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Nhungo CJ, Lori JM, Kashaija JM, Harya SA, Kataraia R, Ngaiza A, Nyongole OV, Mkony C. Favorable outcome of open partial cystectomy for muscle-invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: A case report and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e9019. [PMID: 38836113 PMCID: PMC11147743 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.9019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message The "gold standard" treatment for Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is radical cystectomy and different management approaches that combine chemotherapy and radiation in a neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting have been attempted with varying degrees of effectiveness. For certain individuals, partial cystectomy offers sufficient local control for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Lifelong follow-up with cystoscopy is advised due to the possibility of potentially fatal late recurrence. Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a rare urologic malignancy that is estimated to affect 3%-5% of the bladder cases. SCC of the bladder remains the most common subtype throughout Africa. Most of the literatures focused on the management of Urothelial carcinoma (UC), with fewer discussions on SCC management. UC typically presents with painless hematuria, whereas SCC presents with painful hematuria, bladder mass, and necroturia. SCC is mostly radioresistant and does not respond to chemotherapy. The mainstay treatment is partial cystectomy or radical cystectomy, which can be performed through open surgery or laparoscopic or robot-assisted approaches, all of which have acceptable results. We report a patient with a favorable outcome following partial cystectomy who was managed by open surgery. At the 12-month follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic with good surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles John Nhungo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Joseph Martin Lori
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - John Mugisha Kashaija
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | | | - Rachel Kataraia
- Department of Radiology Muhimbili National Dar es salaam Tanzania
| | - Advera Ngaiza
- Department of pathology Muhimbili National Dar es salaam Tanzania
| | - Obadia Venance Nyongole
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Charles Mkony
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania
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Essien-Baidoo S, Essuman MA, Tee J, Ephraim RKD, Blay Mensah LB, Boakye Amponsah S, Afrifa J. Toward schistosomiasis control: Assessment of infection-associated voiding symptoms, quality of life and the impact of exercise coupled with water intake on egg recovery in an endemic community in Ghana. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002514. [PMID: 37983234 PMCID: PMC10659178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the burden of disease and techniques for clinical diagnosis could ultimately help in schistosomiasis control. This study assessed the impact of exercises and water intake on ova recovery during laboratory diagnosis and schistosomiasis-associated urinary symptoms and quality of life (QOL) among inhabitants of Dendo, an endemic community in Ghana. The clinical findings and responses of 400 randomly selected participants were used for the study. The International Prostate Symptoms Score (I-PSS) was used to collect information on participants' self-reported urinary symptoms and QOL. Finally, urine samples were collected on two consecutive days, initially without exercise and water intake and then after exercise and water intake, and about 10 ml of it were microscopically examined for the presence and quantification of ova. The data collected from the study were analyzed using IBM SPSS. Schistosoma haematobium egg recovery increased significantly (p < 0.001) from 206 (51.5%) to 220 (55.0%) after exercise and water intake with the highest increase being observed among participants less than 20 years (53.3% to 57.1% after exercise and water intake). As high as 90.3% and 56.8% of Schistosoma-positive participants reported IPSS>7 (symptomatic voiding disorders) and QOL≥4 (mostly dissatisfied or unhappy QOL) respectively. The commonest voiding symptoms reported were nocturia (98.9%) and incomplete emptying (79.6%). Positive correlations between egg count, IPSS score, and QOL were observed. This study provides important evidence for the inclusion of exercise and water intake in the microscopic diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium and reveals that schistosomiasis significantly impacts the affected individuals' urinary health and overall quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Essien-Baidoo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mainprice Akuoko Essuman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joseph Tee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Richard K. D. Ephraim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Loretta Betty Blay Mensah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Seth Boakye Amponsah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Justice Afrifa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Vidosavljević M, Puntarić D, Gvozdić V, Vidosavljević D, Šijanović S, Šekerija M, Venus M, Jovičić M, Begović L. ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER AND URINE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MALIGNANT TUMORS OF URINARY TRACT IN OSIJEK-BARANJA COUNTY, CROATIA. Acta Clin Croat 2023; 62:95-103. [PMID: 38966031 PMCID: PMC11221220 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2023.62.s2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased values of arsenic in potable water in eastern Croatia has been a matter of scientific interest for the past two decades due to numerous health effects, including carcinogenic ones. This study investigated whether prolonged exposure to increased arsenic from water could be detectable through increased arsenic in urine, and whether it influenced the incidence of kidney and bladder cancer in Osijek-Baranja County. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for analysis of water samples from available water sources (wells, aqueducts). In addition, examinees from Osijek, Našice, Vladislavci, Čepin and Dalj gave their urine samples for analysis. Data on cancer incidence were obtained from the Institute for Public Health Registry and cumulative incidence of kidney and bladder cancer was calculated for the period between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2018. Elevated arsenic concentration in drinking water was recorded in Vladislavci, Čepin and Osijek area with values above the allowed maximum according to the EU standards (10 µg L-1) and as a result, arsenic levels in urine of the inhabitants were also elevated. Cumulative incidence for bladder cancer showed correlation between increased arsenic in water and urine in the areas affected by increased arsenic in water. Epidemiologic data suggest a conclusion that elevated arsenic could be considered at least as a cofounding factor for urinary tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vidosavljević
- Molecular Biosciences Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Study, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Health Care Center of Osijek-Baranya County, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Vlatka Gvozdić
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Vidosavljević
- Faculty of Medicine in Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Siniša Šijanović
- Faculty of Medicine in Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Miroslav Venus
- Sveti Rok Institute of Public Health of Virovitica-Podravina County, Virovitica, Croatia
| | - Miloš Jovičić
- Faculty of Medicine in Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Begović
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Makau-Barasa L, Assefa L, Aderogba MO, Bell D, Solomon J, Abba A, A-Enegela J, Damen JG, Popoola S, Diehl JC, Vdovine G, Agbana T. Image-Based Awareness Campaign and Community Mobilization in the Control of Schistosomiasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:309. [PMID: 37368727 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Community awareness and participation in mass screening is critical for schistosomiasis control. This study assessed the impact of sharing anonymized image-based positive test results on the uptake of screening during community mobilization outreach. We conducted an observational study to compare the population response to standard and image-based strategies in 14 communities in Abuja, Nigeria. Six hundred and ninety-one (341 females, 350 males) individuals participated in this study. We analyzed the response ratio, relative increase, and sample collection time. The potential treatment uptake and change in social behavior were determined based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The mean response ratio of the image-based strategy was 89.7% representing a significantly higher ratio than the 27.8%, which was observed under the standard mobilization approach (p ≤ 0.001). The image-based method was associated with 100% of the participants agreeing to provide urine samples, 94% willing to be treated, 89% claiming to have been invited to participate in the study by a friend, and 91% desiring to change a predisposing behavioral habit. These findings indicate that image-based community awareness campaigns may increase the population's perception about schistosomiasis transmission and treatment. This raises new possibilities for local resource mobilization to expand services in reaching the last mile in schistosomiasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liya Assefa
- The Ending Neglected Diseases (END) Fund, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Moses O Aderogba
- The Ending Neglected Diseases (END) Fund, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Bell
- Independent Consultant, Lake Jackson, TX 77566, USA
| | | | | | | | - James G Damen
- Medical Lab Department, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Nigeria
| | | | - Jan-Carel Diehl
- Sustainable Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gleb Vdovine
- AiDx Medical Bv, 2641 KM Pijnacker, The Netherlands
- Sustainable Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Temitope Agbana
- AiDx Medical Bv, 2641 KM Pijnacker, The Netherlands
- Sustainable Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands
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Mohammed SA, Hetta HF, Zahran AM, Tolba MEM, Attia RAH, Behnsawy HM, Algammal AM, Batiha GES, Mohammed AQ, Ahmad AA. T cell subsets, regulatory T, regulatory B cells and proinflammatory cytokine profile in Schistosoma haematobium associated bladder cancer: First report from Upper Egypt. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011258. [PMID: 37068081 PMCID: PMC10109487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of different populations of the immune system in bladder cancer (BCa) is well established. However, the cohesive role of the immune cell profile of schistosomal BCa at systemic and tissue levels is still lacking, especially in endemic countries. The balance hypothesized between protumorigenic and antitumor molecules determines the prognosis of tumor progression. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of T cell subsets at both blood and tumor tissue, regulatory T(Treg), regulatory B cells (Breg) and proinflammatory cytokines in S. haematobium-related BCa patients in Egypt. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The frequency of T cell subsets at both blood and tumor tissue, regulatory T(Treg), regulatory B cells (Breg) were studied by flow cytometry and proinflammatory cytokines by ELISA in S. haematobium-related BCa patients in Egypt. The results indicated a significant increase in the activity of T-cell populations, particularly CD3+, CD4+, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and a decrease in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the patient group. An increased proportion of CD19+CD24+CD38+ Bregs and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) was also observed. However, T-cell subpopulations in the tumor microenvironment showed a significant reduction in cancer patients compared to controls. Moreover, positive correlations were observed between the frequencies of Bregs and Tregs, suggesting the promotion of cancer progression besides their relation to the intensity of schistosomal infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Trapped Schistosoma haematobium eggs in bladder tissue might lead to persistent inflammation that contributes to immunomodulation and promotes tumor progression, as evidenced by the increase in peripheral T helper, Tregs, Bregs and serum tumor-promoting cytokines. Considering the role and integrated functions of specific immune responses in BCa could help future diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdelal Mohammed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut Egypt
