLV-seropositive cattle was determined with quantitative PCR. Dairy Herd Improvement 305-d milk, fat, and protein production data were obtained for all enrolled cattle. Differences in these milk end points were assessed in 2 ways: first, by categorizing cows based on BLV serostatus (i.e., BLV positive or negative), and second, by categorizing based on BLV proviral load (i.e., BLV negative, low proviral load [LPL] BLV positive, and high proviral load [HPL] BLV positive). A mixed-effect multivariable linear regression model was used to assess differences in milk parameters. We found that BLV positivity, adjusted for parity and natural log-transformed somatic cell count (SCC), was not associated with reduction in 305-d milk, fat, or protein production. However, significant reductions in 305-d milk, fat, and protein yield occurred in HPL cows, but not in LPL cows, compared with BLV-negative cows, when adjusted for parity number and natural log-transformed SCC. In summary, BLV proviral load may predict effects of BLV infection on milk, fat, and protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Shrestha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Larissa Martins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Samita Shrestha
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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Hamada R, Metwally S, Matsuura R, Borjigin L, Lo CW, Ali AO, Mohamed AEA, Wada S, Aida Y. BoLA-DRB3 Polymorphism Associated with Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection and Proviral Load in Holstein Cattle in Egypt. Pathogens 2023; 12:1451. [PMID: 38133334 PMCID: PMC10746042 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, the most prevalent neoplastic disease of cattle worldwide. The immune response to BLV and disease susceptibility and resistance in cattle are strongly correlated with the bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 allelic polymorphism. BLV infection continues to spread in Egypt, in part because the relationships between BLV infection, proviral load in Egypt, and BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism are unknown. Here, we identified 18 previously reported alleles in 121 Holstein cows using a polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing method. Furthermore, BoLA-DRB3 gene polymorphisms in these animals were investigated for their influence on viral infection. BoLA-DRB3*015:01 and BoLA-DRB3*010:01 were identified as susceptible and resistant alleles, respectively, for BLV infection in the tested Holsteins. In addition, BoLA-DRB3*012:01 was associated with low PVL in previous reports but high PVL in Holstein cattle in Egypt. This study is the first to demonstrate that the BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism confers resistance and susceptibility to PVL and infections of BLV in Holstein cattle in Egypt. Our results can be useful for the disease control and eradication of BLV through genetic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamada
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour City 22511, Egypt
| | - Samy Metwally
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour City 22511, Egypt
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Alsagher O. Ali
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City 83523, Egypt; (A.O.A.); (A.E.A.M.)
| | - Adel E. A. Mohamed
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City 83523, Egypt; (A.O.A.); (A.E.A.M.)
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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8
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Borjigin L, Watanuki S, Hamada R, Bai L, Hirose T, Sato H, Yoneyama S, Yasui A, Yasuda S, Yamanaka R, Mimura M, Baba M, Inokuma M, Fujita K, Shinozaki Y, Tanaka N, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Effectiveness of integrated bovine leukemia virus eradication strategies utilizing cattle carrying resistant and susceptible major histocompatibility complex class II DRB3 alleles. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9393-9409. [PMID: 37641252 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has spread worldwide and causes serious problems in the cattle industry owing to the lack of effective treatments and vaccines. Bovine leukemia virus is transmitted via horizontal and vertical infection, and cattle with high BLV proviral load (PVL), which is a useful index for estimating disease progression and transmission risk, are considered major infectious sources within herds. The PVL strongly correlates with highly polymorphic bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 alleles. The BoLA-DRB3*015:01 and *012:01 alleles are known susceptibility-associated markers related to high PVL, and cattle with susceptible alleles may be at a high risk of BLV transmission via direct contact with healthy cows. In contrast, the BoLA-DRB3*009:02 and *014:01:01 alleles comprise resistant markers associated with the development of low PVL, and cattle with resistant alleles may be low-risk spreaders for BLV transmission and disrupt the BLV transmission chain. However, whether polymorphisms in BoLA-DRB3 are useful for BLV eradication in farms remains unknown. Here, we conducted a validation trial of the integrated BLV eradication strategy to prevent new infection by resistant cattle and actively eliminate susceptible cattle in addition to conventional BLV eradication strategies to maximally reduce the BLV prevalence and PVL using a total of 342 cattle at 4 stall-barn farms in Japan from 2017 to 2019. First, we placed the resistant milking cattle between the BLV-positive and BLV-negative milking cattle in a stall barn for 3 yr. Interestingly, the resistant cattle proved to be an effective biological barrier to successfully block the new BLV infections in the stall-barn system among all 4 farms. Concomitantly, we actively eliminated cattle with high PVL, especially susceptible cattle. Indeed, 39 of the 60 susceptible cattle (65%), 76 of the 140 neutral cattle (54%), and 20 of the 41 resistant cattle (48.8%) were culled on 4 farms for 3 years. Consequently, BLV prevalence and mean PVL decreased in all 4 farms. In particular, one farm achieved BLV-free status in May 2020. By decreasing the number of BLV-positive animals, the revenue-enhancing effect was estimated to be ¥5,839,262 ($39,292.39) for the 4 farms over 3 yr. Our results suggest that an integrated BLV eradication program utilization of resistant cattle as a biological barrier and the preferential elimination of susceptible cattle are useful for BLV infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liushiqi Borjigin
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Sonoko Watanuki
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rania Hamada
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hirose
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuji Yoneyama
- Kenou Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan
| | - Anna Yasui
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | - Sohei Yasuda
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | - Risa Yamanaka
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | - Munehito Mimura
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | - Miho Baba
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Fujita
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Chiba 262-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinozaki
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kamogawa, Chiba 296-0033, Japan
| | - Naoko Tanaka
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kamogawa, Chiba 296-0033, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan..
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González-Méndez AS, Tórtora Pérez JL, Rojas-Anaya E, Ramírez Álvarez H. Study of the Genetic Expression of Antiretroviral Restriction Factors and Acute Phase Proteins in Cattle Infected with Bovine Leukemia Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040529. [PMID: 37111415 PMCID: PMC10146972 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to analyze the genetic expression of antiretroviral restriction factors (ARF) and acute phase proteins (APP), as well as their correlation with proviral and viral loads in cattle with aleukemic (AL) and persistent lymphocytosis (PL). Complete blood samples were collected from a herd of dairy cows, and we extracted genetic material from peripheral blood leukocytes. Absolute quantification of the expression of ARF (APOBEC-Z1, Z2, and Z3; HEXIM-1, HEXIM-2, and BST2) and APP (haptoglobin (HP), and serum amyloid A (SAA)) was performed by qPCR. Statistical significance was observed in the expression of APOBEC-Z3 in BLV-infected animals. We only found positive correlations with a strong expression of the ARF genes in the AL group. The participation of APOBEC (Z1 and Z3), HEXIM-1, and HEXIM-2 was more frequently identified in BLV-infected animals. HEXIM-2 showed active gene expression in the AL group. Although the expression of ARF in early stages of infection (AL) maintains an important participation, in late stages (PL) it seems to have little relevance.
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Clone Dynamics and Its Application for the Diagnosis of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis. J Virol 2023; 97:e0154222. [PMID: 36533951 PMCID: PMC9888225 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01542-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection results in polyclonal expansion of infected B lymphocytes, and ~5% of infected cattle develop enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL). Since BLV is a retrovirus, each individual clone can be identified by using viral integration sites. To investigate the distribution of tumor cells in EBL cattle, we performed viral integration site analysis by using a viral DNA capture-sequencing method. We found that the same tumor clones existed in peripheral blood, with a dominance similar to that in lymphoma tissue. Additionally, we observed that multiple tumor tissues from different sites harbored the identical clones, indicating that tumor cells can circulate and distribute systematically in EBL cattle. To investigate clonal expansion of BLV-infected cells during a long latent period, we collected peripheral blood samples from asymptomatic cattle every 2 years, among which several cattle developed EBL. We found that no detectable EBL clone existed before the diagnosis of EBL in some cases; in the other cases, clones that were later detected as malignant clones at the EBL stage were present several months or even years before the disease onset. To establish a feasible clonality-based method for the diagnosis of EBL, we simplified a quick and cost-effective method, namely, rapid amplification of integration sites for BLV infection (BLV-RAIS). We found that the clonality values (Cvs) were well correlated between the BLV-RAIS and viral DNA capture-sequencing methods. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified an optimal Cv cutoff value of 0.4 for EBL diagnosis, with excellent diagnostic sensitivity (94%) and specificity (100%). These results indicated that the RAIS method efficiently and reliably detected expanded clones not only in lymphoma tissue but also in peripheral blood. Overall, our findings elucidated the clonal dynamics of BLV- infected cells during EBL development. In addition, Cvs of BLV-infected cells in blood can be used to establish a valid and noninvasive diagnostic test for potential EBL onset. IMPORTANCE Although BLV has been eradicated in some European countries, BLV is still endemic in other countries, including Japan and the United States. EBL causes huge economic damage to the cattle industry. However, there are no effective drugs or vaccines to control BLV infection and related diseases. The strategy of eradication of infected cattle is not practical due to the high endemicity of BLV. Furthermore, how BLV-infected B cell clones proliferate during oncogenesis and their distribution in EBL cattle have yet to be elucidated. Here, we provided evidence that tumor cells are circulating in the blood of diseased cattle. Thus, the Cv of virus-infected cells in blood is useful information for the evaluation of the disease status. The BLV-RAIS method provides quantitative and accurate clonality information and therefore is a promising method for the diagnosis of EBL.
