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Zhang Y, Guo W, Zhan Z, Bai O. Carcinogenic mechanisms of virus-associated lymphoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1361009. [PMID: 38482011 PMCID: PMC10932979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive explanation. Studies of oncogenic viruses can help to deepen insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and identifying associations between lymphoma and viruses that are established and unidentified should lead to cellular and pharmacologically targeted antiviral strategies for treating malignant lymphoma. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to clarify the current status of basic information and recent advances in the development of virus-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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2
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Deng T, Du L, Ding S, Peng X, Chen W, Yan Y, Hu B, Zhou J. Protein kinase Cdc7 supports viral replication by phosphorylating Avibirnavirus VP3 protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0112523. [PMID: 37902398 PMCID: PMC10688373 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01125-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Avibirnavirus infectious bursal disease virus is still an important agent which largely threatens global poultry farming industry economics. VP3 is a multifunctional scaffold structural protein that is involved in virus morphogenesis and the regulation of diverse cellular signaling pathways. However, little is known about the roles of VP3 phosphorylation during the IBDV life cycle. In this study, we determined that IBDV infection induced the upregulation of Cdc7 expression and phosphorylated the VP3 Ser13 site to promote viral replication. Moreover, we confirmed that the negative charge addition of phosphoserine on VP3 at the S13 site was essential for IBDV proliferation. This study provides novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of VP3 phosphorylation-mediated regulation of IBDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjuan Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liuyang Du
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxiang Ding
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiran Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boli Hu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Chinna P, Bratl K, Lambarey H, Blumenthal MJ, Schäfer G. The Impact of Co-Infections for Human Gammaherpesvirus Infection and Associated Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13066. [PMID: 37685871 PMCID: PMC10487760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The two oncogenic human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) cause significant disease burden, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals. Both viruses display latent and lytic phases of their life cycle with different outcomes for their associated pathologies. The high prevalence of infectious diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and more recently, COVID-19, as well as their associated inflammatory responses, could potentially impact either virus' infectious course. However, acute or lytically active EBV and/or KSHV infections often present with symptoms mimicking these predominant diseases leading to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of oncogenic herpesvirus-associated pathologies. EBV and/or KSHV infections are generally acquired early in life and remain latent until lytic reactivation is triggered by various stimuli. This review summarizes known associations between infectious agents prevalent in SSA and underlying EBV and/or KSHV infection. While presenting an overview of both viruses' biphasic life cycles, this review aims to highlight the importance of co-infections in the correct identification of risk factors for and diagnoses of EBV- and/or KSHV-associated pathologies, particularly in SSA, where both oncogenic herpesviruses as well as other infectious agents are highly pervasive and can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prishanta Chinna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Katrin Bratl
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Humaira Lambarey
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Melissa J. Blumenthal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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4
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Frappier L. Epstein-Barr virus is an agent of genomic instability. Nature 2023; 616:441-442. [PMID: 37045952 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
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5
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Li JSZ, Abbasi A, Kim DH, Lippman SM, Alexandrov LB, Cleveland DW. Chromosomal fragile site breakage by EBV-encoded EBNA1 at clustered repeats. Nature 2023; 616:504-509. [PMID: 37046091 PMCID: PMC10328181 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus associated with several cancers of lymphocytic and epithelial origin1-3. EBV encodes EBNA1, which binds to a cluster of 20 copies of an 18-base-pair palindromic sequence in the EBV genome4-6. EBNA1 also associates with host chromosomes at non-sequence-specific sites7, thereby enabling viral persistence. Here we show that the sequence-specific DNA-binding domain of EBNA1 binds to a cluster of tandemly repeated copies of an EBV-like, 18-base-pair imperfect palindromic sequence encompassing a region of about 21 kilobases at human chromosome 11q23. In situ visualization of the repetitive EBNA1-binding site reveals aberrant structures on mitotic chromosomes characteristic of inherently fragile DNA. We demonstrate that increasing levels of EBNA1 binding trigger dose-dependent breakage at 11q23, producing a fusogenic centromere-containing fragment and an acentric distal fragment, with both mis-segregated into micronuclei in the next cell cycles. In cells latently infected with EBV, elevating EBNA1 abundance by as little as twofold was sufficient to trigger breakage at 11q23. Examination of whole-genome sequencing of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinomas revealed that structural variants are highly enriched on chromosome 11. Presence of EBV is also shown to be associated with an enrichment of chromosome 11 rearrangements across 2,439 tumours from 38 cancer types. Our results identify a previously unappreciated link between EBV and genomic instability, wherein EBNA1-induced breakage at 11q23 triggers acquisition of structural variations in chromosome 11.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Binding Sites
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/metabolism
- Genomic Instability
- Mitosis
- Chromosome Breakage
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Su Zhou Li
- Ludwig Cancer Research, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ammal Abbasi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Ludwig Cancer Research, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Cancer Research, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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6
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Zhao B. Epstein-Barr Virus B Cell Growth Transformation: The Nuclear Events. Viruses 2023; 15:832. [PMID: 37112815 PMCID: PMC10146190 DOI: 10.3390/v15040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human DNA tumor virus identified from African Burkitt's lymphoma cells. EBV causes ~200,000 various cancers world-wide each year. EBV-associated cancers express latent EBV proteins, EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs), and latent membrane proteins (LMPs). EBNA1 tethers EBV episomes to the chromosome during mitosis to ensure episomes are divided evenly between daughter cells. EBNA2 is the major EBV latency transcription activator. It activates the expression of other EBNAs and LMPs. It also activates MYC through enhancers 400-500 kb upstream to provide proliferation signals. EBNALP co-activates with EBNA2. EBNA3A/C represses CDKN2A to prevent senescence. LMP1 activates NF-κB to prevent apoptosis. The coordinated activity of EBV proteins in the nucleus allows efficient transformation of primary resting B lymphocytes into immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Galectin-9 Facilitates Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Infection and Lymphomagenesis in Human B Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0493222. [PMID: 36622166 PMCID: PMC9927364 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04932-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune regulator galectin-9 (Gal-9) is commonly involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, but with various impacts depending on the cell type. Here, we revealed that Gal-9 expression was persistently increased in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected primary B cells from the stage of early infection to the stage of mature lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). This sustained upregulation paralleled that of gene sets related to cell proliferation, such as oxidative phosphorylation, cell cycle activation, and DNA replication. Knocking down or blocking Gal-9 expression obstructed the establishment of latent infection and outgrowth of EBV-infected B cells, while exogenous Gal-9 protein promoted EBV acute and latent infection and outgrowth of EBV-infected B cells at the early infection stage. Mechanically, stimulator of interferon gene (STING) activation or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibition impeded the outgrowth of EBV-infected B cells and promotion of Gal-9-induced lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) transformation. Accordingly, Gal-9 expression was upregulated by forced EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) expression in 293T cells in vitro. Clinical data showed that Gal-9 expression in B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) correlated positively with EBNA1 and disease stage. Targeting Gal-9 slowed LCL tumor growth and metastasis in xenografted immunodeficient mice. These findings highlight an oncogenic role of Gal-9 in EBV-associated BCLs, indicating that Gal-9 boosts the transformation of EBV-infected B cells. IMPORTANCE The cross talk between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the host cell transcriptome assumes important roles in the oncogenesis of EBV-associated malignancies. Here, we first observed that endogenous Gal-9 expression was persistently increased along with an overturned V-type change in antivirus signaling during the immortalization of EBV-transformed B cells. Upregulation of Gal-9 promoted the outgrowth and latent infection of EBV-infected B cells, which was linked to B-cell-origin tumors by suppressing STING signaling and subsequently promoting STAT3 phosphorylation. EBV nuclear antigen EBNA1 induced Gal-9 expression and formed a positive feedback loop with Gal-9 in EBV-infected B cells. Tumor Gal-9 levels were positively correlated with disease stage and EBNA1 expression in patients with B-cell lymphomas (BCLs). Targeting Gal-9 slowed the growth and metastases of LCL tumors in immunodeficient mice. Altogether, our findings indicate that Gal-9 is involved in the lymphomagenesis of EBV-positive BCLs through cross talk with EBNA1 and STING signals.