| | - Mohammed E M Tolba
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rasha A H Attia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hosny M Behnsawy
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Qasem Mohammed
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and infectious diseases, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
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Yohana C, Bakuza JS, Kinung’hi SM, Nyundo BA, Rambau PF. The trend of schistosomiasis related bladder cancer in the lake zone, Tanzania: a retrospective review over 10 years period. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:10. [PMID: 36800971 PMCID: PMC9938995 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer is a possible outcome of chronic urinary schistosomiasis in many endemic countries. In Tanzania, the Lake Victoria area is one of the areas with the highest prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and higher incidences of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder. A previous study in the area over one decade (2001-2010) showed SCC to be common in patients aged below 50 years. With various prevention and intervention programs there are likely to be notable changes in schistosomiasis-related urinary bladder cancer, which is currently unknown. Updated information on the status of SCC in this area will be useful for giving an insights into efficacy of control interventions implemented and help guide the initiation of new ones. Therefore, this study was done to determine the current trend of schistosomiasis-related bladder cancer in lake zone, Tanzania. METHODS This was a descriptive retrospective study of histologically confirmed urinary bladder cancer cases diagnosed at the Pathology Department of Bugando Medical Centre over 10 years period. The patient files and histopathology reports were retrieved and information was extracted. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and student t-test. RESULTS A total of 481 patients were diagnosed with urinary bladder cancer during the study period whereby, 52.6% were males and 47.4% were females. The mean age regardless of histological type of cancer was 55 ± 14.2 years. The SCC was the commonest histological type accounting for 57.0%, followed by transitional cell carcinoma 37.6%, and 5.4% were adenocarcinomas. The Schistosoma haematobium eggs were observed in 25.2% and were commonly associated with SCC (p = 0.001). Poorly differentiated cancers were observed mostly in females (58.6%) compared to males (41.4%) (p = 0.003). Muscular invasion of the urinary bladder by cancer was observed in 11.4% of the patients, and this was significantly higher in non-squamous than in squamous cancers (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION Schistosomiasis-related cancers of the urinary bladder in the Lake zone of Tanzania is still a problem. Schistosoma haematobium eggs were associated with SCC type indicating the persistence of infection in the area. This calls for more efforts on preventive and intervention programs to reduce the burden of urinary bladder cancer in the lake zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coletha Yohana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology (MUST), P.O Box 131, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - Jared S. Bakuza
- grid.8193.30000 0004 0648 0244Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE), P.O Box 2329, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Safari M. Kinung’hi
- grid.416716.30000 0004 0367 5636National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), P.O Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Bruno A. Nyundo
- grid.8193.30000 0004 0648 0244Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter F. Rambau
- grid.411961.a0000 0004 0451 3858Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando (CUHAS-Bugando), Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Brocklehurst A, Varughese M, Birtle A. Bladder Preservation for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer With Variant Histology. Semin Radiat Oncol 2023; 33:62-69. [PMID: 36517195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has shown bladder-preservation with chemo-radiotherapy achieves comparable survival to Radical Cystectomy (5-year OS 50%-70%) and superior quality of life outcomes for patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC). However, up to 55% of patients harbor variant histology and in this review we aim to clarify the role of bladder-preservation for this group. We first draw the distinction between urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation (UCDD) and non-urothelial carcinoma (NUC). UCDD is common, increasing in prevalence, and whilst each subtype may have its own characteristics current evidence suggests comparable outcomes with radical cystectomy and bladder-preservation. Non-urothelial carcinoma is a collection of distinct pathologies each deserving of its own management strategy. However, these tumors are rare, and evidence is generated from retrospective studies with significant inherent bias. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder has good evidence for bladder-preservation; however, other pathologies such as Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma are not well supported. We recommend careful multidisciplinary appraisal of the evidence for each subtype and honest patient discussion about the limited evidence before reaching management decisions. As we look to the future molecular-profiling may help better characterize these tumors and aid in treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohini Varughese
- Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Birtle
- Rosemere Cancer Centre, Preston, Lancs; University of Manchester; University of Central Lancashire
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Siddiqui AJ, Khan MF, Hamadou WS, Goyal M, Jahan S, Jamal A, Ashraf SA, Sharma P, Sachidanandan M, Badraoui R, Chaubey KK, Snoussi M, Adnan M. Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Revealed Ivermectin as Potential Drug against Schistosoma-Associated Bladder Cancer Targeting Protein Signaling: Computational Drug Repositioning Approach. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:1058. [PMID: 34684095 PMCID: PMC8539496 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) infection, which has been linked to the development of bladder cancer. In this study, three repurposing drugs, ivermectin, arteether and praziquantel, were screened to find the potent drug-repurposing candidate against the Schistosoma-associated bladder cancer (SABC) in humans by using computational methods. The biology of most glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) proteins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is complex and multifaceted, according to recent evidence, and these proteins actively participate in many tumorigenic processes such as cell proliferation, cell survival and drug resistance. The VEGF and GSTs are now widely acknowledged as an important target for antitumor therapy. Thus, in this present study, ivermectin displayed promising inhibition of bladder cancer cells via targeting VEGF and GSTs signaling. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis revealed that ivermectin efficiently targeted the binding pockets of VEGF receptor proteins and possessed stable dynamics behavior at binding sites. Therefore, we proposed here that these compounds must be tested experimentally against VEGF and GST signaling in order to control SABC. Our study lies within the idea of discovering repurposing drugs as inhibitors against the different types of human cancers by targeting essential pathways in order to accelerate the drug development cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.H.); (A.J.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammad Faheem Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College, Era University, Lucknow 226003, India;
| | - Walid Sabri Hamadou
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.H.); (A.J.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Manish Goyal
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; (M.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Arshad Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.H.); (A.J.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Syed Amir Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medial Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; (M.G.); (P.S.)
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manojkumar Sachidanandan
- Department of Oral Radiology, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Riadh Badraoui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.H.); (A.J.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Section of Histology-Cytology, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1017, Tunisia
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Academic Block VI, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India;
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.H.); (A.J.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-Resources (LR11ES41), University of Monastir, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Haddas BP74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.H.); (A.J.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
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Yahya A, Rajab Alhamadani ZA, Mundher M. Immunohistochemical Expression of Retinoblastoma Gene Product and p53 Protein in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder and its Relationship to Different Clinicopathological Parameters. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Carcinoma of urinary bladder is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and constitutes a major health problem. Multiple risk factors are associated with this tumor and its prognosis will depend on different clinicopathological parameters. Over expression of P53 protein and mutant Rb gene is associated with more aggressive clinical and histopathological features of the tumor such as advanced stage and higher grade.
AIM: The immunohistochemical expression of Rb gene and P53 gene will be assessed through their protein products in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder and then will be correlated with other well-known risk factors and prognostic parameters of bladder TCC, such as grading, tumor size, smoking, alcohol drinking, and family history.
METHODS: Patients were recruited from the uro-surgical department/Surgical Subspecialties Teaching Hospital during the period from November 2020 through April 2021. In this study, patients enrolled were those suspected to have bladder carcinoma. The work up included a full history and clinical examination. Surgical samples were taken from the patients for histopathological evaluation; the study’s samples represented either endoscopic cup biopsy, transurethral resection of the tumor, or radical cystectomy. Sections obtained from these samples were stained with the conventional hematoxylin and eosin stain. Then, immunohistochemical staining for P53 and pRB was applied only for patients diagnosed with TCC.
RESULTS: The differences between low-grade and high-grade tumors regarding pRb percentage score were statistically significant (p = 0.026), but were not significant regarding the intensity score (p = 0.094). There were significant correlations between tumor stage and both pRb intensity and percentage scores (p = 0.044 and 0.042, respectively). Differences between low-grade and high-grade tumors regarding p53 intensity score were significant (p = 0.022). The differences between low-grade and high-grade tumors regarding p53 percentage score were significant (p = 0.049). The differences between different tumor stages regarding p53 intensity score were significant (p = 0.018). The differences between different tumor stages regarding P53 percentage score were significant (p = 0.019).
CONCLUSIONS: Tumor’s grade was found to be correlated with the tumor stage with no correlation with the age, gender, smoking, family history of TCC, history of urinary tract infection, bladder stones, nor the recurrence of the tumor. The pRb intensity and the percentage scores were correlated to each other and to tumor’s grade and stage, except for the pRb intensity which showed no correlation with the tumor’s grade. The P53 intensity and percentage scores were correlated to each other and also to tumor’s grade and stage, so that P53 is over-expressed in tumors with higher grade and stage.