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Kohara J, Bai L, Takeshima SN, Matsumoto Y, Hirai T, Aida Y. Correlation between the Biodistribution of Bovine Leukemia Virus in the Organs and the Proviral Load in the Peripheral Blood during Early Stages of Experimentally Infected Cattle. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010130. [PMID: 36678478 PMCID: PMC9867250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. However, the propagation and distribution of BLV after primary infection still need to be fully elucidated. Here, we experimentally infected seven cattle with BLV and analyzed the BLV proviral load (PVL) in the blood and various organs. BLV was first detected in the blood of the cattle after one week, and the blood PVL increased for three weeks after infection. The PVL was maintained at a high level in five cattle, while it decreased to a low or medium level in two cattle. BLV was distributed in various organs, such as the heart, lung, liver, kidney, abomasum, and thymus, and, notably, in the spleen and lymph nodes. In cattle with a high blood PVL, BLV was detected in organs other than the spleen and lymph nodes, whereas in those with a low blood PVL, BLV was only detected in the spleen and lymph nodes. The amount of BLV in the organs was comparable to that in the blood. Our findings point to the possibility of estimating the distribution of BLV provirus in organs, lymph nodes, and body fluids by measuring the blood PVL, as it was positively correlated with the biodistribution of BLV provirus in the body of BLV infection during early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kohara
- Animal Health Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku 081-0038, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Lanlan Bai
- Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza 352-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsunao Hirai
- Animal Health Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku 081-0038, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (Y.A.)
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12
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Nakatsuchi A, Bao A, Watanuki S, Matsuura R, Borjigin L, Bai L, Kuroda M, Matsumoto Y, Kohara J, Aida Y. Anti-BLV antibodies in whey correlate with bovine leukemia virus disease progression and BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1038101. [PMID: 36504869 PMCID: PMC9732667 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1038101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belongs to the family Retroviridae and is a causative agent for enzootic bovine leucosis, the most common neoplastic disease affecting cattle worldwide. BLV proviral load (PVL) is associated with disease progression and transmission risk but requires blood collection and quantitative PCR testing. Anti-BLV antibodies in whey have been used as a diagnostic tool for BLV infection; however, quantitative utilization has not been fully investigated. Furthermore, bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 is a polymorphic gene associated with BLV infectivity and PVL, but its effect on anti-BLV antibody levels in whey from BLV infected dams is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether it is possible to correctly predict PVL in the blood and milk based on the amount of anti-BLV antibodies in milk, and whether the BoLA-DRB3 alleles associate with the amount of anti-BLV antibodies in milk. Methods We examined whey from 442 dams from 11 different dairy farms located in 6 prefectures in Japan, including susceptible dams carrying at least one BoLA-DRB3* 012:01 or * 015:01 allele related with high PVL, resistant dams carrying at least one BoLA-DRB3 * 002:01, * 009:02, or * 014:01:01 allele related with low PVL, and neutral dams carrying other alleles. Results First, our results provided compelling evidence that anti-BLV antibody levels in whey were positively correlated with the anti-BLV antibody levels in serum and with BLV PVL in blood and milk, indicating the possibility of estimating BLV PVL in blood and milk by measuring anti-BLV antibody levels in whey. Thus, our results showed that antibody titers in milk might be effective for estimating BLV transmission risk and disease progression in the field. Second, we demonstrated that anti-BLV antibody levels in whey from BLV resistant dams were significantly lower than those from susceptible and neutral dams. Discussion This is the first report suggesting that the BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism affects anti-BLV antibody levels in whey from BLV-infected dams. Taken together, our results suggested that anti-BLV antibody levels in whey, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, may be a useful marker to diagnose the risk of BLV infection and estimate PVL in blood and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Nakatsuchi
- Institute of Animal Health, JA Zen-Noh (National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations), Sakura, Japan,Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aronggaowa Bao
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sonoko Watanuki
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Maho Kuroda
- Institute of Animal Health, JA Zen-Noh (National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations), Sakura, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Agriculture Research Department, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Japan,Junko Kohara
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Japan,*Correspondence: Yoko Aida
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Visualization of clonal expansion after massive depletion of cells carrying the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) integration sites during the course of disease progression in a BLV naturally-infected cow: a case report. Retrovirology 2022; 19:24. [PMID: 36329491 PMCID: PMC9635170 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects cattle, integrates into host DNA as a provirus, and induces malignant B-cell lymphoma. Previous studies have addressed the impact of proviral integration of BLV on BLV-induced leukemogenesis. However, no studies have monitored sequential changes in integration sites in which naturally infected BLV individuals progress from the premalignant stage to the terminal disease. Here, we collected blood samples from a single, naturally infected Holstein cow at three disease progression stages (Stage I: polyclonal stage, Stage II: polyclonal toward oligoclonal stage, Stage III: oligoclonal stage) and successfully visualized the kinetics of clonal expansion of cells carrying BLV integration sites using our BLV proviral DNA-capture sequencing method. Although 24 integration sites were detected in Stages I and II, 92% of these sites experienced massive depletion in Stage III. Of these sites, 46%, 37%, and 17% were located within introns of Refseq genes, intergenic regions, and repetitive sequences, respectively. At Stage III cattle with lymphoma, only two integration sites were generated de novo in the intergenic region of Chr1, and the intron of the CHEK2 gene on Chr17 was significantly increased. Our results are the first to demonstrate clonal expansion after the massive depletion of cells carrying BLV integration sites in a naturally infected cow.
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14
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Nakada S, Fujimoto Y, Kohara J, Makita K. Economic losses associated with mastitis due to bovine leukemia virus infection. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:576-588. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Marin-Flamand E, Araiza-Hernandez DM, Vargas-Ruiz A, Rangel-Rodríguez IC, González-Tapia LA, Ramírez-Álvarez H, Hernández-Balderas RJ, García-Camacho LA. Relationship of persistent lymphocytosis, antibody titers, and proviral load with expression of interleukin-12, interferon-γ, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β in cows infected with bovine leukemia virus from a high-prevalence dairy complex. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2022; 86:269-285. [PMID: 36211217 PMCID: PMC9536356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) subclinical infection promotes persistent lymphocytosis (PL), which is related to susceptibility and progression to lymphoma. Moreover, lymphocyte counts directly correlate with BLV antibody titers and proviral load, and cell immune responses are considered atypical due to immune suppression. In order to determine the relationship of PL, antibody titers, and proviral load with interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression in a 3-month interval, 58 cows were selected (30 BLV+ and 28 BLV-) from a high-prevalence dairy herd to complete 3 monthly blood samplings for the assessment of PL, BLV antibody titers, BLV proviral load, and IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β expression. At sampling conclusion, the BLV-infected cows were grouped according to PL, BLV proviral load, and BLV antibody titers as follows: BLV+PL+ (n = 16) and BLV+PL- (n = 14); high proviral load (HPL) (n = 18) and low proviral load (LPL) (n = 13); high antibody titers (HAT) (n = 17) and low antibody titers (LAT) (n = 14). The BLV+PL+ cows showed significantly higher proviral load and antibody titers than the BLV+PL- group; however, the former suggested spread presumably unrelated to lymphoma outcome, because HPL was observed in PL- cows in the last sampling. Consistent with the data, a higher antibody response strongly indicated BLV susceptibility since it was linked to PL+ occurrence and a cytokine profile compatible with immune suppression. Furthermore, a reversion to lower antibody titers was observed in cows with HPL far ahead of time, most likely due to long-term immune suppression. In addition, high expression of IL-10 and TGF-β was associated with reduced IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 expression alongside PL, HAT, and HPL in BLV-infected cows, suggesting an IL-10- and TGF-β-induced immune suppression. The IL-10 expression was increasing throughout, implying disease progression, as described. In conclusion, the proliferative expansion of lymphocytes known as PL might enhance a regulatory-rich cell population (Bregs and/or Tregs) that secretes IL-10 and TGF-β, leading to immune suppression. Further studies must be conducted regarding the types of regulatory cells involved in BLV-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Marin-Flamand
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Superior Studies, National University of Mexico, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan km 2.5, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Michele Araiza-Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Superior Studies, National University of Mexico, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan km 2.5, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Vargas-Ruiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Superior Studies, National University of Mexico, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan km 2.5, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Carlos Rangel-Rodríguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Superior Studies, National University of Mexico, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan km 2.5, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lilia A González-Tapia
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Superior Studies, National University of Mexico, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan km 2.5, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Ramírez-Álvarez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Superior Studies, National University of Mexico, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan km 2.5, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruperto Javier Hernández-Balderas
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Superior Studies, National University of Mexico, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan km 2.5, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucía Angélica García-Camacho
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Superior Studies, National University of Mexico, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan km 2.5, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico City, Mexico