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Li S, Yang L, Li Y, Yue W, Xin S, Li J, Long S, Zhang W, Cao P, Lu J. Epstein-Barr Virus Synergizes with BRD7 to Conquer c-Myc-Mediated Viral Latency Maintenance via Chromatin Remodeling. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0123722. [PMID: 36728436 PMCID: PMC10101146 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01237-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) switches between latent and lytic phases in hosts, which is important in the development of related diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of controlling the viral biphasic life cycle and how EBV mediates this regulation remain largely unknown. This study identified bromodomain-containing protein 7 (BRD7) as a crucial host protein in EBV latent infection. Based on the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing of endogenous BRD7 in Burkitt lymphoma cells, we found that EBV drove BRD7 to regulate cellular and viral genomic loci, including the transcriptional activation of c-Myc, a recently reported regulator of EBV latency. Additionally, EBV-mediated BRD7 signals were enriched around the FUSE (far-upstream sequence element) site in chromosome 8 and the enhancer LOC108348026 in the lgH locus, which might activate the c-Myc alleles. Mechanically, EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) bound to BRD7 and colocalized at promoter regions of the related genes, thus serving as cofactors for the maintenance of viral latency. Moreover, the disruption of BRD7 decreased the c-Myc expression, induced the BZLF1 expression, and reactivated the lytic cycle. Our findings reveal the unique role of BRD7 to synergize with EBV in maintaining the viral latency state via chromatin remodeling. This study paves the way for understanding the new molecular mechanism of EBV-induced chromatin remodeling and latent-lytic switch, providing novel therapeutic candidate targets for EBV persistent infection. IMPORTANCE When establishing persistent infection in most human hosts, EBV is usually latent. How the viral latency is maintained in cells remains largely unknown. c-Myc was recently reported to act as a controller of the lytic switch, while whether and how EBV regulates it remain to be explored. Here, we identified that BRD7 is involved in controlling EBV latency. We found that EBV-mediated BRD7 was enriched in both the normal promoter regions and the translocation alleles of c-Myc, and disruption of BRD7 decreased c-Myc expression to reactivate the lytic cycle. We also demonstrated that EBV-encoded EBNA1 bound to and regulated BRD7. Therefore, we reveal a novel mechanism by which EBV can regulate its infection state by coordinating with host BRD7 to target c-Myc. Our findings will help future therapeutic intervention strategies for EBV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanling Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenxing Yue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuyu Xin
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sijing Long
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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9
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Zhao MH, Liu W, Li P, Liu L, Zhang X, Luo B. Sequence analysis of Epstein-Barr virus RPMS1 gene in malignant hematopathy of Northern China. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28238. [PMID: 36258294 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The RPMS1 gene is the only member of the BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs) family for which a full-length complementary DNA has been identified, and RPMS1 transcript has been confirmed in many Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive malignancies. However, the effects of sequence variations of RPMS1 in hematological malignancies and their biological significance are unclear. To explore the association between RPMS1 gene variations and hematological malignancy, the RPMS1 gene of 391 EBV-positive samples from patients with EBV-positive leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and lymphoma in northern China were sequenced. On the basis of phylogenetic tree and mutation characteristics of RPMS1, all the sequences were divided into five major types: RPMS1-A, RPMS1-B, RPMS1-C, RPMS1-E, and RPMS1-F. RPMS1-A type, similar to the prototype B95-8, was identified in 71.87% (281/391) of samples and was the major type in all subpopulations. The frequency of RPMS1-F type was significantly higher in all malignant hematopathy groups than in healthy donors. The Hodgkin lymphoma group contained more RPMS1-F than other malignant hematopathy groups, and acute myeloid leukemia contained more RPMS1-C type than other malignant hematopathy groups. Therefore, RPMS1-A is the main type of RPMS1 gene in northern China, and RPMS1-F may be associated with hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-He Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Affliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Qingdao Commercial Staff Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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10
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Wen KW, Wang L, Menke JR, Damania B. Cancers associated with human gammaherpesviruses. FEBS J 2022; 289:7631-7669. [PMID: 34536980 PMCID: PMC9019786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; human herpesvirus 4; HHV-4) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8; HHV-8) are human gammaherpesviruses that have oncogenic properties. EBV is a lymphocryptovirus, whereas HHV-8/KSHV is a rhadinovirus. As lymphotropic viruses, EBV and KSHV are associated with several lymphoproliferative diseases or plasmacytic/plasmablastic neoplasms. Interestingly, these viruses can also infect epithelial cells causing carcinomas and, in the case of KSHV, endothelial cells, causing sarcoma. EBV is associated with Burkitt lymphoma, classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, leiomyosarcoma, and subsets of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and gastric carcinoma. KSHV is implicated in Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman disease, and KSHV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Pathogenesis by these two herpesviruses is intrinsically linked to viral proteins expressed during the lytic and latent lifecycles. This comprehensive review intends to provide an overview of the EBV and KSHV viral cycles, viral proteins that contribute to oncogenesis, and the current understanding of the pathogenesis and clinicopathology of their related neoplastic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwun Wah Wen
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Joshua R. Menke
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology & Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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11
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Cryo-EM Structure and Functional Studies of EBNA1 Binding to the Family of Repeats and Dyad Symmetry Elements of Epstein-Barr Virus oriP. J Virol 2022; 96:e0094922. [PMID: 36037477 PMCID: PMC9472633 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00949-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is a multifunctional viral-encoded DNA-binding protein essential for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA replication and episome maintenance. EBNA1 binds to two functionally distinct elements at the viral origin of plasmid replication (oriP), termed the dyad symmetry (DS) element, required for replication initiation and the family of repeats (FR) required for episome maintenance. Here, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the EBNA1 DNA binding domain (DBD) from amino acids (aa) 459 to 614 and its interaction with two tandem sites at the DS and FR. We found that EBNA1 induces a strong DNA bending angle in the DS, while the FR is more linear. The N-terminal arm of the DBD (aa 444 to 468) makes extensive contact with DNA as it wraps around the minor groove, with some conformational variation among EBNA1 monomers. Mutation of variable-contact residues K460 and K461 had only minor effects on DNA binding but had abrogated oriP-dependent DNA replication. We also observed that the AT-rich intervening DNA between EBNA1 binding sites in the FR can be occupied by the EBNA1 AT hook, N-terminal domain (NTD) aa 1 to 90 to form a Zn-dependent stable complex with EBNA1 DBD on a 2×FR DNA template. We propose a model showing EBNA1 DBD and NTD cobinding at the FR and suggest that this may contribute to the oligomerization of viral episomes important for maintenance during latent infection. IMPORTANCE EBV latent infection is causally linked to diverse cancers and autoimmune disorders. EBNA1 is the viral-encoded DNA binding protein required for episomal maintenance during latent infection and is consistently expressed in all EBV tumors. The interaction of EBNA1 with different genetic elements confers different viral functions, such as replication initiation at DS and chromosome tethering at FR. Here, we used cryo-EM to determine the structure of the EBNA1 DNA-binding domain (DBD) bound to two tandem sites at the DS and at the FR. We also show that the NTD of EBNA1 can interact with the AT-rich DNA sequence between tandem EBNA1 DBD binding sites in the FR. These results provide new information on the mechanism of EBNA1 DNA binding at DS and FR and suggest a higher-order oligomeric structure of EBNA1 bound to FR. Our findings have implications for targeting EBNA1 in EBV-associated disease.
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12
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SoRelle ED, Dai J, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Barry AP, Chan C, Luftig MA. Time-resolved transcriptomes reveal diverse B cell fate trajectories in the early response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111286. [PMID: 36044865 PMCID: PMC9879279 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus infection of B lymphocytes elicits diverse host responses via well-adapted transcriptional control dynamics. Consequently, this host-pathogen interaction provides a powerful system to explore fundamental processes leading to consensus fate decisions. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics to construct a genome-wide multistate model of B cell fates upon EBV infection. Additional single-cell data from human tonsils reveal correspondence of model states to analogous in vivo phenotypes within secondary lymphoid tissue, including an EBV+ analog of multipotent activated precursors that can yield early memory B cells. These resources yield exquisitely detailed perspectives of the transforming cellular landscape during an oncogenic viral infection that simulates antigen-induced B cell activation and differentiation. Thus, they support investigations of state-specific EBV-host dynamics, effector B cell fates, and lymphomagenesis. To demonstrate this potential, we identify EBV infection dynamics in FCRL4+/TBX21+ atypical memory B cells that are pathogenically associated with numerous immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D. SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Corresponding Authors: Elliott D. SoRelle () & Micah A. Luftig ()
| | - Joanne Dai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Current address: Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Nicolás M. Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ashley P. Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Corresponding Authors: Elliott D. SoRelle () & Micah A. Luftig ()
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13
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Epigenetic control of the Epstein-Barr lifecycle. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:78-88. [PMID: 34891084 PMCID: PMC9112224 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects 95% of adults worldwide, causes infectious mononucleosis, is etiologically linked to multiple sclerosis and is associated with 200 000 cases of cancer each year. EBV manipulates host epigenetic pathways to switch between a series of latency programs and to reactivate from latency in order to colonize the memory B-cell compartment for lifelong infection and to ultimately spread to new hosts. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms that control EBV latency and lytic gene expression in EBV-transformed B and epithelial cells. We highlight newly appreciated roles of DNA methylation epigenetic machinery, host histone chaperones, the Hippo pathway, m6A RNA modification and nonsense mediated decay in control of the EBV lifecycle.
