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Richardson AM, Sokoloff G, Blumberg MS. Developmentally Unique Cerebellar Processing Prioritizes Self- over Other-Generated Movements. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2345232024. [PMID: 38589230 PMCID: PMC11079960 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2345-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals must distinguish the sensory consequences of self-generated movements (reafference) from those of other-generated movements (exafference). Only self-generated movements entail the production of motor copies (i.e., corollary discharges), which are compared with reafference in the cerebellum to compute predictive or internal models of movement. Internal models emerge gradually over the first three postnatal weeks in rats through a process that is not yet fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated in postnatal day (P) 8 and P12 rats that precerebellar nuclei convey corollary discharge and reafference to the cerebellum during active (REM) sleep when pups produce limb twitches. Here, recording from a deep cerebellar nucleus (interpositus, IP) in P12 rats of both sexes, we compared reafferent and exafferent responses with twitches and limb stimulations, respectively. As expected, most IP units showed robust responses to twitches. However, in contrast with other sensory structures throughout the brain, relatively few IP units showed exafferent responses. Upon finding that exafferent responses occurred in pups under urethane anesthesia, we hypothesized that urethane inhibits cerebellar cortical cells, thereby disinhibiting exafferent responses in IP. In support of this hypothesis, ablating cortical tissue dorsal to IP mimicked the effects of urethane on exafference. Finally, the results suggest that twitch-related corollary discharge and reafference are conveyed simultaneously and in parallel to cerebellar cortex and IP. Based on these results, we propose that twitches provide opportunities for the nascent cerebellum to integrate somatotopically organized corollary discharge and reafference, thereby enabling the development of closed-loop circuits and, subsequently, internal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Richardson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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2
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van Hasselt SJ, Coscia M, Allocca G, Vyssotski AL, Meerlo P. Seasonal variation in sleep time: jackdaws sleep when it is dark, but do they really need it? J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01517-1. [PMID: 37789130 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an important behavioural and physiological state that is ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom. Birds are an interesting group to study sleep since they share similar sleep features with mammals. Interestingly, sleep time in birds has been shown to vary greatly amongst seasons. To understand the mechanisms behind these variations in sleep time, we did an electro-encephalogram (EEG) study in eight European jackdaws (Coloeus monedula) in winter and summer under outdoor seminatural conditions. To assess whether the amount and pattern of sleep is determined by the outdoor seasonal state of the animals or directly determined by the indoor light-dark cycle, we individually housed them indoors where we manipulated the light-dark (LD) cycles to mimic long winter nights (8:16 LD) and short summer nights (16:8 LD) within both seasons. Jackdaws showed under seminatural outdoor conditions 5 h less sleep in summer compared to winter. During the indoor conditions, the birds rapidly adjusted their sleep time to the new LD cycle. Although they swiftly increased or decreased their sleep time, sleep intensity did not vary. The results indicate that the strong seasonal differences in sleep time are largely and directly driven by the available dark time, rather than an endogenous annual clock. Importantly, these findings confirm that sleep in birds is not a rigid phenomenon but highly sensitive to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J van Hasselt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Massimiliano Coscia
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Allocca
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Somnivore Pty. Ltd., Bacchus Marsh, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Yeganegi H, Ondracek JM. Multi-channel recordings reveal age-related differences in the sleep of juvenile and adult zebra finches. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8607. [PMID: 37244927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their phylogenetic differences and distinct pallial structures, mammals and birds show similar electroencephalography (EEG) traces during sleep, consisting of distinct rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS) stages. Studies in human and a limited number of other mammalian species show that this organization of sleep into interleaving stages undergoes radical changes during lifetime. Do these age-dependent variations in sleep patterns also occur in the avian brain? Does vocal learning have an effect on sleep patterns in birds? To answer these questions, we recorded multi-channel sleep EEG from juvenile and adult zebra finches for several nights. Whereas adults spent more time in SWS and REM sleep, juveniles spent more time in intermediate sleep (IS). The amount of IS was significantly larger in male juveniles engaged in vocal learning compared to female juveniles, which suggests that IS could be important for vocal learning. In addition, we observed that functional connectivity increased rapidly during maturation of young juveniles, and was stable or declined at older ages. Synchronous activity during sleep was larger for recording sites in the left hemisphere for both juveniles and adults, and generally intra-hemispheric synchrony was larger than inter-hemispheric synchrony during sleep. A graph theory analysis revealed that in adults, highly correlated EEG activity tended to be distributed across fewer networks that were spread across a wider area of the brain, whereas in juveniles, highly correlated EEG activity was distributed across more numerous, albeit smaller, networks in the brain. Overall, our results reveal that significant changes occur in the neural signatures of sleep during maturation in an avian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Yeganegi
- Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Janie M Ondracek
- Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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4
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Why study sleep in flatworms? J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01480-x. [PMID: 36899149 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The behaviors that characterize sleep have been observed across a broad range of different species. While much attention has been placed on vertebrates (mostly mammals and birds), the grand diversity of invertebrates has gone largely unexplored. Here, we introduce the intrigue and special value in the study of sleeping platyhelminth flatworms. Flatworms are closely related to annelids and mollusks, and yet are comparatively simple. They lack a circulatory system, respiratory system, endocrine glands, a coelom, and an anus. They retain a central and peripheral nervous system, various sensory systems, and an ability to learn. Flatworms sleep, like other animals, a state which is regulated by prior sleep/wake history and by the neurotransmitter GABA. Furthermore, they possess a remarkable ability to regenerate from a mere fragment of the original animal. The regenerative capabilities of flatworms make them a unique bilaterally symmetric animal to study a link between sleep and neurodevelopment. Lastly, the recent applications of tools for probing the flatworm genome, metabolism, and brain activity make their entrance into the field of sleep research all the more timely.
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5
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Rattenborg NC, Ungurean G. The evolution and diversification of sleep. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:156-170. [PMID: 36411158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary origins of sleep and its sub-states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, found in mammals and birds, remain a mystery. Although the discovery of a single type of sleep in jellyfish suggests that sleep evolved much earlier than previously thought, it is unclear when and why sleep diversified into multiple types of sleep. Intriguingly, multiple types of sleep have recently been found in animals ranging from non-avian reptiles to arthropods to cephalopods. Although there are similarities between these states and those found in mammals and birds, notable differences also exist. The diversity in the way sleep is expressed confounds attempts to trace the evolution of sleep states, but also serves as a rich resource for exploring the functions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Seewiesen, Germany.
| | - Gianina Ungurean
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Seewiesen, Germany
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6
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Zaid E, Vyssotski AL, Lesku JA. Sleep architecture and regulation of male dusky antechinus, an Australian marsupial. Sleep 2022; 45:6585950. [PMID: 35567787 PMCID: PMC9366648 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
In this study, we (1) describe sleep behavior and architecture, and (2) explore how sleep is regulated in dusky antechinus (Antechinus swainsonii), a small insectivorous marsupial. Our aim is to provide the first investigation into sleep homeostasis in a marsupial.