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Lyimo EP, Rumisha SF, Mremi IR, Mangu CD, Kishamawe C, Chiduo MG, Matemba LE, Bwana VM, Massawe IS, Mboera LEG. Cancer Mortality Patterns in Tanzania: A Retrospective Hospital-Based Study, 2006-2015. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 6:224-232. [PMID: 32073912 PMCID: PMC7051795 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.19.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This retrospective study sought to determine the type, burden, and pattern of cancer deaths in public hospitals in Tanzania from 2006 to 2015. METHODS This study analyzed data on cancer mortality in 39 hospitals in Tanzania. Data on the age and sex of the deceased and type of cancer were extracted from hospital death registers and report forms. Cancer types were grouped according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Age-standardized mortality rates and cancer mortality patterns were analyzed. A χ2 test was used to examine the association between common cancers and selected covariates. RESULTS A total of 12,621 cancer-related deaths occurred during the 10-year period, which translates to an age-standardized hospital-based mortality rate of 47.8 per 100,000 population. Overall, the number of deaths was notably higher (56.5%) among individuals in the 15- to 59-year-old age category and disproportionately higher among females than males (P = .0017). Cancers of the cervix, esophagus, and liver were the 3 major causes of death across all study hospitals in Tanzania. Cancers of the cervix, esophagus, and liver were the largest contributors to mortality burden among females. Among males, cancers of the esophagus, liver, and prostate were the leading cause of mortality. CONCLUSION There is an increasing trend in cancer mortality over recent years in Tanzania, which differs with respect to age, sex, and geographic zones. These findings provide a basis for additional studies to ascertain incidence rates and survival probabilities, and highlight the need to strengthen awareness campaigns for early detection, access to care, and improved diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel P Lyimo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Susan F Rumisha
- National Institute for Medical Research, Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Irene R Mremi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Chacha D Mangu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Coleman Kishamawe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mercy G Chiduo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Lucas E Matemba
- National Institute for Medical Research, Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Malaria Atlas Project, Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Veneranda M Bwana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Isolide S Massawe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- National Institute for Medical Research, Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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11
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Roozbahani N, Izadi B, Aznab M, Naderi M, Khazaei S. Epidemiology and clinical investigation of all cancer types in Kermanshah, Iran (2010–2019). CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ccij.ccij_170_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Oyeyemi OT, de Jesus Jeremias W, Grenfell RFQ. Schistosomiasis in Nigeria: Gleaning from the past to improve current efforts towards control. One Health 2020; 11:100183. [PMID: 33072838 PMCID: PMC7553878 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effort to control schistosomiasis in Nigeria has been scaled up the past few years. Schistosomiasis affects all age groups, however, school children are at the highest risk of the disease. In the past years, global partners in schistosomiasis control have renewed their commitments. Many countries including few in Africa are working towards eliminating the disease. In Nigeria, the transmission of schistosomiasis is still active. This poses a serious health challenge as morbidity builds up in infected individuals. Mass drug administration (MDA) has helped to reduce morbidity but it is not adequate to abate transmission in many areas of the country. The integration of other aspects of control will provide a more sustainable result. This review attempted to discuss schistosomiasis transmission patterns in Nigeria in different eras. We identified some pitfalls in efforts towards the control of schistosomiasis in Nigeria. We recommended research priority in areas of neglect and advocated for integrated control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyetunde Timothy Oyeyemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
- The Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Rene Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wander de Jesus Jeremias
- The Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Rene Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Fortini Queiroz Grenfell
- The Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Rene Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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13
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Alkhamees MA. Bladder stones in a closed diverticulum caused by Schistosoma mansoni: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:4475-4480. [PMID: 33083406 PMCID: PMC7559665 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genitourinary (GU) schistosomiasis is a chronic infection caused by a parasitic trematode, with Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) being the prevalent species. The disease has a variable prevalence around the world, with a greater burden on, but not limited to Africa, South America, Asia, and the Middle East.
CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 30-year-old man who presented with symptoms of bladder stones. During endoscopic cystolithalopaxy, we did not detect any stones in the bladder. Upon careful scanning of the urinary bladder trigone, sandy patches were detected. We performed endoscopic resection, which revealed a closed diverticulum with bladder stones. The diverticular wall was sent for histopathology and revealed features of chronic granulomatous inflammation with numerous embedded Schistosoma eggs, with some of the eggs having lateral spines. The patient was treated with praziquantel, and his symptoms completely resolved.
CONCLUSION GU schistosomiasis is primarily caused by S. haematobium. However, Schistosoma mansoni mediated GU schistosomiasis is unusual, making this a quite interesting case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alkhamees
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 15361, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Wu J, Huang H, Huang Q, Qiu R, Huang M, Meng D. A functional variant rs1464938 in the promoter of fibroblast growth factor 12 is associated with an increased risk of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Cytokine 2020; 136:155294. [PMID: 32950810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that inflammation plays critical roles in the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer. Fibroblast growth factor 12 (FGF12), a kind of inflammatory cytokine, is located in the region of 3q28 that has been demonstrated to be a bladder cancer risk locus by genome wide association study (GWAS). In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of GWAS signal rs710521 and rs884309 and rs1464938 in the promoter of FGF12 with the risk of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The polymorphisms were analyzed by using a Taqman assay in 331 TCC patients and 516 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched controls. The expression levels of FGF12 mRNA were examined in TCC and non-cancerous normal tissues by using quantitative real-time PCR and the luciferase activity was determined by using the Dual-Luciferase Assay System. The rs1464938 AA genotype and A allele were associated with a significantly increased risk of TCC (AA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 2.54, 95% CI, 1.49-4.35, P < 0.001; AA vs. AG/GG: adjusted OR = 2.25, 95% CI, 1.36-3.71, P = 0.002; A vs. G: adjusted OR = 1.44, 95% CI, 1.15-1.80, P = 0.001, respectively). Haplotype analysis showed that rs884309G- rs1464938A haplotype was associated with an increased risk of TCC (OR = 1.61, 95% CI, 1.23-2.11, P = 0.001). Functional analysis showed that the rs1464938 AG/AA genotypes exhibited higher levels of FGF12 mRNA in TCC tissues and the rs1464938 A allele enhanced FGF12 promoter activity (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the rs1464938 A allele at the 3q28 locus contribute to the development of TCC by regulating FGF12 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Huawu Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qun Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Minyu Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongdong Meng
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
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15
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Is Schistosomiasis a Risk Factor for Bladder Cancer? Evidence-Based Facts. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:8270810. [PMID: 32565832 PMCID: PMC7285246 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8270810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background . Globally, approximately 20% of malignancy are caused by infection. Schistosoma infection is a major cause of bladder in most part of Africa. In 2018 alone, there were approximately 549,393 new cases and 199,922 deaths from bladder cancer. The presence of Schistosoma ova in the venous plexus of the bladder induces a cascade of inflammation causing significant tissue damage and granulomatous changes. Methodology. A literature review was conducted from 1995 to 2019 using PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journal Online, and Google databases. Relevant data on the association of "Schistosomiasis and Bladder cancer" in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) were retrieved. Evidence Synthesis. Results from research using animal models to establish the carcinogenesis of Schistosoma and bladder cancer have been helpful but inconclusive. Immunoregulatory cytokines and genetic marker have been identified to play a role in the pathogenesis. In some parts of sub-Saharan Africa, there has been close association of squamous cell carcinoma and histological evidence of Schistosoma ova. Conclusion. There are some data to support the association between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. However, these have been limited by their design and may not sufficiently establish carcinogenesis. There is a need for more genomic and molecular research to better characterize S. haematobium and its effects on the bladder. Such goal will contribute immensely to Schistosoma bladder cancer prevention and control.