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14
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The Epstein-Barr Virus Oncogene EBNA1 Suppresses Natural Killer Cell Responses and Apoptosis Early after Infection of Peripheral B Cells. mBio 2021; 12:e0224321. [PMID: 34781735 PMCID: PMC8593684 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02243-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system serves as frontline defense against pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. Natural killer (NK) cells are a part of innate immunity and can both secrete cytokines and directly target cells for lysis. NK cells express several cell surface receptors, including NKG2D, which bind multiple ligands. People with deficiencies in NK cells are often susceptible to uncontrolled infection by herpesviruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Infection with EBV stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity, yet the virus establishes lifelong latent infection in memory B cells. We show that the EBV oncogene EBNA1, previously known to be necessary for maintaining EBV genomes in latently infected cells, also plays an important role in suppressing NK cell responses and cell death in newly infected cells. EBNA1 does so by downregulating the NKG2D ligands ULBP1 and ULBP5 and modulating expression of c-Myc. B cells infected with a derivative of EBV that lacks EBNA1 are more susceptible to NK cell-mediated killing and show increased levels of apoptosis. Thus, EBNA1 performs a previously unappreciated role in reducing immune response and programmed cell death after EBV infection, helping infected cells avoid immune surveillance and apoptosis and thus persist for the lifetime of the host. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, infecting up to 95% of the world's adult population. Initial infection with EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis. EBV is also linked to several human malignancies, including lymphomas and carcinomas. Although infection by EBV alerts the immune system and causes an immune response, the virus persists for life in memory B cells. We show that the EBV protein EBNA1 can downregulate several components of the innate immune system linked to natural killer (NK) cells. This downregulation of NK cell activity translates to lower killing of EBV-infected cells and is likely one way that EBV escapes immune surveillance after infection. Additionally, we show that EBNA1 reduces apoptosis in newly infected B cells, allowing more of these cells to survive. Taken together, our findings uncover new functions of EBNA1 and provide insights into viral strategies to survive the initial immune response postinfection.
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15
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Marongiu L, Allgayer H. Viruses in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1423-1450. [PMID: 34514694 PMCID: PMC8978519 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that microorganisms might represent at least highly interesting cofactors in colorectal cancer (CRC) oncogenesis and progression. Still, associated mechanisms, specifically in colonocytes and their microenvironmental interactions, are still poorly understood. Although, currently, at least seven viruses are being recognized as human carcinogens, only three of these – Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and John Cunningham virus (JCV) – have been described, with varying levels of evidence, in CRC. In addition, cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with CRC in some publications, albeit not being a fully acknowledged oncovirus. Moreover, recent microbiome studies set increasing grounds for new hypotheses on bacteriophages as interesting additional modulators in CRC carcinogenesis and progression. The present Review summarizes how particular groups of viruses, including bacteriophages, affect cells and the cellular and microbial microenvironment, thereby putatively contributing to foster CRC. This could be achieved, for example, by promoting several processes – such as DNA damage, chromosomal instability, or molecular aspects of cell proliferation, CRC progression and metastasis – not necessarily by direct infection of epithelial cells only, but also by interaction with the microenvironment of infected cells. In this context, there are striking common features of EBV, CMV, HPV and JCV that are able to promote oncogenesis, in terms of establishing latent infections and affecting p53‐/pRb‐driven, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐/EGFR‐associated and especially Wnt/β‐catenin‐driven pathways. We speculate that, at least in part, such viral impacts on particular pathways might be reflected in lasting (e.g. mutational or further genomic) fingerprints of viruses in cells. Also, the complex interplay between several species within the intestinal microbiome, involving a direct or indirect impact on colorectal and microenvironmental cells but also between, for example, phages and bacterial and viral pathogens, and further novel species certainly might, in part, explain ongoing difficulties to establish unequivocal monocausal links between specific viral infections and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Experimental Surgery - Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery - Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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16
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Shire K, Marcon E, Greenblatt J, Frappier L. Characterization of a cancer-associated Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1 variant reveals a novel interaction with PLOD1 and PLOD3. Virology 2021; 562:103-109. [PMID: 34304093 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequence analysis of Epstein-Barr virus genomes from tumours and healthy individuals identified three amino acid changes in EBNA1 that are strongly associated with gastric carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Here we show that, while these mutations do not impact EBNA1 plasmid maintenance function, one of them (Thr85Ala) decreases transcriptional activation and results in a gain of function interaction with PLOD1 and PLOD3. PLOD family proteins are strongly linked to multiple cancers, and PLOD1 is recognized as a prognostic marker of gastric carcinoma. We identified the PLOD1 binding site in EBNA1as the N-terminal transactivation domain and show that lysine 83 is critical for this interaction. The results provide a novel link between EBV infection and the cancer-associated PLOD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Shire
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Suite 1600, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jack Greenblatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Suite 1600, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Suite 1600, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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17
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Majumder K, Morales AJ. Utilization of Host Cell Chromosome Conformation by Viral Pathogens: Knowing When to Hold and When to Fold. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633762. [PMID: 33841414 PMCID: PMC8027251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Though viruses have their own genomes, many depend on the nuclear environment of their hosts for replication and survival. A substantial body of work has therefore been devoted to understanding how viral and eukaryotic genomes interact. Recent advances in chromosome conformation capture technologies have provided unprecedented opportunities to visualize how mammalian genomes are organized and, by extension, how packaging of nuclear DNA impacts cellular processes. Recent studies have indicated that some viruses, upon entry into host cell nuclei, produce factors that alter host chromatin topology, and thus, impact the 3D organization of the host genome. Additionally, a variety of distinct viruses utilize host genome architectural factors to advance various aspects of their life cycles. Indeed, human gammaherpesviruses, known for establishing long-term reservoirs of latent infection in B lymphocytes, utilize 3D principles of genome folding to package their DNA and establish latency in host cells. This manipulation of host epigenetic machinery by latent viral genomes is etiologically linked to the onset of B cell oncogenesis. Small DNA viruses, by contrast, are tethered to distinct cellular sites that support virus expression and replication. Here, we briefly review the recent findings on how viruses and host genomes spatially communicate, and how this impacts virus-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Human Cancer Virology Program, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Abigail J Morales
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Lee HM, Sia APE, Li L, Sathasivam HP, Chan MSA, Rajadurai P, Tsang CM, Tsao SW, Murray PG, Tao Q, Paterson IC, Yap LF. Monoamine oxidase A is down-regulated in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6115. [PMID: 32273550 PMCID: PMC7145851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly metastatic cancer that is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In this study, we identify for the first time a role for monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) in NPC. MAOA is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters and dietary amines. Depending on the cancer type, MAOA can either have a tumour-promoting or tumour-suppressive role. We show that MAOA is down-regulated in primary NPC tissues and its down-regulation enhances the migration of NPC cells. In addition, we found that EBV infection can down-regulate MAOA expression in both pre-malignant and malignant nasopharyngeal epithelial (NPE) cells. We further demonstrate that MAOA is down-regulated as a result of IL-6/IL-6R/STAT3 signalling and epigenetic mechanisms, effects that might be attributed to EBV infection in NPE cells. Taken together, our data point to a central role for EBV in mediating the tumour suppressive effects of MAOA and that loss of MAOA could be an important step in the pathogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Lee
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alice Pei Eal Sia
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | | - Melissa Sue Ann Chan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Paul G Murray
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee Fah Yap
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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19
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Asakawa Y, Okabe A, Fukuyo M, Li W, Ikeda E, Mano Y, Funata S, Namba H, Fujii T, Kita K, Matsusaka K, Kaneda A. Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer involves enhancer activation through activating transcription factor 3. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1818-1828. [PMID: 32119176 PMCID: PMC7226279 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is associated with particular forms of gastric cancer (GC). We previously showed that EBV infection into gastric epithelial cells induced aberrant DNA hypermethylation in promoter regions and silencing of tumor suppressor genes. We here undertook integrated analyses of transcriptome and epigenome alteration during EBV infection in gastric cells, to investigate activation of enhancer regions and related transcription factors (TFs) that could contribute to tumorigenesis. Formaldehyde‐assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) sequencing (‐seq) data revealed 19 992 open chromatin regions in putative H3K4me1+ H3K4me3− enhancers in EBV‐infected MKN7 cells (MKN7_EB), with 10 260 regions showing increase of H3K27ac. Motif analysis showed candidate TFs, eg activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), to possibly bind to these activated enhancers. ATF3 was considerably upregulated in MKN7_EB due to EBV factors including EBV‐determined nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), EBV‐encoded RNA 1, and latent membrane protein 2A. Expression of mutant EBNA1 decreased copy number of the EBV genome, resulting in relative downregulation of ATF3 expression. Epstein‐Barr virus was also infected into normal gastric epithelial cells, GES1, confirming upregulation of ATF3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐seq analysis on ATF3 binding sites and RNA‐seq analysis on ATF3 knocked‐down MKN7_EB revealed 96 genes targeted by ATF3‐activating enhancers, which are related with cancer hallmarks, eg evading growth suppressors. These 96 ATF3 target genes were significantly upregulated in MKN7_EB compared with MKN7 and significantly downregulated when ATF3 was knocked down in EBV‐positive GC cells SNU719 and NCC24. Knockdown of ATF3 in EBV‐infected MKN7, SNU719, and NCC24 cells all led to significant decrease of cellular growth through an increase of apoptotic cells. These indicate that enhancer activation though ATF3 might contribute to tumorigenesis of EBV‐positive GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Asakawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okabe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Genome Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eriko Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Mano