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John EE, Droscha C, Cameron M, Stryhn H, Keefe G, McClure JT. Development of a predictive model for bovine leukemia virus proviral load. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1827-1836. [PMID: 35950569 PMCID: PMC9511096 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background There is currently no commercially available method in Canada to identify bovine leukemia virus (BLV)‐positive cows with high proviral load (PVL). Objectives First, develop a model to predict PVL using common, commercially available, cost‐effective diagnostic tests. Second, investigate the relationship between lymphocyte count and PVL in BLV‐positive cows. Animals A total of 339 BLV‐positive and 62 BLV‐seronegative cows on 15 dairy farms. Methods Cross‐sectional study. Blood and milk samples were collected from all lactating BLV‐positive cows on each farm and 5 to 10 BLV‐seronegative cows depending on herd size. Blood and milk samples were tested for anti‐BLV antibodies using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Complete blood counts were performed on blood samples, and standard components analyses were obtained for milk samples. Proviral load was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for each cow. Results The inverse of lymphocyte count, the square of the inverse of lymphocyte count, and milk ELISA percent positivity were positively associated with increasing PVL in BLV‐positive cows. For BLV‐positive cows, lymphocyte count >5.2 × 109/L predicted a high PVL (BLV:Bovine DNA of >1 in blood) with a sensitivity of 92.4% and a specificity of 79.8%. For BLV‐positive cows, white blood cell count >10.8 × 109/L predicted a high PVL, with a sensitivity of 85.5% and a specificity of 83.6%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Based on these results, producers can implement commonly available diagnostic tests to identify cows with high probability of having high PVL, which may help in designing effective disease control strategies for BLV‐positive herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E John
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Casey Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, Inc., Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Marguerite Cameron
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Greg Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Yoneyama S, Kobayashi S, Matsunaga T, Tonosaki K, Leng D, Sakai Y, Yamada S, Kimura A, Ichijo T, Hikono H, Murakami K. Comparative Evaluation of Three Commercial Quantitative Real-Time PCRs Used in Japan for Bovine Leukemia Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061182. [PMID: 35746654 PMCID: PMC9230052 DOI: 10.3390/v14061182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic virus belonging to the genus Deltaretrovirus and is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. Proviral load (PVL) determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is now widely used as an indicator of not only BLV infection, but also BLV disease progression. To interpret PVLs determined by different qPCRs used in Japan, we compared a chimeric cycling probe-based qPCR, CY415, targeting the BLV tax region; a TaqMan probe-based qPCR, RC202, targeting the BLV pol region; and a TaqMan probe-based qPCR, CoCoMo, targeting the BLV long terminal repeat (LTR) region. Whole-blood samples collected from 317 naturally BLV-infected cattle (165 Holstein–Friesian and 152 Japanese Black) and tumor tissue samples collected from 32 cattle at a meat inspection center were used. The PVLs determined by each qPCR were strongly correlated. However, the PVL and the proportion of BLV-infected cells determined by RC202 or CoCoMo were significantly higher than those determined by CY415. Genetic analysis of three tumor tissue samples revealed that LTR region mutations or a deletion affected the PVL determined by CoCoMo. These results suggest that the TaqMan-based RC202 or CoCoMo qPCR is better than CY415 for BLV PVL analysis. However, qPCR target region mutations were not rare in tumors and could hamper PVL analysis by using qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuji Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sota Kobayashi
- Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan;
| | - Towa Matsunaga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Kaoru Tonosaki
- Department of Plant Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan;
| | - Dongze Leng
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Toshihiro Ichijo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Hirokazu Hikono
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan;
| | - Kenji Murakami
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence:
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Nakanishi R, Takashima S, Wakihara Y, Kamatari YO, Kitamura Y, Shimizu K, Okada A, Inoshima Y. Comparing microRNA in milk small extracellular vesicles among healthy cattle and cattle at high risk for bovine leukemia virus transmission. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5370-5380. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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BoLA-DRB3 Polymorphism Controls Proviral Load and Infectivity of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) in Milk. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020210. [PMID: 35215153 PMCID: PMC8879029 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which causes enzootic bovine leukosis, is transmitted to calves through the milk of BLV-infected dams. Bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 is a polymorphic gene associated with BLV infectivity and proviral load (PVL). However, the effect of BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism on the infectivity and PVL of milk from BLV-infected dams remains unknown. This study examined milk from 259 BLV-infected dams, including susceptible dams carrying at least one BoLA-DRB3*012:01 or *015:01 allele with high PVL, resistant dams carrying at least one BoLA-DRB3*002:01, *009:02, or *014:01:01 allele with low PVL, and neutral dams carrying other alleles. The detection rate of BLV provirus and PVL were significantly higher in milk from susceptible dams than in that from resistant dams. This result was confirmed in a three-year follow-up study in which milk from susceptible dams showed a higher BLV provirus detection rate over a longer period than that from resistant dams. The visualization of infectivity of milk cells using a luminescence syncytium induction assay showed that the infectious risk of milk from BLV-infected dams was markedly high for susceptible dams compared to resistant ones. This is the first report confirming that BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism affects the PVL and infectivity of milk from BLV-infected dams.
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Thi DL, Vu SN, Lo CW, Dao TD, Bui VN, Ogawa H, Imai K, Sugiura K, Aida Y, Haga T. Association between BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism and bovine leukemia virus proviral load in Vietnamese Holstein Friesian cattle. HLA 2021; 99:105-112. [PMID: 34854239 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. Polymorphism in bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 allele can influence the host immune response to pathogens, including BLV. However, association between specific BoLA-DRB3 alleles and BLV proviral load (PVL), which is a useful index for estimating disease progression and transmission risk, in Vietnamese cattle are unknown. Here, association study of BoLA-DRB3 allele frequency between cattle with high or low PVL demonstrated BoLA-DRB3*12:01 associates with high PVL in Vietnamese Holstein-Friesian (HF) crossbred cattle. This is the first study to demonstrate that BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism confers susceptibility to BLV high PVL in HF crossbred kept in Vietnam. Our results may be useful in disease control and eradiation for BLV through genetic selection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Le Thi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Son Nguyen Vu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tung Duy Dao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.,National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.,National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Laboratory of Environment Science for Sustainable Development, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Marawan MA, Alouffi A, El Tokhy S, Badawy S, Shirani I, Dawood A, Guo A, Almutairi MM, Alshammari FA, Selim A. Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112167. [PMID: 34834973 PMCID: PMC8618541 DOI: 10.3390/v13112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia;
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suleiman El Tokhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt;
| | - Sara Badawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Natural Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan
| | - Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 22334, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Nothern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
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22
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Bai L, Borjigin L, Sato H, Takeshima SN, Asaji S, Ishizaki H, Kawashima K, Obuchi Y, Sunaga S, Ando A, Inoko H, Wada S, Aida Y. Kinetic Study of BLV Infectivity in BLV Susceptible and Resistant Cattle in Japan from 2017 to 2019. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101281. [PMID: 34684230 PMCID: PMC8537920 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. Polymorphism in bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 alleles is related to susceptibility to BLV proviral load (PVL), which is a useful index for estimating disease progression and transmission risk. However, whether differential BoLA-DRB3 affects BLV infectivity remains unknown. In a three-year follow-up investigation using a luminescence syncytium induction assay for evaluating BLV infectivity, we visualized and evaluated the kinetics of BLV infectivity in cattle with susceptible, resistant and neutral BoLA-DRB3 alleles which were selected from 179 cattle. Susceptible cattle showed stronger BLV infectivity than both resistant and neutral cattle. The order of intensity of BLV infectivity was as follows: susceptible cattle > neutral cattle > resistant cattle. BLV infectivity showed strong positive correlation with PVL at each testing point. BLV-infected susceptible cattle were found to be at higher risk of horizontal transmission, as they had strong infectivity and high PVL, whereas BLV-infected resistant cattle were low risk of BLV transmission owing to weak BLV infection and low PVL. Thus, this is the first study to demonstrate that the BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism is associated with BLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Bai
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan; (L.B.); (S.-N.T.); (S.W.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan; (L.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan; (L.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan; (L.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan; (L.B.); (S.-N.T.); (S.W.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan; (L.B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza 352-8510, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sakurako Asaji
- GenoDive Pharma Inc., 4-14-1 Naka-cho, Atsugi 243-0018, Kanagawa, Japan; (S.A.); (A.A.); (H.I.)
| | - Hiroshi Ishizaki
- Grazing Animal Unit, Division of Grassland Farming, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara 329-2793, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Keiji Kawashima
- Tobu and General Agricultural Office Livestock Hygiene Division, Ota 373-0805, Gunma, Japan;
| | - Yuko Obuchi
- Department of Agriculture Dairy and Livestock Division, Maebashi 371-8570, Gunma, Japan; (Y.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Shinji Sunaga
- Department of Agriculture Dairy and Livestock Division, Maebashi 371-8570, Gunma, Japan; (Y.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Asako Ando
- GenoDive Pharma Inc., 4-14-1 Naka-cho, Atsugi 243-0018, Kanagawa, Japan; (S.A.); (A.A.); (H.I.)
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1119, Kanagasa, Japan
| | - Hidehito Inoko
- GenoDive Pharma Inc., 4-14-1 Naka-cho, Atsugi 243-0018, Kanagawa, Japan; (S.A.); (A.A.); (H.I.)
