1
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Engelhardt D, Marean A, McKean D, Petersen J, Niswander L. RSG1 is required for cilia-dependent neural tube closure. Genesis 2024; 62:e23602. [PMID: 38721990 PMCID: PMC11141724 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Cilia play a key role in the regulation of signaling pathways required for embryonic development, including the proper formation of the neural tube, the precursor to the brain and spinal cord. Forward genetic screens were used to generate mouse lines that display neural tube defects (NTD) and secondary phenotypes useful in interrogating function. We describe here the L3P mutant line that displays phenotypes of disrupted Sonic hedgehog signaling and affects the initiation of cilia formation. A point mutation was mapped in the L3P line to the gene Rsg1, which encodes a GTPase-like protein. The mutation lies within the GTP-binding pocket and disrupts the highly conserved G1 domain. The mutant protein and other centrosomal and IFT proteins still localize appropriately to the basal body of cilia, suggesting that RSG1 GTPase activity is not required for basal body maturation but is needed for a downstream step in axonemal elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Engelhardt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Development Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Amber Marean
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - David McKean
- Cells, Stem Cells and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Juliette Petersen
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Lee Niswander
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Development Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Cells, Stem Cells and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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2
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Jayarajan RO, Chakraborty S, Raghu KG, Purushothaman J, Veleri S. Joubert syndrome causing mutation in C2 domain of CC2D2A affects structural integrity of cilia and cellular signaling molecules. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:619-637. [PMID: 38231387 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Cilia are organelles extend from cells to sense external signals for tuning intracellular signaling for optimal cellular functioning. They have evolved sensory and motor roles in various cells for tissue organization and homeostasis in development and post-development. More than a thousand genes are required for cilia function. Mutations in them cause multisystem disorders termed ciliopathies. The null mutations in CC2D2A result in Meckel syndrome (MKS), which is embryonic lethal, whereas patients who have missense mutations in the C2 domain of CC2D2A display Joubert syndrome (JBTS). They survive with blindness and mental retardation. How C2 domain defects cause disease conditions is not understood. To answer this question, C2 domain of Cc2d2a (mice gene) was knocked down (KD) in IMCD-3 cells by shRNA. This resulted in defective cilia morphology observed by immunofluorescence analysis. To further probe the cellular signaling alteration in affected cells, gene expression profiling was done by RNAseq and compared with the controls. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have functions in cilia. Among the 61 cilia DEGs identified, 50 genes were downregulated and 11 genes were upregulated. These cilia genes are involved in cilium assembly, protein trafficking to the cilium, intraflagellar transport (IFT), cellular signaling like polarity patterning, and Hedgehog signaling pathway. This suggests that the C2 domain of CC2D2A plays a critical role in cilia assembly and molecular signaling hosted in cilia for cellular homeostasis. Taken together, the missense mutations in the C2 domain of CC2D2A seen in JBTS might have affected cilia-mediated signaling in neurons of the retina and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopasree O Jayarajan
- Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Soura Chakraborty
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Kozhiparambil Gopalan Raghu
- Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jayamurthy Purushothaman
- Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shobi Veleri
- Drug Safety Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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3
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Zhou E, Zhou J, Bi C, Zhang Z. Cx43 Facilitates Mesenchymal Transition of Endothelial Cells Induced by Shear Stress. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:204-212. [PMID: 37673049 PMCID: PMC10614473 DOI: 10.1159/000533320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the function of Cx43 in the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) process of endothelial cells (ECs) and to explore the potential signaling pathways underlying these functions. METHODS ECs were extracted from rat aorta. ECs were transfected with Cx43 cDNA and Cx43 siRNA and then exposed to 5 or 12 dyne/cm2. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of SM22α, Cx43, and acetylated α-tubulin in ECs. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of α-SMA, CD31, Cx43, H1-calponin, Ift88, and p-smad3 in ECs. RESULTS The expression of αSMA, SM22α, and Cx43 was significantly increased, and CD31 was markedly decreased in ECs treated with laminar shear stress at 5 dyn/cm2. The Cx43 cDNA transfection could induce the expression of SM22α or H1-calponin and attenuate CD31 expression in ECs. Also, Cx43 overexpression harms cilia formation in ECs exposed to 5 dyn/cm2, accompanied with the regulated Ift88 and smad signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study found that laminar shear stress at 5 dyn/cm2 would increase the expression of Cx43 to facilitate the EndMT process of ECs, associated with morphological changes in primary cilia and the decreased expression of Ift88 in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlong Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongqi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Testa F, Sodi A, Signorini S, Di Iorio V, Murro V, Brunetti-Pierri R, Valente EM, Karali M, Melillo P, Banfi S, Simonelli F. Spectrum of Disease Severity in Nonsyndromic Patients With Mutations in the CEP290 Gene: A Multicentric Longitudinal Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:1. [PMID: 34196655 PMCID: PMC8267213 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to perform a detailed longitudinal phenotyping and genetic characterization of 32 Italian patients with a nonsyndromic retinal dystrophy and mutations in the CEP290 gene. Methods We reviewed the clinical history and examinations of 32 patients with a nonsyndromic retinal dystrophy due to mutations in the CEP290 gene, followed up (mean follow-up: 5.9 years) at 3 Italian centers. The clinical examinations included: best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and full-field electroretinogram (ERG). Results Patients (mean age = 19.0 ± 3.4 years) had a mean BCVA of 1.73 ± 0.20 logMAR. Longitudinal analysis of BCVA showed a nonsignificant decline. Central retinal thickness (CRT) declined significantly with age at an exponential rate of 1.0%/year (P = 0.001). At disease onset, most patients (19/32; 49.4%) had nystagmus. The absence of nystagmus was significantly associated with better BCVA and more preserved CRT (P < 0.05). ERG showed undetectable responses in most patients (64.0%), whereas reduced scotopic and photopic responses were observed in four patients (16.0%) who had no nystagmus. We identified 35 different variants, among which 12 were novel. Our genotype-phenotype correlation analysis shows a significantly worse BCVA in patients harboring a loss-of-function mutation and the deep-intronic variant c.2991+1655A>G. Conclusions Our study highlights a mild phenotype of the disease, characterized by absence of nystagmus, good visual acuity, considerably preserved retinal morphology, and recordable ERG, confirming the wide spectrum of CEP290-related retinal dystrophies. Finally, in our cohort, the deep intronic variant c.2991+1655A>G was associated with a more severe phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Testa
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Sodi
- Eye Clinic, Neuromuscolar and Sense Organs Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Iorio
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Murro
- Eye Clinic, Neuromuscolar and Sense Organs Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaella Brunetti-Pierri
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianthi Karali
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Melillo
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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5
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Yu T, Matsuda M. Epb41l5 interacts with Iqcb1 and regulates ciliary function in zebrafish embryos. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs240648. [PMID: 32501287 PMCID: PMC7338265 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte protein band 4.1 like 5 (EPB41L5) is an adaptor protein beneath the plasma membrane that functions to control epithelial morphogenesis. Here we report a previously uncharacterized role of EPB41L5 in controlling ciliary function. We found that EPB41L5 forms a complex with IQCB1 (previously known as NPHP5), a ciliopathy protein. Overexpression of EPB41L5 reduced IQCB1 localization at the ciliary base in cultured mammalian epithelial cells. Conversely, epb41l5 knockdown increased IQCB1 localization at the ciliary base. epb41l5-deficient zebrafish embryos or embryos expressing C-terminally modified forms of Epb41l5 developed cilia with reduced motility and exhibited left-right patterning defects, an outcome of abnormal ciliary function. We observed genetic synergy between epb41l5 and iqcb1. Moreover, EPB41L5 decreased IQCB1 interaction with CEP290, another ciliopathy protein and a component of the ciliary base and centrosome. Together, these observations suggest that EPB41L5 regulates the composition of the ciliary base and centrosome through IQCB1 and CEP290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07302, USA
