1
|
Nasiry Z, Mazlan M, Noordin MM, Mohd Lila MA. Evaluation of Dynamics, Demography and Estimation of Free-Roaming Dog Population in Herat City, Afghanistan. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071126. [PMID: 37048382 PMCID: PMC10093563 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
FRDs pose a serious challenge in countries where dog-bite-related rabies is endemic. Understanding the size and core demographic characteristics of FRD populations is essential for the planning and implementation of effective dog-population and canine-rabies-control programmes. The photographic sight-resight method was used to estimate the FRD population and evaluate its demographic characteristics in Herat city. A total of 928 free-roaming dogs (FRD) were identified through 3172 sightings, and the total free-roaming population was estimated to amount to 1821 (95% CI: 1565-2077), which led to the estimation of 10 dogs/km2 and the human-to-FRD ratio of 315:1. The male-to-female ratio was 2.85:1. The majority of them were healthy, with an ideal body score. Although the FRD density is considered low, it is still a concern and significant, since the majority of the people are unaware of the importance of canine populations in the transmission of zoonotic diseases such as rabies, and there were no specific measures for managing and controlling FRD populations. The information gained can be useful in animal health planning to design effective dog-population-control programmes, and for the planning of national rabies-prevention programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zabihullah Nasiry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Paraclinic, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Herat University, Herat 3001, Afghanistan
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kerns KA, Dulmen MHM, Kochendorfer LB, Obeldobel CA, Gastelle M, Horowitz A. Assessing Children's Relationships with Pet Dogs: A Multi-Method Approach. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2023; 32:98-116. [PMID: 36779166 PMCID: PMC9916473 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Relationships with pet dogs are thought to provide substantial benefits for children, but the study of these relationships has been hindered by a lack of validated measures. Approaches to assessing the quality of children's pet dog relationships have tended to focus on positive relationship qualities and to rely on self-report questionnaires. The aim of this study was to develop and test multiple measures that could be used to assess both positive and negative features of children's relationships with pet dogs. In a sample of 115 children ages 9-14 years who were pet dog owners, we assessed six qualities of pet dog relationships: Affection, Nurturance of Pet, Emotional Support from Pet, Companionship, Friction with Pet, and Pets as Substitutes for People. All qualities were assessed with child questionnaires, parent questionnaires, and child daily reports of interactions with pets. We found substantial convergence in reports from different observers and across different measurement approaches. Principal components analyses and correlations suggested overlap for many of the positive qualities, which tended to be distinct from negative relationship qualities. The study provides new tools which could be used to test further how relationships with pets contribute to children's development.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Z, Yu Y, Yang B, Huang W, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Bloom MS, Qian Z, Arnold LD, Boyd R, Wu Q, Liu R, Dong G, Yin C. Association between Pet Ownership and Threatened Abortion in Pregnant Women: The China Birth Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16374. [PMID: 36498445 PMCID: PMC9739756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to assess the association between pet ownership and threatened abortion (TA) in pregnant Chinese women. Materials and Methods: We enrolled pregnant women from 18 provinces and autonomous regions across China between November 2017 and December 2020. Participants were grouped based on the presence or absence of pet ownership. Pet owners were further sub-grouped based on the presence or absence of close contact with their pets. Pet species included cats, dogs, and both. Generalised linear mixed models, with province as a random effect, were used to estimate the associations between pet ownership and TA. Results: Pet ownership, whether or not one had close contact with pets, was associated with greater odds of TA (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.40). Keeping pet cats (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.40), dogs (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.41), or both cats and dogs (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.68) during pregnancy were all risk factors for TA. We observed significant group differences (p for difference < 0.05) in pre-pregnancy body mass index, education levels, and annual household income. Conclusions: Cat or dog ownership during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of TA, especially among overweight, less educated, or lower-income participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100026, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Boyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenzhong Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yana Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Michael S. Bloom
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Lauren D. Arnold
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Rienna Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100026, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Children’s and Adolescents’ Pet Attachment, Empathy, and Compassionate Responding to Self and Others. ADOLESCENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/adolescents2040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The research shows that children’s and adolescents’ attachments with pets play an important role in their social and emotional lives. However, little research exists on how children and adolescents show compassion toward themselves and others and how this caring ability relates to their attachment with pets. This study explored the relations among children’s and adolescents’ compassion, empathy, and attachment to their pets. Sixty-one Canadian youths aged 7–15.9 years (M = 11.35) participated in this study (n = 38 g, 23 b) and completed self-report questionnaires including the Lexington Attachment to Pets scale, subscale of Dispositional Positive Emotions, Self-compassion scale for children, and Bryant’s Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IECA). The results showed older adolescents were more likely than younger children to score high on cognitive and emotional dimensions of empathy and be less likely to feel alone and isolated. High levels of emotional pet attachment related to high levels of the ability to feel sad when witnessing others in distress and high levels of mindful, compassionate, and self-responding feelings of compassion for others. The results also showed that those participants who experienced intensified emotional attachment toward their pets (either current or in the past), were less likely to judge themselves in negative ways. Overall, our findings suggest that children’s emotional attachments with pets relate to their ability to respond to themselves and others in kind and compassionate ways and not necessarily their ability to understand another person’s emotions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Associations between Pet Care Responsibility, Companion Animal Interactions, and Family Relationships during COVID-19. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233274. [PMID: 36496801 PMCID: PMC9740035 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For families with children during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to explore how both youth and parents view their roles with regard to the shared caretaking of pets. While most human-animal interaction studies examine adult or early childhood samples, our focus was on adolescent development. We present findings from a U.S. based mixed-method study of adolescent surveys and parent interviews regarding pet care responsibility. As part of an ongoing longitudinal study, we analyzed survey data from 567 pet-owning adolescents and a subset of 356 dog owning adolescents aged 10-17 as well as 31 in-depth interviews with parents of adolescents from the same study. Higher reported pet caretaking responsibilities was significantly associated with a preference for spending time with pets when stressed and improved family relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic for both pet owners and dog owners. For dog owners only, increased levels of responsibility for the pet was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of identifying as a pet owner. Qualitative findings showcase the range of parental expectations and adolescent initiative around pet caretaking. Our study highlights the continued importance of pet companionship during the adolescent years as they develop their identities as responsible pet owners.