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Cunningham LJ, Campbell SJ, Armoo S, Koukounari A, Watson V, Selormey P, Stothard JR, Idun B, Asiedu M, Ashong Y, Adams ER, Osei-Atweneboana MY. Assessing expanded community wide treatment for schistosomiasis: Baseline infection status and self-reported risk factors in three communities from the Greater Accra region, Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007973. [PMID: 32339185 PMCID: PMC7205311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reports on the baseline prevalence and associated risk factor findings of a pilot, longitudinal study exploring community-wide treatment of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, using albendazole plus praziquantel in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. METHOD From three communities, at least, 658 individuals were enrolled into the study via random household selection. Prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis and STH infection were determined from stool and urine samples with a questionnaire being administered in order to explore other morbidities and risk factors. Factor analysis of household demographic variables was undertaken to generate a socioeconomic score; this was then further categorised into tertiles. Proportional-odds cumulative logit generalised estimating equation (GEE) models were used to investigate categorical ordinal intensity of infection associations with morbidity. Separately, logistic GEE models were used to investigate risk factor associations with infection prevalence. RESULTS Both Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni were prevalent in the three communities, with the prevalence of S. haematobium ranging from 3.3% (24/679; 95% CI = 1.9-4.7) to 19% (114/632; 95% CI = 15.8-22.2) and S. mansoni ranging from 30% (202/679; 95% CI = 26.5-33.5) to 78.3% (409/536; 95% CI = 74.7-81.9). The total prevalence of STH across all three sites was negligible at 1.3% (24/1847; 95% CI = 0.8-1.9) comprising mainly hookworm (10/1847). Multivariable statistical models indicated males to be 2.3 (95% CI = 1.7-3.3) times more likely to have a high intensity S. mansoni infection and 1.5 (95% CI = 1.1-2) times more likely to have a high intensity of S. haematobium infection compared to females. There was no significant difference in the likelihood of infection with S. mansoni between adults and school age children (SAC), however S. haematobium infections were found to be 2.5 (95% CI = 1.8-3.5) times more likely to occur in school age children than in adults. Multivariable statistical models (adjusted for age and sex) indicated an association between schistosomiasis and a number of self-reported morbidity indicators (notably diarrhoea and blood in stool and urine). Low socio-economic status was also associated with SCH infection (OR: 2; 95% CI = 1.3-3.2). CONCLUSION The communities targeted by this study showed a range of Schistosoma prevalence's of infection, from hypo-endemic through to meso-endemic and hyper-endemic. The prevalence of SCH across the different age groups in the study locations highlights the large number of individuals currently being left out of the standard morbidity control method of annual treatment of the SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Cunningham
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samuel Armoo
- Department of Biomedical and Public Health Research, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Water Research Institute, Council Close, Accra, Ghana
| | - Artemis Koukounari
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Watson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Selormey
- Department of Biomedical and Public Health Research, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Water Research Institute, Council Close, Accra, Ghana
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bright Idun
- Department of Biomedical and Public Health Research, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Water Research Institute, Council Close, Accra, Ghana
| | - Manfred Asiedu
- Department of Biomedical and Public Health Research, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Water Research Institute, Council Close, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yvonne Ashong
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Emily R. Adams
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Yaw Osei-Atweneboana
- Department of Biomedical and Public Health Research, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Water Research Institute, Council Close, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
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Saginala K, Barsouk A, Aluru JS, Rawla P, Padala SA, Barsouk A. Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer. Med Sci (Basel) 2020; 8:E15. [PMID: 32183076 PMCID: PMC7151633 DOI: 10.3390/medsci8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. While the average 5-year survival in the US is 77%, the 5-year survival for those with metastatic disease is a measly 5%. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 50-65% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. Schistosomiasis infection is the common cause of bladder cancer in regions of Africa and the Middle East and is considered the second most onerous tropical pathogen after malaria. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Saginala
- Plains Regional Medical Group Internal Medicine, Clovis, NM 88101, USA
| | - Adam Barsouk
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - John Sukumar Aluru
- Senior Research Associate, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02212, USA
| | - Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Medicine, Sovah Health, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA
| | - Sandeep Anand Padala
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Alexander Barsouk
- Hematologist-Oncologist, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
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Ahmed AA, Adam Essa ME. Epigenetic alterations in female urogenital organs cancer: Premise, properties, and perspectives. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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19
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Tetteh-Quarcoo PB, Akuetteh BK, Owusu IA, Quayson SE, Attah SK, Armah R, Afutu E, Afrah A, Addo-Osafo K, Smith C, Gyasi RK, Ayeh-Kumi PF. Cytological and Wet Mount Microscopic Observations Made in Urine of Schistosoma haematobium-Infected Children: Hint of the Implication in Bladder Cancer. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2019; 2019:7912186. [PMID: 31565106 PMCID: PMC6745107 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7912186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is the second major human parasitic disease next to malaria, in terms of socioeconomic and public health consequences, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) is a trematode and one of the species of Schistosoma that cause urogenital schistosomiasis (urinary schistosomiasis). Although the knowledge of this disease has improved over the years, there are still endemic areas, with most of the reported cases in Africa, including Ghana. Not much has been done in Ghana to investigate cytological abnormalities in individuals within endemic communities, although there are epidemiologic evidences linking S. haematobium infection with carcinoma of the bladder. AIM The aim of this study was to identify microscopic and cytological abnormalities in the urine deposits of S. haematobium-infected children. METHODOLOGY Three hundred and sixty-seven (367) urine samples were collected from school children in Zenu and Weija communities. All the samples were examined microscopically for the presence of S. haematobium eggs, after which the infected samples and controls were processed for cytological investigation. RESULTS S. haematobium ova were present in 66 (18.0%) out of the 367 urine samples. Inflammatory cells (82%, 54/66), hyperkeratosis (47%, 31/66), and squamous cell metaplasia (24%, 16/66) were the main observations made during the cytological examination of the S. haematobium-infected urine samples. CONCLUSION Cytological abnormalities in S. haematobium-infected children may play an important role in the severity of the disease, leading to the possible development of bladder cancer in later years, if early attention is not given. Therefore, routine cytological screening for urogenital schistosomiasis patients (especially children) at hospitals in S. haematobium-endemic locations is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin K. Akuetteh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Irene A. Owusu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Solomon E. Quayson
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Simon K. Attah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Robert Armah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Afutu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ama Afrah
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kantanka Addo-Osafo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Cecilia Smith
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard K. Gyasi
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Patrick F. Ayeh-Kumi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Bowa K, Mulele C, Kachimba J, Manda E, Mapulanga V, Mukosai S. A review of bladder cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: A different disease, with a distinct presentation, assessment, and treatment. Ann Afr Med 2019; 17:99-105. [PMID: 30185677 PMCID: PMC6126046 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_48_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer of the bladder is the ninth leading cause of cancer in developed countries. It is the second most common urological malignancy. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common histological subtype in developed countries. In most of Africa, the most common type is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cancer of bladder guidelines produced by the European Urological Association and the American Urological Association, including the tumor, node, and metastasis staging is focused on TCC of the bladder. Objectives The purpose of the study is to review the pathogenesis, pathology, presentation, and management of cancer of the bladder in Africa and to use this information to propose a practical staging system for SCC. Methods The study used the meta-analysis guideline provided by PRISMA using bladder cancer in Africa as the key search word. The study collected articles available on PubMed as of July 2017, Africa Online and Africa Index Medicus. PRISMA guidelines were used to screen for full-length hospital-based articles on cancer of the bladder in Africa. These articles were analyzed under four subcategories which were pathogenesis, pathology, clinical presentation, and management. The information extracted was pooled and used to propose a practical staging system for use in African settings. Results The result of evaluation of 821 articles yielded 23 full-length papers on hospital-based studies of cancer of the bladder in Africa. Cancer of the bladder in most of Africa is still predominantly SCC (53%-69%). There has been a notable increase in TCC in Africa (9%-41%). The pathogenesis is mostly schistosoma-related SCC presents late with painful hematuria and necroturia (20%). SCC responds poorly to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The main management of SCC is open surgery. This review allowed for a practical organ-based stage of SCC of the bladder that can be used in Africa. Conclusion Bladder cancer in Africa presents differently from that in developed countries. Guidelines on cancer of the bladder may need to take account of this to improve bladder cancer management in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bowa
- Department of Surgery, Copperbelt University School of Medicine, Ndola, Zambia
| | - C Mulele
- Department of Pathology, Copperbelt University School of Medicine, Ndola, Zambia
| | - J Kachimba
- Department of Surgery, Livingstone Central Hospital, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - E Manda
- Department of Surgery, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - V Mapulanga
- Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - S Mukosai
- Department of Surgery, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
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Cassell A, Yunusa B, Jalloh M, Mbodji MM, Diallo A, Ndoye M, Diallo Y, Labou I, Niang L, Gueye SM. Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Review of the Current Trend in Africa. World J Oncol 2019; 10:123-131. [PMID: 31312279 PMCID: PMC6615913 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and the 11th most common cancer in woman accounting for 6.6% of all cancer cases. Approximately 70-75% bladder cancers are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). A few African studies have provided considerable rates of NMIBC as compared to western settings 70% to 85%. Critical step in the management of NMIBC is to prevent tumor recurrence which include transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) for staging and histological diagnosis. A second TURBT for high grade tumor, T1 tumors and intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy are essential to reduce recurrence rate. Nevertheless, variant histology, multiple, progressive and recurrent high-grade tumors are best treated with early radical cystectomy. The African literature is scanty on the management of NMIBC. Most of the histological types are squamous cell bladder cancer and may not conform to transurethral resection only but rather radical cystectomy. Most of these patients are not suitable for any form of treatment as they present with advanced disease. However, there is an increasing incidence of urothelial cancer in Africa over the years due to urbanization. It is best that major investment is made in uro-oncological care to address the growing challenge of these subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayun Cassell
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Hopital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bashir Yunusa
- Department of Surgery, Liberia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Mohamed Jalloh
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Hopital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mouhamadou M Mbodji
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Hopital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdourahmane Diallo
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Hopital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Madina Ndoye
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Hopital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Issa Labou
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Hopital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lamine Niang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Hopital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Serigne M Gueye
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Hopital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
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22
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Muhammad AS, Mungadi IA, Ndodu ED, Kalayi GD. Performance of urinary survivin as a non-invasive molecular marker of bladdercarcinoma in a schistosomiasis endemic area. Ghana Med J 2019; 52:74-78. [PMID: 30662078 DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v52i2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of urinary survivin and that of urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder carcinoma in a schistosoma endemic area. Design and setting This is a 12-month prospective study of patients with features of bladder carcinoma as study group and patients with other urologic conditions and healthy volunteers as control group. Participants Patients with features of bladder carcinoma formed the study group, while patients with other urological conditions and healthy volunteers formed the control group. Results There were 52 patients in study group and 36 patients in control group. The mean ages of patients in the study and control groups were 47.17 ± 17.00 and 44.19 ± 18.89 years respectively. There were 48 males and 4 females in the study group, giving a male: female ratio of 12:1. Thirty-one (60 %) of the patients were farmers and 44 patients (85%) had history suggestive of schistosomiasis at childhood. The sensitivity of urine cytology and survivin in the study were 29.1% and 100.0% respectively. The specificity of urine cytology and survivin were 100.0% and 100.0% respectively (p= 0.05). The marker was associated with false positive (FP) results in patients with prostate cancer. Conclusion Urinary survivin is highly sensitive, specific and predictive of bladder carcinoma in our environment. The marker is associated with false positive results in patients with prostate cancer. Funding By authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar S Muhammad