| | - Miho Matsuda
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07302, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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6
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Fiore L, Takata N, Acosta S, Ma W, Pandit T, Oxendine M, Oliver G. Optic vesicle morphogenesis requires primary cilia. Dev Biol 2020; 462:119-128. [PMID: 32169553 PMCID: PMC8167498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Arl13b is a gene known to regulate ciliogenesis. Functional alterations in this gene's activity have been associated with Joubert syndrome. We found that in Arl13 null mouse embryos the orientation of the optic cup is inverted, such that the lens is abnormally surrounded by an inverted optic cup whose retina pigmented epithelium is oddly facing the surface ectoderm. Loss of Arl13b leads to the disruption of optic vesicle's patterning and expansion of ventral fates. We show that this phenotype is consequence of miss-regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and demonstrate that the Arl13b-/- eye phenotype can be rescued by deletion of Gli2, a downstream effector of the Shh pathway. This work identified an unexpected role of primary cilia during the morphogenetic movements required for the formation of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Fiore
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nozomu Takata
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Institute of Evolutive Biology, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wanshu Ma
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tanushree Pandit
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael Oxendine
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Powell L, Samarakoon YH, Ismail S, Sayer JA. ARL3, a small GTPase with a functionally conserved role in primary cilia and immune synapses. Small GTPases 2019; 12:167-176. [PMID: 31826708 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1703466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium and the immunological synapse are both specialized functional plasma membrane domains that share several similarities. Signalling output of membrane domains is regulated, spatially and temporally, by segregating and focusing lipids and proteins. ARL3, a small GTPase, plays a major role in concentrating lipid-modified proteins in both the immunological synapse and the primary cilia. Here in this review we will introduce the role of ARL3 in health and disease and its role in polarizing signalling at the primary cilia and immunological synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Powell
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Youhani H Samarakoon
- Spatial segregation of signalling Lab, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shehab Ismail
- Spatial segregation of signalling Lab, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Renal Services, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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8
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BAG6 is a novel microtubule-binding protein that regulates ciliogenesis by modulating the cell cycle and interacting with γ-tubulin. Exp Cell Res 2019; 387:111776. [PMID: 31838060 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-binding proteins provide an alternative and vital pathway to the functional diversity of microtubules. Considerable work is still required to understand the complexities of microtubule-associated cellular processes and to identify novel microtubule-binding proteins. In this study, we identify Bcl2-associated athanogene cochaperone 6 (BAG6) as a novel microtubule-binding protein and reveal that it is crucial for primary ciliogenesis. By immunofluorescence we show that BAG6 largely colocalizes with intracellular microtubules and by co-immunoprecipitation we demonstated that it can interact with α-tubulin. Additionally, both the UBL and BAG domains of BAG6 are indispensable for its interaction with α-tubulin. Moreover, the assembly of primary cilia in RPE-1 cells is significantly inhibited upon the depletion of BAG6. Notably, BAG6 inhibition leads to an abnormal G0/G1 transition during the cell cycle. In addition, BAG6 colocalizes and interactes with the centrosomal protein γ-tubulin, suggesting that BAG6 might regulate primary ciliogenesis through its action in centrosomal function. Collectively, our findings suggest that BAG6 is a novel microtubule-bindng protein crucial for primary ciliogenesis.
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9
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Pruski M, Hu L, Yang C, Wang Y, Zhang JB, Zhang L, Huang Y, Rajnicek AM, St Clair D, McCaig CD, Lang B, Ding YQ. Roles for IFT172 and Primary Cilia in Cell Migration, Cell Division, and Neocortex Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:287. [PMID: 31850339 PMCID: PMC6890611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium of a cell translates varied extracellular cues into intracellular signals that control embryonic development and organ function. The dynamic maintenance of ciliary structure and function requires balanced bidirectional cargo transport involving intraflagellar transport (IFT) complexes. IFT172 is a member of the IFT complex B, and IFT172 mutation is associated with pathologies including short rib thoracic dysplasia, retinitis pigmentosa and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, but how it underpins these conditions is not clear. We used the WIM cell line, derived from embryonic fibroblasts of Wimple mice (carrying homozygous Leu1564Pro mutation in Ift172), to probe roles of Ift172 and primary cilia in cell behavior. WIM cells had ablated cilia and deficiencies in directed migration (electrotaxis), cell proliferation and intracellular signaling. Additionally, WIM cells displayed altered cell cycle progression, with increased numbers of chromatids, highlighting dysfunctional centrosome status. Exposure to a physiological electric field promoted a higher percentage of primary cilia in wild-type cells. Interestingly, in situ hybridization revealed an extensive and dynamic expression profile of Ift172 in both developing and adult mouse cortex. In vivo manipulation of Ift172 expression in germinal regions of embryonic mouse brains perturbed neural progenitor proliferation and radial migration of post-mitotic neurons, revealing a regulatory role of Ift172 in cerebral morphogenesis. Our data suggest that Ift172 regulates a range of fundamental biological processes, highlighting the pivotal roles of the primary cilium in cell physiology and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Cuiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Bao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ann M Rajnicek
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David St Clair
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D McCaig
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Abstract
Endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells are two different cell types with distinct morphologies, phenotypes, functions, and gene profiles. Accumulating evidence, notably from lineage-tracing studies, indicates that the two cell types convert into each other during cardiovascular development and pathogenesis. During heart development, endothelial cells transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells in the endocardial cushion through endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), a process that is critical for the formation of cardiac valves. Studies have also reported that EndoMT contributes to the development of various cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, cardiac fibrosis, valve calcification, endocardial elastofibrosis, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Conversely, cardiac fibroblasts can transdifferentiate into endothelial cells and contribute to neovascularization after cardiac injury. However, progress in genetic lineage tracing has challenged the role of EndoMT, or its reversed programme, in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this Review, we discuss the caveats of using genetic lineage-tracing technology to investigate cell-lineage conversion; we also reassess the role of EndoMT in cardiovascular development and diseases and elaborate on the molecular signals that orchestrate EndoMT in pathophysiological processes. Understanding the role and mechanisms of EndoMT in diseases will unravel the therapeutic potential of targeting this process and will provide a new paradigm for the development of regenerative medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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11
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Fernández-Santos JM, Utrilla JC, Vázquez-Román V, Villar-Rodríguez JL, Gutiérrez-Avilés L, Martín-Lacave I. Primary Cilium in the Human Thyrocyte: Changes in Frequency and Length in Relation to the Functional Pathology of the Thyroid Gland. Thyroid 2019; 29:595-606. [PMID: 30767621 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cilia (PC) are conserved structures in the adult thyroid gland of different mammals. It was recently described that in humans, PC are usually present as a single copy per follicular cell emerging from the follicular cell apex into the follicular lumen. METHODS To understand the role developed by PC in thyroid hormonogenesis better, their changes in different human functional thyroid diseases (diffuse toxic hyperplasia/Graves' disease [GD] and nodular hyperplasia [NH]/nodular goiter), in comparison to normal thyroid tissue, were investigated using immunofluorescence, morphometry, and electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS Significantly decreased ciliary frequencies were found in both NH (51.16 ± 11.69%) and GD (44.43 ± 23.70%) compared to normal thyroid tissue (76.09 ± 7.31%). Similarly, PC lengths were also significantly decreased in both NH (2.02 ± 0.35 μm) and GD (2.4 ± 0.48 μm) compared to normal glands (3.93 ± 0.90 μm). Moreover, in GD patients, hyperactive-follicle foci always showed diminished ciliary frequency and length compared to any other thyroid follicle pattern, independent of their thyroid status. Finally, in GD, the percentage of thyrocytes exhibiting PC in the "normal-appearance areas" was significantly lower in correspondence with the subsistence of signs of thyroid biosynthetic hyperactivity after long-term antithyroid drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a direct relationship between ciliogenesis and both follicle activity and tissue heterogeneity in the functional pathology of the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Fernández-Santos