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Funata
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroe Namba
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujii
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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20
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STUB1 is targeted by the SUMO-interacting motif of EBNA1 to maintain Epstein-Barr Virus latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008447. [PMID: 32176739 PMCID: PMC7105294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is strongly associated with several malignancies, including B-cell lymphomas and epithelial tumors. EBNA1 is a key antigen expressed in all EBV-associated tumors during latency that is required for maintenance of the EBV episome DNA and the regulation of viral gene transcription. However, the mechanism utilized by EBV to maintain latent infection at the levels of posttranslational regulation remains largely unclear. Here, we report that EBNA1 contains two SUMO-interacting motifs (SIM2 and SIM3), and mutation of SIM2, but not SIM3, dramatically disrupts the EBNA1 dimerization, while SIM3 contributes to the polySUMO2 modification of EBNA1 at lysine 477 in vitro. Proteomic and immunoprecipitation analyses further reveal that the SIM3 motif is required for the EBNA1-mediated inhibitory effects on SUMO2-modified STUB1, SUMO2-mediated degradation of USP7, and SUMO1-modified KAP1. Deletion of the EBNASIM motif leads to functional loss of both EBNA1-mediated viral episome maintenance and lytic gene silencing. Importantly, hypoxic stress induces the SUMO2 modification of EBNA1, and in turn the dissociation of EBNA1 with STUB1, KAP1 and USP7 to increase the SUMO1 modification of both STUB1 and KAP1 for reactivation of lytic replication. Therefore, the EBNA1SIM motif plays an essential role in EBV latency and is a potential therapeutic target against EBV-associated cancers. The Small Ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification of proteins is a reversible post-translational regulation involved in control of gene transcription, among other functions. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most people worldwide and contributes to the development of several types of cancers due to its ability to induce cell proliferation and survival. EBNA1 is expressed in all forms of EBV-associated tumors. In this study, we found that EBNA1 contains a SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) named EBNA1SIM, which is required for EBNA1 to exert inhibitory effects on a SUMO2-modified complex (SC2) including STUB1, KAP1 and USP7. Disruption of EBNA1SIM leads to loss of both EBNA1-mediated viral episome maintenance and lytic gene silencing. Importantly, hypoxia-mediated reactivation of viral lytic replication induces the EBNA1 dissociation from STUB1 in the SC2 complex. This discovery not only opens a new insight on the interplay between host and virus, but it also provides a therapeutic target specific against EBV-associated cancers.
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21
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Kim KD, Tanizawa H, De Leo A, Vladimirova O, Kossenkov A, Lu F, Showe LC, Noma KI, Lieberman PM. Epigenetic specifications of host chromosome docking sites for latent Epstein-Barr virus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:877. [PMID: 32054837 PMCID: PMC7018943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes persist in latently infected cells as extrachromosomal episomes that attach to host chromosomes through the tethering functions of EBNA1, a viral encoded sequence-specific DNA binding protein. Here we employ circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) analysis to identify genome-wide associations between EBV episomes and host chromosomes. We find that EBV episomes in Burkitt's lymphoma cells preferentially associate with cellular genomic sites containing EBNA1 binding sites enriched with B-cell factors EBF1 and RBP-jK, the repressive histone mark H3K9me3, and AT-rich flanking sequence. These attachment sites correspond to transcriptionally silenced genes with GO enrichment for neuronal function and protein kinase A pathways. Depletion of EBNA1 leads to a transcriptional de-repression of silenced genes and reduction in H3K9me3. EBV attachment sites in lymphoblastoid cells with different latency type show different correlations, suggesting that host chromosome attachment sites are functionally linked to latency type gene expression programs.
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MESH Headings
- Attachment Sites, Microbiological/genetics
- Attachment Sites, Microbiological/physiology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/virology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/physiology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Host Microbial Interactions/genetics
- Host Microbial Interactions/physiology
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Plasmids/genetics
- Virus Latency/genetics
- Virus Latency/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Dong Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Hideki Tanizawa
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Alessandra De Leo
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Olga Vladimirova
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Fang Lu
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Louise C Showe
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Noma
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Paul M Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
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22
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De Leo A, Calderon A, Lieberman PM. Control of Viral Latency by Episome Maintenance Proteins. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:150-162. [PMID: 31624007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human DNA tumor viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) share the common property of persisting as multicopy episomes in the nuclei of rapidly dividing host cells. These episomes form the molecular basis for viral latency and are etiologically linked to virus-associated cancers. Episome maintenance requires epigenetic programming to ensure the proper control of viral gene expression, DNA replication, and genome copy number. For these viruses, episome maintenance requires a dedicated virus-encoded episome maintenance protein (EMP), namely LANA (KSHV), EBNA1 (EBV), and E2 (HPV). Here, we review common features of these viral EMPs and discuss recent advances in understanding how they contribute to the epigenetic control of viral episome maintenance during latency.
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23
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Alarcón-Millán J, Martínez-Carrillo DN, Peralta-Zaragoza O, Fernández-Tilapa G. Regulation of GKN1 expression in gastric carcinogenesis: A problem to resolve (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 55:555-569. [PMID: 31322194 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is a protein expressed on the surface mucosa cells of the gastric antrum and fundus, which contributes to maintaining gastric homeostasis, inhibits inflammation and is a tumor suppressor. The expression of GKN1 decreases in mucosa that are either inflamed or infected by Helicobacter pylori, and is absent in gastric cancer. The measurement of circulating GKN1 concentration, the protein itself, or the mRNA in gastric tissue may be of use for the early diagnosis of cancer. The mechanisms that modulate the deregulation or silencing of GKN1 expression have not been completely described. The modification of histones, methylation of the GKN1 promoter, or proteasomal degradation of the protein have been detected in some patients; however, these mechanisms do not completely explain the absence of GKN1 or the reduction in GKN1 levels. Only NKX6.3 transcription factor has been shown to be a positive modulator of GKN1 transcription, although others also have an affinity with sequences in the promoter of this gene. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to directly or indirectly regulate the expression of genes at the post‑transcriptional level, the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of GKN1 has not been reported. The present review analyzes the information reported on the determination of GKN1 expression and the regulation of its expression at the transcriptional, post‑transcriptional and post‑translational levels; it proposes an integrated model that incorporates the regulation of GKN1 expression via transcription factors and miRNAs in H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Alarcón-Millán
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
| | - Dinorah Nashely Martínez-Carrillo
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
| | - Oscar Peralta-Zaragoza
- Direction of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, México
| | - Gloria Fernández-Tilapa
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
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24
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Abstract
Persistent viral infections require a host cell reservoir that maintains functional copies of the viral genome. To this end, several DNA viruses maintain their genomes as extrachromosomal DNA minichromosomes in actively dividing cells. These viruses typically encode a viral protein that binds specifically to viral DNA genomes and tethers them to host mitotic chromosomes, thus enabling the viral genomes to hitchhike or piggyback into daughter cells. Viruses that use this tethering mechanism include papillomaviruses and the gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. This review describes the advantages and consequences of persistent extrachromosomal viral genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami L Coursey
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Alison A McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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25
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EBV infection is associated with histone bivalent switch modifications in squamous epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14144-14153. [PMID: 31235597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821752116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induces histone modifications to regulate signaling pathways involved in EBV-driven tumorigenesis. To date, the regulatory mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we show that EBV infection of epithelial cells is associated with aberrant histone modification; specifically, aberrant histone bivalent switches by reducing the transcriptional activation histone mark (H3K4me3) and enhancing the suppressive mark (H3K27me3) at the promoter regions of a panel of DNA damage repair members in immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial (NPE) cells. Sixteen DNA damage repair family members in base excision repair (BER), homologous recombination, nonhomologous end-joining, and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways showed aberrant histone bivalent switches. Among this panel of DNA repair members, MLH1, involved in MMR, was significantly down-regulated in EBV-infected NPE cells through aberrant histone bivalent switches in a promoter hypermethylation-independent manner. Functionally, expression of MLH1 correlated closely with cisplatin sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, seven BER members with aberrant histone bivalent switches in the EBV-positive NPE cell lines were significantly enriched in pathway analysis in a promoter hypermethylation-independent manner. This observation is further validated by their down-regulation in EBV-infected NPE cells. The in vitro comet and apurinic/apyrimidinic site assays further confirmed that EBV-infected NPE cells showed reduced DNA damage repair responsiveness. These findings suggest the importance of EBV-associated aberrant histone bivalent switch in host cells in subsequent suppression of DNA damage repair genes in a methylation-independent manner.