Methods
Wild-caught male dusky antechinus (n = 4) were individually housed in large indoor cages under a natural photoperiod of 10.5 h light/13.5 h dark. Continuous recordings of EEG, EMG, and tri-axial accelerometry were performed under baseline conditions and following 4-h of extended wakefulness.
Results
Antechinus engage in SWS and REM sleep. Some aspects of these states are mammal-like, including a high amount (23%) of REM sleep, but other features are reminiscent of birds, notably, hundreds of short sleep episodes (SWS mean: 34 s; REM sleep: 10 s). Antechinus are cathemeral and sleep equally during the night and day. Immediately after the sleep deprivation ended, the animals engaged in more SWS, longer SWS episodes, and greater SWS SWA. The animals did not recover lost REM sleep.
Conclusions
Sleep architecture in dusky antechinus was broadly similar to that observed in eutherian and marsupial mammals, but with interesting peculiarities. We also provided the first evidence of SWS homeostasis in a marsupial mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zaid
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
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7
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Harding CD, Yovel Y, Peirson SN, Hackett TD, Vyazovskiy VV. Re-examining extreme sleep duration in bats: implications for sleep phylogeny, ecology, and function. Sleep 2022; 45:6547911. [PMID: 35279722 PMCID: PMC9366634 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats, quoted as sleeping for up to 20 h a day, are an often used example of extreme sleep duration amongst mammals. Given that duration has historically been one of the primary metrics featured in comparative studies of sleep, it is important that species specific sleep durations are well founded. Here, we re-examined the evidence for the characterization of bats as extreme sleepers and discuss whether it provides a useful representation of the sleep behavior of Chiroptera. Although there are a wealth of activity data to suggest that the diurnal cycle of bats is dominated by rest, estimates of sleep time generated from electrophysiological analyses suggest considerable interspecific variation, ranging from 83% to a more moderate 61% of the 24 h day spent asleep. Temperature-dependent changes in the duration and electroencephalographic profile of sleep suggest that bats represent a unique model for investigating the relationship between sleep and torpor. Further sources of intra-specific variation in sleep duration, including the impact of artificial laboratory environments and sleep intensity, remain unexplored. Future studies conducted in naturalistic environments, using larger sample sizes and relying on a pre-determined set of defining criteria will undoubtedly provide novel insights into sleep in bats and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Harding
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Oxford, UK
| | - Yossi Yovel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Oxford, UK
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8
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Loftus JC, Harel R, Núñez CL, Crofoot MC. Ecological and social pressures interfere with homeostatic sleep regulation in the wild. eLife 2022; 11:73695. [PMID: 35229719 PMCID: PMC8887896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is fundamental to the health and fitness of all animals. The physiological importance of sleep is underscored by the central role of homeostasis in determining sleep investment – following periods of sleep deprivation, individuals experience longer and more intense sleep bouts. Yet, most sleep research has been conducted in highly controlled settings, removed from evolutionarily relevant contexts that may hinder the maintenance of sleep homeostasis. Using triaxial accelerometry and GPS to track the sleep patterns of a group of wild baboons (Papio anubis), we found that ecological and social pressures indeed interfere with homeostatic sleep regulation. Baboons sacrificed time spent sleeping when in less familiar locations and when sleeping in proximity to more group-mates, regardless of how long they had slept the prior night or how much they had physically exerted themselves the preceding day. Further, they did not appear to compensate for lost sleep via more intense sleep bouts. We found that the collective dynamics characteristic of social animal groups persist into the sleep period, as baboons exhibited synchronized patterns of waking throughout the night, particularly with nearby group-mates. Thus, for animals whose fitness depends critically on avoiding predation and developing social relationships, maintaining sleep homeostasis may be only secondary to remaining vigilant when sleeping in risky habitats and interacting with group-mates during the night. Our results highlight the importance of studying sleep in ecologically relevant contexts, where the adaptive function of sleep patterns directly reflects the complex trade-offs that have guided its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carter Loftus
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Roi Harel
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Chase L Núñez
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Margaret C Crofoot
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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9
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Mohanty NP, Wagener C, Herrel A, Thaker M. The ecology of sleep in non-avian reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:505-526. [PMID: 34708504 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and yet displays considerable variation in its extent and form in the wild. Ecological factors, such as predation, competition, and microclimate, therefore are likely to play a strong role in shaping characteristics of sleep. Despite the potential for ecological factors to influence various aspects of sleep, the ecological context of sleep in non-avian reptiles remains understudied and without systematic direction. In this review, we examine multiple aspects of reptilian sleep, including (i) habitat selection (sleep sites and their spatio-temporal distribution), (ii) individual-level traits, such as behaviour (sleep postures), morphology (limb morphometrics and body colour), and physiology (sleep architecture), as well as (iii) inter-individual interactions (intra- and inter-specific). Throughout, we discuss the evidence of predation, competition, and thermoregulation in influencing sleep traits and the possible evolutionary consequences of these sleep traits for reptile sociality, morphological specialisation, and habitat partitioning. We also review the ways in which sleep ecology interacts with urbanisation, biological invasions, and climate change. Overall, we not only provide a systematic evaluation of the conceptual and taxonomic biases in the existing literature on reptilian sleep, but also use this opportunity to organise the various ecological hypotheses for sleep characteristics. By highlighting the gaps and providing a prospectus of research directions, our review sets the stage for understanding sleep ecology in the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya P Mohanty
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Carla Wagener
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, MECADEV UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Maria Thaker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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10
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Johnsson RD, Connelly F, Vyssotski AL, Roth TC, Lesku JA. Homeostatic regulation of NREM sleep, but not REM sleep, in Australian magpies. Sleep 2021; 45:6357668. [PMID: 34432054 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We explore NREM and REM sleep homeostasis in Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen tyrannica). We predicted that magpies would recover lost sleep by spending more time in NREM and REM sleep, and by engaging in more intense NREM sleep as indicated by increased slow-wave activity (SWA). METHODS Continuous 72-h recordings of EEG, EMG and tri-axial accelerometry, along with EEG spectral analyses, were performed on wild-caught Australian magpies housed in indoor aviaries. Australian magpies were subjected to two protocols of night-time sleep deprivation: full 12-h night (n = 8) and first 6-h half of the night (n = 5), which were preceded by a 36-h baseline recording and followed by a 24-h recovery period. RESULTS Australian magpies recovered lost NREM sleep by sleeping more, with increased NREM sleep consolidation, and increased SWA during recovery sleep. Following 12-h of night-time sleep loss, magpies also showed reduced SWA the following night after napping more during the recovery day. Surprisingly, the magpies did not recover any lost REM sleep. CONCLUSIONS Only NREM sleep is homeostatically regulated in Australian magpies with the level of SWA reflecting prior sleep/wake history. The significance of emerging patterns on the apparent absence of REM sleep homeostasis, now observed in multiple species, remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Johnsson
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Farley Connelly
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Timothy C Roth
- Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Psychology, Lancaster, USA
| | - John A Lesku