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José Carmelo Utrilla
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Victoria Vázquez-Román
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Lorenzo Gutiérrez-Avilés
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Martín-Lacave
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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12
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Pruski M, Lang B. Primary Cilia-An Underexplored Topic in Major Mental Illness. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:104. [PMID: 30886591 PMCID: PMC6409319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though much progress has been made in recent years towards understanding the function and physiology of primary cilia, they remain a somewhat elusive organelle. Some studies have explored the role of primary cilia in the developing nervous system, and their dysfunction has been linked with several neurosensory deficits. Yet, very little has been written on their potential role in psychiatric disorders. This article provides an overview of some of the functions of primary cilia in signalling pathways, and demonstrates that they are a worthy candidate in psychiatric research. The links between primary cilia and major mental illness have been demonstrated to exist at several levels, spanning genetics, signalling pathways, and pharmacology as well as cell division and migration. The primary focus of this review is on the sensory role of the primary cilium and the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of psychiatric disease. As such, the primary cilium is demonstrated to be a key link between the cellular environment and cell behaviour, and hence of key importance in the considerations of the nature and nurture debate in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Critical Care Laboratory, Critical Care Directorate, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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13
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Functions and dysfunctions of the mammalian centrosome in health, disorders, disease, and aging. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:303-325. [PMID: 30062583 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery well over 100 years ago (Flemming, in Sitzungsber Akad Wissensch Wien 71:81-147, 1875; Van Beneden, in Bull Acad R Belg 42:35-97, 1876) the centrosome is increasingly being recognized as a most impactful organelle for its role not only as primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) but also as a major communication center for signal transduction pathways and as a center for proteolytic activities. Its significance for cell cycle regulation has been well studied and we now also know that centrosome dysfunctions are implicated in numerous diseases and disorders including cancer, Alstrom syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Huntington's disease, reproductive disorders, and several other diseases and disorders. The present review is meant to build on information presented in the previous review (Schatten, in Histochem Cell Biol 129:667-686, 2008) and to highlight functions of the mammalian centrosome in health, and dysfunctions in disorders, disease, and aging with six sections focused on (1) centrosome structure and functions, and new insights into the role of centrosomes in cell cycle progression; (2) the role of centrosomes in tumor initiation and progression; (3) primary cilia, centrosome-primary cilia interactions, and consequences for cell cycle functions in health and disease; (4) transitions from centrosome to non-centrosome functions during cellular polarization; (5) other centrosome dysfunctions associated with the pathogenesis of human disease; and (6) centrosome functions in oocyte germ cells and dysfunctions in reproductive disorders and reproductive aging.
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14
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Christie KR, Blake JA. Sensing the cilium, digital capture of ciliary data for comparative genomics investigations. Cilia 2018; 7:3. [PMID: 29713460 PMCID: PMC5907423 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-018-0057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cilia are specialized, hair-like structures that project from the cell bodies of eukaryotic cells. With increased understanding of the distribution and functions of various types of cilia, interest in these organelles is accelerating. To effectively use this great expansion in knowledge, this information must be made digitally accessible and available for large-scale analytical and computational investigation. Capture and integration of knowledge about cilia into existing knowledge bases, thus providing the ability to improve comparative genomic data analysis, is the objective of this work. Methods We focused on the capture of information about cilia as studied in the laboratory mouse, a primary model of human biology. The workflow developed establishes a standard for capture of comparative functional data relevant to human biology. We established the 310 closest mouse orthologs of the 302 human genes defined in the SYSCILIA Gold Standard set of ciliary genes. For the mouse genes, we identified biomedical literature for curation and used Gene Ontology (GO) curation paradigms to provide functional annotations from these publications. Results Employing a methodology for comprehensive capture of experimental data about cilia genes in structured, digital form, we established a workflow for curation of experimental literature detailing molecular function and roles of cilia proteins starting with the mouse orthologs of the human SYSCILIA gene set. We worked closely with the GO Consortium ontology development editors and the SYSCILIA Consortium to improve the representation of ciliary biology within the GO. During the time frame of the ontology improvement project, we have fully curated 134 of these 310 mouse genes, resulting in an increase in the number of ciliary and other experimental annotations. Conclusions We have improved the GO annotations available for mouse genes orthologous to the human genes in the SYSCILIA Consortium’s Gold Standard set. In addition, ciliary terminology in the GO itself was improved in collaboration with GO ontology developers and the SYSCILIA Consortium. These improvements to the GO terms for the functions and roles of ciliary proteins, along with the increase in annotations of the corresponding genes, enhance the representation of ciliary processes and localizations and improve access to these data during large-scale bioinformatic analyses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13630-018-0057-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Christie
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Judith A Blake
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
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15
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Bryant L, Lozynska O, Maguire AM, Aleman TS, Bennett J. Prescreening whole exome sequencing results from patients with retinal degeneration for variants in genes associated with retinal degeneration. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 12:49-63. [PMID: 29343940 PMCID: PMC5749571 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s147684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate clinical diagnosis and prognosis of retinal degeneration can be aided by the identification of the disease-causing genetic variant. It can confirm the clinical diagnosis as well as inform the clinician of the risk for potential involvement of other organs such as kidneys. It also aids in genetic counseling for affected individuals who want to have a child. Finally, knowledge of disease-causing variants informs laboratory investigators involved in translational research. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, identifying pathogenic mutations is becoming easier, especially the identification of novel pathogenic variants. Methods We used whole exome sequencing on a cohort of 69 patients with various forms of retinal degeneration and in whom screens for previously identified disease-causing variants had been inconclusive. All potential pathogenic variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and, when possible, segregation analysis of immediate relatives. Potential variants were identified by using a semi-masked approach in which rare variants in candidate genes were identified without knowledge of the clinical diagnosis (beyond "retinal degeneration") or inheritance pattern. After the initial list of genes was prioritized, genetic diagnosis and inheritance pattern were taken into account. Results We identified the likely pathogenic variants in 64% of the subjects. Seven percent had a single heterozygous mutation identified that would cause recessive disease and 13% had no obviously pathogenic variants and no family members available to perform segregation analysis. Eleven subjects are good candidates for novel gene discovery. Two de novo mutations were identified that resulted in dominant retinal degeneration. Conclusion Whole exome sequencing allows for thorough genetic analysis of candidate genes as well as novel gene discovery. It allows for an unbiased analysis of genetic variants to reduce the chance that the pathogenic mutation will be missed due to incomplete or inaccurate family history or analysis at the early stage of a syndromic form of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bryant