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26
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Boudreault S, Armero VES, Scott MS, Perreault JP, Bisaillon M. The Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1 protein modulates the alternative splicing of cellular genes. Virol J 2019; 16:29. [PMID: 30832682 PMCID: PMC6399920 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing (AS) is an important mRNA maturation step that allows increased variability and diversity of proteins in eukaryotes. AS is dysregulated in numerous diseases, and its implication in the carcinogenic process is well known. However, progress in understanding how oncogenic viruses modulate splicing, and how this modulation is involved in viral oncogenicity has been limited. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is involved in various cancers, and its EBNA1 oncoprotein is the only viral protein expressed in all EBV malignancies. Methods In the present study, the ability of EBNA1 to modulate the AS of cellular genes was assessed using a high-throughput RT-PCR approach to examine AS in 1238 cancer-associated genes. RNA immunoprecipitation coupled to RNA sequencing (RIP-Seq) assays were also performed to identify cellular mRNAs bound by EBNA1. Results Upon EBNA1 expression, we detected modifications to the AS profiles of 89 genes involved in cancer. Moreover, we show that EBNA1 modulates the expression levels of various splicing factors such as hnRNPA1, FOX-2, and SF1. Finally, RNA immunoprecipitation coupled to RIP-Seq assays demonstrate that EBNA1 immunoprecipitates specific cellular mRNAs, but not the ones that are spliced differently in EBNA1-expressing cells. Conclusion The EBNA1 protein can modulate the AS profiles of numerous cellular genes. Interestingly, this modulation protein does not require the RNA binding activity of EBNA1. Overall, these findings underline the novel role of EBNA1 as a cellular splicing modulator. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1137-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Boudreault
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Victoria E S Armero
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Michelle S Scott
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Perreault
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Martin Bisaillon
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8, Canada.
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27
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Lang F, Pei Y, Lamplugh ZL, Robertson ES. Molecular Biology of EBV in Relationship to HIV/AIDS-Associated Oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 177:81-103. [PMID: 30523622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03502-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Herpesvirus-induced disease is one of the most lethal factors which leads to high mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. EBV, also known as human herpesvirus 4, can transform naive B cells into immortalized cells in vitro through the regulation of cell cycle, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. EBV infection is associated with several lymphoma and epithelial cancers in humans, which occurs at a much higher rate in immune deficient individuals than in healthy people, demonstrating that the immune system plays a vital role in inhibiting EBV activities. EBV latency infection proteins can mimic suppression cytokines or upregulate PD-1 on B cells to repress the cytotoxic T cells response. Many malignancies, including Hodgkin Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas occur at a much higher frequency in EBV positive individuals than in EBV negative people during the development of HIV infection. Importantly, understanding EBV pathogenesis at the molecular level will aid the development of novel therapies for EBV-induced diseases in HIV/AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary L Lamplugh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA. .,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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28
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Epstein-Barr virus enhances genome maintenance of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11379-E11387. [PMID: 30429324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810128115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a B cell lymphoma that is always associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and in many cases also with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); however, the requirement for EBV coinfection is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that adding exogenous EBV to KSHV+ single-positive PEL leads to increased KSHV genome maintenance and KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) expression. To show that EBV was necessary for naturally coinfected PEL, we nucleofected KSHV+/EBV+ PEL cell lines with an EBV-specific CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid to delete EBV and observed a dramatic decrease in cell viability, KSHV genome copy number, and LANA expression. This phenotype was reversed by expressing Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) in trans, even though EBNA-1 and LANA do not colocalize in infected cells. This work reveals that EBV EBNA-1 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of PEL by increasing KSHV viral load and LANA expression.
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29
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El-Sharkawy A, Al Zaidan L, Malki A. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies: Roles of Viral Oncoproteins in Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:265. [PMID: 30116721 PMCID: PMC6082928 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first herpesvirus identified to be associated with human cancers known to infect the majority of the world population. EBV-associated malignancies are associated with a latent form of infection, and several of the EBV-encoded latent proteins are known to mediate cellular transformation. These include six nuclear antigens and three latent membrane proteins (LMPs). In lymphoid and epithelial tumors, viral latent gene expressions have distinct pattern. In both primary and metastatic tumors, the constant expression of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) at the RNA level suggests that this protein is the key player in the EBV-associated tumorigenesis. While LMP2A contributing to the malignant transformation possibly by cooperating with the aberrant host genome. This can be done in part by dysregulating signaling pathways at multiple points, notably in the cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. Recent studies also have confirmed that LMP1 and LMP2 contribute to carcinoma progression and that this may reflect the combined effects of these proteins on activation of multiple signaling pathways. This review article aims to investigate the aforementioned EBV-encoded proteins that reveal established roles in tumor formation, with a greater emphasis on the oncogenic LMPs (LMP1 and LMP2A) and their roles in dysregulating signaling pathways. It also aims to provide a quick look on the six members of the EBV nuclear antigens and their roles in dysregulating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Sharkawy
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" (IGB)-CNR, Naples, Italy.,Biomolecular Science Programme, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lobna Al Zaidan
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Malki
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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30
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Vrzalikova K, Sunmonu T, Reynolds G, Murray P. Contribution of Epstein⁻Barr Virus Latent Proteins to the Pathogenesis of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030059. [PMID: 29954084 PMCID: PMC6161176 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses have evolved to manipulate the host cell utilising a variety of strategies including expression of viral proteins to hijack or mimic the activity of cellular functions. DNA tumour viruses often establish latent infection in which no new virions are produced, characterized by the expression of a restricted repertoire of so-called latent viral genes. These latent genes serve to remodel cellular functions to ensure survival of the virus within host cells, often for the lifetime of the infected individual. However, under certain circumstances, virus infection may contribute to transformation of the host cell; this event is not a usual outcome of infection. Here, we review how the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), the prototypic oncogenic human virus, modulates host cell functions, with a focus on the role of the EBV latent genes in classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Vrzalikova
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Taofik Sunmonu
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gary Reynolds
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Paul Murray
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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31
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EBNA1: Oncogenic Activity, Immune Evasion and Biochemical Functions Provide Targets for Novel Therapeutic Strategies against Epstein-Barr Virus- Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040109. [PMID: 29642420 PMCID: PMC5923364 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) protein in all EBV-carrying tumours constitutes a marker that distinguishes the virus-associated cancer cells from normal cells and thereby offers opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention. EBNA1 is essential for viral genome maintenance and also for controlling viral gene expression and without EBNA1, the virus cannot persist. EBNA1 itself has been linked to cell transformation but the underlying mechanism of its oncogenic activity has been unclear. However, recent data are starting to shed light on its growth-promoting pathways, suggesting that targeting EBNA1 can have a direct growth suppressing effect. In order to carry out its tasks, EBNA1 interacts with cellular factors and these interactions are potential therapeutic targets, where the aim would be to cripple the virus and thereby rid the tumour cells of any oncogenic activity related to the virus. Another strategy to target EBNA1 is to interfere with its expression. Controlling the rate of EBNA1 synthesis is critical for the virus to maintain a sufficient level to support viral functions, while at the same time, restricting expression is equally important to prevent the immune system from detecting and destroying EBNA1-positive cells. To achieve this balance EBNA1 has evolved a unique repeat sequence of glycines and alanines that controls its own rate of mRNA translation. As the underlying molecular mechanisms for how this repeat suppresses its own rate of synthesis in cis are starting to be better understood, new therapeutic strategies are emerging that aim to modulate the translation of the EBNA1 mRNA. If translation is induced, it could increase the amount of EBNA1-derived antigenic peptides that are presented to the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I pathway and thus, make EBV-carrying cancers better targets for the immune system. If translation is further suppressed, this would provide another means to cripple the virus.