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Williams CL, Hindle AG. Field Physiology: Studying Organismal Function in the Natural Environment. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1979-2015. [PMID: 34190338 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous physiological measurements collected in field settings are essential to understand baseline, free-ranging physiology, physiological range and variability, and the physiological responses of organisms to disturbances. This article presents a current summary of the available technologies to continuously measure the direct physiological parameters in the field at high-resolution/instantaneous timescales from freely behaving animals. There is a particular focus on advantages versus disadvantages of available methods as well as emerging technologies "on the horizon" that may have been validated in captive or laboratory-based scenarios but have yet to be applied in the wild. Systems to record physiological variables from free-ranging animals are reviewed, including radio (VHF/UFH) telemetry, acoustic telemetry, and dataloggers. Physiological parameters that have been continuously measured in the field are addressed in seven sections including heart rate and electrocardiography (ECG); electromyography (EMG); electroencephalography (EEG); body temperature; respiratory, blood, and muscle oxygen; gastric pH and motility; and blood pressure and flow. The primary focal sections are heart rate and temperature as these can be, and have been, extensively studied in free-ranging organisms. Predicted aspects of future innovation in physiological monitoring are also discussed. The article concludes with an overview of best practices and points to consider regarding experimental designs, cautions, and effects on animals. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1979-2015, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassondra L Williams
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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12
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Lyamin OI, Kibalnikov AS, Siegel JM. Sleep in ostrich chicks (Struthio camelus). Sleep 2021; 44:6010143. [PMID: 33249508 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that adult ostriches displayed the longest episodes of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (up to 5 min) and more REM sleep (24% of the nighttime) than any other bird species. If the mammalian ontogenetic trend exists in the ostrich, then the amounts of REM and the duration of sleep episodes in young ostriches may be greater than those reported in adults. We investigated sleep in 1.5-3.5 month old ostrich chicks. Recordings were conducted during nighttime (20:00-08:00), the main sleep period in ostriches, which are diurnal. The polygrams were scored in 4-s epochs for waking, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and REM sleep, as in other bird studies. REM sleep in ostrich chicks occurred during both cortical EEG activation and during slow waves, as was described in adult ostriches. The chicks spent 69.3% ± 1.5% of the night in NREM sleep. REM sleep occupied 14.1% ± 1.8% of the night or 16.8% ± 2.0% of nighttime sleep. Episodes of REM sleep lasted on average 10 ± 1 s and ranged between 4 and 40 s. Therefore, the total amount and duration of REM sleep episodes in ostrich chicks were substantially smaller than reported in adult ostriches while the amounts of NREM sleep did not greatly differ. The developmental profile of REM sleep ontogenesis in the ostrich may be remarkably different from what has been reported in all studied mammals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Lyamin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA.,A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA
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13
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Connelly F, Johnsson RD, Aulsebrook AE, Mulder RA, Hall ML, Vyssotski AL, Lesku JA. Urban noise restricts, fragments, and lightens sleep in Australian magpies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115484. [PMID: 32882458 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas are inherently noisy, and this noise can disrupt biological processes as diverse as communication, migration, and reproduction. We investigated how exposure to urban noise affects sleep, a process critical to optimal biological functioning, in Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen). Eight magpies experimentally exposed to noise in captivity for 24-h spent more time awake, and less time in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) and REM sleep at night than under quiet conditions. Sleep was also fragmented, with more frequent interruptions by wakefulness, shorter sleep episode durations, and less intense non-REM sleep. REM sleep was particularly sensitive to urban noise. Following exposure to noise, magpies recovered lost sleep by engaging in more, and more intense, non-REM sleep. In contrast, REM sleep showed no rebound. This might indicate a long-term cost to REM sleep loss mediated by noise, or contest hypotheses regarding the functional value of this state. Overall, urban noise has extensive, disruptive impacts on sleep composition, architecture, and intensity in magpies. Future work should consider whether noise-induced sleep restriction and fragmentation have long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farley Connelly
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Robin D Johnsson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Anne E Aulsebrook
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Raoul A Mulder
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L Hall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Bush Heritage Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia; Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Canavan SV, Margoliash D. Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000929. [PMID: 33201883 PMCID: PMC7707536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds and mammals share specialized forms of sleep including slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), raising the question of why and how specialized sleep evolved. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features characteristic of mammalian sleep, and therefore that specialized sleep must have evolved independently in birds and mammals. This has been challenged by evidence of more complex sleep in multiple songbird species. To extend this analysis beyond songbirds, we examined a species of parrot, the sister taxon to songbirds. We implanted adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) electrodes to evaluate sleep architecture, and video monitored birds during sleep. Sleep was scored with manual and automated techniques, including automated detection of slow waves and eye movements. This can help define a new standard for how to score sleep in birds. Budgerigars exhibited consolidated sleep, a pattern also observed in songbirds, and many mammalian species, including humans. We found that REM constituted 26.5% of total sleep, comparable to humans and an order of magnitude greater than previously reported. Although we observed no spindles, we found a clear state of intermediate sleep (IS) similar to non-REM (NREM) stage 2. Across the night, SWS decreased and REM increased, as observed in mammals and songbirds. Slow wave activity (SWA) fluctuated with a 29-min ultradian rhythm, indicating a tendency to move systematically through sleep states as observed in other species with consolidated sleep. These results are at variance with numerous older sleep studies, including for budgerigars. Here, we demonstrated that lighting conditions used in the prior budgerigar study-and commonly used in older bird studies-dramatically disrupted budgerigar sleep structure, explaining the prior results. Thus, it is likely that more complex sleep has been overlooked in a broad range of bird species. The similarities in sleep architecture observed in mammals, songbirds, and now budgerigars, alongside recent work in reptiles and basal birds, provide support for the hypothesis that a common amniote ancestor possessed the precursors that gave rise to REM and SWS at one or more loci in the parallel evolution of sleep in higher vertebrates. We discuss this hypothesis in terms of the common plan of forebrain organization shared by reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija V. Canavan
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel Margoliash
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Ferretti A, Maggini I, Cardinale M, Fusani L. Heat loss in sleeping garden warblers (Sylvia borin) during migration. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102772. [PMID: 33293004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
For small songbirds, energy is often a limiting factor during migration and, for this reason, they are forced to alternate nocturnal flights with stopovers to rest and replenish energy stores. Stopover duration has a key role for a successful migration and may have an important impact on fitness. Thus, migrants need to optimize their energy consumption at this stage to reduce their permanence at the site. A recent study has shown that lean individuals reduce their metabolic rate when tucking the head in the feathers during sleep. The underlying mechanism is very likely a reduction in conductance, but the thermoregulatory benefit of the increased insulation has never been quantified yet. Here, we compared heat loss in individual migratory birds while sleeping in different postures. Using a thermal camera and a within-individual approach, we estimated that Garden Warblers can reduce their rate of heat loss by 54% by sleeping with the head tucked in the feathers. This energy saving has a relevant impact on the individual's energy balance because it can account for up to 8.69% of daily energy expenditure during stopover. Our study provides novel and important information to understand the fundamental role of thermoregulatory strategies on bird's energy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferretti
- University of Vienna, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Savoyenstr. 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ivan Maggini
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Savoyenstr. 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Marine Research Institute, 45330 Lysekil, Sweden.