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Ismaila A Mungadi
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Enemeka D Ndodu
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Garba D Kalayi
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria
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23
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Weber CJ, Hargan-Calvopiña J, Graef KM, Manner CK, Dent J. WIPO Re:Search-A Platform for Product-Centered Cross-Sector Partnerships for the Elimination of Schistosomiasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E11. [PMID: 30634429 PMCID: PMC6473617 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease that affects over 200 million people worldwide, and with over 700 million people estimated to be at risk of contracting this disease, it is a pressing issue in global health. However, research and development (R&D) to develop new approaches to preventing, diagnosing, and treating schistosomiasis has been relatively limited. Praziquantel, a drug developed in the 1970s, is the only agent used in schistosomiasis mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns, indicating a critical need for a diversified therapeutic pipeline. Further, gaps in the vaccine and diagnostic pipelines demonstrate a need for early-stage innovation in all areas of schistosomiasis product R&D. As a platform for public-private partnerships (PPPs), the WIPO Re:Search consortium engages the private sector in early-stage R&D for neglected diseases by forging mutually beneficial collaborations and facilitating the sharing of intellectual property (IP) assets between the for-profit and academic/non-profit sectors. The Consortium connects people, resources, and ideas to fill gaps in neglected disease product development pipelines by leveraging the strengths of these two sectors. Using WIPO Re:Search as an example, this article highlights the opportunities for the PPP model to play a key role in the elimination of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie J Weber
- BIO Ventures for Global Health, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Suite 1950, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
| | | | - Katy M Graef
- BIO Ventures for Global Health, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Suite 1950, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
| | - Cathyryne K Manner
- BIO Ventures for Global Health, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Suite 1950, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
| | - Jennifer Dent
- BIO Ventures for Global Health, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Suite 1950, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
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24
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Muhammad AS, Mungadi IA, Darlington NN, Kalayi GD. Effectiveness of bladder tumor antigen quantitative test in the diagnosis of bladder carcinoma in a schistosoma endemic area. Urol Ann 2019; 11:143-148. [PMID: 31040598 PMCID: PMC6476209 DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_192_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bladder carcinoma is the most common male cancer in our environment due to endemicity of schistosomiasis. Squamous-cell carcinoma is the most common histological type and patients present at an advanced stage. The objective of this study is to compare the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the bladder tumor antigen quantitative test (BTA TRAK) and urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder carcinoma in a schistosoma endemic area. Materials and Methods: This is a 12-month cross-sectional study of 88 patients, 52 of them with features of bladder carcinoma as study group, and 36 of them with hematuria from other urologic conditions, and benign urologic conditions and healthy volunteers as control group (CG). The mean ages of patients in the study and CGs were 47.17 ± 17.00 and 44.19 ± 18.89 years, respectively (P = 0.412). Bladder tumor antigen was assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows. Results: The sensitivity of urine cytology and BTA TRAK in the study was 29.1% and 98.8%, respectively. The specificity of urine cytology and BTA TRAK was 95.5% and 13.6%, respectively (P = 0.05). The positive predictive values of urine cytology and BTA TRAK in the study were 96.2% and 81.7%, respectively. The negative predictive values were 25.0% and 75.0% for urine cytology and BTA TRAK, respectively. Conclusion: BTA TRAK is more sensitive but poorly specific as compared to that of the urine cytology for bladder cell carcinoma detection in a schistosoma endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Sadiq Muhammad
- Department of Surgery, Urology Unit, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Ismaila Arzika Mungadi
- Department of Surgery, Urology Unit, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | | | - Garba Diffa Kalayi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
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25
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Ferrara D, Esposito F, Di Serafino M, Gullotto C, Baglioni A, Martinelli L, Zeccolini M. Sonographic early findings in a case of bladder schistosomiasis. J Ultrasound 2018; 21:259-263. [PMID: 30003454 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-018-0307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary schistosomiasis is a tropical infection with a high endemicity in the developing countries and is included in the list of "Neglected Tropical Diseases". It is caused by a parasitic worm, Schistosoma haematobium, and it has come into the spotlight as a major cause of urogenital disease. Furthermore, it is linked to bladder cancer and it is a predisposing factor for HIV/AIDS. In this case, we describe a bladder schistosomal disease in a young African boy with persistent macroscopic hematuria and its ultrasound diagnostic bladder imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Ferrara
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences-University "Federico II", Naples, Italy. .,Radiology Department, Santobono-Pausilipon Children Hospital, Mario Fiore st 6, 80129, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Radiology Department, Santobono-Pausilipon Children Hospital, Mario Fiore st 6, 80129, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Massimo Zeccolini
- Radiology Department, Santobono-Pausilipon Children Hospital, Mario Fiore st 6, 80129, Naples, Italy
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26
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Yasunaga J, Matsuoka M. Oncogenic spiral by infectious pathogens: Cooperation of multiple factors in cancer development. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:24-32. [PMID: 29143406 PMCID: PMC5765297 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection is one of the major causes of cancer, and there are several mechanisms for infection-mediated oncogenesis. Some pathogens encode gene products that behave like oncogenic factors, hijacking cellular pathways to promote the survival and proliferation of infected cells in vivo. Some of these viral oncoproteins trigger a cellular damage defense response leading to senescence; however, other viral factors hinder this suppressive effect, suggesting that cooperation of those viral factors is important for malignant transformation. Coinfection with multiple agents is known to accelerate cancer development in certain cases. For example, parasitic or bacterial infection is a risk factor for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, and Epstein-Barr virus and malaria are closely associated with endemic Burkitt lymphoma. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is accompanied by various types of infection-related cancer. These findings indicate that these oncogenic pathogens can cooperate to overcome host barriers against cancer development. In this review, the authors focus on the collaborative strategies of pathogens for oncogenesis from two different points of view: (i) the cooperation of two or more different factors encoded by a single pathogen; and (ii) the acceleration of oncogenesis by coinfection with multiple agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus ControlInstitute for Frontier Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus ControlInstitute for Frontier Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious DiseasesKumamoto University School of MedicineKumamotoJapan
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Dematei A, Fernandes R, Soares R, Alves H, Richter J, Botelho MC. Angiogenesis in Schistosoma haematobium-associated urinary bladder cancer. APMIS 2017; 125:1056-1062. [PMID: 28960560 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium, a parasitic flatworm that infects more than 100 million people, mostly in the developing world, is the causative agent of urogenital schistosomiasis, and is associated with a high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder. During infection, eggs are deposited in the bladder causing an intense inflammatory reaction. Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones and is recognized as a key event in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis and spread of malignant lesions. A growing amount of evidence points to angiogenesis playing a key role in schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer. Thus, identifying biomarkers of this process plays an important role in the study of cancer. Here, we review recent findings on the role of angiogenesis in bladder cancer and the growth factors that induce and assist in their development, particularly SCC of the bladder associated to urogenital schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dematei
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Alves
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, INSA - National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.,Fundação Professor Ernesto Morais, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joachim Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monica C Botelho
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, INSA - National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
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Roure S, Valerio L, Pérez-Quílez O, Fernández-Rivas G, Martínez-Cuevas O, Alcántara-Román A, Viasus D, Pedro-Botet ML, Sabrià M, Clotet B. Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and economic features of an immigrant population of chronic schistosomiasis sufferers with long-term residence in a non-endemic country (North Metropolitan area of Barcelona, 2002-2016). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185245. [PMID: 28953954 PMCID: PMC5617205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) listed by the WHO, is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. Complications of long-term infestation include liver cirrhosis, bladder tumors and kidney failure. The objective of this study was to carry out a clinical and epidemiological characterization of a schistosomiasis-diagnosed immigrant population with long-term residencein the EU as well as to evaluate the diagnostic methods available to date. Methods and results A total of 61 individuals with Schistosoma infection who received medical attention between June 2002 and June 2016 at the North Metropolitan International Health Unit in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), were included in the study. All patients were sub-Saharan African immigrants. The majority were male (91.8%) with a median age of 34 years. Symptoms attributable to infection such as haematuria, abdominal pain and dysuria were recorded in up to 90% of patients. The percentage of eosinophils decreased amongst older patients (p = 0.002) and those with symptoms associated with urinary tract infections (p = 0.017). Serology was used for diagnosis in 80.3% of the cases, with microscopic examination showing the remaining 9.8% positive for parasite eggs. Direct microbiological diagnosis was more useful in patients with less than 5 years of residence in the EU (p = 0.05). Chronic complications were present in 22 (36%) of the patients, with renal failure affecting 20 (33%). Of these 20, 6(10%) developed terminal renal failure and required hemodialysis, while 3 (5%) received a renal transplantation. Conclusion Morbidity associated with chronic long-term schistosomiasis is frequent among African immigrants in non-endemic countries. Better diagnostic tools and appropriate early treatment would prevent the development of visceral damage. Thorough screening in selected patients would also be useful to avoid chronic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Roure
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Lluís Valerio
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Servei Atenció Primària, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Pérez-Quílez
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Servei Atenció Primària, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Fernández-Rivas
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavio Martínez-Cuevas
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Servei Atenció Primària, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Alcántara-Román
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Servei Atenció Primària, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Viasus
- Health Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M. Luisa Pedro-Botet
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Sabrià
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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30
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Characteristics and clinical significance of histological variants of bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:651-668. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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The microbiome in urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005826. [PMID: 28793309 PMCID: PMC5565189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human schistosomiasis is a highly prevalent neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by Schistosoma species. Research on the molecular mechanisms influencing the outcomes of bladder infection by Schistosoma haematobium is urgently needed to develop new diagnostics, therapeutics and infection prevention strategies. The objective of the research study was to determine the microbiome features and changes in urine during urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. Methodology Seventy participants from Eggua, southwestern Nigeria provided morning urine samples and were screened for urogenital schistosomiasis infection and bladder pathologies in a cross-sectional study. Highthroughput NGS sequencing was carried out, targeting the 16S V3 region. Filtered reads were processed and analyzed in a bioinformatics pipeline. Principal findings The study participants (36 males and 34 females, between ages 15 and 65) were categorized into four groups according to status of schistosomiasis infection and bladder pathology. Data analytics of the next-generation sequencing reads revealed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominated and had influence on microbiome structure of both non-infected persons and persons with urogenital schistosomiasis. Furthermore, gender and age influenced taxa abundance independent of infection or bladder pathology. Several taxa distinguished urogenital schistosomiasis induced bladder pathologies from urogenital schistosomiasis infection alone and from healthy persons, including known immune-stimulatory taxa such as Fusobacterium, Sphingobacterium and Enterococcus. Some of these significant taxa, especially Sphingobacterium were projected as markers of infection, while several genera including potentially beneficial taxa such as Trabulsiella and Weissella, were markers of the non-infected. Finally, expected changes in protein functional categories were observed to relate to cellular maintenance and lipid metabolism. Conclusion The urinary microbiome is a factor to be considered in developing biomarkers, diagnostic tools, and new treatment for urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. The human microbiome comprises bacteria (plus viruses, fungi and archeae) inhabiting different sites of the body. They do not specifically cause diseases, but their presence, absence or population influence body functions. We therefore examined such organisms found along the urinary tract, in persons living in a rural community in Nigeria who considered themselves healthy, were infected with the parasite Schistosoma haematobium or had developed bladder complications along with the parasite infection. We found that these groups shared a large portion of the microbiome, but there were microbial species unique to infected persons and those with bladder complication. Some of these were capable of inducing inflammation and could offer less protection to the host. We also predicted pathways that are affected by the difference in the microbiome.