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32
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Fitzsimmons L, Kelly GL. EBV and Apoptosis: The Viral Master Regulator of Cell Fate? Viruses 2017; 9:E339. [PMID: 29137176 PMCID: PMC5707546 DOI: 10.3390/v9110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered in cells from a patient with Burkitt lymphoma (BL), and is now known to be a contributory factor in 1-2% of all cancers, for which there are as yet, no EBV-targeted therapies available. Like other herpesviruses, EBV adopts a persistent latent infection in vivo and only rarely reactivates into replicative lytic cycle. Although latency is associated with restricted patterns of gene expression, genes are never expressed in isolation; always in groups. Here, we discuss (1) the ways in which the latent genes of EBV are known to modulate cell death, (2) how these mechanisms relate to growth transformation and lymphomagenesis, and (3) how EBV genes cooperate to coordinately regulate key cell death pathways in BL and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Since manipulation of the cell death machinery is critical in EBV pathogenesis, understanding the mechanisms that underpin EBV regulation of apoptosis therefore provides opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Fitzsimmons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Centre for Human Virology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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33
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Mine S, Hishima T, Suganuma A, Fukumoto H, Sato Y, Kataoka M, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Fukayama M, Katano H. Interleukin-6-dependent growth in a newly established plasmablastic lymphoma cell line and its therapeutic targets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10188. [PMID: 28860565 PMCID: PMC5579229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare, highly aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with plasma-cell differentiation occurring typically in immune-suppressed patients such as those with AIDS. This study reports the establishment and characterization of a new cell line, PBL-1, derived from a patient with AIDS-associated PBL. Morphological assessment of PBL-1 indicated plasma-cell differentiation with a CD20(-) CD38(+) CD138(+) immunophenotype and IgH/c-myc translocation. The cell line harbours Epstein-Barr virus, but a 52.7-kbp length defect was identified in its genome, resulting in no expression of viral microRNAs encoded in the BamHI-A Rightward Transcript region. Importantly, supplementation of culture medium with >5 ng/mL of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was required for PBL-1 growth. Starvation of IL-6 or addition of tocilizumab, an inhibitory antibody for the IL-6 receptor, induced apoptosis of PBL-1. Transduction of IL-6 into PBL-1 by lentivirus vector induced autologous growth without IL-6 supplementation of culture medium. These data indicate the IL-6 dependency of PBL-1 for proliferation and survival. mTOR inhibitors induced cell death effectively, suggesting mTOR in the IL-6 signalling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for PBL. This established PBL cell line will be a useful tool to further understand the pathophysiology of PBL and aid the future development of PBL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohtaro Mine
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Hishima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Suganuma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fukumoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomic Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomic Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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34
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Deschamps T, Bazot Q, Leske DM, MacLeod R, Mompelat D, Tafforeau L, Lotteau V, Maréchal V, Baillie GS, Gruffat H, Wilson JB, Manet E. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 interacts with regulator of chromosome condensation 1 dynamically throughout the cell cycle. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:251-265. [PMID: 28284242 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in viral episome replication and segregation, by recruiting the cellular complex of DNA replication onto the origin (oriP) and by tethering the viral DNA onto the mitotic chromosomes. Whereas the mechanisms of viral DNA replication are well documented, those involved in tethering EBNA1 to the cellular chromatin are far from being understood. Here, we have identified regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) as a novel cellular partner for EBNA1. RCC1 is the major nuclear guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase Ran enzyme. RCC1, associated with chromatin, is involved in the formation of RanGTP gradients critical for nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle formation and nuclear envelope reassembly following mitosis. Using several approaches, we have demonstrated a direct interaction between these two proteins and found that the EBNA1 domains responsible for EBNA1 tethering to the mitotic chromosomes are also involved in the interaction with RCC1. The use of an EBNA1 peptide array confirmed the interaction of RCC1 with these regions and also the importance of the N-terminal region of RCC1 in this interaction. Finally, using confocal microscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer analysis to follow the dynamics of interaction between the two proteins throughout the cell cycle, we have demonstrated that EBNA1 and RCC1 closely associate on the chromosomes during metaphase, suggesting an essential role for the interaction during this phase, perhaps in tethering EBNA1 to mitotic chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Deschamps
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France.,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Oncogenic Herpesviruses Team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Quentin Bazot
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France.,Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France.,Present address: Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK.,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Oncogenic Herpesviruses Team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Derek M Leske
- Present address: University of Oxford, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford, UK.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ruth MacLeod
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dimitri Mompelat
- Present address: University Joseph Fourier, Pathogenesis and Lentiviral Vaccination Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France.,Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Oncogenic Herpesviruses Team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Lionel Tafforeau
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Cell Biology of Viral Infections Team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France.,Present address: Cell Biology Lab, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.,Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France.,INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France.,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Cell Biology of Viral Infections Team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Vincent Maréchal
- UPMC Université Paris 6, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), UMR 1135, ERL CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - George S Baillie
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Henri Gruffat
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France.,INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France.,Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France.,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Oncogenic Herpesviruses Team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Joanna B Wilson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Evelyne Manet
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France.,Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France.,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Oncogenic Herpesviruses Team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France
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Pei Y, Lewis AE, Robertson ES. Current Progress in EBV-Associated B-Cell Lymphomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:57-74. [PMID: 29052132 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus discovered more than 50 years ago. EBV-associated lymphomagenesis is still a significant viral-associated disease as it involves a diverse range of pathologies, especially B-cell lymphomas. Recent development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies and in vivo mouse models have significantly promoted our understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms which drive these cancers and allowed for the development of therapeutic intervention strategies. This review will highlight the current advances in EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas, focusing on transcriptional regulation, chromosome aberrations, in vivo studies of EBV-mediated lymphomagenesis, as well as the treatment strategies to target viral-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexandria E Lewis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Auburn H, Zuckerman M, Smith M. Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus and cellular gene expression during the early phases of Epstein-Barr virus lytic induction. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1243-1252. [PMID: 27625030 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to develop novel host/pathogen real-time PCR assays for routine diagnostic use, early gene expression patterns from both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Raji cells were examined after inducing the lytic life cycle using 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol ester and sodium butyrate. Real-time PCR identified several highly induced (>90-fold) EBV lytic genes over a 48 h time course during the lytic induction phase. Latent genes were induced at low levels during this phase. The cellular response to lytic viral replication is poorly understood. Whole human genome microarray analysis identified 113 cellular genes regulated twofold or more by EBV, including 63 upregulated and 46 downregulated genes, over a 24 h time course post-induction. The most upregulated gene was CHI3L1, a chitinase-3-like 1 protein (18.1-fold; P<0.0084), and the most downregulated gene was TYMS, a thymidylate synthetase (-7.6-fold). Gene Ontology enrichment analysis using MetaCore software revealed cell cycle (core), cell cycle (role of anaphase-promoting complex) in cell cycle regulation) and lymphatic diseases as the most significantly represented biological network processes, canonical pathways and disease biomarkers, respectively. Chemotaxis, DNA damage and inflammation (IL-4 signalling) together with lymphoproliferative disorders and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were significantly represented biological processes and disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Auburn
- Department of Virology, South London Specialist Virology Centre, King's College NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Mark Zuckerman
- Department of Virology, South London Specialist Virology Centre, King's College NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Melvyn Smith
- Department of Virology, South London Specialist Virology Centre, King's College NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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Shen CL, Liu CD, You RI, Ching YH, Liang J, Ke L, Chen YL, Chen HC, Hsu HJ, Liou JW, Kieff E, Peng CW. Ribosome Protein L4 is essential for Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2229-34. [PMID: 26858444 PMCID: PMC4776490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525444113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1)-mediated origin of plasmid replication (oriP) DNA episome maintenance is essential for EBV-mediated tumorigenesis. We have now found that EBNA1 binds to Ribosome Protein L4 (RPL4). RPL4 shRNA knockdown decreased EBNA1 activation of an oriP luciferase reporter, EBNA1 DNA binding in lymphoblastoid cell lines, and EBV genome number per lymphoblastoid cell line. EBV infection increased RPL4 expression and redistributed RPL4 to cell nuclei. RPL4 and Nucleolin (NCL) were a scaffold for an EBNA1-induced oriP complex. The RPL4 N terminus cooperated with NCL-K429 to support EBNA1 and oriP-mediated episome binding and maintenance, whereas the NCL C-terminal K380 and K393 induced oriP DNA H3K4me2 modification and promoted EBNA1 activation of oriP-dependent transcription. These observations provide new insights into the mechanisms by which EBV uses NCL and RPL4 to establish persistent B-lymphoblastoid cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Lung Shen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Der Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hao Ching
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Liangru Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ya-Lin Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wen Liou
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Elliott Kieff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Chih-Wen Peng
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
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Epigenetic Alterations in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 879:39-69. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Identification of MEF2B, EBF1, and IL6R as Direct Gene Targets of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Nuclear Antigen 1 Critical for EBV-Infected B-Lymphocyte Survival. J Virol 2015; 90:345-55. [PMID: 26468528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02318-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen and sequence-specific DNA binding protein required for viral origin binding and episome maintenance during latency. EBNA1 can also bind to numerous sites in the cellular genome and can provide a host cell survival function, but it is not yet known how EBNA1 sequence-specific binding is responsible for host cell survival. Here, we integrate EBNA1 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) with transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) after EBNA1 depletion to identify cellular genes directly regulated by EBNA1 that are also essential for B-cell survival. We first compared EBNA1 ChIP-Seq patterns in four different EBV-positive cell types, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). EBNA1 binds to ~1,000 sites that are mostly invariant among cell types and share a consensus recognition motif. We found that a large subset of EBNA1 binding sites are located proximal to transcription start sites and correlate genome-wide with transcription activity. EBNA1 bound to genes of high significance for B-cell growth and function, including MEF2B, IL6R, and EBF1. EBNA1 depletion from latently infected LCLs results in the loss of cell proliferation and the loss of gene expression for some EBNA1-bound genes, including MEF2B, EBF1, and IL6R. Depletion of MEF2B, EBF1, or IL6R partially phenocopies EBNA1 depletion by decreasing the cell growth and viability of cells latently infected with EBV. These findings suggest that EBNA1 binds to a large cohort of cellular genes important for cell viability and implicates EBNA1 as a critical regulator of transcription of host cell genes important for enhanced survival of latently infected cells. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent infection is responsible for a variety of lymphoid and epithelial cell malignancies. EBNA1 is the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen that is consistently expressed in all EBV-associated cancers. EBNA1 is known to provide a host cell survival function, but the mechanism is not known. EBNA1 is a sequence-specific binding protein important for viral genome maintenance during latency. Here, by integrating ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq, we demonstrate that EBNA1 binds directly to the promoter regulatory regions and upregulates the transcription of host genes that are important for the survival of EBV-infected cells. Identification of EBNA1 target genes provides potential new targets for therapeutic intervention in EBV-associated disease.