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan; (L.B.); (S.-N.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan; (L.B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza 352-8510, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5841-5383
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23
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Fonseca Júnior AA, Ferreira LR, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Rivetti Júnior AV, Bueno BL, Dos Reis JKP, Camargos MF. Evaluation of three different genomic regions for detection of bovine leukemia virus by real-time PCR. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2483-2488. [PMID: 34595727 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic member of the genus Deltaretrovirus. BLV infects cattle worldwide and is responsible for significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to validate real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the detection of BLV. After identification of the most efficient qPCR, the limits of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility were determined. The results indicate that qPCR can be easily reproduced between laboratories with high sensitivity. The test variation was low in samples from lesions suggestive of bovine leukosis or whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Augusto Fonseca Júnior
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil.
- Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas, UNIFEMM, Sete Lagoas, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Rabello Ferreira
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus Laguardia-Nascimento
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Vasconcelos Rivetti Júnior
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
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24
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Pavliscak LA, Nirmala J, Singh VK, Sporer KRB, Taxis TM, Kumar P, Goyal SM, Mor SK, Schroeder DC, Wells SJ, Droscha CJ. Tracing Viral Transmission and Evolution of Bovine Leukemia Virus through Long Read Oxford Nanopore Sequencing of the Proviral Genome. Pathogens 2021; 10:1191. [PMID: 34578223 PMCID: PMC8470207 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL), a persistent life-long disease resulting in immune dysfunction and shortened lifespan in infected cattle, severely impacting the profitability of the US dairy industry. Our group has found that 94% of dairy farms in the United States are infected with BLV with an average in-herd prevalence of 46%. This is partly due to the lack of clinical presentation during the early stages of primary infection and the elusive nature of BLV transmission. This study sought to validate a near-complete genomic sequencing approach for reliability and accuracy before determining its efficacy in characterizing the sequence identity of BLV proviral genomes collected from a pilot study made up of 14 animals from one commercial dairy herd. These BLV-infected animals were comprised of seven adult dam/daughter pairs that tested positive by ELISA and qPCR. The results demonstrate sequence identity or divergence of the BLV genome from the same samples tested in two independent laboratories, suggesting both vertical and horizontal transmission in this dairy herd. This study supports the use of Oxford Nanopore sequencing for the identification of viral SNPs that can be used for retrospective genetic contact tracing of BLV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Vikash K. Singh
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
| | | | - Tasia M. Taxis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Sunil Kumar Mor
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Scott J. Wells
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Casey J. Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (L.A.P.); (K.R.B.S.)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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25
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Borjigin L, Yoneyama S, Saito S, Polat M, Inokuma M, Shinozaki Y, Tanaka N, Yamanaka R, Yasui A, Mimura M, Murakami H, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. A novel real time PCR assay for bovine leukemia virus detection using mixed probes and degenerate primers targeting novel BLV strains. J Virol Methods 2021; 297:114264. [PMID: 34411645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease in cattle. We previously developed the quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to measure the proviral loads of BLV using coordination of common motif (CoCoMo) degenerate primers. We here found four single mutations within the probe region of the original BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR assay, three of which have negative impact on its sensitivity in the probe sequences of the long terminal regions of the BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2 assay, using genomic DNA from 887 cows from 27 BLV-positive farms via a nationwide survey conducted in 2011 and 2017 in Japan. Therefore, the modified probes were designed to completely match the three BLV mutant strains identified here. Moreover, we examined the optimum ratio of the concentration to be mixed with the wild type and three new BLV TaqMan probes were designed here using genomic DNAs extracted from cattle naturally infected with the wild type BLV strain and three mutant strains. Finally, we successfully established an improved assay maintained the original sensitivity and reproducibility and can detect novel BLV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liushiqi Borjigin
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuji Yoneyama
- Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Tochigi Prefecture, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0905, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Meripet Polat
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michihito Inokuma
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Chiba, 262-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinozaki
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Chiba Prefecture, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-0033, Japan
| | - Naoko Tanaka
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Chiba Prefecture, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-0033, Japan
| | - Risa Yamanaka
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Saitama Prefecture, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0813, Japan
| | - Anna Yasui
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Saitama Prefecture, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0813, Japan
| | - Munehito Mimura
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Saitama Prefecture, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0813, Japan
| | - Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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26
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Diagnostic Measures of Disease Progression in Cattle Following Natural Infection with Bovine Leukemia Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080987. [PMID: 34451451 PMCID: PMC8398158 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the longitudinal changes in bovine leukemia virus (BLV) ELISA antibodies, proviral load (PVL), and blood lymphocyte counts (LC) observed over a 2.5-year period in naturally infected cattle. The dataset utilized was from a BLV intervention field trial on three Midwestern dairy herds. Our analysis showed ELISA false negatives were more likely to occur in cattle with low PVL and normal LC. On average, negligible changes in LC were observed during six-month intervals. Periods of lymphocytosis, defined as >10,000 lymphocytes per uL of blood, were observed in 31.5% (68/216) of BLV test-positive cattle. In BLV test-positive cows, an average increase of 2900 to 3100 proviral copies per 100,000 cells was observed during each subsequent six-month sampling interval. The difference between the minimum and maximum PVL observed for an ELISA-positive cow with 3 or more observations ranged from 0 to 115,600 copies per 100,000 cells (median: 12,900; mean: 19,200). Therefore, following the identification of ELISA-positive cattle and the assessment of PVL and LC, subsequent semiannual tests to assess disease progression may not be needed. Further work is needed to determine how available diagnostic tests can be optimized to design cost-effective testing schemes for BLV control programs.
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27
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Natural Infection of Dairy Cows with Bovine Leukemia Virus Affects Immunoglobulin Levels in Saliva and Serum but Not Milk. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070907. [PMID: 34358057 PMCID: PMC8308649 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retroviral infection that disrupts the immune function of infected animals. It is widespread among U.S. dairy cattle. In this pilot study, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations in milk, saliva, and serum samples from BLV ELISA-positive (ELISA+) dairy cows were compared against samples from BLV ELISA-negative (ELISA−) cows using the Kruskal–Wallis test (with ties). The results from ELISA+ cows were also stratified by lymphocyte count (LC) and proviral load (PVL). In milk and saliva from ELISA+ cows, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations were decreased compared to ELISA− cows, although this was only statistically significant for saliva IgM in cows with low PVL (p = 0.0424). Numerically, the average total IgA concentrations were 33.6% lower in milk and 23.7% lower in saliva, and the average total IgM concentrations were 42.4% lower in milk and 15.5% lower in saliva. No significant differences were observed in the total serum IgA concentrations, regardless of PVL and LC. The total serum IgM from ELISA+ cows was significantly decreased (p = 0.0223), with the largest decreases occurring in the highest PVL and LC subgroups. This pilot study is a first step in investigating the impact of BLV on mucosal immunity and will require further exploration in each of the various stages of disease progression.
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28
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Borjigin L, Lo CW, Bai L, Hamada R, Sato H, Yoneyama S, Yasui A, Yasuda S, Yamanaka R, Mimura M, Inokuma M, Shinozaki Y, Tanaka N, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Risk Assessment of Bovine Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DRB3 Alleles for Perinatal Transmission of Bovine Leukemia Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050502. [PMID: 33922152 PMCID: PMC8143451 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal transmission plays a critical role in the spread of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in cattle herds. In the Holstein breed, we previously identified BLV resistant and susceptible bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 alleles, including BoLA-DRB3*009:02 and *014:01:01 with a low BLV proviral load (PVL), and *015:01 and *012:01 with a high PVL. Here, we evaluated the perinatal BLV transmission risk in dams with different BoLA-DRB3 alleles. BoLA-DRB3 alleles of 120 dam-calf pairs from five dairy farms in Japan were identified; their PVL was quantified using the BLV-Coordination of Common Motifs (CoCoMo)-qPCR-2 assay. Ninety-six dams were BLV-positive, and 29 gave birth to BLV-infected calves. Perinatal transmission frequency was 19% in dams with resistant alleles suppressed to a low PVL level, and 38% and 25% in dams with susceptible and neutral alleles that maintained high PVL levels, respectively. Notably, all calves with resistant alleles were BLV free, whereas 30% of calves with susceptible genes were infected. Thus, vertical transmission risk was extremely lower for dams and calves with resistant alleles compared to those with susceptible alleles. Our results can inform the development of effective BLV eradication programs under field conditions by providing necessary data to allow for optimal selection of dams for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liushiqi Borjigin
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (L.B.); (H.S.)
- Baton Zone Program, Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (C.-W.L.); (R.H.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (L.B.); (H.S.)
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (C.-W.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Rania Hamada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (C.-W.L.); (R.H.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (L.B.); (H.S.)
- Baton Zone Program, Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuji Yoneyama
- Kenou Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan;
| | - Anna Yasui
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan; (A.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Sohei Yasuda
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan; (A.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Risa Yamanaka
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan; (A.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Munehito Mimura
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan; (A.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.Y.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Yasuo Shinozaki
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kamogawa, Chiba 296-0033, Japan; (Y.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Naoko Tanaka
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kamogawa, Chiba 296-0033, Japan; (Y.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan;
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (L.B.); (H.S.)