| | - Leonida Fusani
- University of Vienna, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Savoyenstr. 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Comparative Perspectives that Challenge Brain Warming as the Primary Function of REM Sleep. iScience 2020; 23:101696. [PMID: 33196022 PMCID: PMC7644584 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a paradoxical state of wake-like brain activity occurring after non-REM (NREM) sleep in mammals and birds. In mammals, brain cooling during NREM sleep is followed by warming during REM sleep, potentially preparing the brain to perform adaptively upon awakening. If brain warming is the primary function of REM sleep, then it should occur in other animals with similar states. We measured cortical temperature in pigeons and bearded dragons, lizards that exhibit NREM-like sleep and REM-like sleep with brain activity resembling wakefulness. In pigeons, cortical temperature decreased during NREM sleep and increased during REM sleep. However, brain temperature did not increase when dragons switched from NREM-like to REM-like sleep. Our findings indicate that brain warming is not a universal outcome of sleep states characterized by wake-like activity, challenging the hypothesis that their primary function is to warm the brain in preparation for wakefulness. In many mammals, the brain cools during non-REM sleep and warms during REM sleep Pigeons exhibit similar changes in cortical temperature during non-REM and REM sleep Brain temperature does not increase during REM-like sleep in bearded dragon lizards Brain warming is not a universal outcome of sleep states with wake-like brain activity
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17
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Ungurean G, van der Meij J, Rattenborg NC, Lesku JA. Evolution and plasticity of sleep. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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van der Meij J, Ungurean G, Rattenborg NC, Beckers GJL. Evolution of sleep in relation to memory – a birds’ brain view. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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Ferretti A, McWilliams SR, Rattenborg NC, Maggini I, Cardinale M, Fusani L. Energy Stores, Oxidative Balance, and Sleep in Migratory Garden Warblers ( Sylvia borin) and Whitethroats ( Sylvia communis) at a Spring Stopover Site. Integr Org Biol 2020; 2:obaa010. [PMID: 33791554 PMCID: PMC7671129 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how songbirds modulate sleep during migratory periods. Due to the alternation of nocturnal endurance flights and diurnal refueling stopovers, sleep is likely to be a major constraint for many migratory passerine species. Sleep may help to increase the endogenous antioxidant capacity that counteracts free radicals produced during endurance flight and reduces energy expenditure. Here, we investigated the relationship between sleep behavior, food intake, and two markers of physiological condition-the amount of energy reserves and oxidative status-in two migratory songbird species, the garden warbler (Sylvia borin) and the whitethroat (Sylvia communis). In garden warblers, birds with high energy stores were more prone to sleep during the day, while this condition-dependent sleep pattern was not present in whitethroats. In both species, birds with low energy stores were more likely to sleep with their head tucked in the feathers during nocturnal sleep. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between food intake and the extent of energy reserves in garden warblers, but not in whitethroats. Finally, we did not find significant correlations between oxidative status and sleep, or oxidative status and energy stores. Despite our study was not comparative, it suggests that different species might use different strategies to manage their energy during stopover and, additionally, it raises the possibility that migrants have evolved physiological adaptations to deal with oxidative damage produced during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferretti
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA1), Wien 1090, Austria
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, Wien 1160, Austria
| | - Scott R McWilliams
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Straße, Seewiesen 8231, Germany
| | - Ivan Maggini
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, Wien 1160, Austria
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Marine Research Institute, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, Lysekil SE-453 30, Sweden
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA1), Wien 1090, Austria
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, Wien 1160, Austria
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van Hasselt SJ, Rusche M, Vyssotski AL, Verhulst S, Rattenborg NC, Meerlo P. Sleep Time in the European Starling Is Strongly Affected by Night Length and Moon Phase. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1664-1671.e2. [PMID: 32197088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is considered to be of crucial importance for performance and health, yet much of what we know about sleep is based on studies in a few mammalian model species under strictly controlled laboratory conditions. Data on sleep in different species under more natural conditions may yield new insights in the regulation and functions of sleep. We therefore performed a study with miniature electroencephalogram (EEG) data loggers in starlings under semi-natural conditions, group housed in a large outdoor enclosure with natural temperature and light. The birds showed a striking 5-h difference in the daily amount of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep between winter and summer. This variation in the amount of NREM sleep was best explained by night length. Most sleep occurred during the night, but when summer nights became short, the animals displayed mid-day naps. The decay of NREM sleep spectral power in the slow-wave range (1.1-4.3 Hz) was steeper in the short nights than in the longer nights, which suggests that birds in summer have higher sleep pressure. Additionally, sleep was affected by moon phase, with 2 h of NREM sleep less during full moon. The starlings displayed very little rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, adding up to 1.3% of total sleep time. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a pronounced phenotypical flexibility in sleep in starlings under semi-natural conditions and shows that environmental factors have a major impact on the organization of sleep and wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J van Hasselt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Rusche
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 Groningen, the Netherlands; Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Haus 5, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Haus 5, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 Groningen, the Netherlands.