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Chakravorty A, Sugden B. The AT-hook DNA binding ability of the Epstein Barr virus EBNA1 protein is necessary for the maintenance of viral genomes in latently infected cells. Virology 2015; 484:251-258. [PMID: 26122471 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus that is causally linked to malignancies such as Burkitt׳s lymphoma, and gastric and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Tethering of EBV genomes to cellular chromosomes is required for the synthesis and persistence of viral plasmids in tumor cells. However, it is not established how EBV genomes are tethered to cellular chromosomes. We test the hypothesis that the viral protein EBNA1 tethers EBV genomes to chromosomes specifically through its N-terminal AT-hook DNA-binding domains by using a small molecule, netropsin, that has been shown to inhibit the AT-hook DNA-binding of EBNA1 in vitro. We show that netropsin forces the loss of EBV genomes from epithelial and lymphoid cells in an AT-hook dependent manner and that EBV-positive lymphoma cells are significantly more inhibited in their growth by netropsin than are corresponding EBV-negative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adityarup Chakravorty
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bill Sugden
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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Abstract
EBV latent infection is characterized by a highly restricted pattern of viral gene expression. EBV can establish latent infections in multiple different tissue types with remarkable variation and plasticity in viral transcription and replication. During latency, the viral genome persists as a multi-copy episome, a non-integrated-closed circular DNA with nucleosome structure similar to cellular chromosomes. Chromatin assembly and histone modifications contribute to the regulation of viral gene expression, DNA replication, and episome persistence during latency. This review focuses on how EBV latency is regulated by chromatin and its associated processes.
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) plays multiple important roles in EBV latent infection and has also been shown to impact EBV lytic infection. EBNA1 is required for the stable persistence of the EBV genomes in latent infection and activates the expression of other EBV latency genes through interactions with specific DNA sequences in the viral episomes. EBNA1 also interacts with several cellular proteins to modulate the activities of multiple cellular pathways important for viral persistence and cell survival. These cellular effects are also implicated in oncogenesis, suggesting a direct role of EBNA1 in the development of EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Niller HH, Szenthe K, Minarovits J. Epstein-Barr virus-host cell interactions: an epigenetic dialog? Front Genet 2014; 5:367. [PMID: 25400657 PMCID: PMC4212275 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we wish to highlight the genetic exchange and epigenetic interactions between Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and its host. EBV is associated with diverse lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. Their molecular pathogenesis is accompanied by epigenetic alterations which are distinct for each of them. While lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from B cells transformed by EBV in vitro are characterized by a massive demethylation and euchromatinization of the viral and cellular genomes, the primarily malignant lymphoid tumor Burkitt’s lymphoma and the epithelial tumors nasopharyngeal carcinoma and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma are characterized by hypermethylation of a multitude of cellular tumor suppressor gene loci and of the viral genomes. In some cases, the viral latency and oncoproteins including the latent membrane proteins LMP1 and LMP2A and several nuclear antigens affect the level of cellular DNA methyltransferases or interact with the histone modifying machinery. Specific molecular mechanisms of the epigenetic dialog between virus and host cell remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kalman Szenthe
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd, Mosonmagyaróvár , Hungary
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
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44
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Li L, Zhang Y, Guo BB, Chan FKL, Tao Q. Oncogenic induction of cellular high CpG methylation by Epstein-Barr virus in malignant epithelial cells. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:604-8. [PMID: 25322866 PMCID: PMC4308656 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a well-known human herpesvirus associated with virtually all nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and ∼10% of gastric cancer (GC) worldwide. Increasing evidence shows that acquired genetic and epigenetic alterations lead to the initiation and progression of NPC and GC. However, even deep whole exome sequencing studies showed a relatively low frequency of gene mutations in NPC and EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC), suggesting a predominant role of epigenetic abnormities, especially promoter CpG methylation, in the pathogenesis of NPC and EBVaGC. High frequencies of promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have been frequently reported in NPC and EBVaGC, with several EBV-induced methylated TSGs identified. Further characterization of the epigenomes (genome-wide CpG methylation profile—methylome) of NPC and EBVaGC shows that these EBV-associated tumors display a unique high CpG methylation epigenotype with more extensive gene methylation accumulation, indicating that EBV acts as a direct epigenetic driver for these cancers. Mechanistically, oncogenic modulation of cellular CpG methylation machinery, such as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), by EBV-encoded viral proteins accounts for the EBV-induced high CpG methylation epigenotype in NPC and EBVaGC. Thus, uncovering the EBV-associated unique epigenotype of NPC and EBVaGC would provide new insight into the molecular pathogenesis of these unique EBV-associated tumors and further help to develop pharmacologic strategies targeting cellular methylation machinery in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Hoyng SA, Gnavi S, de Winter F, Eggers R, Ozawa T, Zaldumbide A, Hoeben RC, Malessy MJA, Verhaagen J. Developing a potentially immunologically inert tetracycline-regulatable viral vector for gene therapy in the peripheral nerve. Gene Ther 2014; 21:549-57. [PMID: 24694534 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral vector-mediated gene transfer of neurotrophic factors is an emerging and promising strategy to promote the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves. Unfortunately, the chronic exposure to neurotrophic factors results in local trapping of regenerating axons or other unwanted side effects. Therefore, tight control of therapeutic gene expression is required. The tetracycline/doxycycline-inducible system is considered to be one of the most promising systems for regulating heterologous gene expression. However, an immune response directed against the transactivator protein rtTA hampers further translational studies. Immunogenic proteins fused with the Gly-Ala repeat of the Epstein-Barr virus Nuclear Antigen-1 protein have been shown to successfully evade the immune system. In this article, we used this strategy to demonstrate that a chimeric transactivator, created by fusing the Gly-Ala repeat with rtTA and embedded in a lentiviral vector (i) retained its transactivator function in vitro, in muscle explants, and in vivo following injection into the rat peripheral nerve, (ii) exhibited a reduced leaky expression, and (iii) had an immune-evasive advantage over rtTA as shown in a novel bioassay for human antigen presentation. The current findings are an important step toward creating a clinically applicable potentially immune-evasive tetracycline-regulatable viral vector system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hoyng
- 1] Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Gnavi
- 1] Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - F de Winter
- 1] Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Eggers
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Zaldumbide
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R C Hoeben
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M J A Malessy
- 1] Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Verhaagen
- 1] Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tempera I, Lieberman PM. Epigenetic regulation of EBV persistence and oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 26:22-9. [PMID: 24468737 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a fundamental role in generating diverse and heritable patterns of viral and cellular gene expression. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can adopt a variety of gene expression programs that are necessary for long-term viral persistence and latency in multiple host-cell types and conditions. The latent viral genomes assemble into chromatin structures with different histone and DNA modifications patterns that control viral gene expression. Variations in nucleosome organization and chromatin conformations can also influence gene expression by coordinating physical interactions between different regulatory elements. The viral-encoded and host-cell factors that control these epigenetic features are beginning to be understood at the genome-wide level. These epigenetic regulators can also influence viral pathogenesis by expanding tissue tropism, evading immune detection, and driving host-cell carcinogenesis. Here, we review some of the recent findings and perspectives on how the EBV epigenome plays a central role in viral latency and viral-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Tempera
- The Fels Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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47