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Herman AM, Kishe A, Babu H, Shilanaiman H, Tarmohamed M, Lodhia J, Amsi P, Pyuza J, Mremi A, Mwasamwaja A, Nyindo M, Chilonga K, Msuya D. Colorectal cancer in a patient with intestinal schistosomiasis: a case report from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center Northern Zone Tanzania. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15:146. [PMID: 28768520 PMCID: PMC5541651 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-017-1217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer associated with chronic intestinal schistosomiasis has been linked with the chronic inflammation as a result of schistosomal ova deposition in the submucosal layer of the intestine. Among all species Schistosoma japonicum has been more linked to development of colorectal cancer as compared to Schistosoma mansoni due to absence of population-based studies to support the association. Despite the weak evidence, some cases have been reported associating S. mansoni with development of colorectal cancer. Case Presentation We report a patient who presented to us as a case of intestinal obstruction and found to have a constrictive lesion at the sigmoid colon at laparotomy, then later found to have colorectal cancer with deposited S. mansoni ova at histology. Conclusion Given the known late complications of schistosomiasis, and as S. mansoni is endemic in some parts of Tanzania, epidemiological studies are recommended to shed more light on its association with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesiga M Herman
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania. .,Department of Endoscopy, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, P. O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania. .,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Alfred Kishe
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Heri Babu
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Hilary Shilanaiman
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Murad Tarmohamed
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Jay Lodhia
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Patrick Amsi
- Department of Pathology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, P. O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Jeremia Pyuza
- Department of Pathology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, P. O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Alex Mremi
- Department of Pathology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, P. O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Amos Mwasamwaja
- Department of Endoscopy, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, P. O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Mramba Nyindo
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Kondo Chilonga
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - David Msuya
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
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Hammam O, Aboushousha T, El-Hindawi A, Khairy H, Khalil H, Kamel A, Akl M, Abdel-Hady A, Magdy M, Badawy M, Kholy AE, Osili KA, Kamel N, Anis S, Leithy TE. Expression of FGFR3 Protein and Gene Amplification in Urinary Bladder Lesions in Relation to Schistosomiasis. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:160-166. [PMID: 28507621 PMCID: PMC5420767 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer represents the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and death. Incidence and mortality rates have remained relatively constant over the past four decades. Urothelial bladder cancers have identified multiple risk factors. AIM: We aimed at evaluating the expression of the FGFR3 protein and gene amplification in the urothelial cells of neoplastic and non-neoplastic urothelial lesions of the urinary bladder, and correlation with tumour grade, stage and associated bilharziasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and five different urinary bladder lesions were studied, including 15 cystitis cases (9 bilharzial and 6 non-bilharzial cystitides), 75 urothelial carcinoma cases (18 bilharzial associated and 57 non-bilharzial associated) and 15 squamous cell carcinoma associated with bilharziasis, beside 5 control cases. Data concerning age, sex, tumour grade, stage, and associated bilharziasis were obtained. Each case was studied for FGFR3 expression, and FISH technique was applied on forty malignant cases that show high protein expression. RESULTS: The highest incidence of cystitis was in the fourth decade while of bladder cancer was in the seventh decade. Tumour grade was correlated significantly with tumour stage. FGFR3 correlates significantly with tumour grade, stage and with a bilharzial infestation. FGFR3 gene amplification was reported mainly in low grade and NNMBIC tumours. CONCLUSIONS: FGFR3 overexpression in malignant cases was significantly higher than in chronic cystitis. FGFR3 gene amplification was reported mainly in low grade and NNMBIC tumours. FGFR3 may be further studied as a subject for target therapy of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfat Hammam
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Hosni Khairy
- Faculty of Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Khalil
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira Kamel
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Akl
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mona Magdy
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Badawy
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr El Kholy
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khalid Al Osili
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nora Kamel
- National Research Center5, El Doki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shady Anis
- Faculty of Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek El Leithy
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
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Faustino-Rocha AI, Ferreira R, Gama A, Oliveira PA, Ginja M. Antihistamines as promising drugs in cancer therapy. Life Sci 2017; 172:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Chala B, Choi MH, Moon KC, Kim HS, Kwak C, Hong ST. Development of Urinary Bladder Pre-Neoplasia by Schistosoma haematobium Eggs and Chemical Carcinogen in Mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:21-29. [PMID: 28285503 PMCID: PMC5365267 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium is a biocarcinogen of human urinary bladder (UB). The present study investigated developing UB cancer mouse model by injecting S. haematobium eggs into the bladder wall and introduction of chemical carcinogens. Histopathological findings showed mild hyperplasia to epithelial vacuolar change, and high grade dysplasia. Squamous metaplasia was observed in the S. haematobium eggs+NDMA group at week 12 but not in other groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly high expression of Ki-67 in urothelial epithelial cells of the S. haematobium eggs+BBN group at week 20. The qRT-PCR showed high expression of p53 gene in S. haematobium eggs group at week 4 and S. haematobium eggs+BBN group at week 20. E-cadherin and vimentin showed contrasting expression in S. haematobium eggs+BBN group. Such inverse expression of E-cadherin and vimentin may indicate epithelial mesenchymal transition in the UB tissue. In conclusion, S. haematobium eggs and nitrosamines may transform UB cells into squamous metaplasia and dysplasia in correlation with increased expression of Ki-67. Marked decrease in E-cadherin and increase in p53 and vimentin expressions may support the transformation. The present study introduces a promising modified animal model for UB cancer study using S. haematobium eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayissa Chala
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyung Suk Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Onile OS, Awobode HO, Oladele VS, Agunloye AM, Anumudu CI. Detection of Urinary Tract Pathology in Some Schistosoma haematobium Infected Nigerian Adults. J Trop Med 2016; 2016:5405207. [PMID: 27635146 PMCID: PMC5011230 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5405207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for Schistosoma haematobium infection and its possible morbidity was carried out in 257 adult participants in Eggua community, Ogun State, Nigeria. Parasitological assessment for the presence of ova of S. haematobium in urine and abdominopelvic ultrasonographic examination for bladder and secondary kidney pathology were carried out. S. haematobium prevalence of 25.68% (66/257) was recorded among the participants. There was a significantly higher prevalence of 69.2% of urinary schistosomiasis in the females than the prevalence of 31.8% in males (P = 0.902). The intensity of infections was mostly light (55) (21.8%) compared to heavy (10) (3.9%) with the mean intensity of 16.7 eggs/10 mL urine. Structural bladder pathology prevalence among participants was 33.9%. The bladder and kidney pathologies observed by ultrasound in subjects with S. haematobium infections included abnormal bladder wall thickness (59%), abnormal bladder shape (15.2%), bladder wall irregularities (15.2%), bladder masses (1.5%), bladder calcification (1.5%), and hydronephrosis (3%). Infection with S. haematobium was associated with bladder pathology. Higher frequencies of bladder abnormalities were observed more in the participants with light intensity of S. haematobium infection than in those with heavy infection. More bladder pathology was also seen in women than in men, although this was not statistically significant. In conclusion, there is evidence that the development of bladder pathology may be associated with S. haematobium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. S. Onile
- Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, P.M.B. 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - H. O. Awobode
- Parasitology Unit Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 20004, Nigeria
| | - V. S. Oladele
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200004, Nigeria
| | - A. M. Agunloye
- Department of Radiology, University Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200004, Nigeria
| | - C. I. Anumudu
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200004, Nigeria
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Jalloh M, Niang L, Andjanga-Rapono Y, Ndoye M, Labou I, Gueye S. Urétrocystoscopie ambulatoire au service d’Urologie/Andrologie de l’Hôpital Général Grand Yoff de Dakar. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.afju.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Cai P, Gobert GN, You H, McManus DP. The Tao survivorship of schistosomes: implications for schistosomiasis control. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:453-63. [PMID: 26873753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is a major public health problem which contributes substantially to the economic and financial burdens of many nations in the developing world. An array of survival strategies, such as the unique structure of the tegument which acts as a major host-parasite interface, immune modulation mechanisms, gene regulation, and apoptosis and self-renewal have been adopted by schistosome parasites over the course of long-term evolution with their mammalian definitive hosts. Recent generation of complete schistosome genomes together with numerous biological, immunological, high-throughput "-omics" and gene function studies have revealed the Tao or strategies that schistosomes employ not only to promote long-term survival, but also to ensure effective life cycle transmission. New scenarios for the future control of this important neglected tropical disease will present themselves as our understanding of these Tao increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cai