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21
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Abstract
For many decades, sleep researchers have sought to determine which species 'have' rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In doing so, they relied predominantly on a template derived from the expression of REM sleep in the adults of a small number of mammalian species. Here, we argue for a different approach that focuses less on a binary decision about haves and have nots, and more on the diverse expression of REM sleep components over development and across species. By focusing on the components of REM sleep and discouraging continued reliance on a restricted template, we aim to promote a richer and more biologically grounded developmental-comparative approach that spans behavioral, physiological, neural, and ecological domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Neurocampus, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 BRON, France
| | - Markus H Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute, 4975 Bradenton Avenue, Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Haus 5, Seewiesen 82319, Germany.
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22
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van der Meij J, Martinez-Gonzalez D, Beckers GJL, Rattenborg NC. Intra-"cortical" activity during avian non-REM and REM sleep: variant and invariant traits between birds and mammals. Sleep 2019; 42:5195213. [PMID: 30462347 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several mammalian-based theories propose that the varying patterns of neuronal activity occurring in wakefulness and sleep reflect different modes of information processing. Neocortical slow-waves, hippocampal sharp-wave ripples, and thalamocortical spindles occurring during mammalian non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) sleep are proposed to play a role in systems-level memory consolidation. Birds show similar NREM and REM (rapid eye-movement) sleep stages to mammals; however, it is unclear whether all neurophysiological rhythms implicated in mammalian memory consolidation are also present. Moreover, it is unknown whether the propagation of slow-waves described in the mammalian neocortex occurs in the avian "cortex" during natural NREM sleep. We used a 32-channel silicon probe connected to a transmitter to make intracerebral recordings of the visual hyperpallium and thalamus in naturally sleeping pigeons (Columba livia). As in the mammalian neocortex, slow-waves during NREM sleep propagated through the hyperpallium. Propagation primarily occurred in the thalamic input layers of the hyperpallium, regions that also showed the greatest slow-wave activity (SWA). Spindles were not detected in both the visual hyperpallium, including regions receiving thalamic input, and thalamus, using a recording method that readily detects spindles in mammals. Interestingly, during REM sleep fast gamma bursts in the hyperpallium (when present) were restricted to the thalamic input layers. In addition, unlike mice, the decrease in SWA from NREM to REM sleep was the greatest in these layers. Taken together, these variant and invariant neurophysiological aspects of avian and mammalian sleep suggest that there may be associated mechanistic and functional similarities and differences between avian and mammalian sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline van der Meij
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Dolores Martinez-Gonzalez
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Gabriël J L Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen, Germany
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Ferretti A, Rattenborg NC, Ruf T, McWilliams SR, Cardinale M, Fusani L. Sleeping Unsafely Tucked in to Conserve Energy in a Nocturnal Migratory Songbird. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2766-2772.e4. [PMID: 31430467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Each spring and fall, millions of normally diurnal birds switch to migrating at night. Most of these are small songbirds (passerine) migrating long distances that need to alternate their migratory flights with refueling stopovers [1, 2], which can account for up to 80% of the total migratory period [3]. After a long nocturnal flight, these birds face the contrasting needs to recover sleep and refill depleted energy stores, all while vulnerable to predation [4, 5]. Here, we investigated how garden warblers at a Mediterranean stopover site modulate their sleep behavior in relation to their metabolic state. At night, garden warblers in poor metabolic condition sleep more and exhibit less migratory restlessness than birds in good condition do. In addition, rather than sleeping with their head facing forward, birds in poor condition prefer to sleep with their head turned and tucked in their feathers. We further show that sleep with the head tucked is associated with lower respiratory and metabolic rates and reduced heat loss mediated by hiding the head-the body part with the highest heat dissipation-under the feathers. However, the benefit of conserving energy while sleeping with the head tucked was countered by reduced anti-predator vigilance. Birds presented with a sound simulating the approach of a predator responded more slowly when the head was tucked than when it was untucked. Consequently, our study demonstrates that through changing their sleep position and intensity, migrating songbirds can negotiate a previously unknown trade-off between sleep-mediated energy conservation and anti-predatory vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferretti
- University of Vienna, Department of Cognitive Biology, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Savoyenstr. 1, Vienna 1160, Austria.
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Avian Sleep Group, Haus 5, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruf
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Savoyenstr. 1, Vienna 1160, Austria
| | - Scott R McWilliams
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Natural Resources Science, 102 Coastal Institute, Kingston, RI02881, USA
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Marine Research Institute, Turistgatan 5, Lysekil 45330, Sweden
| | - Leonida Fusani
- University of Vienna, Department of Cognitive Biology, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Savoyenstr. 1, Vienna 1160, Austria
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24
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Abstract
REM sleep is a paradoxical state accompanied by suspended thermoregulation that is preferentially expressed under optimal ambient temperatures. Komagata and colleagues now demonstrate that activity in hypothalamic melanin concentrating hormone neurons is essential for the temperature-dependent modulation of REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianina Ungurean
- CRNL, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69372, France; Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse 5, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse 5, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
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25
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Rattenborg NC, van der Meij J, Beckers GJL, Lesku JA. Local Aspects of Avian Non-REM and REM Sleep. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:567. [PMID: 31231182 PMCID: PMC6560081 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds exhibit two types of sleep that are in many respects similar to mammalian rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. As in mammals, several aspects of avian sleep can occur in a local manner within the brain. Electrophysiological evidence of NREM sleep occurring more deeply in one hemisphere, or only in one hemisphere – the latter being a phenomenon most pronounced in dolphins – was actually first described in birds. Such asymmetric or unihemispheric NREM sleep occurs with one eye open, enabling birds to visually monitor their environment for predators. Frigatebirds primarily engage in this form of sleep in flight, perhaps to avoid collisions with other birds. In addition to interhemispheric differences in NREM sleep intensity, the intensity of NREM sleep is homeostatically regulated in a local, use-depended manner within each hemisphere. Furthermore, the intensity and temporo-spatial distribution of NREM sleep-related slow waves varies across layers of the avian hyperpallium – a primary visual area – with the slow waves occurring first in, and propagating through and outward from, thalamic input layers. Slow waves also have the greatest amplitude in these layers. Although most research has focused on NREM sleep, there are also local aspects to avian REM sleep. REM sleep-related reductions in skeletal muscle tone appear largely restricted to muscles involved in maintaining head posture. Other local aspects of sleep manifest as a mixture of features of NREM and REM sleep occurring simultaneously in different parts of the neuroaxis. Like monotreme mammals, ostriches often exhibit brainstem-mediated features of REM sleep (muscle atonia and REMs) while the hyperpallium shows EEG slow waves typical of NREM sleep. Finally, although mice show slow waves in thalamic input layers of primary sensory cortices during REM sleep, this is not the case in the hyperpallium of pigeons, suggesting that this phenomenon is not a universal feature of REM sleep. Collectively, the local aspects of sleep described in birds and mammals reveal that wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep are not always discrete states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | | | - Gabriël J L Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Tisdale RK, Lesku JA, Beckers GJL, Rattenborg NC. Bird-like propagating brain activity in anesthetized Nile crocodiles. Sleep 2019; 41:5003083. [PMID: 29955880 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives The changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) activity that characterize sleep and its sub-states-slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-are similar in mammals and birds. SWS is characterized by EEG slow waves resulting from the synchronous alternation of neuronal membrane potentials between hyperpolarized down-states with neuronal quiescence and depolarized up-states associated with action potentials. By contrast, studies of non-avian reptiles report the presence of high-voltage sharp waves (HShW) during sleep. How HShW relate to EEG phenomena occurring during mammalian and avian sleep is unclear. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of electrophysiological phenomena in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) anesthetized with isoflurane to determine whether they share similar spatiotemporal patterns to mammalian and avian slow waves. Methods Recordings of anesthetized crocodiles were made using 64-channel penetrating arrays with electrodes arranged in an 8 × 8 equally spaced grid. The arrays were placed in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR), a region implicated in the genesis of HShW. Various aspects of the spatiotemporal distribution of recorded signals were investigated. Results Recorded signals revealed the presence of HShW resembling those reported in earlier studies of naturally sleeping reptiles. HShW propagated in complex and variable patterns across the DVR. Conclusions We demonstrate that HShW within the DVR propagate in complex patterns similar to those observed for avian slow waves recorded from homologous brain regions. Consequently, sleep with HShW may represent an ancestral form of SWS, characterized by up-states occurring less often and for a shorter duration than in mammals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Tisdale
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gabriel J L Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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27
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Exposure to artificial light at night increases innate immune activity during development in a precocial bird. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 233:84-88. [PMID: 30974186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Humans have greatly altered Earth's night-time photic environment via the production of artificial light at night (ALAN; e.g. street lights, car traffic, billboards, lit buildings). ALAN is a problem of growing importance because it may significantly disrupt the seasonal and daily physiological rhythms and behaviors of animals. There has been considerable interest in the impacts of ALAN on health of humans and other animals, but most of this work has centered on adults and we know comparatively little about effects on young animals. We exposed 3-week-old king quail (Excalfactoria chinensis) to a constant overnight blue-light regime for 6 weeks and assessed weekly bactericidal activity of plasma against Escherichia coli - a commonly employed metric of innate immunity in animals. We found that chronic ALAN exposure significantly increased bactericidal activity and that this elevation in immune performance manifested at different developmental time points in males and females. Whether this short-term increase in immune activity can be extended to wild animals, and whether ALAN-mediated increases in immune activity have positive or negative fitness effects, are unknown and will provide interesting avenues for future studies.
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29
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Imam A, Bhagwandin A, Ajao MS, Ihunwo AO, Fuxe K, Manger PR. Brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis
). III. The unusual locus coeruleus complex. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2570-2684. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Imam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Parktown Johannesburg Republic of South Africa
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy; College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Parktown Johannesburg Republic of South Africa
| | - Moyosore S. Ajao
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy; College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
| | - Amadi O. Ihunwo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Parktown Johannesburg Republic of South Africa
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Paul R. Manger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Parktown Johannesburg Republic of South Africa
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Tisdale RK, Lesku JA, Beckers GJL, Vyssotski AL, Rattenborg NC. The low-down on sleeping down low: pigeons shift to lighter forms of sleep when sleeping near the ground. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/19/jeb182634. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.182634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Sleep in birds is composed of two distinct sub-states, remarkably similar to mammalian slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, it is unclear whether all aspects of mammalian sleep are present in birds. We examined whether birds suppress REM sleep in response to changes in sleeping conditions that presumably evoke an increase in perceived predation risk, as observed previously in rodents. Although pigeons sometimes sleep on the ground, they prefer to sleep on elevated perches at night, probably to avoid nocturnal mammalian ground predators. Few studies to date have investigated how roosting sites affect sleep architecture. We compared sleep in captive pigeons on days with and without access to high perches. On the first (baseline) day, low and high perches were available; on the second day, the high perches were removed; and on the third (recovery) day, the high perches were returned. The total time spent sleeping did not vary significantly between conditions; however, the time spent in REM sleep declined on the low-perch night and increased above baseline when the pigeons slept on the high perch during the recovery night. Although the amount of SWS did not vary significantly between conditions, SWS intensity was lower on the low-perch night, particularly early in the night. The similarity of these responses between birds and mammals suggests that REM sleep is influenced by at least some ecological factors in a similar manner in both groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K. Tisdale
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - John A. Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Gabriel J. L. Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - Alexei L. Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zürich/ETH Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Niels C. Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
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San-Jose LM, Roulin A. Toward Understanding the Repeated Occurrence of Associations between Melanin-Based Coloration and Multiple Phenotypes. Am Nat 2018; 192:111-130. [PMID: 30016163 DOI: 10.1086/698010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the most widespread pigment in organisms. Melanin-based coloration has been repeatedly observed to be associated with the same traits and in the same direction in different vertebrate and insect species. However, whether any factors that are common to different taxa account for the repeated evolution of melanin-phenotype associations remains unclear. We propose to approach this question from the perspective of convergent and parallel evolution to clarify to what extent different species have evolved the same associations owing to a shared genetic basis and being subjected to similar selective pressures. Our current understanding of the genetic basis of melanin-phenotype associations allows for both convergent and parallel evolution, but this understanding is still limited. Further research is needed to clarify the generality and interdependencies of the different proposed mechanisms (supergenes, pleiotropy based on hormones, or neural crest cells). The general ecological scenarios whereby melanin-based coloration is under selection-protection from ultraviolet radiation, thermoregulation in cold environments, or as a signal of social status-offer a good opportunity to study how melanin-phenotype associations evolve. Reviewing these scenarios shows that some traits associated with melanin-based coloration might be selected together with coloration by also favoring adaptation but that other associated traits might impede adaptation, which may be indicative of genetic constraints. We therefore encourage further research on the relative roles that selection and genetic constraints play in shaping multiple melanin-phenotype associations. Placed into a phylogenetic context, this will help clarify to what extent these associations result from convergent or parallel evolutionary processes and why melanin-phenotype associations are so common across the tree of life.