Collapse
|
6
|
Disenfranchised Guilt—Pet Owners’ Burden. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131690. [PMID: 35804588 PMCID: PMC9264879 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Guilt is the unpleasant emotion associated with one’s behaviors, thoughts, or intentions, and it is based on the possibility that one may be in the wrong or others may have this perception. Parental guilt is one common type of guilt and is often associated with work–family conflict (WFC). WFC and related guilt have been found to be related to depression and anxiety. The current study was designed to explore dog owners’ guilt surrounding their dogs through an online anonymous survey. Results suggest that dog owners’ guilt and WFC associated with their dog are at similar levels to those reported in human family studies. Additionally, the relationship between dog owners’ guilt and discrepancy between their actual and ideal self, in regard to the role of a dog owner, also mirrored human-only family research. Because pet-related guilt is unrecognized, acknowledged, or supported, we suggest it is disenfranchised. In this period of post-COVID-19 pandemic time, as people return to work, it is important that companies and communities acknowledge pet owner guilt and pet-related WFC and help owners find practical, effective solutions. Abstract Guilt refers to an unpleasant emotional state associated with one’s behaviors, thoughts, or intentions, and it is based on the possibility that one may be in the wrong or that others may have this perception. Parental guilt is one common subtype and is often associated with work–family conflict (WFC). WFC and related guilt have been found to be associated with depression and anxiety. Through an online anonymous survey, the current study was designed to explore dog owners’ guilt surrounding their dogs. Results suggest that dog owners’ guilt and WFC associated with their dog are at levels similar to those reported in human family studies. Additionally, the relationship between dog owners’ guilt and discrepancy between participants’ actual and ideal self, in regard to the role of a dog owner, also mirrored human-only family research. Because pet-related guilt is unrecognized, acknowledged, or supported, we suggest it is disenfranchised. As people return to work, in this period of post-COVID-19 pandemic time, it is paramount that companies and communities acknowledge pet owner guilt and WFC and help owners find practical, effective solutions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hawkins RD, Robinson C, Brodie ZP. Child–Dog Attachment, Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: The Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Behaviours. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12040109. [PMID: 35447681 PMCID: PMC9027944 DOI: 10.3390/bs12040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that pet dogs can offer features of a secure attachment which has been associated with healthy psychological development across the lifespan. Limited research has investigated the underpinning mechanisms that may contribute to the benefits and risks of child–dog attachment during childhood. This study aimed to test the potential mediating role of caregiver-observed positive and negative child–dog behaviours, on the relationship between child-reported child–dog attachment, and caregiver-reported child psychopathology and emotion regulation. Data from 117 caregiver reports and 77 child self-reports were collected through an online survey in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Parallel mediation analyses indicated that child–dog attachment had a significant indirect effect on conduct problems through negative child–dog behaviours only. Child–dog attachment had a significant indirect effect on emotional symptoms, peer problems, prosocial behaviour, emotion regulation, and emotional lability/negativity through both positive and negative child–dog behaviours. Although this study found modest effect sizes, the findings suggest that the types of interactions that children engage in with their pet dogs may be important mechanisms through which pet attachment contributes to psychological development throughout childhood, and therefore further attention is warranted. Positive and safe child–dog interactions can be facilitated through education and intervention, which may have implications for promoting positive developmental outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne D. Hawkins
- Division of Psychology, School of Education and Social Sciences, Paisley Campus, University of West of Scotland, Elles Building East, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Charlotte Robinson
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Zara P. Brodie
- Division of Psychology, School of Education and Social Sciences, Paisley Campus, University of West of Scotland, Elles Building East, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Relationships among Early Adversity, Positive Human and Animal Interactions, and Mental Health in Young Adults. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11120178. [PMID: 34940113 PMCID: PMC8698849 DOI: 10.3390/bs11120178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor mental health. Emerging research demonstrates the protective role of positive childhood experiences, including a positive sense of self and relationships with both humans and animals, in mitigating the impacts of early life adversity on mental health outcomes. This study examined whether benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) or relationships and interactions with pets during childhood moderated the link between ACEs and current mental health symptoms in a sample of young adults. Students (N = 214) recruited from a public university in the U.S. completed an online survey. The results showed that ACEs were significantly associated with worse mental health symptoms, including anxiety and depression. Neither emotional closeness to a childhood pet dog nor positive interactions with a childhood pet were significant moderators of the relationship between ACEs and mental health. In contrast, more BCEs were associated with better mental health, and their interaction with ACEs was significant such that adversity-exposed young adults with high BCEs reported fewer mental health symptoms than those with low BCEs. The results highlight the need for continued research on differential experiences that may be protective in the relationship between adversity exposures and mental health.
Collapse
|
9
|
Crawford KM, Zhu Y, Davis KA, Ernst S, Jacobsson K, Nishimi K, Smith ADAC, Dunn EC. The mental health effects of pet death during childhood: is it better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1547-1558. [PMID: 32910227 PMCID: PMC7943653 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pet ownership is common. Growing evidence suggests children form deep emotional attachments to their pets. Yet, little is known about children's emotional reactions to a pet's death. The goal of this study was to describe the relationship between experiences of pet death and risk of childhood psychopathology and determine if it was "better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all". Data came from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK-based prospective birth cohort (n = 6260). Children were characterized based on their exposure to pet ownership and pet death from birth to age 7 (never loved; loved without loss; loved with loss). Psychopathology symptoms at age 8 were compared across groups using multivariable linear regression. Psychopathology symptoms were higher among children who had loved with loss compared to those who had loved without loss (β = 0.35, p = 0.013; 95% CI = 0.07, 0.63), even after adjustment for other adversities. This group effect was more pronounced in males than in females. There was no difference in psychopathology symptoms between children who had loved with loss and those who had never loved (β = 0.20, p = 0.31, 95% CI = -0.18-0.58). The developmental timing, recency, or accumulation of pet death was unassociated with psychopathology symptoms. Pet death may be traumatic for children and associated with subsequent mental health difficulties. Where childhood pet ownership and pet bereavement is concerned, Tennyson's pronouncement may not apply to children's grief responses: it may not be "better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn A Davis
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Ernst
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristina Jacobsson
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen Nishimi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan, School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D A C Smith
- Applied Statistics Group, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center On the Developing Child at Harvard University, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches Research Building 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cleary M, West S, Thapa DK, Westman M, Vesk K, Kornhaber R. Grieving the loss of a pet: A qualitative systematic review. DEATH STUDIES 2021; 46:2167-2178. [PMID: 33881389 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1901799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Animal owners who experience the death of a beloved family pet or companion animal may experience feelings of grief and loss that are synonymous with the death of a human. This systematic review synthesized 19 qualitative papers from 17 studies that explored the psychosocial impact of bereavement and grieving the loss of a pet. The analysis revealed five themes: Their Relationship; Their Grief; Their Guilt; Their Supports; and Their Future. By looking beyond grief, health professionals can respond to bereaved pet owners the same way they would for other forms of human bereavement and provide the necessary support to transition bereavement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deependra K Thapa