- Baton Zone Program, Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Kuczewski A, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Mason S, Erskine R, van der Meer F. Invited review: Bovine leukemia virus-Transmission, control, and eradication. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6358-6375. [PMID: 33741150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, endemic in North American dairy herds, has production-limiting effects. A literature review of available papers published since 1995 concerning BLV transmission and its control was conducted. Although confirmed transmission routes were reviewed (blood, natural breeding, in utero, colostrum, and milk), there is still a lack of detailed information on other specific risks for transmission (e.g., contact transmission and hoof-trimming knives). Eradication of BLV has been achieved by combined management, segregation, and culling approaches. In contrast, although sole implementation of best management practices aimed at prevention of BLV transmission has decreased within-herd BLV prevalence, it has not eradicated BLV from a herd. Therefore, control and eradication of BLV by best management practices only should be further investigated. Additionally, the role of proviral load in infected cattle was investigated. Cattle with a high proviral load seem to be more likely to infect others, whereas those with a very low proviral load seem to have low risks of transmitting BLV. Information on proviral load could be taken into account when controlling BLV in high-prevalence herds. In conclusion, there is a need for detailed, large-scale studies investigating roles of specific transmission routes, knowing proviral load of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Kuczewski
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Steve Mason
- Agromedia International Inc., Calgary, AB T2L 0T6, Canada
| | - Ron Erskine
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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Analysis of Nucleotide Sequence of Tax, miRNA and LTR of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Cattle with Different Levels of Persistent Lymphocytosis in Russia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020246. [PMID: 33672613 PMCID: PMC7924208 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), a lymphoproliferative disease of the bovine species. In BLV-infected cells, the long terminal repeat (LTR), the viral Tax protein and viral miRNAs promote viral and cell proliferation as well as tumorigenesis. Although their respective roles are decisive in BLV biology, little is known about the genetic sequence variation of these parts of the BLV genome and their impact on disease outcome. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the relationship between disease progression and sequence variation of the BLV Tax, miRNA and LTR regions in infected animals displaying either low or high levels of persistent lymphocytosis (PL). A statistically significant association was observed between the A(+187)C polymorphism in the downstream activator sequence (DAS) region in LTR (p-value = 0.00737) and high lymphocytosis. Our study also showed that the mutation A(−4)G in the CAP site occurred in 70% of isolates with low PL and was not found in the high PL group. Conversely, the mutations G(−133)A/C in CRE2 (46.7%), C(+160)T in DAS (30%) and A(310)del in BLV-mir-B4-5p, A(357)G in BLV-mir-B4-3p, A(462)G in BLV-mir-B5-5p, and GA(497–498)AG in BLV-mir-B5-3p (26.5%) were often seen in isolates with high PL and did not occur in the low PL group. In conclusion, we found several significant polymorphisms among BLV genomic sequences in Russia that would explain a progression towards higher or lower lymphoproliferation. The data presented in this article enabled the classification between two different genotypes; however, clear association between genotypes and the PL development was not found.
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31
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Petersen MI, Carignano HA, Suarez Archilla G, Caffaro ME, Alvarez I, Miretti MM, Trono K. Expression-based analysis of genes related to single nucleotide polymorphism hits associated with bovine leukemia virus proviral load in Argentinean dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1993-2007. [PMID: 33246606 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In dairy cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV), the proviral load (PVL) level is directly related to the viral transmission from infected animals to their healthy herdmates. Two contrasting phenotypic groups can be identified when assessing PVL in peripheral blood of infected cows. A large number of reports point to bovine genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms) as one of the key determinants underlying PVL level. However, biological mechanisms driving BLV PVL profiles and infection progression in cattle have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated whether a set of candidate genes affecting BLV PVL level according to whole genome association studies are differentially expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from phenotypically contrasting groups of BLV-infected cows. During a 10-mo-long sampling scheme, 129 Holstein cows were phenotyped measuring anti-BLV antibody levels, PVL quantification, and white blood cell subpopulation counts. Finally, the expression of 8 genes (BOLA-DRB3, PRRC2A, ABT1, TNF, BAG6, BOLA-A, LY6G5B, and IER3) located within the bovine major histocompatibility complex region harboring whole genome association SNP hits was evaluated in 2 phenotypic groups: high PVL (n = 7) and low PVL (n = 8). The log2 initial fluorescence value (N0) transformed mean expression values for the ABT1 transcription factor were statistically different in high- and low-PVL groups, showing a higher expression of the ABT1 gene in low-PVL cows. The PRRC2A and IER3 genes had a significant positive (correlation coefficient = 0.61) and negative (correlation coefficient = -0.45) correlation with the lymphocyte counts, respectively. Additionally, the relationships between gene expression values and lymphocyte counts were modeled using linear regressions. Lymphocyte levels in infected cows were better explained (coefficient of determination = 0.56) when fitted a multiple linear regression model using both PRRC2A and IER3 expression values as independent variables. The present study showed evidence of differential gene expression between contrasting BLV infection phenotypes. These genes have not been previously related to BLV pathobiology. This valuable information represents a step forward in understanding the BLV biology and the immune response of naturally infected cows under a commercial milk production system. Efforts to elucidate biological mechanisms leading to BLV infection progression in cows are valuable for BLV control programs. Further studies integrating genotypic data, global transcriptome analysis, and BLV progression phenotypes are needed to better understand the BLV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Petersen
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H A Carignano
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina.
| | - G Suarez Archilla
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, S2300 Rafaela, Argentina
| | - M E Caffaro
- Instituto de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - I Alvarez
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M M Miretti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, FCEQyN, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, N3300 Posadas, Argentina
| | - K Trono
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bai L, Hirose T, Assi W, Wada S, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection Affects Host Gene Expression Associated with DNA Mismatch Repair. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110909. [PMID: 33143351 PMCID: PMC7694100 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis, a malignant form of B-cell lymphoma, and is closely related to human T-cell leukemia viruses. We investigated whether BLV infection affects host genes associated with DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Next-generation sequencing of blood samples from five calves experimentally infected with BLV revealed the highest expression levels of seven MMR genes (EXO1, UNG, PCNA, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, and PMS2) at the point of peak proviral loads (PVLs). Furthermore, MMR gene expression was only upregulated in cattle with higher PVLs. In particular, the expression levels of MSH2, MSH3, and UNG positively correlated with PVL in vivo. The expression levels of all seven MMR genes in pig kidney-15 cells and the levels of PMS2 and EXO1 in HeLa cells also increased tendencies after transient transfection with a BLV infectious clone. Moreover, MMR gene expression levels were significantly higher in BLV-expressing cell lines compared with those in the respective parental cell lines. Expression levels of MSH2 and EXO1 in BLV-infected cattle with lymphoma were significantly lower and higher, respectively, compared with those in infected cattle in vivo. These results reveal that BLV infection affects MMR gene expression, offering new candidate markers for lymphoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Bai
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (W.A.); (S.W.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Tomoya Hirose
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Wlaa Assi
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (W.A.); (S.W.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (W.A.); (S.W.); (S.-n.T.)