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hong You
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
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Payandeh M, Sadeghi M, Sadeghi E. Characteristics of Patients With Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder in Kermanshah Province, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2016; 8:e4038. [PMID: 26855723 PMCID: PMC4736073 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp-4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Iran, bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancy sites among men, ranking as the fifth with age-specific incidence rate of about 11.2 per 100,000 males. It causes 8% of all malignancies in men and 3% of all malignancies in women. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to report the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of bladder cancer in Western Iran compared to other studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study between 2003 and 2014 when forty-four patients with bladder cancer referred to Hematology Clinic of Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was in 39 patients. RESULTS In the patients with TCC, the mean age in diagnosis for them was 65.43 years (± 11.64), range of age 42 to 88 years , thirty-three patients (84.6%) were male, and six patients (15.4%) were female. Of 39 patients with TCC, 16 patients (41%) had metastasis. 21 patients (53.8%) were smoker and 16 patients (41%) had muscle invasive. 35 patients (89.7%) were histological high grade and the rest of patients were low grade. In the TCC patients with increasing age, metastasis and muscle invasive increased. CONCLUSIONS The age presentation of TCC in West Iran was similar to other studies. Percentage of patients with high grade is more than other studies, and also the number of patients with bladder cancer has increased during last 4 years. For better results, studies must be conducted with more patients in this area, and other areas of Iran with checking of genetics, race and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Payandeh
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Edris Sadeghi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
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Takure AO, Odubanjo MO, Adebayo SA, Oluwasola O, Shittu OB, Okeke LI, Fadimu OA, Olapade-Olaopa EO. HISTOPATHOLOGIC PATTERN OF BLADDER CANCERS IN IBADAN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA: AN UPDATE. JOURNAL OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2015; 5:17-42. [PMID: 27830121 PMCID: PMC5036293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study from the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Southwest, Nigeria on bladder cancers had described an increase in the frequency of urothelial carcinoma compared to the earlier reported preponderance of squamous-cell carcinoma. AIM To provide an update on the histopathologic pattern of bladder cancers in our community and to explore its implications for future health system policies. METHODS The records of the Ibadan Cancer Registry from January 1997 to December 2014 were reviewed and the data analyzed for the histologic subtypes of bladder cancers diagnosed in the hospital. RESULTS Two hundred and sixteen bladder tumours were recorded during this period with a male to female ratio of 3.2:1. Complete information was available in 195 cases of which 181 (96.8%) were bladder carcinomas whilst 14 were sarcomas. Of the bladder carcinomas, 68.5%, 19.9% and 11.6% were urothelial carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas (AC) respectively. Urothelial carcinoma was more common in all age groups and its peak age of occurrence was in the 51-60 year age group. The peak age for squamous cell carcinoma was in the 41-50 year age group. Mean and median age of occurrence was significantly lower in females in the urothelial and squamous cell carcinomas, but lowest in squamous cell carcinoma [P = < 0.0001]. CONCLUSION This population study has confirmed urothelial carcinoma as the predominant histotype of bladder cancer in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria currently and that both urothelial and squamous cell carcinomas occur earlier in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Takure
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. ; PIUTA Ibadan Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - M O Odubanjo
- Department of Pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - S A Adebayo
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. ; PIUTA Ibadan Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O Oluwasola
- Department of Pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O B Shittu
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. ; PIUTA Ibadan Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - L I Okeke
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. ; PIUTA Ibadan Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O A Fadimu
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. ; Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - E O Olapade-Olaopa
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. ; PIUTA Ibadan Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Abd El-Aal AA, Bayoumy IR, Basyoni MMA, Abd El-Aal AA, Emran AM, Abd El-Tawab MS, Badawi MA, Zalat RM, Diab TM. Genomic instability in complicated and uncomplicated Egyptian schistosomiasis haematobium patients. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:1. [PMID: 25628757 PMCID: PMC4307227 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploration of genetic changes during active Schistosoma infection is important for anticipation and prevention of chronic sequelae. This study aimed to explore the genomic instability in chromosomal and cellular kinetics in Egyptians suffering from uncomplicated active schistosomiasis haematobium infection in addition to chronic schistosomiasis haematobium cases complicated by bilharzial-associated bladder cancer (BAC). RESULTS This study was conducted on 46 schistosomiasis haemotobium cases, 22 were active (Viable S. haematobium eggs in urine samples as detected by microscopy) and 24 were chronic complicated with bladder cancer. Three cytogenetic techniques were applied; the first was quantitative nuclear-morphocytometry by means of which the Feulgen-stained nuclei were analyzed for parameters including shape, size, integrated optical-density and nuclear area. The second was Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) for specific p53gene-locus of chromosome 17 and the third technique was karyotyping. Concerning chronic complicated cases, the mean ± SD of DNA-content in urinary bladder tissue sections was 3.18 ± 0.65. Five samples (20.83%) of bladder tissue sections of chronic complicated cases showed diploid nuclei, 6 urinary bladder tissue samples (25%) were tetraploid, while 13 bladder samples (54.16%) were aneuploid. Epithelial cells of urine samples demonstrated aneuploidy (mean ± SD = 3.74 ± 0.36).Nuclear contents showed high proliferative DNA index in all urinary epithelial cells. In the acute uncomplicated group, nuclear-DNA of urinary epithelial cells was found diploid with mean nuclear-DNA content of 2.2 ± 0.16SD. Half of these diploid smears had a high proliferation index. The difference between nuclear DNA-contents in acute and chronic cases was significant (P = 0.0001). FISH technique for specific p53gene-locus and karyotyping were done on urinary bladder tissue specimens and peripheral blood monocytes of 8 chronic cases respectively. Three samples (37.5%) with invasive BAC had a deletion of the p53 gene. Karyotyping showed three cases out of the 8 chronic schistosomiasis haematobium patients with chromosomal fragmentations. CONCLUSIONS DNA morphometry was valuable in detection of gross genetic changes in urothelial tissues. It is an important prognostic factor in established schistosomiasis haematobium induced bladder malignancy. It has the great advantage of being applicable on urine cells making it suitable for the prediction of a tendency towards genetic instability in active schistosomiasis haematobium patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Abd El-Aal
- />Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim R Bayoumy
- />Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha M A Basyoni
- />Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abd El-Aal
- />Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Emran
- />Urosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Manal A Badawi
- />Pathology Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabab M Zalat
- />Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Diab
- />Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Aliramaji A, Kaseean A, Yousefnia Pasha YR, Shafi H, Kamali S, Safari M, Moudi E. Age distribution types of bladder cancers and their relationship with opium consumption and smoking. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2015; 6. [PMID: 26221505 PMCID: PMC4478456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of the predisposing factors of bladder cancer is very important and provides possible prevention measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the types, distribution of bladder tumors and their relationship with opium consumption and smoking in patients who referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Babol, Iran. METHODS In this case-control study, all patients diagnosed with bladder cancer who underwent surgery during 2001-2012 were enrolled. The subjects of the control group were selected among the patients who underwent ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) for gallstone and had no tumors and genitourinary problems. Data regarding demographic, pathology reports and tumor type, smoking status, history of opium consumption and its duration were collected. Patients and controls were compared using t-test and chi-square test. SPSS software Version 20 was used for analysis. RESULTS In this study, 175 patients with an average age of 63.30±15.29 years and 175 age- matched controls were studied. A significant association was observed between smoking and opium consumption with bladder cancer (P=0.001 for both). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that opium consumption and smoking are associated with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Aliramaji
- Department of Urology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Kaseean
- Department of Urology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Shafi
- Department of Urology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sekineh Kamali
- Clinical Research Development Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Emaduddin Moudi
- Department of Urology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Correspondence: Emad Moudi, Department of Urology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. E-mail: , Tel: 0098 11 32254392, Fax: 0098 11 32254392