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rachel Kornhaber
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McDonald SE, O’Connor KE, Matijczak A, Tomlinson CA, Applebaum JW, Murphy JL, Zsembik BA. Attachment to Pets Moderates Transitions in Latent Patterns of Mental Health Following the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Survey of U.S. Adults. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030895. [PMID: 33801041 PMCID: PMC8004029 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to elevated rates of mental health problems and distress among the U.S. population. Pets may be an important source of social support to combat social isolation. This cross-sectional study used latent profile analysis to identify subgroups of U.S. pet owners based on their perceived mental health symptoms prior to and after the onset of the pandemic. Latent transition analysis was used to determine the stability of subgroup membership and examine the effect of attachment to pets on transition probabilities. Five subgroups were identified: low symptoms, mild symptoms, moderate symptoms, high symptoms, and severe symptoms. Evidence of moderation was found, X2(16) = 41.47, p = 0.04. Specifically, results indicated that attachment to pets functioned as a protective factor for individuals exhibiting moderate and high levels of mental health symptoms, as above average attachment to pets was associated with greater odds of transitioning to a less severe symptom profile. However, individuals with severe symptom profiles and high attachment to pets fared worst in the context of COVID-19 restrictions. This study has important implications for future research investigating the role of pets on mental health and for those providing services to pet owners during the COVID-19 pandemic. Abstract This cross-sectional study examined whether, and to what extent, attachment to pets was associated with changes in latent patterns of adults’ perceived mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 1942). We used latent transition analysis to determine the stability of subgroup membership pre- and post-COVID and the effect of attachment to pets on transition probabilities. Mental health before COVID-19 was measured retrospectively. Five subgroups were identified: low symptoms, mild symptoms, moderate symptoms, high symptoms, and severe symptoms. Among individuals in the moderate and high symptoms subgroups, those who reported high attachment to pets generally had greater odds of transitioning to a less severe symptom profile (OR = 2.12) over time than those with low attachment to pets (OR = 1.39). However, those who had a severe symptom profile and high attachment to pets had lower odds of transitioning to a less severe symptom profile (OR = 0.30) and higher odds of maintaining a severe symptom profile (OR = 3.33) than those with low attachment to pets. These findings suggest that the protective and risk effects of attachment to pets differ based on individuals’ psychological symptom patterns across multiple indicators. We discuss the implications of these findings for research, policy, and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby E. McDonald
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (A.M.); (C.A.T.); (J.L.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kelly E. O’Connor
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 West Franklin St., Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Angela Matijczak
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (A.M.); (C.A.T.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Camie A. Tomlinson
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (A.M.); (C.A.T.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Jennifer W. Applebaum
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, 3219 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (J.W.A.); (B.A.Z.)
| | - Jennifer L. Murphy
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (A.M.); (C.A.T.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Barbara A. Zsembik
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, 3219 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (J.W.A.); (B.A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tulloch JSP, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Fleming KM, Vivancos R, Westgarth C. English hospital episode data analysis (1998-2018) reveal that the rise in dog bite hospital admissions is driven by adult cases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1767. [PMID: 33469116 PMCID: PMC7815787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog bites are a global health issue that can lead to severe health outcomes. This study aims to describe the incidence and sociodemographics of patients admitted to English National Health Service (NHS) hospitals for dog bites (1998-2018), and to estimate their annual direct health care costs. An analysis of patient level data utilising hospital episode statistics for NHS England, including: temporal trends in annual incidence of admission, Poisson models of the sociodemographic characteristics of admitted patients, and direct health care cost estimates. The incidence of dog bite admissions rose from 6.34 (95%CI 6.12-6.56) in 1998 to 14.99 (95%CI 14.67-15.31) admissions per 100,000 population in 2018, with large geographic variation. The increase was driven by a tripling of incidence in adults. Males had the highest rates of admission in childhood. Females had two peaks in admission, childhood and 35-64 years old. Two percent (2.05%, 95%CI 0.93-3.17) of emergency department attendances resulted in admission. Direct health care costs increased and peaked in the financial year 2017/2018 (admission costs: £25.1 million, emergency attendance costs: £45.7million). Dog bite related hospital admissions have increased solely in adults. Further work exploring human-dog interactions, stratified by demographic factors, is urgently needed to enable the development of appropriate risk reduction intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S P Tulloch
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK.
- Public Health England, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK.
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Sara C Owczarczak-Garstecka
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
- Institute of Risk and Uncertainty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZF, UK
- Dogs Trust, London, EC1V 7RQ, UK
| | - Kate M Fleming
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
| | - Roberto Vivancos
- Public Health England, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Public Health England, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK
| | - Carri Westgarth
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barber O, Somogyi E, McBride AE, Proops L. Children’s Evaluations of a Therapy Dog and Biomimetic Robot: Influences of Animistic Beliefs and Social Interaction. Int J Soc Robot 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12369-020-00722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSocial robots are being used increasingly across a range of settings, including in the context of therapeutic interactions with children. While research has shown that interaction with live therapy dogs can be calming and enjoyable for children, it is currently unclear whether social robots can produce similar outcomes. In this study, 11–12-year old children completed a questionnaire about their biophilic beliefs and attitudes to dogs and robots before engaging in two separate free-play, non-goal directed, non-therapeutic sessions with an interactive biomimetic MiRo-E robot and a living therapy dog in a controlled setting. Behavioural observations of social interaction, initiation and reaction behaviours by the child and dog/robot showed that participants spent a similar amount of time engaging in positive social touch with the robot and the dog, but overall more time interacting with the robot. This may be because the robot was more responsive to the children’s initiation behaviours. In self-report, participants significantly preferred the session with the living dog. However, overall enjoyment was high and more positive emotions were reported following interaction with the robot. The more participants attributed mental attributes and animacy to the dog/robot, the more they enjoyed the interactions, demonstrating that participants’ animistic beliefs were an important factor in their evaluations. Levels of social interaction did not correlate with enjoyment, suggesting that the nature of the interaction was less important than pre-existing participant attitudes in producing reported positive outcomes. Although there were some differences in behaviour and evaluations, these preliminary results suggest that MiRo-E provides a useful comparison to therapy dogs and may be a suitable alternative for use in interventions with children.