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (W.A.); (S.W.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University, Niiza 352-0017, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-48-462-4418
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Inagaki Y, Kobayashi T, Suda Y, Kusama K, Imakawa K. Genetic variation in Japanese Holstein cattle for EBL development. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:407. [PMID: 33115449 PMCID: PMC7594299 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV), the causative agent for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), is increasing in dairy farms of Japan. The tendency of tumor development following BLV infection in certain cow families and bull lines has previously been described. We therefore hypothesized the existence of a genetic component which differentiates cattle susceptibility to the disease. RESULTS We analyzed routinely collected large-scale data including postmortem inspection data, which were combined with pedigree information and epidemiological data of BLV infection. A total of 6,022 postmortem inspection records of Holstein cattle, raised on 226 farms served by a regional abattoir over 10 years from 2004 to 2015, were analyzed for associations between sire information and EBL development. We then identified statistically the relative susceptibility to EBL development for the progeny of specific sires and paternal grandsires (PGSs). The heritability of EBL development was calculated as 0.19. Similarly, proviral loads (PVLs) of progeny from identified sires and PGSs were analyzed, but no significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that because EBL development in our Holstein population is, at least in part, influenced by genetic factors independent of PVL levels, genetic improvement for lower incidence of EBL development in cattle notwithstanding BLV infection is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Inagaki
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 243-0034, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 243-0034, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Suda
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Environment, Miyagi University, 982-0215, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 192-0392, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Reproduction, Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, 862-8652, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Hamada R, Metwally S, Polat M, Borjigin L, Ali AO, Abdel-Hady AAA, Mohamed AEA, Wada S, Aida Y. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Egyptian Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:608. [PMID: 33134337 PMCID: PMC7511665 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the most common neoplastic disease in cattle worldwide. The first EBL outbreak in Egypt was reported in 1997. To date, there are few studies regarding BLV diagnosis using only serological detection and no studies investigating the distribution of BLV provirus, which is the retroviral genome integrated into the host genome, in Egypt. The genetic characteristics of Egyptian BLV strains are also unknown. Therefore, we aimed to detect BLV provirus and determine BLV genetic variability among dairy cattle in Egypt. We collected 270 blood samples of dairy cattle from 24 farms located in five provinces in Egypt. Out of the 270 samples, 58 (21.5%) were positive for BLV provirus. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18 420-bp selected sequences out of 50 isolates of the BLV env-gp51 gene demonstrated that Egyptian BLV isolates were clustered into genotype-1 and-4, among 11 genotypes detected worldwide. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis and alignment of the 501-bp sequence of the env-gp51 gene revealed that at least six genetically different strains are present in Egypt. Genotype-1 isolates comprised four different strains (G1-a, G1-b, G1-c, and G1-d) and genotype-4 isolates included two different strains (G4-x and G4-y). Moreover, in one farm with 100% infection rate, we identified three isolates of G1-a strain, 35 isolates of G4-x strain, and two isolates of G4-y strain. Overall, this study provides the new report on molecular prevalence of BLV in Egypt and records the coexistence of BLV genotype-1 and-4 in Egyptian cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Samy Metwally
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan.,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Meripet Polat
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Saitama, Japan
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Saitama, Japan
| | - Alsagher O Ali
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - A A A Abdel-Hady
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adel E A Mohamed
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Saitama, Japan
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Murakami H, Yajima Y, Sato F, Kamisuki S, Taharaguchi S, Onda K, Roh S, Uchiyama J, Sakaguchi M, Tsukamoto K. Development of multipurpose recombinant reporter bovine leukemia virus. Virology 2020; 548:226-235. [PMID: 32771769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a global problem that results in significant economic losses to the livestock industry. We developed three virus strains by inserting the HiBiT reporter tag from NanoLuc luciferase (NLuc) into limited sites within BLV molecular clones. Initial analysis for site selection of the tag insertion revealed a permissible site immediately downstream of the viral envelope gene. Therefore, NLuc activity could be used to measure virus copy numbers in the supernatant and the levels of cell infection. Productivity and growth kinetics of the reporter virus were similar to those of the wild-type strain; therefore, the reporter virus can be used to characterize the replication of chimeric viruses as well as responses to the antiviral drug, amprenavir. Collectively, our results suggest that the BLV reporter virus with a HiBiT tag insertion is a highly versatile system for various purposes such as evaluating virus replication and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yajima
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamisuki
- Laboratory of Chemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taharaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Sanggun Roh
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tohoku University, 1-1, Amamiya-machi, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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Benitez OJ, Roberts JN, Norby B, Bartlett PC, Takeshima SN, Watanuki S, Aida Y, Grooms DL. Breeding bulls as a potential source of bovine leukemia virus transmission in beef herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1335-1340. [PMID: 31067187 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.11.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in beef bulls; evaluate the presence of BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples; and analyze whether blood BLV proviral load was associated with differential blood cell counts. DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 121 beef bulls ≥ 2 years old from 39 Michigan herds. PROCEDURES Blood, smegma, and semen samples were collected from each bull during a routine breeding soundness examination. An ELISA was used to detect serum anti-BLV antibodies. A coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay was used to detect BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples. Bulls with positive results on both the BLV serum ELISA and coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay were considered infected with BLV. RESULTS 19 of 39 (48.7%) herds and 54 of 121 (44.6%) bulls were infected with BLV. Provirus DNA was detected in the blood of all 54 and in smegma of 4 BLV-infected bulls but was not detected in any semen sample. Lymphocyte count was significantly greater in BLV-infected bulls than in uninfected bulls. The proportion of BLV-infected bulls with lymphocytosis (16/54 [29.6%]) was greater than the proportion of uninfected bulls with lymphocytosis (6/67 [9%]). Lymphocyte count was positively associated with BLV proviral load in BLV-infected bulls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that almost half of beef bulls and herds were infected with BLV, and BLV provirus DNA was detected in the smegma of some BLV-infected bulls. Bulls may have an important role in BLV transmission in beef herds.
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Assi W, Hirose T, Wada S, Matsuura R, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. PRMT5 Is Required for Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection In Vivo and Regulates BLV Gene Expression, Syncytium Formation, and Glycosylation In Vitro. Viruses 2020; 12:E650. [PMID: 32560231 PMCID: PMC7354529 DOI: 10.3390/v12060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle and is closely related to human T-cell leukemia viruses. We investigated the role of a new host protein, PRMT5, in BLV infection. We found that PRMT5 is overexpressed only in BLV-infected cattle with a high proviral load, but not in those with a low proviral load. Furthermore, this upregulation continued to the lymphoma stage. PRMT5 expression was upregulated in response to experimental BLV infection; moreover, PRMT5 upregulation began in an early stage of BLV infection rather than after a long period of proviral latency. Second, siRNA-mediated PRMT5 knockdown enhanced BLV gene expression at the transcript and protein levels. Additionally, a selective small-molecule inhibitor of PRMT5 (CMP5) enhanced BLV gene expression. Interestingly, CMP5 treatment, but not siRNA knockdown, altered the gp51 glycosylation pattern and increased the molecular weight of gp51, thereby decreasing BLV-induced syncytium formation. This was supported by the observation that CMP5 treatment enhanced the formation of the complex type of N-glycan more than the high mannose type. In conclusion, PRMT5 overexpression is related to the development of BLV infection with a high proviral load and lymphoma stage and PRMT5 inhibition enhances BLV gene expression. This is the first study to investigate the role of PRMT5 in BLV infection in vivo and in vitro and to reveal a novel function for a small-molecule compound in BLV-gp51 glycosylation processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wlaa Assi
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (W.A.); (T.H.); (R.M.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Tomoya Hirose
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (W.A.); (T.H.); (R.M.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (W.A.); (T.H.); (R.M.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (W.A.); (T.H.); (R.M.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (W.A.); (T.H.); (R.M.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone program, Riken Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Benitez OJ, Norby B, Bartlett PC, Maeroff JE, Grooms DL. Impact of bovine leukemia virus infection on beef cow longevity. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105055. [PMID: 32593082 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukosis is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Previous studies estimate that 38 % of cow-calf beef herds and 10.3 % of individual beef cows in the US are BLV seropositive. About 70 % of BLV infected animals are asymptomatic carriers of the virus, while less than 5% develop lymphosarcoma, the leading reason for carcass condemnation at the US slaughterhouses. Studies provide evidence that BLV infection leads to decreased immune function making animals more vulnerable to other diseases, which could shorten their productive lifespan and increase economic losses in the cattle industry. BLV seropositive dairy cows are reportedly more likely to be culled sooner compared with their uninfected herd mates. Beyond simple prevalence studies, little is known about the impact of BLV infection in beef cattle production or specifically on beef cow longevity. Our objective was to determine the association between BLV infection and cow longevity in beef cow-calf operations. Twenty-seven cow-calf herds from the Upper Midwest volunteered to participate in this study. Female beef cattle (n = 3146) were tested for serum BLV antibodies by ELISA. A subsample of 648 cows were also tested for BLV proviral load (PVL). Culling data was collected for the subsequent 24 months. Twenty-one herds (77.7 %) had at least one BLV-infected animal, and 29.2 % (930/3146) of tested animals were BLV seropositive. Of the BLV-positive cows, 33.7 % (318/943) were culled compared with 32.1 % (541/1682) of the seronegative cows. BLV status did not affect cows' longevity within herds (P = 0.062). However, cows with high BLV PVL had decreased survival within the herd compared with ELISA- negative cows (P = 0.01). Overall, infection with BLV did not impact beef cow longevity unless the disease had progressed to a point of high BLV PVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Benitez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States.
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States
| | - Paul C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States
| | - Jacqueline E Maeroff
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States
| | - Daniel L Grooms
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
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Chen YC, Chang CC, Hsu WL, Chuang ST. Dairy cattle with bovine leukaemia virus RNA show significantly increased leukocyte counts. Vet J 2020; 257:105449. [PMID: 32546356 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV), a retrovirus, causes dysfunction of the immune system and can have a marked economic impact on dairy industries due to decreased milk production and reduced lifespan in affected dairy cattle. The presence of proviral DNA has been the major diagnostic indicator of BLV infection. However in the course of BLV infection, the viral genome can be dormant, without detectable gene expression, resulting in limited impact on infected animals. At present, there is limited knowledge regarding haematological indices in dairy cattle that could indicate activation of the BLV genome and suggest reactivated BLV infection. In this study, BLV infection and BLV genome reactivation were evaluated based on the presence of BLV DNA and BLV env gene transcripts, respectively. BLV RNA transcription was confirmed. Among 93 whole blood samples obtained from asymptomatic dairy cattle, the prevalence of BLV proviral DNA and transcripts was 93.5% (n = 87/93) and 83.9% (n = 78/93), respectively. Between groups with and without BLV, the mean counts of white blood cells and lymphocytes in whole blood were significantly associated with the presence of BLV RNA (P < 0.05), but not with BLV proviral DNA. These results shed light on the activation status of the BLV genome and should be taken into account when evaluating the possible impact of BLV on cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - C C Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - W L Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - S T Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Lo CW, Borjigin L, Saito S, Fukunaga K, Saitou E, Okazaki K, Mizutani T, Wada S, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. BoLA-DRB3 Polymorphism is Associated with Differential Susceptibility to Bovine Leukemia Virus-Induced Lymphoma and Proviral Load. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030352. [PMID: 32235771 PMCID: PMC7150773 DOI: 10.3390/v12030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leucosis. However, less than 5% of BLV-infected cattle will develop lymphoma, suggesting that, in addition to viral infection, host genetic polymorphisms might play a role in disease susceptibility. Bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 is a highly polymorphic gene associated with BLV proviral load (PVL) susceptibility. Due to the fact that PVL is positively associated with disease progression, it is believed that controlling PVL can prevent lymphoma development. Thus, many studies have focused on the relationship between PVL and BoLA-DRB3. Despite this, there is little information regarding the relationship between lymphoma and BoLA-DRB3. Furthermore, whether or not PVL-associated BoLA-DRB3 is linked to lymphoma-associated BoLA-DRB3 has not been clarified. Here, we investigated whether or not lymphoma-associated BoLA-DRB3 is correlated with PVL-associated BoLA-DRB3. We demonstrate that two BoLA-DRB3 alleles were specifically associated with lymphoma resistance (*010:01 and *011:01), but no lymphoma-specific susceptibility alleles were found; furthermore, two other alleles, *002:01 and *012:01, were associated with PVL resistance and susceptibility, respectively. In contrast, lymphoma and PVL shared two resistance-associated (DRB3*014:01:01 and *009:02) BoLA-DRB3 alleles. Interestingly, we found that PVL associated alleles, but not lymphoma associated alleles, are related with the anti-BLV gp51 antibody production level in cows. Overall, our study is the first to demonstrate that the BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism confers differential susceptibility to BLV-induced lymphoma and PVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Wen Lo
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (S.S.); (S.-n.T.)