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Ungurean G, Rattenborg NC. Neuroethology: Fur Seals Don't Lose Sleep over REM Lost at Sea. Curr Biol 2018; 28:R699-R701. [PMID: 29920262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Northern fur seals forego large amounts of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep when sleeping in water, but remain healthy and do not recover this loss once back on land, challenging current theories for the function of REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianina Ungurean
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse 5, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse 5, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
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Aulsebrook AE, Jones TM, Mulder RA, Lesku JA. Impacts of artificial light at night on sleep: A review and prospectus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 329:409-418. [PMID: 29869374 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural cycles of light and darkness govern the timing of most aspects of animal behavior and physiology. Artificial light at night (ALAN)-a recent and pervasive form of pollution-can mask natural photoperiodic cues and interfere with biological rhythms. One such rhythm vulnerable to perturbation is the sleep-wake cycle. ALAN may greatly influence sleep in humans and wildlife, particularly in animals that sleep predominantly at night. There has been some recent evidence for impacts of ALAN on sleep, but critical questions remain. Some of these can be addressed by adopting approaches already entrenched in sleep research. In this paper, we review the current evidence for impacts of ALAN on sleep, highlight gaps in our understanding, and suggest opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Aulsebrook
- The University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Therésa M Jones
- The University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raoul A Mulder
- The University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Lesku
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Rattenborg NC, de la Iglesia HO, Kempenaers B, Lesku JA, Meerlo P, Scriba MF. Sleep research goes wild: new methods and approaches to investigate the ecology, evolution and functions of sleep. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0251. [PMID: 28993495 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being a prominent aspect of animal life, sleep and its functions remain poorly understood. As with any biological process, the functions of sleep can only be fully understood when examined in the ecological context in which they evolved. Owing to technological constraints, until recently, sleep has primarily been examined in the artificial laboratory environment. However, new tools are enabling researchers to study sleep behaviour and neurophysiology in the wild. Here, we summarize the various methods that have enabled sleep researchers to go wild, their strengths and weaknesses, and the discoveries resulting from these first steps outside the laboratory. The initial studies to 'go wild' have revealed a wealth of interindividual variation in sleep, and shown that sleep duration is not even fixed within an individual, but instead varies in response to an assortment of ecological demands. Determining the costs and benefits of this inter- and intraindividual variation in sleep may reveal clues to the functions of sleep. Perhaps the greatest surprise from these initial studies is that the reduction in neurobehavioural performance resulting from sleep loss demonstrated in the laboratory is not an obligatory outcome of reduced sleep in the wild.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | | | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioral Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Madeleine F Scriba
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Scriba MF, Henry I, Vyssotski AL, Mueller JC, Rattenborg NC, Roulin A. Ultradian Rhythmicity in Sleep-Wakefulness Is Related to Color in Nestling Barn Owls. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:456-468. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730417722250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The possession of a rhythm is usually described as an important adaptation to regular changing environmental conditions such as the light-dark cycle. However, recent studies have suggested plasticity in the expression of a rhythm depending on life history and environmental factors. Barn owl ( Tyto alba) nestlings show variations in behavior and physiology in relation to the size of black feather spots, a trait associated with many behavioral and physiological phenotypes including the circadian expression of corticosterone and the regulation of body mass. This raises the possibility that individual spottiness could be associated with rhythmicity in sleep-wakefulness. Owlets showed ultradian rhythms in sleep-wakefulness, with a period length of 4.5 to 4.9 h. The period length of wakefulness and non-REM sleep was shorter in heavily compared to lightly spotted female nestlings, whereas in males, the opposite result was found. Furthermore, male and female nestlings displaying small black spots showed strong rhythmicity levels in wakefulness and REM sleep. This might be an advantage in a stable environment with predictable periodic changes in light, temperature, or social interactions. Heavily spotted nestlings displayed weak rhythms in wakefulness and REM sleep, which might enable them to be more flexible in reactions to unexpected events such as predation or might be a mechanism to save energy. These findings are consistent with previous findings showing that large-spotted nestlings switch more frequently between wakefulness and sleep, resulting in higher levels of vigilance compared to small-spotted conspecifics. Thus, nestlings with larger black feather spots might differently handle the trade-off between wakefulness and sleep, attention, and social interactions compared to nestlings with smaller black spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine F. Scriba
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Avian Sleep Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Henry
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexei L. Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob C. Mueller
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Niels C. Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yadav A, Kumar R, Tiwari J, Kumar V, Rani S. Sleep in birds: lying on the continuum of activity and rest. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1346850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Yadav
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Jyoti Tiwari
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sangeeta Rani
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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37
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Gaillard M, Scriba MF, Roulin A. Melanism is related to behavioural lateralization in nestling barn owls. Behav Processes 2017; 140:139-143. [PMID: 28483429 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural laterality is a commonly observed phenomenon in many species suggesting there might be an advantage of using dominantly one side over the other for certain tasks. Indeed, lateralized individuals were often shown to be more successful in cognitive tasks compared to non-lateralized conspecifics. However, stressed individuals are also often, but not always, more strongly lateralized. Because barn owl (Tyto alba) females displaying larger black spots on the tip of their ventral feathers produce offspring that are more resistant to a variety of environmental stressful factors, we examined whether laterality is associated with melanin-based coloration. We recorded whether nestlings use more often the right or left foot to scratch their body and whether they preen more often one side of the body or the other using their bills. We found that the strength of lateralization of preening and scratching was less pronounced in individuals born from heavily spotted mothers. This result might be explained by plumage-related variation in the ability to resist stressful rearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine F Scriba
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Sleep Ecophysiology: Integrating Neuroscience and Ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:590-599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Mader EC, Mader ACL. Sleep as spatiotemporal integration of biological processes that evolved to periodically reinforce neurodynamic and metabolic homeostasis: The 2m3d paradigm of sleep. J Neurol Sci 2016; 367:63-80. [PMID: 27423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep continues to perplex scientists and researchers. Despite decades of sleep research, we still lack a clear understanding of the biological functions and evolution of sleep. In this review, we will examine sleep from a functional and phylogenetic perspective and describe some important conceptual gaps in understanding sleep. Classical theories of the biology and evolution of sleep emphasize sensory activation, energy balance, and metabolic homeostasis. Advances in electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging, and neuroplasticity allow us to view sleep within the framework of neural dynamics. With this paradigm shift, we have come to realize the importance of neurodynamic homeostasis in shaping the biology of sleep. Evidently, animals sleep to achieve neurodynamic and metabolic homeostasis. We are not aware of any framework for understanding sleep where neurodynamic, metabolic, homeostatic, chronophasic, and afferent variables are all taken into account. This motivated us to propose the two-mode three-drive (2m3d) paradigm of sleep. In the 2m3d paradigm, local neurodynamic/metabolic (N/M) processes switch between two modes-m0 and m1-in response to three drives-afferent, chronophasic, and homeostatic. The spatiotemporal integration of local m0/m1 operations gives rise to the global states of sleep and wakefulness. As a framework of evolution, the 2m3d paradigm allows us to view sleep as a robust adaptive strategy that evolved so animals can periodically reinforce neurodynamic and metabolic homeostasis while remaining sensitive to their internal and external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Claro Mader