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olga Lozynska
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert M Maguire
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tomas S Aleman
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Vojinovic D, Brison N, Ahmad S, Noens I, Pappa I, Karssen LC, Tiemeier H, van Duijn CM, Peeters H, Amin N. Variants in TTC25 affect autistic trait in patients with autism spectrum disorder and general population. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:982-987. [PMID: 28513607 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex genetic architecture. To identify genetic variants underlying ASD, we performed single-variant and gene-based genome-wide association studies using a dense genotyping array containing over 2.3 million single-nucleotide variants in a discovery sample of 160 families with at least one child affected with non-syndromic ASD using a binary (ASD yes/no) phenotype and a quantitative autistic trait. Replication of the top findings was performed in Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and Erasmus Rucphen Family (ERF) cohort study. Significant association of quantitative autistic trait was observed with the TTC25 gene at 17q21.2 (effect size=10.2, P-value=3.4 × 10-7) in the gene-based analysis. The gene also showed nominally significant association in the cohort-based ERF study (effect=1.75, P-value=0.05). Meta-analysis of discovery and replication improved the association signal (P-valuemeta=1.5 × 10-8). No genome-wide significant signal was observed in the single-variant analysis of either the binary ASD phenotype or the quantitative autistic trait. Our study has identified a novel gene TTC25 to be associated with quantitative autistic trait in patients with ASD. The replication of association in a cohort-based study and the effect estimate suggest that variants in TTC25 may also be relevant for broader ASD phenotype in the general population. TTC25 is overexpressed in frontal cortex and testis and is known to be involved in cilium movement and thus an interesting candidate gene for autistic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Vojinovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Brison
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Noens
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), Leuven, Belgium.,Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irene Pappa
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,PolyOmica, s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Amiri FS, Kariminejad A. Juvenile nephronophthisis and dysthyroidism: a rare association. CEN Case Rep 2017; 6:98-104. [PMID: 28509138 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-017-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis, an autosomal recessive kidney disease, represents the most frequent genetic cause of end-stage kidney disease in the first three decades of life. A 27-year-old male was presented with gait imbalance, sever pruritus since 10 days prior time of admission. In past medical history, he had bilateral cataract, torsional nystagmus, and bilateral optic nerve atrophy since 2 years of age. He was also mentioned history of multinodular goiter with dysfunctional thyroid state since 2 years before admission. At admission bilateral blindness, torsional nystagmus, asymmetric thyromegaly with nodularity was found in physical examination. Laboratory tests showed elevated urea and creatinine (200, 10.7 mg/dl), hypomagnesemia (1.1 mEq/l), decreased thyroid stimulating hormone (<0.004 mIU/l). Ophthalmologist consultation confirmed retinitis pigmentosa. Renal sonography showed small-sized kidneys. Brain magnetic resonance imaging did not reveal molar tooth sign. Genetic testing performed and a large homozygous deletion at the NPHP1 gene locus was found. The patient was diagnosed with juvenile nephronophthisis and consideration of dysthyroidism as extrarenal manifestation of nephronophthisis is suggested in this case. Furthermore, loss of function mutation in SLC41A1 gene that leads to magnesium depletion must be noted in patients with suspected to nephronophthisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Shamekhi Amiri
- Division of Nephrology, Imam khomeini hospital, Faculty of medicine, National University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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AlKattan WM, Al-Qattan MM, Bafaqeeh SA. The pathogenesis of the clinical features of oral-facial-digital syndrome type I. Saudi Med J 2016; 36:1277-84. [PMID: 26593159 PMCID: PMC4673363 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.11.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndrome type I (OFDI) is an X-linked syndrome, which has several craniofacial and limb features; and hence, patients frequently present to craniofacial and plastic surgeons. Oral-facial-digital syndrome type I is caused by mutations in the CXORF5 gene. The gene product is one of the basal body proteins of a slim microtubule-based organelle called the “primary cilium”. Most of the clinical features of OFDI patients are related to dysfunctions of the primary cilium leading to abnormal Hedgehog signal transduction, depressed planar cell polarity pathway, and errors in cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M AlKattan
- Department of Surgery, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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19
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Drivas TG, Wojno AP, Tucker BA, Stone EM, Bennett J. Basal exon skipping and genetic pleiotropy: A predictive model of disease pathogenesis. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:291ra97. [PMID: 26062849 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic pleiotropy, the phenomenon by which mutations in the same gene result in markedly different disease phenotypes, has proven difficult to explain with traditional models of disease pathogenesis. We have developed a model of pleiotropic disease that explains, through the process of basal exon skipping, how different mutations in the same gene can differentially affect protein production, with the total amount of protein produced correlating with disease severity. Mutations in the centrosomal protein of 290 kDa (CEP290) gene are associated with a spectrum of phenotypically distinct human diseases (the ciliopathies). Molecular biologic examination of CEP290 transcript and protein expression in cells from patients carrying CEP290 mutations, measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, correlated with disease severity and corroborated our model. We show that basal exon skipping may be the mechanism underlying the disease pleiotropy caused by CEP290 mutations. Applying our model to a different disease gene, CC2D2A (coiled-coil and C2 domains-containing protein 2A), we found that the same correlations held true. Our model explains the phenotypic diversity of two different inherited ciliopathies and may establish a new model for the pathogenesis of other pleiotropic human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Drivas
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam P Wojno
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 50309, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 50309, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 50309, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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Masyukova SV, Landis DE, Henke SJ, Williams CL, Pieczynski JN, Roszczynialski KN, Covington JE, Malarkey EB, Yoder BK. A Screen for Modifiers of Cilia Phenotypes Reveals Novel MKS Alleles and Uncovers a Specific Genetic Interaction between osm-3 and nphp-4. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005841. [PMID: 26863025 PMCID: PMC4749664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a ciliopathy in which genetic modifiers may underlie the variable penetrance of clinical features. To identify modifiers, a screen was conducted on C. elegans nphp-4(tm925) mutants. Mutations in ten loci exacerbating nphp-4(tm925) ciliary defects were obtained. Four loci have been identified, three of which are established ciliopathy genes mks-1, mks-2, and mks-5. The fourth allele (yhw66) is a missense mutation (S316F) in OSM-3, a kinesin required for cilia distal segment assembly. While osm-3(yhw66) mutants alone have no overt cilia phenotype, nphp-4(tm925);osm-3(yhw66) double mutants lack distal segments and are dye-filling (Dyf) and osmotic avoidance (Osm) defective, similar to osm-3(mn357) null mutants. In osm-3(yhw66) mutants anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) velocity is reduced. Furthermore, expression of OSM-3(S316F)::GFP reduced IFT velocities in nphp-4(tm925) mutants, but not in wild type animals. In silico analysis indicates the S316F mutation may affect a phosphorylation site. Putative phospho-null OSM-3(S316F) and phospho-mimetic OSM-3(S316D) proteins accumulate at the cilia base and tip respectively. FRAP analysis indicates that the cilia entry rate of OSM-3(S316F) is slower than OSM-3 and that in the presence of OSM-3(S316F), OSM-3 and OSM-3(S316D) rates decrease. In the presence OSM-3::GFP or OSM-3(S316D)::GFP, OSM-3(S316F)::tdTomato redistributes along the cilium and accumulates in the cilia tip. OSM-3(S316F) and OSM-3(S316D) are functional as they restore cilia distal segment formation in osm-3(mn357) null mutants; however, only OSM-3(S316F) rescues the osm-3(mn357) null Dyf phenotype. Despite rescue of cilia length in osm-3(mn357) null mutants, neither OSM-3(S316F) nor OSM-3(S316D) restores ciliary defects in nphp-4(tm925);osm-3(yhw66) double mutants. Thus, these OSM-3 mutations cause NPHP-4 dependent and independent phenotypes. These data indicate that in addition to regulating cilia protein entry or exit, NPHP-4 influences localization and function of a distal ciliary kinesin. Moreover, data suggest human OSM-3 homolog (Kif17) could act as a modifying locus affecting disease penetrance or expressivity in NPHP patients. Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy that has minimal genotype-phenotype correlation. The cause of this variation is not known, but could result from additional mutations in the patients’ backgrounds capable of modifying the phenotype. To identify candidate NPHP modifying loci, we conducted an enhancer mutagenesis screen using C. elegans nphp-4(tm925) mutants. Mutations in ten loci were obtained that severely exacerbated the cilia defects in the nphp-4(tm925) mutants, but importantly, had minimal defects in the absence of the nphp-4 mutation. Here we identified four of these loci, each encoding a cilia protein. Three mutations are in known ciliopathy genes, mks-1, mks-2 and mks-5. The fourth allele is a missense (S316F) mutation in OSM-3, a kinesin required for distal cilia assembly and is the sole kinesin responsible for intraflagellar transport along the cilia distal segment in C. elegans. The osm-3(yhw66) mutation affects a putative phosphorylation site that is important for OSM-3 localization, movement, and function, largely in an nphp-4 dependent manner. These data establish a genetic interaction between osm-3 and nphp-4 that regulates kinesin activity and localization and raises the possibility that mutations in Kif17, the mammalian homolog of osm-3, may influence the phenotypes in human NPHP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Masyukova
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dawn E. Landis
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Henke
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Corey L. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jay N. Pieczynski
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kelly N. Roszczynialski
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jannese E. Covington
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Erik B. Malarkey
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bradley K. Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Linck RW, Chemes H, Albertini DF. The axoneme: the propulsive engine of spermatozoa and cilia and associated ciliopathies leading to infertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:141-56. [PMID: 26825807 PMCID: PMC4759005 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Linck
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Hector Chemes
- Center for Research in Endocrinology, National Research Council, CEDIE-CONICET, Endocrinology Division, Buenos Aires Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330, C1425SEFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - David F Albertini
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA.
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Intravitreal Injection of Splice-switching Oligonucleotides to Manipulate Splicing in Retinal Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e250. [PMID: 26325627 PMCID: PMC4877449 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis is a severe hereditary retinal dystrophy responsible for neonatal blindness. The most common disease-causing mutation (c.2991+1655A>G; 10-15%) creates a strong splice donor site that leads to insertion of a cryptic exon encoding a premature stop codon. Recently, we reported that splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSO) allow skipping of the mutant cryptic exon and the restoration of ciliation in fibroblasts of affected patients, supporting the feasibility of a SSO-mediated exon skipping strategy to correct the aberrant splicing. Here, we present data in the wild-type mouse, which demonstrate that intravitreal administration of 2'-OMePS-SSO allows selective alteration of Cep290 splicing in retinal cells, including photoreceptors as shown by successful alteration of Abca4 splicing using the same approach. We show that both SSOs and Cep290 skipped mRNA were detectable for at least 1 month and that intravitreal administration of oligonucleotides did not provoke any serious adverse event. These data suggest that intravitreal injections of SSO should be considered to bypass protein truncation resulting from the c.2991+1655A>G mutation as well as other truncating mutations in genes which like CEP290 or ABCA4 have a mRNA size that exceed cargo capacities of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved adeno-associated virus (AAV)-vectors, thus hampering gene augmentation therapy.
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23
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Utrilla JC, Gordillo-Martínez F, Gómez-Pascual A, Fernández-Santos JM, Garnacho C, Vázquez-Román V, Morillo-Bernal J, García-Marín R, Jiménez-García A, Martín-Lacave I. Comparative study of the primary cilia in thyrocytes of adult mammals. J Anat 2015; 227:550-60. [PMID: 26228270 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in different human tissues by Zimmermann in 1898, primary cilia have been found in the vast majority of cell types in vertebrates. Primary cilia are considered to be cellular antennae that occupy an ideal cellular location for the interpretation of information both from the environment and from other cells. To date, in mammalian thyroid gland, primary cilia have been found in the thyrocytes of humans and dogs (fetuses and adults) and in rat embryos. The present study investigated whether the existence of this organelle in follicular cells is a general event in the postnatal thyroid gland of different mammals, using both immunolabeling by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Furthermore, we aimed to analyse the presence of primary cilia in various thyroid cell lines. According to our results, primary cilia are present in the adult thyroid gland of most mammal species we studied (human, pig, guinea pig and rabbit), usually as a single copy per follicular cell. Strikingly, they were not found in rat or mouse thyroid tissues. Similarly, cilia were also observed in all human thyroid cell lines tested, both normal and neoplastic follicular cells, but not in cultured thyrocytes of rat origin. We hypothesize that primary cilia could be involved in the regulation of normal thyroid function through specific signaling pathways. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to shed light on the permanence of these organelles in the thyroid gland of most species during postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Utrilla
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - F Gordillo-Martínez
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - A Gómez-Pascual
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - J M Fernández-Santos
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - C Garnacho
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - V Vázquez-Román
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - J Morillo-Bernal
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - R García-Marín
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - A Jiménez-García
- Endocrine Surgery Unit of 'Virgen Macarena' University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - I Martín-Lacave
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
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Kessler K, Wunderlich I, Uebe S, Falk NS, Gießl A, Brandstätter JH, Popp B, Klinger P, Ekici AB, Sticht H, Dörr HG, Reis A, Roepman R, Seemanová E, Thiel CT. DYNC2LI1 mutations broaden the clinical spectrum of dynein-2 defects. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11649. [PMID: 26130459 PMCID: PMC4486972 DOI: 10.1038/srep11649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal ciliopathies are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive osteochondrodysplasias caused by defects in formation, maintenance and function of the primary cilium. Mutations in the underlying genes affect the molecular motors, intraflagellar transport complexes (IFT), or the basal body. The more severe phenotypes are caused by defects of genes of the dynein-2 complex, where mutations in DYNC2H1, WDR34 and WDR60 have been identified. In a patient with a Jeune-like phenotype we performed exome sequencing and identified compound heterozygous missense and nonsense mutations in DYNC2LI1 segregating with the phenotype. DYNC2LI1 is ubiquitously expressed and interacts with DYNC2H1 to form the dynein-2 complex important for retrograde IFT. Using DYNC2LI1 siRNA knockdown in fibroblasts we identified a significantly reduced cilia length proposed to affect cilia function. In addition, depletion of DYNC2LI1 induced altered cilia morphology with broadened ciliary tips and accumulation of IFT-B complex proteins in accordance with retrograde IFT defects. Our results expand the clinical spectrum of ciliopathies caused by defects of the dynein-2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Kessler
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ina Wunderlich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathalie S Falk
- Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Gießl
- Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Bernt Popp
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patricia Klinger
- Department of Orthopaedic Rheumatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helmuth-Günther Dörr
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eva Seemanová