Collapse
|
14
|
Udell MAR. Pets associated with enhanced early-childhood social-emotional development. J Pediatr 2020; 226:309-313. [PMID: 34756200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
15
|
Clímaco LR, Núñez CR, Cardenas RH. Evaluación de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en perros de un área de clima sub-frío de México. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v25n2.77737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La distribución geográfica de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores está influenciada por una dinámica compleja de factores ambientales, sociales y el impacto cambiante de la transmisión de sus vectores, huéspedes intermedios y reservorios. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la seropositividad a anticuerpos anti-Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferia y la seropositividad a antígenos de Dirofilaria immitis en perros de un área de México con un clima semifrío. Se tomaron 100 muestras de sangre de caninos de hogares privados y en clínicas veterinarias del estado de Amecameca de Juárez, Estado de México. El análisis de las muestras se llevó a cabo mediante un kit comercial de ELISA (Test SNAP® 4Dx® Plus Canine IDEXX®). A los resultados se observó una seropositividad a anticuerpos anti-E. canis del 30 %, 9 % para A. phagocytophilum, 4 % para B. burgdorferi y 16 % para antígenos de D. immitis. Así mismo, se halló una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la seropositividad a anticuerpos anti-E. canis y perros mayores a un año y de raza. Por otra parte se reportaron resultados similares en perros machos y mayores de un año con seropositividad a D. immitis. Con los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que existe una mayor seropositividad para la infección por E. canis y D. immitis y una asociación significativa en perros mayores de un año. Es de gran relevancia conocer la epidemiología de patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas debido al impacto zoonotico que implican. Se recomiendan investigaciones adicionales, así como medidas preventivas de salud animal y salud pública para reducir el riesgo de infección en perros.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pet Attachment and Wellbeing of Older-Aged Recreational Horseback Riders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061865. [PMID: 32183083 PMCID: PMC7143422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine if and how emotional attachment to their animal of older-aged (45+) horseback riders affects their physical, psychological and social wellbeing in comparison to dog owners. Overall, 124 individuals 45+ years answered questionnaires about pet attachment and wellbeing. Comparisons were carried out using a general linear model with activity group (rider/dog owner) as the main variable of interest. Horseback riders had no significantly lower pet attachment scores compared to dog owners. Gender differences of pet attachment were found in riders, with women having higher love factor scores. Self-reported mood during activities with the animal was significantly correlated with overall pet attachment, pet love and personal growth by contact with the pet in both, riders and dog owners. We observed no correlation of physical wellbeing during and after the activity with the animal and overall pet attachment in dog owners and horseback riders. Psychological wellbeing during the activity was significantly correlated with overall pet attachment in riders and social wellbeing during the activity in both groups. Recreational horseback riders nearly reach pet attachment scores of dog owners, increasing social and psychological wellbeing in a manner similar to that in dog owners.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cat and Dog Ownership in Early Life and Infant Development: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study of Japan Environment and Children's Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010205. [PMID: 31892205 PMCID: PMC6981655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contact with companion animals has been suggested to have important roles in enhancing child development. However, studies focused on child development and pet ownership at a very early age are limited. The purpose of the current study was to investigate child development in relation to pet ownership at an early age in a nationwide prospective birth cohort study: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Associations between cat and dog ownership at six months and infant development at 12 months of age were examined in this study. Infant development was assessed using the Ages & Stages QuestionnairesTM (ASQ-3) at 12 months. Among participants of (Japan Environment and Children’s Study) JECS, those with available data of cat and dog ownership at six months and data for the ASQ-3 at 12 months were included (n = 78,868). Having dogs showed higher percentages of pass in all five domains measured by ASQ-3 (communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social) compared to those who did not have dogs. Significantly decreased odds ratios (ORs) of developmental delays were observed in association with having dogs in all fix domains (communication: OR = 0.73, gross motor: OR = 0.86, fine motor: OR = 0.84, problem-solving: OR = 0.90, personal-social: OR = 0.83). This study suggested that early life dog ownership may reduce the risks of child developmental delays.
Collapse
|
18
|
Harris L, Durston T, Flatman J, Kelly D, Moat M, Mohammed R, Smith T, Wickes M, Upjohn M, Casey R. Impact of Socio-Economic Status on Accessibility of Dog Training Classes. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100849. [PMID: 31652507 PMCID: PMC6826670 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Behaviour problems are among the most common reasons owners give for relinquishing their dog to a rehoming centre. Dog training and owner education classes can help prevent behaviour problems, but some people may not attend these due to cost and other barriers, particularly people on low incomes. This study compared the engagement of dog owners recruited in areas with high levels of socio-economic deprivation who were offered free face-to-face dog training classes or an online dog training course. The study aimed to find out whether the online or the face-to-face formats were better at reducing barriers to learning about dog behaviour. There were high dropout rates from both types of courses; none of the participants finished the online course, and 43% of people did not reach the end of the face-to-face classes. A course of paid dog training classes with similar content, running in the same geographic area, had a comparatively low dropout rate (24%). Participants who completed the free face-to-face classes had significantly higher household incomes and were less likely to receive means-tested benefits than participants who dropped out. This evidence suggests that low income dog owners may face other barriers to attending dog training classes, aside from, or in addition to, cost. Future research should investigate people’s reasons for not continuing with dog training courses in order to support the development of training and behaviour advice delivery that is accessible to everyone. Abstract Behaviour problems are amongst the most common reasons given for relinquishing dogs to rehoming centres. Some behaviour problems may be amenable to being tackled pre-emptively with classes educating owners on basic dog training and understanding behaviour; however, it is recognised that people with low socio-economic status (SES) may face barriers to attending classes such as affordability, variable working hours, and limited access to transport and childcare. The current study piloted free-to-use dog training and owner education classes in areas with high levels of economic deprivation, both in the traditional face-to-face format and online. It was hypothesised that providing an online dog training course may help people overcome practical barriers by allowing them to complete training modules in their own time. High dropout rates were observed in both formats (online: 100%, face-to-face: 43% dropout). A course of paid dog training classes running in the same area saw a comparatively low dropout rate (24%). Participants who completed the face-to-face classes had significantly higher household incomes and were less likely to receive means-tested benefits than participants who dropped out (household income p = 0.049; benefits status p = 0.017). This evidence suggests that people with low SES may face non-course fee-related barriers to attending dog training classes. Future research should include a qualitative investigation of people’s reasons for not continuing with dog training courses. Study findings can support the development of training and behaviour advice delivery that is accessible to people with varied socio-economic backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Harris