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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40
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Signor SA, Arbeitman MN, Nuzhdin SV. Gene networks and developmental context: the importance of understanding complex gene expression patterns in evolution. Evol Dev 2016; 18:201-9. [PMID: 27161950 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Animal development is the product of distinct components and interactions-genes, regulatory networks, and cells-and it exhibits emergent properties that cannot be inferred from the components in isolation. Often the focus is on the genotype-to-phenotype map, overlooking the process of development that turns one into the other. We propose a move toward micro-evolutionary analysis of development, incorporating new tools that enable cell type resolution and single-cell microscopy. Using the sex determination pathway in Drosophila to illustrate potential avenues of research, we highlight some of the questions that these emerging technologies can address. For example, they provide an unprecedented opportunity to study heterogeneity within cell populations, and the potential to add the dimension of time to gene regulatory network analysis. Challenges still remain in developing methods to analyze this data and to increase the throughput. However this line of research has the potential to bridge the gaps between previously more disparate fields, such as population genetics and development, opening up new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Signor
- Program in Molecular and Computation Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Michelle N Arbeitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Sergey V Nuzhdin
- Program in Molecular and Computation Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Applied Mathematics, Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Genetic Correlates of Individual Differences in Sleep Behavior of Free-Living Great Tits (Parus major). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:599-607. [PMID: 26739645 PMCID: PMC4777123 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.024216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Within populations, free-living birds display considerable variation in observable sleep behaviors, reflecting dynamic interactions between individuals and their environment. Genes are expected to contribute to repeatable between-individual differences in sleep behaviors, which may be associated with individual fitness. We identified and genotyped polymorphisms in nine candidate genes for sleep, and measured five repeatable sleep behaviors in free-living great tits (Parus major), partly replicating a previous study in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Microsatellites in the CLOCK and NPAS2 clock genes exhibited an association with sleep duration relative to night length, and morning latency to exit the nest box, respectively. Furthermore, microsatellites in the NPSR1 and PCSK2 genes associated with relative sleep duration and proportion of time spent awake at night, respectively. Given the detection rate of associations in the same models run with random markers instead of candidate genes, we expected two associations to arise by chance. The detection of four associations between candidate genes and sleep, however, suggests that clock genes, a clock-related gene, or a gene involved in the melanocortin system, could play key roles in maintaining phenotypic variation in sleep behavior in avian populations. Knowledge of the genetic architecture underlying sleep behavior in the wild is important because it will enable ecologists to assess the evolution of sleep in response to selection.
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Fulgione D, Lega C, Trapanese M, Buglione M. Genetic factors implied in melanin‐based coloration of the Italian wall lizard. J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Fulgione
- Department of Biology University of Naples ‘Federico II’ Napoli Italy
| | - C. Lega
- Department of Biology University of Naples ‘Federico II’ Napoli Italy
- Department of Earth Science University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - M. Trapanese
- Department of Biology University of Naples ‘Federico II’ Napoli Italy
| | - M. Buglione
- Department of Biology University of Naples ‘Federico II’ Napoli Italy
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43
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Vorster AP, Born J. Sleep and memory in mammals, birds and invertebrates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 50:103-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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44
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An in depth view of avian sleep. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 50:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Rattenborg NC, Martinez-Gonzalez D. Avian Versus Mammalian Sleep: the Fruits of Comparing Apples and Oranges. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-014-0001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Tiriac A, Del Rio-Bermudez C, Blumberg MS. Self-generated movements with "unexpected" sensory consequences. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2136-2141. [PMID: 25131675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nervous systems of diverse species, including worms and humans, possess mechanisms for distinguishing between sensations arising from self-generated (i.e., expected) movements from those arising from other-generated (i.e., unexpected) movements [1-3]. To make this critical distinction, animals generate copies, or corollary discharges, of motor commands [4, 5]. Corollary discharge facilitates the selective gating of reafferent signals arising from self-generated movements, thereby enhancing detection of novel stimuli [6-10]. However, for a developing nervous system, such sensory gating would be counterproductive if it impedes transmission of the very activity upon which activity-dependent mechanisms depend [11]. In infant rats during active (or REM) sleep--a behavioral state that predominates in early infancy [12-16]--neural circuits within the brainstem [17, 18] trigger hundreds of thousands of myoclonic twitches each day [19]. The putative contribution of these self-generated movements to the activity-dependent development of the sensorimotor system is supported by the observation that reafference from twitching limbs reliably and substantially triggers brain activity [20-23]. In contrast, under identical testing conditions, even the most vigorous wake movements reliably fail to trigger reafferent brain activity [21-23]. One hypothesis that accounts for this paradox is that twitches, uniquely among self-generated movements, lack corollary discharge [23]. Here, we test this hypothesis in newborn rats by manipulating the degree to which self-generated movements are expected and, therefore, their presumed recruitment of corollary discharge. We show that twitches, although self-generated, are processed as if they are unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Tiriac
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Delta Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Delta Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Scriba MF, Rattenborg NC, Dreiss AN, Vyssotski AL, Roulin A. Sleep and vigilance linked to melanism in wild barn owls. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2057-68. [PMID: 25056556 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the function of variation in sleep requires studies in the natural ecological conditions in which sleep evolved. Sleep has an impact on individual performance and hence may integrate the costs and benefits of investing in processes that are sensitive to sleep, such as immunity or coping with stress. Because dark and pale melanic animals differentially regulate energy homeostasis, immunity and stress hormone levels, the amount and/or organization of sleep may covary with melanin-based colour. We show here that wild, cross-fostered nestling barn owls (Tyto alba) born from mothers displaying more black spots had shorter non-REM (rapid eye movement) sleep bouts, a shorter latency until the occurrence of REM sleep after a bout of wakefulness and more wakefulness bouts. In male nestlings, the same sleep traits also correlated with their own level of spotting. Because heavily spotted male nestlings and the offspring of heavily spotted biological mothers switched sleep-wakefulness states more frequently, we propose the hypothesis that they could be also behaviourally more vigilant. Accordingly, nestlings from mothers displaying many black spots looked more often towards the nest entrance where their parents bring food and towards their sibling against whom they compete. Owlets from heavily spotted mothers might invest more in vigilance, thereby possibly increasing associated costs due to sleep fragmentation. We conclude that different strategies of the regulation of brain activity have evolved and are correlated with melanin-based coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Scriba
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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