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (S.S.); (S.-n.T.)
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (S.S.); (S.-n.T.)
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Koya Fukunaga
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;
| | - Etsuko Saitou
- Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Meat Inspection Center, 49-18 Shitoorinagata, Minamiawaji, Hyogo 656-0152, Japan;
| | - Katsunori Okazaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (S.S.); (S.-n.T.)
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (S.S.); (S.-n.T.)
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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Moe KK, Polat M, Borjigin L, Matsuura R, Hein ST, Moe HH, Aida Y. New evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in Myanmar cattle through epidemiological and molecular characterization. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229126. [PMID: 32084185 PMCID: PMC7034883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. BLV infects cattle worldwide and causes serious problems for the cattle industry. In this study, we examined the prevalence of BLV infection and the distribution of BLV genotypes in cattle in the northern, central, and southern parts of Myanmar. The prevalence of BLV infection among Myanmar cattle (37.04%) in this study was markedly higher than the prevalence (9.1%) observed in our earlier study in which BLV was detected from the limited number of cattle only from a small area of Myanmar. Phylogenetic analysis of partial env-gp51 sequence of the isolated BLV strains revealed that there are at least three BLV genotypes (genotype-1, genotype-6, and genotype-10) in Myanmar, which have also been detected in the neighboring countries. We performed this study to estimate the BLV proviral load, which is a major diagnosis index for determining the virus transmission risk. The cattle of the three test regions with warm, wet, and humid climatic conditions (upper Sagaing, Yangon, and Kayin) exhibited a high mean proviral load, while cattle of three other regions with low annual rainfall and very high temperature (Mandalay, Magway, and upper Bago) exhibited a low mean proviral load. Further, the level of proviral load and the prevalence of BLV infection in Myanmar native cattle (N = 235) were lower than that in the hybrid cattle (Holstein Friesian × Myanmar native) (N = 62). We also observed that the cattle with high risk for BLV transmission, which have high proviral load, may enhance the BLV infection rate. Hence, to control BLV transmission, it is necessary to eliminate these cattle with high-risk for BLV transmission and to diagnose BLV provirus in cattle in the remaining regions/states of Myanmar sharing a boundary with neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Kyaw Moe
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Meripet Polat
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Si Thu Hein
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Hla Hla Moe
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Yoko Aida
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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42
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Bai L, Takeshima SN, Sato M, Davis WC, Wada S, Kohara J, Aida Y. Mapping of CD4 + T-cell epitopes in bovine leukemia virus from five cattle with differential susceptibilities to bovine leukemia virus disease progression. Virol J 2019; 16:157. [PMID: 31842930 PMCID: PMC6916044 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus, is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, a disease characterized by a highly prolonged course involving persistent lymphocytosis and B-cell lymphoma. The bovine major histocompatibility complex class II region plays a key role in the subclinical progression of BLV infection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the roles of CD4+ T-cell epitopes in disease progression in cattle. METHODS We examined five Japanese Black cattle, including three disease-susceptible animals, one disease-resistant animal, and one normal animal, classified according to genotyping of bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 and BoLA-DQA1 alleles using polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing methods. All cattle were inoculated with BLV-infected blood collected from BLV experimentally infected cattle and then subjected to CD4+ T-cell epitope mapping by cell proliferation assays. RESULTS Five Japanese Black cattle were successfully infected with BLV, and CD4+ T-cell epitope mapping was then conducted. Disease-resistant and normal cattle showed low and moderate proviral loads and harbored six or five types of CD4+ T-cell epitopes, respectively. In contrast, the one of three disease-susceptible cattle with the highest proviral load did not harbor CD4+ T-cell epitopes, and two of three other cattle with high proviral loads each had only one epitope. Thus, the CD4+ T-cell epitope repertoire was less frequent in disease-susceptible cattle than in other cattle. CONCLUSION Although only a few cattle were included in this study, our results showed that CD4+ T-cell epitopes may be associated with BoLA-DRB3-DQA1 haplotypes, which conferred differential susceptibilities to BLV proviral loads. These CD4+ T-cell epitopes could be useful for the design of anti-BLV vaccines targeting disease-susceptible Japanese Black cattle. Further studies of CD4+ T-cell epitopes in other breeds and using larger numbers of cattle with differential susceptibilities are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Faculty of Human Life, Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza, Saitama, 352-0017, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - William C Davis
- Monoclonal antibody center, Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, 5-39-1 Shintoku, Hokkaido, 081-0038, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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43
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Matsuura R, Inabe K, Otsuki H, Kurokawa K, Dohmae N, Aida Y. Three YXXL Sequences of a Bovine Leukemia Virus Transmembrane Protein are Independently Required for Fusion Activity by Controlling Expression on the Cell Membrane. Viruses 2019; 11:E1140. [PMID: 31835517 PMCID: PMC6950344 DOI: 10.3390/v11121140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which is closely related to human T-cell leukemia viruses, is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. The transmembrane subunit of the BLV envelope glycoprotein, gp30, contains three completely conserved YXXL sequences that fit an endocytic sorting motif. The two N-terminal YXXL sequences are reportedly critical for viral infection. However, their actual function in the viral life cycle remains undetermined. Here, we identified the novel roles of each YXXL sequence. Syncytia formation ability was upregulated by a single mutation of the tyrosine (Tyr) residue in any of the three YXXL sequences, indicating that each YXXL sequence is independently able to regulate the fusion event. The alteration resulted from significantly high expression of gp51 on the cell surface, thereby decreasing the amount of gp51 in early endosomes and further revealing that the three YXXL sequences are independently required for internalization of the envelope (Env) protein, following transport to the cell surface. Moreover, the 2nd and 3rd YXXL sequences contributed to Env protein incorporation into the virion by functionally distinct mechanisms. Our findings provide new insights regarding the three YXXL sequences toward the BLV viral life cycle and for developing new anti-BLV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Matsuura
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazunori Inabe
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Otsuki
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone program, Riken Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Watanuki S, Takeshima SN, Borjigin L, Sato H, Bai L, Murakami H, Sato R, Ishizaki H, Matsumoto Y, Aida Y. Visualizing bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cells and measuring BLV proviral loads in the milk of BLV seropositive dams. Vet Res 2019; 50:102. [PMID: 31783914 PMCID: PMC6884895 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects cattle and causes serious problems for the cattle industry, worldwide. Vertical transmission of BLV occurs via in utero infection and ingestion of infected milk and colostrum. The aim of this study was to clarify whether milk is a risk factor in BLV transmission by quantifying proviral loads in milk and visualizing the infectivity of milk. We collected blood and milk from 48 dams (46 BLV seropositive dams and 2 seronegative dams) from seven farms in Japan and detected the BLV provirus in 43 blood samples (89.6%) but only 22 milk samples (45.8%) using BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2. Although the proviral loads in the milk tended to be lower, a positive correlation was firstly found between the proviral loads with blood and milk. Furthermore, the infectivity of milk cells with BLV was visualized ex vivo using a luminescence syncytium induction assay (LuSIA) based on CC81-GREMG cells, which form syncytia expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in response to BLV Tax and Env expressions when co-cultured with BLV-infected cells. Interestingly, in addition to one BLV-infected dam with lymphoma, syncytia with EGFP fluorescence were observed in milk cells from six BLV-infected, but healthy, dams by an improved LuSIA, which was optimized for milk cells. This is the first report demonstrating the infectious capacity of cells in milk from BLV-infected dams by visualization of BLV infection ex vivo. Thus, our results suggest that milk is a potential risk factor for BLV vertical spread through cell to cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Watanuki
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8510, Japan
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hironobu Murakami
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishizaki
- Grazing Animal Unit and Nasu Operation Unit, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, 329-2793, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan. .,Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Murakami H, Todaka H, Uchiyama J, Sato R, Sogawa K, Sakaguchi M, Tsukamoto K. A point mutation to the long terminal repeat of bovine leukemia virus related to viral productivity and transmissibility. Virology 2019; 537:45-52. [PMID: 31445323 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is important to establish the molecular basis of the high transmissibility of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to develop new methods of preventing viral transmission. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether some strains had transmission advantages. First, we determined the whole BLV genome sequences of all 34 BLV-infected cows from one farm. Phylogenetic analysis divided strains into 26 major and 8 minor strains. The major strains dominantly spread independent of host factor, bovine leucocyte antigen. Further analysis, with molecular clones, associated transmissibility with viral productivity in vitro. In addition, the two groups could be classified by group-specific mutations. The reverse genetic approach demonstrated that a spontaneous mutation at nucleotide 175 of the BLV genome, which is located in the viral promoter region, could alter viral productivity by changing viral transactivation, suggesting that BLV transmissibility is affected by a spontaneous mutation associated with viral productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Haruna Todaka