- Canine Behaviour and Research Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| | - Tamsin Durston
- Canine Behaviour and Research Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| | - Jake Flatman
- Canine Behaviour and Research Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| | - Denise Kelly
- Campaigns Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| | - Michelle Moat
- Campaigns Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| | - Rahana Mohammed
- Campaigns Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| | - Tracey Smith
- Canine Behaviour and Research Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| | - Maria Wickes
- Canine Behaviour and Research Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| | - Melissa Upjohn
- Canine Behaviour and Research Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| | - Rachel Casey
- Canine Behaviour and Research Department, Dogs Trust, 17 Wakley Street, London EC1V 7RQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Purewal R, Christley R, Kordas K, Joinson C, Meints K, Gee N, Westgarth C. Socio-demographic factors associated with pet ownership amongst adolescents from a UK birth cohort. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:334. [PMID: 31533719 PMCID: PMC6751746 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In developed nations, pet ownership is common within families. Both physical and psychological health benefits may result from owning a pet during childhood and adolescence. However, it is difficult to determine whether these benefits are due to pet ownership directly or to factors linked to both pet ownership and health. Previous research found associations between a range of socio-demographic factors and pet ownership in seven-year-old children from a UK cohort. The current study extends this research to adolescence, considering that these factors may be important to consider in future Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) research across childhood. Results The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) collected pet ownership data prospectively via maternal reports from gestation up to age 10 years old and via self-report retrospectively at age 18 for ages 11 (n = 3063) to 18 years old (n = 3098) on cats, dogs, rabbits, rodents, birds, fish, tortoise/turtles and horses. The dataset also contains a wide range of potential confounders, including demographic and socio-economic variables. The ownership of all pet types peaked at age 11 (80%) and then decreased during adolescence, with the exclusion of cats which remained constant (around 30%), and dogs which increased through 11–18 years (26–37%). Logistic regression was used to build multivariable models for ownership of each pet type at age 13 years, and the factors identified in these models were compared to previously published data for 7 year-olds in the same cohort. There was some consistency with predictors reported at age 7. Generally sex, birth order, maternal age, maternal education, number of people in the household, house type, and concurrent ownership of other pets were associated with pet ownership at both 7 and 13 years (the direction of association varied according to pet type). Factors that were no longer associated with adolescent pet ownership included child ethnicity, paternal education, and parental social class. Conclusions A number of socio-demographic factors are associated with pet ownership in childhood and adolescence and they differ according to the type of pet, and age of child. These factors are potential confounders that must be considered in future HAI studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Purewal
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, and Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Robert Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, and Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Carol Joinson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Kerstin Meints
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, Brayford Wharf East, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN5 7AY, UK
| | - Nancy Gee
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Fredonia, NY, 14063, USA.,WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leics, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Carri Westgarth
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, and Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wanser SH, Vitale KR, Thielke LE, Brubaker L, Udell MA. Spotlight on the psychological basis of childhood pet attachment and its implications. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2019; 12:469-479. [PMID: 31303801 PMCID: PMC6610550 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s158998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that humans can form strong attachments to their pets, and at least some pets display attachment behaviors toward their human caretakers. In some cases, these bonds have been found to support or enhance the physical and emotional well-being of both species. Most human–animal interaction research to date has focused on adult owners, and therefore less is known about childhood pet attachment. However, there is growing evidence that pets may play an important role in the development and well-being of children, as well as adult family members. Research conducted to date suggests that child–pet relationships may be especially impactful for children who do not have stable or secure attachments to their human caretakers. However, given that human–animal interactions, including pet ownership, can also introduce some risks, there is considerable value in understanding the nature of child–pet attachments, including the potential benefits of these relationships, from a scientific perspective. The purpose of this review is to provide background and a brief overview of the research that has been conducted on childhood attachment to pets, as well as to identify areas where more research would be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby H Wanser
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kristyn R Vitale
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lauren E Thielke
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lauren Brubaker
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Monique Ar Udell
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Muldoon JC, Williams JM, Currie C. Differences in boys' and girls' attachment to pets in early-mid adolescence. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
22
|
Holland KE. Acquiring a Pet Dog: A Review of Factors Affecting the Decision-Making of Prospective Dog Owners. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040124. [PMID: 30925784 PMCID: PMC6523466 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Each year, many people around the world get a pet dog. With so many different types and breeds of dogs available, and a variety of sources from which to obtain a dog, the process of getting a dog can be complex. The decisions involved in this process are likely influenced by a variety of human- and dog-related factors and this review explores the factors that appear to be the most important. Abstract Given the prevalence of pet dogs in households throughout the world, decisions regarding dog acquisition affect many people each year. Across the stages of dog acquisition there is potential for practices that may promote or compromise canine welfare. For instance, prospective owners may not fully understand the time, energy and financial commitment entailed in their decision to acquire a dog. Thus, it is pressing that stakeholders, including those working in the canine welfare sector, refine their ability to identify and respond to trends in the behavior of potential dog owners. The motivations, attitudes and behaviors of current and prospective dog owners is a small but growing area of interdisciplinary study. Yet, no synthesis of the evidence exists. To address this gap, this critical review collates data and insights from studies published by academic researchers and animal welfare charities. The most widely reported factors associated with acquisition behavior include: the dog’s physical appearance, behavior and health; social influences, such as trends in the popularity of certain breeds; demographic and socioeconomic factors; and the owner’s previous ownership experience. Overall, the research discussed in this paper highlights that complex interactions likely underpin the various factors that might influence prospective owners’ motivators and behaviors.