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Santos J, Fernandes E, Ferreira JA, Lima L, Tavares A, Peixoto A, Parreira B, Correia da Costa JM, Brindley PJ, Lopes C, Santos LL. P53 and cancer-associated sialylated glycans are surrogate markers of cancerization of the bladder associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3329. [PMID: 25502795 PMCID: PMC4263606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is a significant health problem in rural areas of Africa and the Middle East where Schistosoma haematobium is prevalent, supporting an association between malignant transformation and infection by this blood fluke. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms linking these events are poorly understood. Bladder cancers in infected populations are generally diagnosed at a late stage since there is a lack of non-invasive diagnostic tools, hence enforcing the need for early carcinogenesis markers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Forty-three formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded bladder biopsies of S. haematobium-infected patients, consisting of bladder tumours, tumour adjacent mucosa and pre-malignant/malignant urothelial lesions, were screened for bladder cancer biomarkers. These included the oncoprotein p53, the tumour proliferation rate (Ki-67>17%), cell-surface cancer-associated glycan sialyl-Tn (sTn) and sialyl-Lewisa/x (sLea/sLex), involved in immune escape and metastasis. Bladder tumours of non-S. haematobium etiology and normal urothelium were used as controls. S. haematobium-associated benign/pre-malignant lesions present alterations in p53 and sLex that were also found in bladder tumors. Similar results were observed in non-S. haematobium associated tumours, irrespectively of their histological nature, denoting some common molecular pathways. In addition, most benign/pre-malignant lesions also expressed sLea. However, proliferative phenotypes were more prevalent in lesions adjacent to bladder tumors while sLea was characteristic of sole benign/pre-malignant lesions, suggesting it may be a biomarker of early carcionogenesis associated with the parasite. A correlation was observed between the frequency of the biomarkers in the tumor and adjacent mucosa, with the exception of Ki-67. Most S. haematobium eggs embedded in the urothelium were also positive for sLea and sLex. Reinforcing the pathologic nature of the studied biomarkers, none was observed in the healthy urothelium. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This preliminary study suggests that p53 and sialylated glycans are surrogate biomarkers of bladder cancerization associated with S. haematobium, highlighting a missing link between infection and cancer development. Eggs of S. haematobium express sLea and sLex antigens in mimicry of human leukocytes glycosylation, which may play a role in the colonization and disease dissemination. These observations may help the early identification of infected patients at a higher risk of developing bladder cancer and guide the future development of non-invasive diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Clínica Sagrada Esperança, Luanda, Angola
| | - Elisabete Fernandes
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Cancro Digestivo (GICD), Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry of the University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Lima
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Department, LPCC-Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal
- Núcleo de Investigação em Farmácia – Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), School of Allied Health Sciences – Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Tavares
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Parreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Correia da Costa
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INSA, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio L. Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Health School of University of Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute for Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- National Cancer Center, Luanda, Angol
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Park SS, Izadjoo MJ. Wound infections and healing: are they contributing factors for carcinogenesis? J Wound Care 2014; 23:314, 316-9, 321-2 passim. [PMID: 24920202 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2014.23.6.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The link between inflammation and tumourisation has long been considered as a key event in clinical cancer development. Inflammation and inflammatory diseases can be caused by many factors including infectious agents, altered genetics and various degrees of injuries from simple cuts to traumatic wounds, such as those suffered in battlefield. Improved management of all wound types is critical in protecting affected individuals against the development of tumourisation cues, which may potentially lead to cancer development. There have been numerous studies on the mechanism of inflammation-induced tumourisation. Thus, in this mini review, we summarised evidence demonstrating the potential link between infectious agents and their moonlight proteins, wounding, trauma, overactive repair mechanisms, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Park
- PhD, Research Scientist, Diagnostics and Translational Research Center, The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Gaithersburg, US
| | - M J Izadjoo
- PhD, Senior Distinguished Scientist, Diagnostics and Translational Research Center, The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Gaithersburg, US
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Hardman WE. Diet components can suppress inflammation and reduce cancer risk. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:233-40. [PMID: 24944766 PMCID: PMC4058555 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology studies indicate that diet or specific dietary components can reduce the risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. An underlying cause of these diseases is chronic inflammation. Dietary components that are beneficial against disease seem to have multiple mechanisms of action and many also have a common mechanism of reducing inflammation, often via the NFκB pathway. Thus, a plant based diet can contain many components that reduce inflammation and can reduce the risk for developing all three of these chronic diseases. We summarize dietary components that have been shown to reduce cancer risk and two studies that show that dietary walnut can reduce cancer growth and development. Part of the mechanism for the anticancer benefit of walnut was by suppressing the activation of NFκB. In this brief review, we focus on reduction of cancer risk by dietary components and the relationship to suppression of inflammation. However, it should be remembered that most dietary components have multiple beneficial mechanisms of action that can be additive and that suppression of chronic inflammation should reduce the risk for all three chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Elaine Hardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1600 Medical Center Dr., Huntington, West Virginia 25701-3655, USA
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Patel HD, Kamara TB, Kushner AL, Groen RS, Allaf ME. Gross hematuria and urinary retention among men from a nationally representative survey in Sierra Leone. Urology 2014; 83:1273-8. [PMID: 24726148 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of gross hematuria and urinary retention among men in Sierra Leone and report on barriers to care and associated disability. Gross hematuria and urinary retention are classic urologic complaints that require medical attention for significant underlying pathology, but their burden has not been quantified in a developing country. METHODS A cluster randomized, cross-sectional household survey was administered in Sierra Leone using the Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical need tool as a verbal head-to-toe examination. A total of 2 respondents in each of 25 households in 75 clusters were surveyed to assess surgical needs. Data on questions related to blood from the penis and the inability to urinate for men>12 years were included in the present analysis to determine the period and point prevalence of hematuria and urinary retention. RESULTS From 3645 total respondents, 1054 (28.9%) were men>12 years included in the analysis. Period and point prevalence of gross hematuria were 21.8 per 1000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.0-30.7) and 12.3 per 1000 (95% CI 5.7-19.0), respectively, and for urinary retention, they were 19.9 per 1000 (95% CI 11.5-28.4) and 4.7 per 1000 (95% CI 0.5-8.9), respectively. Lack of financial resources was the major barrier to care. Disability assessment showed 19.1% were not able to work as a result of urinary retention, and 34.8% felt ashamed of their gross hematuria. CONCLUSION The results provide a prevalence estimate of gross hematuria and urinary retention for men in Sierra Leone. Accessible medical and surgical care will be critical for early intervention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiten D Patel
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Thaim B Kamara
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Science, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Department of Surgery, Connaught Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone; University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Adam L Kushner
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY; Surgeons OverSeas (SOS), New York, NY
| | - Reinou S Groen
- Surgeons OverSeas (SOS), New York, NY; Department of International Health, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, NL, The Netherlands; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mohamad E Allaf
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
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Mtonga P, Masamba L, Milner D, Shulman LN, Nyirenda R, Mwafulirwa K. Biopsy case mix and diagnostic yield at a Malawian central hospital. Malawi Med J 2013; 25:62-64. [PMID: 24358421 PMCID: PMC3859990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major disease burden worldwide resulting in high morbidity and mortality. It is the leading cause of mortality in developed countries and is one of the three leading causes of death for adults in developing countries. Pathological examination of tissue biopsies with histological confirmation of a correct cancer diagnosis is central to cancer care. Without an accurate and specific pathologic diagnosis, effective treatment cannot be planned or delivered. In addition, there are marked geographical variations in incidence of cancer overall, and of the specific cancers seen. Much of the published literature on cancer incidence in developing countries reflects gross estimates and may not reflect reality. Performing baseline studies to understand these distributions lays the groundwork for further research in this area of cancer epidemiology. Our current study surveys and ranks cancer diagnoses by individual anatomical site at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) which is the largest teaching and referral hospital in Malawi. A retrospective study was conducted reviewing available pathology reports over a period of one full year from January 2010 to December 2010 for biopsies from patients suspected clinically of having cancer. There were 544 biopsies of suspected cancer, taken from 96 anatomical sites. The oesophagus was the most common biopsied site followed by breast, bladder, bone, prostate, bowel, and cervical lymph node. Malignancies were found in biopsies of the oesophagus biopsies (squamous cell carcinoma, 65.1%; adenocarcinoma, 11.6%), breast (57.5%), bladder (squamous cell carcinoma, 53.1%) and stomach (37.6%). Our study demonstrates that the yield of biopsy for clinically suspected malignancy was greater than 50% for the 11 most common sites and provides a current survey of cancer types by site present in the population reporting to our hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mtonga
- Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - L Masamba
- Consultant Clinical Oncologist QECH, University of Malawi, College of Medicine Clinical lecturer
| | - D Milner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L N Shulman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Nyirenda
- Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - K Mwafulirwa
- Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Blantyre, Malawi ; Consultant Clinical Oncologist QECH, University of Malawi, College of Medicine Clinical lecturer
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