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christian T Thiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Mao MG, Li X, Perálvarez-Marín A, Jiang JL, Jiang ZQ, Wen SH, Lü HQ. Transcriptomic analysis and biomarkers (Rag1 and Igμ) for probing the immune system development in Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:622-632. [PMID: 25842179 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mortality (>90%) is a big concern in larval rearing facilities of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, limiting its culture presently still in the experimental stages. Understanding the immune system development of G. macrocephalus is crucial to optimize the aquaculture of this species, to improve the use of economic resources and to avoid abuse of antibiotics. For the transcriptome analysis, using an Illumina sequencing platform, 61,775,698 raw reads were acquired. After a de novo assembly, 77,561 unigenes were obtained. We have classified functionally these transcripts by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). 27 genes mainly related to hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development and somatic diversification of immune receptors have been reported for the first time in Pacific cod, and 14 Ig heavy chain (μ chain) locuses were assembled using Trinity. Based on our previous achievement, we have chosen Rag1 and Igμ as immune system development biomarkers. Full length cDNA of Rag1 and Igμ as biomarkers were obtained respectively using RACE PCR. Concerning Rag1, the deduced amino acid of Rag1 and protein immunodetection revealed a Rag1 isoform of 69 kDa, significantly different from other fish orthologs, such as Oncorhynchus mykiss (121 kDa). Phylogenetic analysis reveals a unique immune system for the Gadus genre, not exclusive for Atlantic cod, among vertebrates. Meanwhile, full length cDNA of Igμ included an ORF of 1710 bp and the deduced amino acid was composed of a leader peptide, a variable domain, CH1, CH2, Hinge, CH3, CH4 and C-terminus, which was in accordance with most teleost. Absolute quantification PCR revealed that significant expression of Rag1 appeared earlier than Igμ, 61 and 95 dph compared to 95 dph, respectively. Here we report the first transcriptomic analysis of G. macrocephalus as the starting point for genetic research on immune system development towards improving the Pacific cod aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Guang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Alejandro Perálvarez-Marín
- Centre d'Estudis en Biofísica, Unitat de Biofísica, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés 08193, Spain
| | - Jie-Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Shi-Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hui-Qian Lü
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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26
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Yang F, Pavlik J, Fox L, Scarbrough C, Sale WS, Sisson JH, Wirschell M. Alcohol-induced ciliary dysfunction targets the outer dynein arm. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L569-76. [PMID: 25595647 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00257.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse results in an increased incidence of pulmonary infection, in part attributable to impaired mucociliary clearance. Analysis of motility in mammalian airway cilia has revealed that alcohol impacts the ciliary dynein motors by a mechanism involving altered axonemal protein phosphorylation. Given the highly conserved nature of cilia, it is likely that the mechanisms for alcohol-induced ciliary dysfunction (AICD) are conserved. Thus we utilized the experimental advantages offered by the model organism, Chlamydomonas, to determine the precise effects of alcohol on ciliary dynein activity and identify axonemal phosphoproteins that are altered by alcohol exposure. Analysis of live cells or reactivated cell models showed that alcohol significantly inhibits ciliary motility in Chlamydomonas via a mechanism that is part of the axonemal structure. Taking advantage of informative mutant cells, we found that alcohol impacts the activity of the outer dynein arm. Consistent with this finding, alcohol exposure results in a significant reduction in ciliary beat frequency, a parameter of ciliary movement that requires normal outer dynein arm function. Using mutants that lack specific heavy-chain motor domains, we have determined that alcohol impacts the β- and γ-heavy chains of the outer dynein arm. Furthermore, using a phospho-threonine-specific antibody, we determined that the phosphorylation state of DCC1 of the outer dynein arm-docking complex is altered in the presence of alcohol, and its phosphorylation correlates with AICD. These results demonstrate that alcohol targets specific outer dynein arm components and suggest that DCC1 is part of an alcohol-sensitive mechanism that controls outer dynein arm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jacqueline Pavlik
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Laura Fox
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chasity Scarbrough
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Maureen Wirschell
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Jackson, Mississippi;
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27
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Liu B, Chen S, Johnson C, Helms JA. A ciliopathy with hydrocephalus, isolated craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, and clefting caused by deletion of Kif3a. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:88-97. [PMID: 24887031 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Malformations of the facial midline are a consistent feature among individuals with defects in primary cilia. Here, we provide a framework in which to consider how these primary cilia-dependent facial anomalies occur. We generated mice in which the intraflagellar transport protein Kif3a was deleted in cranial neural crest cells. The Kif3a phenotypes included isolated metopic craniosynostosis, delayed closure of the anterior fontanelles, and hydrocephalus, as well as midline facial anomalies including hypertelorism, cleft palate, and bifid nasal septum. Although all cranial neural crest cells had truncated primary cilia as a result of the conditional deletion, only those in the midline showed evidence of hyper-proliferation and ectopic Wnt responsiveness. Thus, cranial neural crest cells do not rely on primary cilia for their migration but once established in the facial prominences, midline cranial neural crest cells require Kif3a function in order to integrate and respond to Wnt signals from the surrounding epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - S Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - C Johnson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - J A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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28
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Powles-Glover N. Cilia and ciliopathies: classic examples linking phenotype and genotype-an overview. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:98-105. [PMID: 24859270 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the role of cilia in pre and post natal development has been appreciated since the previous century. However, a better understanding of the physiological and, conversely, dysfunctional role that cilia have in developmental disease is still emerging. Dysfunctioning cilia can lead to diseases with a remarkable spectrum of phenotypes ranging from embryofetal lethality, through "classic" organ malformation to severe loss of function that leads to diseases during infancy or more subtle loss of function that may not become apparent until adulthood. Collectively, these diseased are termed ciliopathies. A shift in the focus of research by using tools and models that highlight the similarity between the genetics of mice, zebrafish and human cells, is starting to form an interesting mechanistic picture of how cilia have a role in the developmental pathologies and human diseases. Some of the underlying cellular principles, implicated genes and, where possible, mechanisms will be briefly described in this manuscript and there are several more detailed reviews available [Quinlan et al, 2008; Veland et al, 2009 and Norris and Grimes, 2013].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Powles-Glover
- Astrazeneca, Drug Safety Metabolism, Mereside, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
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29
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Piatti G, De Santi MM, Brogi M, Castorina P, Ambrosetti U. Emerging ciliopathies: are respiratory cilia compromised in Usher syndrome? Am J Otolaryngol 2014; 35:340-6. [PMID: 24602455 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Usher syndrome is a ciliopathy involving photoreceptors and cochlear hair cells (sensory cilia): since sensory and motor ciliopathies can overlap, we analysed the respiratory cilia (motile) in 17 patients affected by Usher syndrome and 18 healthy control subject. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied the mucociliary transport time with the saccharine test, ciliary motility and ultrastructure of respiratory cilia obtained by nasal brushing; we also recorded the classical respiratory function values by spirometry. RESULTS All enrolled subjects showed normal respiratory function values. The mean mucociliary transport time with saccharine was 22.33 ± 17.96 min, which is in the range of normal values. The mean ciliary beat frequency of all subjects was 8.81 ± 2.18 Hz, which is a value approaching the lower physiological limit. None of the classical ciliary alterations characterizing the "ciliary primary dyskinesia" was detected, although two patients showed alterations in number and arrangement of peripheral microtubules and one patient had abnormal ciliary roots. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory cilia in Usher patients don't seem to have evident ultrastructural alterations, as expected, but the fact that the ciliary motility appeared slightly reduced could emphasize that a rigid distinction between sensory and motor ciliopathies may not reflect what really occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Piatti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy.