Collapse
|
23
|
Bussolari C, Habarth JM, Phillips S, Katz R, Packman W. Self-Compassion, Social Constraints, and Psychosocial Outcomes in a Pet Bereavement Sample. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2018; 82:389-408. [PMID: 30514184 DOI: 10.1177/0030222818814050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated self-compassion in the context of grief following the death of a companion animal in a recently bereaved sample (N = 431). We addressed social contexts and individual differences focusing on how psychosocial outcomes vary as a function of social constraints, as well as individual differences in self-compassion and use of continuing bonds (CB). We observed that self-compassion related to the frequency of engagement in CB. Self-compassion also moderated relationships between grief severity and depression as well as social constraints and depression. We recommend future research on self-compassion training and psychosocial outcomes, especially for those experiencing social constraints or disenfranchised grief.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cori Bussolari
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wendy Packman
- Psychology Department, Palo Alto University, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jacobson KC, Chang L. Associations Between Pet Ownership and Attitudes Toward Pets With Youth Socioemotional Outcomes. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2304. [PMID: 30534102 PMCID: PMC6275470 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence regarding the effects of pet ownership and related variables on youth socioemotional development is mixed. Inconsistencies across studies may be due to a variety of factors, including the use of different outcomes measured across studies, small potential effect sizes, and use of selected samples. In addition, studies have not systematically controlled for demographic characteristics that may bias results, nor have studies systematically examined whether effects are consistent across different subgroups. The present study examined the impact of pet ownership and attitudes toward pets on four measures of youth socioemotional outcomes: delinquency, depressed mood, empathy, and prosocial behavior. Linear mixed-effect regression analyses were conducted on 342 youth (48.0% male) aged 9-19 (M = 14.05, SD = 1.77) from a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample. The majority (59.1%) of youth currently lived with a dog or cat and all participants completed the Pet Attitude Scale-Modified. Pet owners reported lower delinquency and higher empathy than non-owners; however, group differences became non-significant once demographic factors were controlled for. Attitudes toward pets was significantly associated with all four outcomes. More positive attitudes was modestly associated with lower delinquency (β = -0.22, p < 0.001) and higher empathy (β = 0.31, p < 0.001), with smaller effects for depressed mood (β = -0.12, p = 0.04) and prosocial behavior (β = 0.12, p = 0.02). For delinquency, empathy, and prosocial behavior, effects were only slightly attenuated and remained statistically significant after controlling for gender, age, race/ethnicity, family socioeconomic status, and pet ownership, although the effect for depressed mood became non-significant after inclusion of these demographic factors. While there was some variability in effect sizes across different subgroups, none of the interactions between attitudes toward pets and gender, race/ethnicity, age, family SES, or pet ownership was statistically significant, indicating that the effects may transcend individual differences in demographic characteristics. Overall, the study adds to a growing body of work supporting a positive relationship between emotional bonds with pets and youth socioemotional outcomes and offers potential explanations for inconsistencies across previous studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen C. Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gupta N, Yadav T. Parents' acceptance and their children's choice of pet for animal-assisted therapy (A.A.T.) in 3- to 12-year-old children in the dental operatory -A questionnaire-based pilot study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2018; 28:373-379. [PMID: 29659063 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the parents' acceptance to therapy pets, child's most favoured pet, child's choice of soft toy as compared to live pet, and child's preference of his own pet versus therapy pet. METHODS Sixty-two children of age groups 3-6 year, 6-9 year, and 9-12 year were selected. The data from completed questionnaires were statistically analysed and subjected to z test, Chi-squared test with P value<0.05 considered as significant. RESULTS The consent to the presence of pet was given by 41.47% parents of 9- to 12-year-old children, 34.15% parents of 6- to 9-year-old children and 24.39% parents of 3- to 6-year-old children. Children who chose dog as their preferred pet were 56.7%; those who chose cat as their preferred pet were 44%. A majority of 3-to 6-year-olds (63.15%) had dog & cat as their choice, while 6- to 9-year-olds (65.21%) & 9- to 12-year-olds (40%) preferred dogs over all others. Dog was the favourite pet of 46.8% children. More percentage of children wanted pet provided by clinic. CONCLUSIONS Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) can prove to be a good behaviour management technique if more parents are made aware and informed about AAT; dog is one of the highly recommended pets for AAT, and therapy pet should be preferred over home pet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. G.D. Pol Foundation, Y.M.T. Dental College and Research Institute, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tushar Yadav
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. G.D. Pol Foundation, Y.M.T. Dental College and Research Institute, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Westgarth C, Boddy LM, Stratton G, German AJ, Gaskell RM, Coyne KP, Bundred P, McCune S, Dawson S. The association between dog ownership or dog walking and fitness or weight status in childhood. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:e51-e56. [PMID: 27793067 PMCID: PMC5697616 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health benefits of dog walking are established in adults: dog owners are on average more physically active, and those walking their dogs regularly have lower weight status than those who do not. However, there has been little research on children. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the association between dog ownership or dog walking and childhood fitness or weight status. METHODS A survey of pet ownership and involvement in dog walking was combined with fitness and weight status measurements of 1021 9 to 10-year-old children in the Liverpool SportsLinx study. RESULTS We found little evidence to support that children who live with, or walk with, dogs are any fitter or less likely to be obese than those who do not. CONCLUSIONS This is an important finding, as it suggests that the activity that children currently do with dogs is not sufficient enough to impact weight status or fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Westgarth
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - L. M. Boddy
- Physical Activity, Exercise and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - G. Stratton
- Sport and Health PortfolioCollege of Engineering Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - A. J. German
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - R. M. Gaskell
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - K. P. Coyne
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - P. Bundred
- Institute of Psychology Health and Society, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolBrownlow HillUK
| | - S. McCune
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet NutritionLeicsUK
| | - S. Dawson
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Small Pilot Survey on Parents' Perception of the Relationship between Children and Pets. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4040052. [PMID: 29056710 PMCID: PMC5753632 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since companion animals are taking on more important roles in family life, the aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of parents about the relationship between their children and pets. A number of parents were asked to fill in a questionnaire; the principal topics were: pet ownership, pet care, relationship between pets and children, and sources of information about pet management. Eighty-two parents completed the survey; 71.4% of them already had pets before having children; pet care and health has emerged to be rather important, since 96.4% of the pets are taken to the veterinarian at least once a year; moreover, the great majority of the parents (97.2%) were not worried about the possible risks, linked to pets, pertaining to their child's health. The present survey confirms that pets are mostly considered as members of the family, and not only as a benefit for the children. Moreover, the relationship between children and pets is basically seen as a positive experience for children.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hawkins RD, Williams JM, Scottish Society For The Prevention Of Cruelty To Animals Scottish Spca. Childhood Attachment to Pets: Associations between Pet Attachment, Attitudes to Animals, Compassion, and Humane Behaviour. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E490. [PMID: 28481256 PMCID: PMC5451941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attachment to pets has an important role in children's social, emotional, and cognitive development, mental health, well-being, and quality of life. This study examined associations between childhood attachment to pets and caring and friendship behaviour, compassion, and attitudes towards animals. This study also examined socio-demographic differences, particularly pet ownership and pet type. A self-report survey of over one thousand 7 to 12 year-olds in Scotland, UK, revealed that the majority of children are strongly attached to their pets, but attachment scores differ depending on pet type and child gender. Analysis revealed that attachment to pets is facilitated by compassion and caring and pet-directed friendship behaviours and that attachment to pets significantly predicts positive attitudes towards animals. The findings have implications for the promotion of prosocial and humane behaviour. Encouraging children to participate in pet care behaviour may promote attachment between children and their pet, which in turn may have a range of positive outcomes for both children (such as reduced aggression, better well-being, and quality of life) and pets (such as humane treatment). This study enhances our understanding of childhood pet attachment and has implications for humane education and promoting secure emotional attachments in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne D Hawkins
- Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
| | - Joanne M Williams
- Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Serpell J, McCune S, Gee N, Griffin JA. Current challenges to research on animal-assisted interventions. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1262775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James A. Griffin
- The National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Marsa-Sambola F, Williams J, Muldoon J, Lawrence A, Connor M, Currie C. Quality of life and adolescents' communication with their significant others (mother, father, and best friend): the mediating effect of attachment to pets. Attach Hum Dev 2017; 19:278-297. [PMID: 28277094 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2017.1293702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between adolescents' communication with their significant others (mother, father, and best friend) and quality of life (KIDSCREEN) was investigated in 2262 Scottish adolescent pet owners. The variable attachment to pets was also tested and assessed as a mediator of this relationship. A positive relationship between adolescents' communication with their significant other (mother, father, and best friend) and quality of life decreased when controlling for attachment to dogs. In cat owners, a positive relationship between communication with a best friend and quality of life decreased when controlling for attachment to cats. In cat and dog owners, attachment to these pets predicted higher levels of quality of life. Higher attachment to dogs and cats was explained by good best friend (IV) and attachment to pets (DV) and best friends. Mediation effects of attachment to dogs and cats might be explained in terms of the caring activities associated with these types of pets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Marsa-Sambola
- a Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit (CAHRU) , University of St Andrew , St Andrews , UK
| | - Joanne Williams
- b Clinical Psychology , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Janine Muldoon
- a Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit (CAHRU) , University of St Andrew , St Andrews , UK
| | - Alistair Lawrence
- c Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Melanie Connor
- c Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Candace Currie
- a Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit (CAHRU) , University of St Andrew , St Andrews , UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kertes DA, Liu J, Hall NJ, Hadad NA, Wynne CDL, Bhatt SS. Effect of Pet Dogs on Children's Perceived Stress and Cortisol Stress Response. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 26:382-401. [PMID: 28439150 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested whether pet dogs have stress-buffering effects for children during a validated laboratory-based protocol, the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). Participants were 101 children aged 7-12 years with their primary caregivers and pet dogs. Children were randomly assigned in the TSST-C to a pet present condition or one of two comparison conditions: parent present or no support figure present. Baseline, response, and recovery indices of perceived stress and cortisol levels were computed based on children's self-reported feelings of stress and salivary cortisol. Results indicated that in the alone (no social support) condition, children showed the expected rise for both perceived stress and cortisol response to stress. Pet dog presence significantly buffered the perceived stress response in comparison to children in the alone and parent present conditions. No main condition effect was observed for cortisol; however, for children experiencing the stressor with their pet present, lower cortisol response to stress was associated with more child-initiated petting and less dog proximity-seeking behavior. The results support the notion that pet dogs can provide socio-emotional benefits for children via stress buffering.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kerns KA, Koehn AJ, van Dulmen MHM, Stuart-Parrigon KL, Coifman KG. Preadolescents' Relationships with Pet Dogs: Relationship Continuity and Associations with Adjustment. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2016; 21:67-80. [PMID: 29422765 DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1160781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on human-animal interaction in children has been studied in isolation rather than integrated with core theories of children's relationships. This study is one of the first to examine how children's relationships with pet dogs are related to their human relationships (parent-child attachments, friendships) and to child adjustment, and to include observational assessment of children's interactions with their pet dog. Children (9 to 11 years old, n = 99) completed questionnaires regarding relationships with pet dogs, parents, and friends. Half the children were observed interacting with their pet dog. Children and teachers reported children's adjustment. Children who felt closer to their dogs were more securely attached to mothers and fathers, and reported more positive qualities and less conflict with friends. Children with more secure attachments to mothers, and greater companionship with dogs, interacted more with their dogs. Parental attachment and friendship quality, but not the pet dog relationship, were related to child adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J Koehn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hall NJ, Liu J, Kertes DA, Wynne CD. Behavioral and Self-report Measures Influencing Children's Reported Attachment to Their Dog. ANTHROZOOS 2016; 29:137-150. [PMID: 28066130 PMCID: PMC5214578 DOI: 10.1080/08927936.2015.1088683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of dogs as family pets and increased scientific interest in canine behavior, few studies have investigated characteristics of the child or dog that influence the child-dog relationship. In the present study, we explored how behavioral and self-report measures influence a child's reported feelings of attachment to their dog, as assessed by the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS). We tested specifically whether children (N= 99; Age: M= 10.25 years, SD= 1.31 years) reported stronger attachment to dogs that were perceived as being more supportive (measured by a modified version of the Network of Relationships Inventory), to dogs that are more successful in following the child's pointing gesture in a standard two-object choice test, or to dogs that solicited more petting in a sociability assessment. In addition, we assessed whether children's attachment security to their parent, and whether being responsible for the care of their dog, influenced reported feelings of attachment to the dog. Overall, perceived support provided by the dog was highly predictive of all subscales of the LAPS. The dog's success in following the child's pointing gesture and lower rates of petting during the sociability assessment were associated with higher ratings on the general attachment subscale of the LAPS, but not of other subscales of the LAPS. Caring for the dog did not predict the child's reported attachment to dog, but did predict the dog's behavior on the point following task and petting during the sociability task. If the child cared for the dog, the dog was more likely to be successful on the pointing task and more likely to be petted. These results indicate a dyadic relationship in which the child's care for the dog is associated with the dog's behavior on the behavioral tasks, which in turn is related to the child's reported feelings of attachment. The direction of influence and nature of this dyad will be a fruitful area for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wong PWC, Lau KCT, Liu LL, Yuen GSN, Wing-Lok P. Beyond Recovery. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2015; 75:103-123. [DOI: 10.1177/0030222815612603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is a worldwide trend that more households are having pets or companion animals. Hence, there has been an increasing number of animal lovers experience companion animal loss bereavement. This form of bereavement has not been explored in Chinese societies. We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth interviews with 31 animal lovers and recruited through convenience and snowball sampling in Hong Kong. Companion animal loss bereavement appears to share similar features to other forms of bereavement but also has its unique features. The intensity of grief seemed to be affected by factors like the strength of the human–animal bond, lack of empathy from closed ones, being married without children, and euthanasia decision. Although the bereavement was distressful for many of our participants, many of them gradually achieved personal growth from their loss experience. We have identified seven common themes from the interview data and through self-reliance, social-supported, or professional-supported coping behaviors, people bereaved by animal loss can achieve growth from their experience. This study shows that postbereavement growth is possible from pet loss bereavement when appropriate coping strategies are adopted by the bereaved but some professional help may be needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. C. Wong