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine for Large Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sogawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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46
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Ruggiero VJ, Norby B, Benitez OJ, Hutchinson H, Sporer KRB, Droscha C, Swenson CL, Bartlett PC. Controlling bovine leukemia virus in dairy herds by identifying and removing cows with the highest proviral load and lymphocyte counts. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9165-9175. [PMID: 31378496 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this field trial was to reduce bovine leukemia virus (BLV) transmission and prevalence in commercial dairy herds using proviral load (PVL) and lymphocyte count (LC) measurements as indicators of the most infectious animals for culling or segregation. Bovine leukemia virus causes lymphoma in <5% of infected cattle, and increased lymphocyte counts (lymphocytosis) in about one-third. Recent research has shown that dairy cows infected with BLV have altered immune function associated with decreases in milk production and lifespan. Recent findings show that a minority of infected cattle have PVL concentrations in blood and other body fluids of over 1,000 times that of other infected cattle. In combination with a high LC, these animals are thought to be responsible for most transmission of BLV in a herd. Milk or blood samples from adult cows in our 3 Midwestern dairy farm field trials were tested semiannually with ELISA for BLV antibodies, and ELISA-positive cattle were then retested using a blood LC and a quantitative PCR test for PVL to identify the animals presumed to be most infectious. Herd managers were encouraged to consider PVL and LC status when making cull decisions, and to segregate cows with the highest PVL and LC from their BLV ELISA-negative herd mates where possible. After 2 to 2.5 yr of this intervention, the incidence risk of new infections decreased in all 3 herds combined, from 13.8 to 2.2, and the overall herd prevalence decreased in all 3 herds combined from 62.0 to 20.7%, suggesting that this approach can efficiently reduce BLV transmission as well as prevalence. This is encouraging, because a very low prevalence of BLV infection would make it economically feasible to cull the remaining ELISA-positive cattle, as was achieved in national eradication programs in other countries decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Ruggiero
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - O J Benitez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - H Hutchinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - K R B Sporer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; NorthStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - C Droscha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; NorthStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - C L Swenson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - P C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Yu C, Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zheng Y. Genotyping bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle of Heilongjiang, northeastern China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:179. [PMID: 31142319 PMCID: PMC6542110 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle and leads to heavy economic losses in the husbandry industry. Heilongjiang Province, China, is rich in dairy cattle. However, its current BLV epidemiology and genotypes have still not been evaluated and confirmed. In this report, we investigated the BLV epidemiology in dairy cattle in the major regions of Heilongjiang Province via the nested PCR assay. Results A total of 730 blood samples were collected from nine different farms in six regions of Heilongjiang. The results showed that the infection rate of these regions ranged from null to 31%. With a clustering analysis of 60 published BLV env sequences, genotypes 1 and 6 were confirmed to be circulating in Heilongjiang. Importantly, a new genotype, 11, and a new subgenotype, 6E, were also identified in the Harbin and Daqing regions, respectively. An epitope analysis showed that a cluster of T-X-D-X-R-XXXX-A sequences in genotype 11 gp51 neutralizing domain 2 was unique among all currently known BLV isolates and was therefore a defining feature of this new genotype. Conclusions BLV epidemics and genotypes were initially investigated in dairy cattle of Heilongjiang. A relatively high infection rate was found in some regions of this province. A new genotype, G11, with a highly specific motif, was identified and thus added as a new member to the current BLV genotype family. This report provides an initial reference for future investigations and subsequent control of BLV transmission and spread in this region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1863-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yonghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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48
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Sato H, Watanuki S, Bai L, Borjigin L, Ishizaki H, Matsumoto Y, Hachiya Y, Sentsui H, Aida Y. A sensitive luminescence syncytium induction assay (LuSIA) based on a reporter plasmid containing a mutation in the glucocorticoid response element in the long terminal repeat U3 region of bovine leukemia virus. Virol J 2019; 16:66. [PMID: 31109347 PMCID: PMC6528319 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. Previously, we reported the luminescence syncytium induction assay (LuSIA), an assay for BLV infectivity based on CC81-BLU3G cells, which form syncytia expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) when co-cultured with BLV-infected cells. To develop a more sensitive LuSIA, we here focused on the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) within the U3 region of the BLV long terminal repeat (LTR). METHODS We changed five nucleotide sites of the GRE in a pBLU3-EGFP reporter plasmid containing the BLV-LTR U3 region promoter by site-directed mutagenesis and we then constructed a new reporter plasmid (pBLU3GREM-EGFP) in which the EGFP reporter gene was expressed under control of the GRE-mutated LTR-U3 promoter. We also established a new CC81-derived reporter cell line harboring the GRE-mutated LTR-U3 promoter (CC81-GREMG). To evaluate the sensibility, the utility and the specificity of the LuSIA using CC81-GREMG, we co-cultured CC81-GREMG cells with BLV-persistently infected cells, free-viruses, white blood cells (WBCs) from BLV-infected cows, and bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV)- and bovine foamy virus (BFV)-infected cells. RESULTS We successfully constructed a new reporter plasmid harboring a mutation in the GRE and established a new reporter cell line, CC81-GREMG; this line was stably transfected with pBLU3GREM-EGFP in which the EGFP gene is expressed under control of the GRE-mutated LTR-U3 promoter and enabled direct visualization of BLV infectivity. The new LuSIA protocol using CC81-GREMG cells measures cell-to-cell infectivity and cell-free infectivity of BLV more sensitively than previous protocol using CC81-BLU3G. Furthermore, it did not respond to BIV and BFV infections, indicating that the LuSIA based on CC81-GREMG is specific for BLV infectivity. Moreover, we confirmed the utility of a new LuSIA based on CC81-GREMG cells using white blood cells (WBCs) from BLV-infected cows. Finally, the assay was useful for assessing the activity of neutralizing antibodies in plasma collected from BLV-infected cows. CONCLUSION The new LuSIA protocol is quantitative and more sensitive than the previous assay based on CC81-BLU3G cells and should facilitate development of several new BLV assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Sato
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Sonoko Watanuki
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Lanlan Bai
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishizaki
- Grazing Animal Unit, Division of Grassland Farming, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, 329-2793, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuma Hachiya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan. .,Virus Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan. .,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Takeshima SN, Ohno A, Aida Y. Bovine leukemia virus proviral load is more strongly associated with bovine major histocompatibility complex class II DRB3 polymorphism than with DQA1 polymorphism in Holstein cow in Japan. Retrovirology 2019; 16:14. [PMID: 31096993 PMCID: PMC6524304 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis and is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus. Bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLAs) are used extensively as markers of disease and immunological traits in cattle. For BLV diagnosis, proviral load is a major diagnosis index for the determination of disease progression and transmission risk. Therefore, we investigated the frequency of BoLA-DRB3 alleles, BoLA-DQA1 alleles, and haplotypes of BoLA class II isolated from the heads of 910 BLV-infected cows out of 1290 cows assessed from BLV-positive farms, in a nationwide survey from 2011 to 2014 in Japan. Our aim was to identify BoLA class II polymorphisms associated with the BLV proviral load in the Holstein cow. The study examined 569 cows with a high proviral load and 341 cows with a low proviral load. Using the highest odds ratio (OR) as a comparison index, we confirmed that BoLA-DRB3 was the best marker for determining which cow spread the BLV (OR 13.9 for BoLA-DRB3, OR 11.5 for BoLA-DQA1, and OR 6.2 for BoLA class II haplotype). In addition, DRB3*002:01, *009:02, *012:01, *014:01, and *015:01 were determined as BLV provirus associated alleles. BoLA-DRB3*002:01, *009:02, and *014:01 were determined as resistant alleles (OR > 1), and BoLA-DRB3*012:01 and *015:01 were determined as susceptible alleles (OR < 1). In this study, we showed that BoLA-DRB3 was a good marker for determining which cow spread BLV, and we found not only one resistant allele (BoLA-DRB3*009:02), but also two other disease-resistant alleles and two disease-susceptible alleles. This designation of major alleles as markers of susceptibility or resistance can allow the determination of the susceptibility or resistance of most cows to disease. Overall, the results of this study may be useful in eliminating BLV from farms without having to separate cows into several cowsheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8510, Japan
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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50
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Lack of Bovine leukemia virus transmission during natural breeding of cattle. Theriogenology 2019; 126:187-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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