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Lu F, Tempera I, Lee HT, Dewispelaere K, Lieberman PM. EBNA1 binding and epigenetic regulation of gastrokine tumor suppressor genes in gastric carcinoma cells. Virol J 2014; 11:12. [PMID: 24460791 PMCID: PMC3904692 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) latently infects ~10% of gastric carcinomas (GC). Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) is expressed in EBV-associated GC, and can bind host DNA, where it may impact cellular gene regulation. Here, we show that EBNA1 binds directly to DNA upstream of the divergently transcribed GC-specific tumor suppressor genes gastrokine 1 (GKN1) and gastrokine 2 (GKN2). METHODS We use ChIP-Seq, ChIP-qPCR, and EMSA to demonstrate that EBNA1 binds directly to the GKN1 and GKN2 promoter locus. We generate AGS-EBV, and AGS-EBNA1 cell lines to study the effects of EBNA1 on GKN1 and GKN2 mRNA expression with or without 5' azacytidine treatment. RESULTS We show that gastrokine genes are transcriptionally silenced by DNA methylation. We also show that latent EBV infection further reduces GKN1 and GKN2 expression in AGS gastric carcinoma cells, and that siRNA depletion of EBNA1 partially alleviates this repression. However, ectopic expression of EBNA1 slightly increased GKN1 and GKN2 basal mRNA levels, but reduced their responsiveness to demethylating agent. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that EBNA1 binds to the divergent promoter of the GKN1 and GKN2 genes in GC cells, and suggest that EBNA1 contributes to the complex transcriptional and epigenetic deregulation of the GKN1 and GKN2 tumor suppressor genes in EBV positive GC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul M Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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48
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Bolotin E, Armendariz A, Kim K, Heo SJ, Boffelli D, Tantisira K, Rotter JI, Krauss RM, Medina MW. Statin-induced changes in gene expression in EBV-transformed and native B-cells. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1202-10. [PMID: 24179175 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), generated through Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) transformation of B-lymphocytes (B-cells), are a commonly used model system for identifying genetic influences on human diseases and on drug responses. We have previously used LCLs to examine the cellular effects of genetic variants that modulate the efficacy of statins, the most prescribed class of cholesterol-lowering drugs used for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, statin-induced gene expression differences observed in LCLs may be influenced by their transformation, and thus differ from those observed in native B-cells. To assess this possibility, we prepared LCLs and purified B-cells from the same donors, and compared mRNA profiles after 24 h incubation with simvastatin (2 µm) or sham buffer. Genes involved in cholesterol metabolism were similarly regulated between the two cell types under both the statin and sham-treated conditions, and the statin-induced changes were significantly correlated. Genes whose expression differed between the native and transformed cells were primarily implicated in cell cycle, apoptosis and alternative splicing. We found that ChIP-seq signals for MYC and EBNA2 (an EBV transcriptional co-activator) were significantly enriched in the promoters of genes up-regulated in the LCLs compared with the B-cells, and could be involved in the regulation of cell cycle and alternative splicing. Taken together, the results support the use of LCLs for the study of statin effects on cholesterol metabolism, but suggest that drug effects on cell cycle, apoptosis and alternative splicing may be affected by EBV transformation. This dataset is now uploaded to GEO at the accession number GSE51444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Bolotin
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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49
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McClellan MJ, Wood CD, Ojeniyi O, Cooper TJ, Kanhere A, Arvey A, Webb HM, Palermo RD, Harth-Hertle ML, Kempkes B, Jenner RG, West MJ. Modulation of enhancer looping and differential gene targeting by Epstein-Barr virus transcription factors directs cellular reprogramming. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003636. [PMID: 24068937 PMCID: PMC3771879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epigenetically reprogrammes B-lymphocytes to drive immortalization and facilitate viral persistence. Host-cell transcription is perturbed principally through the actions of EBV EBNA 2, 3A, 3B and 3C, with cellular genes deregulated by specific combinations of these EBNAs through unknown mechanisms. Comparing human genome binding by these viral transcription factors, we discovered that 25% of binding sites were shared by EBNA 2 and the EBNA 3s and were located predominantly in enhancers. Moreover, 80% of potential EBNA 3A, 3B or 3C target genes were also targeted by EBNA 2, implicating extensive interplay between EBNA 2 and 3 proteins in cellular reprogramming. Investigating shared enhancer sites neighbouring two new targets (WEE1 and CTBP2) we discovered that EBNA 3 proteins repress transcription by modulating enhancer-promoter loop formation to establish repressive chromatin hubs or prevent assembly of active hubs. Re-ChIP analysis revealed that EBNA 2 and 3 proteins do not bind simultaneously at shared sites but compete for binding thereby modulating enhancer-promoter interactions. At an EBNA 3-only intergenic enhancer site between ADAM28 and ADAMDEC1 EBNA 3C was also able to independently direct epigenetic repression of both genes through enhancer-promoter looping. Significantly, studying shared or unique EBNA 3 binding sites at WEE1, CTBP2, ITGAL (LFA-1 alpha chain), BCL2L11 (Bim) and the ADAMs, we also discovered that different sets of EBNA 3 proteins bind regulatory elements in a gene and cell-type specific manner. Binding profiles correlated with the effects of individual EBNA 3 proteins on the expression of these genes, providing a molecular basis for the targeting of different sets of cellular genes by the EBNA 3s. Our results therefore highlight the influence of the genomic and cellular context in determining the specificity of gene deregulation by EBV and provide a paradigm for host-cell reprogramming through modulation of enhancer-promoter interactions by viral transcription factors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with numerous cancers. The ability of the virus to infect B-cells and convert them from short-lived into immortal cells is the key to its cancer-promoting properties. A small number of EBV transcription factors are required for immortalization and act in concert to drive cell growth by deregulating the expression of cellular genes through largely unknown mechanisms. We have demonstrated that four of these key transcription factors function cooperatively by targeting common genes via long-range enhancer elements and modulating their looping interactions with gene promoters. Specifically we show that gene repression by the EBV EBNA 3 family of proteins can be mediated through the modulation of enhancer-promoter looping. Our results also reveal that different subsets of EBNA 3 proteins are bound at different genes and that this differential binding can vary in lymphoma cells compared to cells immortalized in culture, indicating that cell-background-specific gene regulation may be important in lymphoma development. Our results demonstrate how cellular genes can be deregulated by an oncogenic virus through modulation of enhancer-promoter looping with the specificity of binding by viral transcription factors controlling cellular reprogramming in a gene and cell-type specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. McClellan
- School of Life Sciences, John Maynard-Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - C. David Wood
- School of Life Sciences, John Maynard-Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Opeoluwa Ojeniyi
- School of Life Sciences, John Maynard-Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J. Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, John Maynard-Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Aditi Kanhere
- MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Arvey
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Webb
- School of Life Sciences, John Maynard-Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Palermo
- School of Life Sciences, John Maynard-Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Marie L. Harth-Hertle
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Kempkes
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard G. Jenner
- MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle J. West
- School of Life Sciences, John Maynard-Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Interaction of gamma-herpesvirus genome maintenance proteins with cellular chromatin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62783. [PMID: 23667520 PMCID: PMC3646995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of gamma-herpesviruses to establish lifelong infections is dependent on the expression of genome maintenance proteins (GMPs) that tether the viral episomes to cellular chromatin and allow their persistence in latently infected proliferating cells. Here we have characterized the chromatin interaction of GMPs encoded by viruses belonging to the genera Lymphocryptovirus (LCV) and Rhadinovirus (RHV). We found that, in addition to a similar diffuse nuclear localization and comparable detergent resistant interaction with chromatin in transfected cells, all GMPs shared the capacity to promote the decondensation of heterochromatin in the A03-1 reporter cell line. They differed, however, in their mobility measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and in the capacity to recruit accessory molecules required for the chromatin remodeling function. While the AT-hook containing GMPs of LCVs were highly mobile, a great variability was observed among GMPs encoded by RHV, ranging from virtually immobile to significantly reduced mobility compared to LCV GMPs. Only the RHV GMPs recruited the bromo- and extra terminal domain (BET) proteins BRD2 and BRD4 to the site of chromatin remodeling. These findings suggest that differences in the mode of interaction with cellular chromatin may underlie different strategies adopted by these viruses for reprogramming of the host cells during latency.
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