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Lucia L. Liu
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Poon Wing-Lok
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Animal Power, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mustiana A, Toribio JA, Abdurrahman M, Suadnya IW, Hernandez-Jover M, Putra AAG, Ward MP. Owned and unowned dog population estimation, dog management and dog bites to inform rabies prevention and response on Lombok Island, Indonesia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124092. [PMID: 25932916 PMCID: PMC4416720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Indonesia has been rabies-infected since at least the 1880s, some islands remain rabies-free, such as Lombok. However, due to its adjacency to rabies-infected islands such as Bali and Flores, there is considerable risk of a rabies incursion. As part of a rabies risk assessment project, surveys were conducted to estimate the size of the dog population and to describe dog management practices of households belonging to different ethnic groups. A photographic-recapture method was employed and the number of unowned dogs was estimated. A total of 400 dog owning households were interviewed, 300 at an urban site and 100 at a rural site. The majority of the interviewed households belonged to the Balinese ethnic group. Owned dogs were more likely male, and non-pedigree or local breed. These households kept their dogs either fully restricted, semi-free roaming or free-roaming but full restriction was reported only at the urban site. Dog bite cases were reported to be higher at the urban site, and commonly affected children/young adults to 20 years old and males. A higher number of unowned dogs was observed at the urban site than at the rural site. Data generated within these surveys can inform rabies risk assessment models to quantify the probability of rabies being released into Lombok and resulting in the infection of the local dog population. The information gained is critical for efforts to educate dog owners about rabies, as a component of preparedness to prevent the establishment of rabies should an incursion occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mustiana
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Muktasam Abdurrahman
- Research Center for Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, Lombok, Indonesia
| | - I. Wayan Suadnya
- Research Center for Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, Lombok, Indonesia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Anak Agung Gde Putra
- Disease Investigation Centre Denpasar, Ministry of Agriculture, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Morrison R, Reilly JJ, Penpraze V, Westgarth C, Ward DS, Mutrie N, Hutchison P, Young D, McNicol L, Calvert M, Yam PS. Children, parents and pets exercising together (CPET): exploratory randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1096. [PMID: 24279294 PMCID: PMC4222564 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of physical activity (PA) in UK children are much lower than recommended and novel approaches to its promotion are needed. The Children, Parents and Pets Exercising Together (CPET) study is the first exploratory randomised controlled trial (RCT) to develop and evaluate an intervention aimed at dog-based PA promotion in families. CPET aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability and potential efficacy of a theory-driven, family-based, dog walking intervention for 9-11 year olds. METHODS Twenty-eight families were allocated randomly to either receive a 10-week dog based PA intervention or to a control group. Families in the intervention group were motivated and supported to increase the frequency, intensity and duration of dog walking using a number of behaviour change techniques. Parents in the intervention group were asked to complete a short study exit questionnaire. In addition, focus groups with parents and children in the intervention group, and with key stakeholders were undertaken. The primary outcome measure was 10 week change in total volume of PA using the mean accelerometer count per minute (cpm). Intervention and control groups were compared using analysis of covariance. Analysis was performed on an intention to treat basis. RESULTS Twenty five families were retained at follow up (89%) and 97% of all outcome data were collected at baseline and follow up. Thirteen of 14 (93%) intervention group parents available at follow up completed the study exit questionnaire and noted that study outcome measures were acceptable. There was a mean difference in child total volume of PA of 27 cpm (95% CI -70, 123) and -3 cpm (95% CI -60, 54) for intervention and control group children, respectively. This was not statistically significant. Approximately 21% of dog walking time for parents and 39% of dog walking time for children was moderate-vigorous PA. CONCLUSIONS The acceptability of the CPET intervention and outcome measures was high. Using pet dogs as the agent of lifestyle change in PA interventions in children and their parents is both feasible and acceptable, but did not result in a significant increase in child PA in this exploratory trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN85939423.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Morrison
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - John J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Victoria Penpraze
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Carri Westgarth
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - Dianne S Ward
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nanette Mutrie
- Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Pippa Hutchison
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - David Young
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Lindsay McNicol
- Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Michael Calvert
- Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Philippa S Yam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Westgarth C, Boddy LM, Stratton G, German AJ, Gaskell RM, Coyne KP, Bundred P, McCune S, Dawson S. A cross-sectional study of frequency and factors associated with dog walking in 9-10 year old children in Liverpool, UK. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:822. [PMID: 24015895 PMCID: PMC4015861 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Owning a pet dog could potentially improve child health through encouraging participation in physical activity, through dog walking. However, evidence to support this is limited and conflicting. In particular, little is known about children’s participation in dog walking and factors that may be associated with this. The objective of this study was to describe the participation of children in dog walking, including their own and those belonging to somebody else, and investigate factors associated with regular walking with their own pet dog. Methods Primary school children (n=1021, 9–10 years) from a deprived area of Liverpool were surveyed during a ‘fitness fun day’ as part of the SportsLinx project. The ‘Child Lifestyle and Pets’ survey included questions about pet ownership, pet attachment, and dog walking. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate factors associated with walking any dog, or their own dog, several times a day or more, including level of attachment to the dog, dog type, and sociodemographic factors. Results Overall, 15.4% of children reported walking with any dog (their own or belonging to a friend or family member) ≥ once daily, 14.1% several times a week, 27.6% ≤ once a week, and 42.8% never. Dog owning children (37.1% of the population) more often reported dog walking ‘several times a week or more’ (OR=12.30, 95% CI=8.10-18.69, P<0.001) compared to those without a dog, but were less likely to report other walking without a dog. The majority (59.3%) of dog owning children indicated that they usually walked their dog, with 34.6% reporting that they walked their dog ≥ once daily. Attachment score was highly associated with the child reporting walking their dog (lower score=higher attachment; OR=0.93, 95% CI=0.89-0.96, P<0.001). There was no evidence that gender, ethnicity, sibling status or deprivation score was associated with dog walking. Children that reported owning Pit Bulls were more likely to report friends walking with their dog than those owning non-Pit bull types (OR=10.01, 95% CI=1.52-65.76, P=0.02, respectively). Conclusions Promotion of supervised walking of suitable pet dogs may be an opportunity for increasing physical activity in 9–10 year old children. The identification of stronger attachment to dogs regularly walked is similar to findings in adult studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carri Westgarth
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|