| | - M M De Santi
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy
| | - M Brogi
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy
| | - P Castorina
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy
| | - U Ambrosetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy
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30
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Cofer ZC, Matthews RP. Zebrafish Models of Biliary Atresia and Other Infantile Cholestatic Diseases. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Nissimov JN, Das Chaudhuri AB. Hair curvature: a natural dialectic and review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:723-66. [PMID: 24617997 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although hair forms (straight, curly, wavy, etc.) are present in apparently infinite variations, each fibre can be reduced to a finite sequence of tandem segments of just three types: straight, bent/curly, or twisted. Hair forms can thus be regarded as resulting from genetic pathways that induce, reverse or modulate these basic curvature modes. However, physical interconversions between twists and curls demonstrate that strict one-to-one correspondences between them and their genetic causes do not exist. Current hair-curvature theories do not distinguish between bending and twisting mechanisms. We here introduce a multiple papillary centres (MPC) model which is particularly suitable to explain twisting. The model combines previously known features of hair cross-sectional morphology with partially/completely separated dermal papillae within single follicles, and requires such papillae to induce differential growth rates of hair cortical material in their immediate neighbourhoods. The MPC model can further help to explain other, poorly understood, aspects of hair growth and morphology. Separate bending and twisting mechanisms would be preferentially affected at the major or minor ellipsoidal sides of fibres, respectively, and together they exhaust the possibilities for influencing hair-form phenotypes. As such they suggest dialectic for hair-curvature development. We define a natural-dialectic (ND) which could take advantage of speculative aspects of dialectic, but would verify its input data and results by experimental methods. We use this as a top-down approach to first define routes by which hair bending or twisting may be brought about and then review evidence in support of such routes. In particular we consider the wingless (Wnt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways as paradigm pathways for molecular hair bending and twisting mechanisms, respectively. In addition to the Wnt canonical pathway, the Wnt/Ca(2+) and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways, and others, can explain many alternatives and specific variations of hair bending phenotypes. Mechanisms for hair papilla budding or its division by bisection or fission can explain MPC formation. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial (MET) transitions, acting in collaboration with epithelial-mesenchymal communications are also considered as mechanisms affecting hair growth and its bending and twisting. These may be treated as sub-mechanisms of an overall development from neural-crest stem cell (NCSC) lineages to differentiated hair follicle (HF) cell types, thus providing a unified framework for hair growth and development.
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32
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Mitchell EH, Serra R. Normal mammary development and function in mice with Ift88 deleted in MMTV- and K14-Cre expressing cells. Cilia 2014; 3:4. [PMID: 24594320 PMCID: PMC3942223 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary cilia (PC) are non-motile microtubule based organelles present on almost every cell type and are known to serve as critical organizing centers for several signaling pathways crucial to embryonic and postnatal development. Alterations in the Hh pathway, the most studied signaling pathway regulated by PC, affect mammary gland development as well as maintenance of the stem and progenitor cell populations. Results We developed mouse models with deletion of PC in mammary luminal epithelial, basal epithelial, and stromal cells for evaluation of the function of PC in mammary development via MMTV-Cre, K14-Cre, and Prx1-Cre mediated deletion, respectively. The activity of Cre was confirmed using ROSA26 reporters. Mammary stem and progenitor cells were enriched through growth as mammospheres. Adenovirus-Cre mediated deletion of Ift88 was used to determine a role for PC in this population of cells. Disruption of Ift88 and PC were confirmed in using PCR and immunofluorescent methods. Prx1-Cre; Ift88Del mice demonstrated defects in terminal end buds during puberty. However, these Ift88Del glands exhibited typical terminal end bud formation as well as normal ductal histology when transplanted into wild type hosts, indicating that the phenotype observed was not intrinsic to the mammary gland. Furthermore, no discernable alterations to mammary development were observed in MMTV-Cre- or K14-Cre; Ift88Del lines. These mice were able to feed and support several litters of pups even though wide spread depletion of PC was confirmed. Cells grown in mammosphere culture were enriched for PC containing cells suggesting PC are preferentially expressed on mammary stem and progenitor cells. Deletion of Ift88 in mammary epithelial cells resulted in a significant reduction in the number of primary mammospheres established; however, there was no effect on outgrowth of secondary mammospheres in PC-depleted cells. Conclusions PC regulate systemic factors that can affect mammary development in early puberty. PC on MMTV- or K14-expressing epithelial cells are not required for normal mammary development or function. PC are expressed at high levels on cells in mammosphere cultures. PC may be required for cells to establish mammospheres in culture; however, PC are not required for renewal of the cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd,, 660 MCLM, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0005, USA.
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Picariello T, Valentine MS, Yano J, Van Houten J. Reduction of meckelin leads to general loss of cilia, ciliary microtubule misalignment and distorted cell surface organization. Cilia 2014; 3:2. [PMID: 24484742 PMCID: PMC4124839 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meckelin (MKS3), a conserved protein linked to Meckel Syndrome, assists in the migration of centrioles to the cell surface for ciliogenesis. We explored for additional functions of MKS3p using RNA interference (RNAi) and expression of FLAG epitope tagged protein in the ciliated protozoan Paramecium tetraurelia. This cell has a highly organized cell surface with thousands of cilia and basal bodies that are grouped into one or two basal body units delineated by ridges. The highly systematized nature of the P. tetraurelia cell surface provides a research model of MKS and other ciliopathies where changes in ciliary structure, subcellular organization and overall arrangement of the cell surface can be easily observed. We used cells reduced in IFT88 for comparison, as the involvement of this gene's product with cilia maintenance and growth is well understood. RESULTS FLAG-MKS3p was found above the plane of the distal basal body in the transition zone. Approximately 95% of those basal bodies observed had staining for FLAG-MKS3. The RNAi phenotype for MKS3 depleted cells included global shortening and loss of cilia. Basal body structure appeared unaffected. On the dorsal surface, the basal bodies and their associated rootlets appeared rotated out of alignment from the normal anterior-posterior rows. Likewise, cortical units were abnormal in shape and out of alignment from normal rows. A GST pull down using the MKS3 coiled-coil domain suggests previously unidentified interacting partners. CONCLUSIONS Reduction of MKS3p shows that this protein affects development and maintenance of cilia over the entire cell surface. Reduction of MKS3p is most visible on the dorsal surface. The anterior basal body is attached to and moves along the striated rootlet of the posterior basal body in preparation for duplication. We propose that with reduced MKS3p, this attachment and guidance of the basal body is lost. The basal body veers off course, causing basal body rows to be misaligned and units to be misshapen. Rootlets form normally on these misaligned basal bodies but are rotated out of their correct orientation. Our hypothesis is further supported by the identification of novel interacting partners of MKS3p including a kinetodesmal fiber protein, KdB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Picariello
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120A Marsh Life Science Bldg, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Megan Smith Valentine
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120A Marsh Life Science Bldg, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Junji Yano
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120A Marsh Life Science Bldg, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Judith Van Houten
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120A Marsh Life Science Bldg, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Goldstein O, Mezey JG, Schweitzer PA, Boyko AR, Gao C, Bustamante CD, Jordan JA, Aguirre GD, Acland GM. IQCB1 and PDE6B mutations cause similar early onset retinal degenerations in two closely related terrier dog breeds. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:7005-19. [PMID: 24045995 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the causative mutations in two early-onset canine retinal degenerations, crd1 and crd2, segregating in the American Staffordshire terrier and the Pit Bull Terrier breeds, respectively. METHODS Retinal morphology of crd1- and crd2-affected dogs was evaluated by light microscopy. DNA was extracted from affected and related unaffected controls. Association analysis was undertaken using the Illumina Canine SNP array and PLINK (crd1 study), or the Affymetrix Version 2 Canine array, the "MAGIC" genotype algorithm, and Fisher's Exact test for association (crd2 study). Positional candidate genes were evaluated for each disease. RESULTS Structural photoreceptor abnormalities were observed in crd1-affected dogs as young as 11-weeks old. Rod and cone inner segment (IS) and outer segments (OS) were abnormal in size, shape, and number. In crd2-affected dogs, rod and cone IS and OS were abnormal as early as 3 weeks of age, progressing with age to severe loss of the OS, and thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) by 12 weeks of age. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified association at the telomeric end of CFA3 in crd1-affected dogs and on CFA33 in crd2-affected dogs. Candidate gene evaluation identified a three bases deletion in exon 21 of PDE6B in crd1-affected dogs, and a cytosine insertion in exon 10 of IQCB1 in crd2-affected dogs. CONCLUSIONS Identification of the mutations responsible for these two early-onset retinal degenerations provides new large animal models for comparative disease studies and evaluation of potential therapeutic approaches for the homologous human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Goldstein
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
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Drivas TG, Holzbaur ELF, Bennett J. Disruption of CEP290 microtubule/membrane-binding domains causes retinal degeneration. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4525-39. [PMID: 24051377 DOI: 10.1172/jci69448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene centrosomal protein 290 kDa (CEP290) cause an array of debilitating and phenotypically distinct human diseases, ranging from the devastating blinding disease Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) to Senior-Løken syndrome, Joubert syndrome, and the lethal Meckel-Gruber syndrome. Despite its critical role in biology and disease, very little is known about CEP290's function. Here, we have identified 4 functional domains of the protein. We found that CEP290 directly binds to cellular membranes through an N-terminal domain that includes a highly conserved amphipathic helix motif and to microtubules through a domain located within its myosin-tail homology domain. Furthermore, CEP290 activity was regulated by 2 autoinhibitory domains within its N and C termini, both of which were found to play critical roles in regulating ciliogenesis. Disruption of the microtubule-binding domain in a mouse model of LCA was sufficient to induce significant deficits in cilium formation, which led to retinal degeneration. These data implicate CEP290 as an integral structural and regulatory component of the cilium and provide insight into the pathological mechanisms of LCA and related ciliopathies. Further, these data illustrate that disruption of particular CEP290 functional domains may lead to particular disease phenotypes and suggest innovative strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Kim YH, Epting D, Slanchev K, Engel C, Walz G, Kramer-Zucker A. A complex of BBS1 and NPHP7 is required for cilia motility in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72549. [PMID: 24069149 PMCID: PMC3771994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and nephronophthisis (NPH) are hereditary autosomal recessive disorders, encoded by two families of diverse genes. BBS and NPH display several overlapping phenotypes including cystic kidney disease, retinitis pigmentosa, liver fibrosis, situs inversus and cerebellar defects. Since most of the BBS and NPH proteins localize to cilia and/or their appendages, BBS and NPH are considered ciliopathies. In this study, we characterized the function of the transcription factor Nphp7 in zebrafish, and addressed the molecular connection between BBS and NPH. The knockdown of zebrafish bbs1 and nphp7.2 caused similar phenotypic changes including convergent extension defects, curvature of the body axis, hydrocephalus, abnormal heart looping and cystic pronephros, all consistent with an altered ciliary function. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed a physical interaction between BBS1 and NPHP7, and the simultaneous knockdown of zbbs1 and znphp7.2 enhanced the cystic pronephros phenotype synergistically, suggesting a genetic interaction between zbbs1 and znphp7.2 in vivo. Deletion of zBbs1 or zNphp7.2 did not compromise cilia formation, but disrupted cilia motility. Although NPHP7 has been shown to act as transcriptional repressor, our studies suggest a crosstalk between BBS1 and NPHP7 in regulating normal function of the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Kim
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology (or Faculty of Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Earth Sciences), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Epting
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Krasimir Slanchev
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christina Engel
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Basten SG, Giles RH. Functional aspects of primary cilia in signaling, cell cycle and tumorigenesis. Cilia 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 23628112 PMCID: PMC3662159 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional cilia underlie a broad range of cellular and tissue phenotypes and can eventually result in the development of ciliopathies: pathologically diverse diseases that range from clinically mild to highly complex and severe multi-organ failure syndromes incompatible with neonatal life. Given that virtually all cells of the human body have the capacity to generate cilia, it is likely that clinical manifestations attributed to ciliary dysfunction will increase in the years to come. Disputed but nevertheless enigmatic is the notion that at least a subset of tumor phenotypes fit within the ciliopathy disease spectrum and that cilia loss may be required for tumor progression. Contending for the centrosome renders ciliation and cell division mutually exclusive; a regulated tipping of balance promotes either process. The mechanisms involved, however, are complex. If the hypothesis that tumorigenesis results from dysfunctional cilia is true, then why do the classic ciliopathies only show limited hyperplasia at best? Although disassembly of the cilium is a prerequisite for cell proliferation, it does not intrinsically drive tumorigenesis per se. Alternatively, we will explore the emerging evidence suggesting that some tumors depend on ciliary signaling. After reviewing the structure, genesis and signaling of cilia, the various ciliopathy syndromes and their genetics, we discuss the current debate of tumorigenesis as a ciliopathy spectrum defect, and describe recent advances in this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander G Basten
- Department of Medical Oncology, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, F03.223, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel H Giles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, F03.223, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide signalling molecules interact with a plethora of effector proteins to regulate cell proliferation and survival, vesicular trafficking, metabolism, actin dynamics and many other cellular functions. The generation of specific phosphoinositide species is achieved by the activity of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases, which phosphorylate and dephosphorylate, respectively, the inositol headgroup of phosphoinositide molecules. The phosphoinositide phosphatases can be classified as 3-, 4- and 5-phosphatases based on their specificity for dephosphorylating phosphates from specific positions on the inositol head group. The SAC phosphatases show less specificity for the position of the phosphate on the inositol ring. The phosphoinositide phosphatases regulate PI3K/Akt signalling, insulin signalling, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis. Mouse knockout models of several of the phosphoinositide phosphatases have revealed significant physiological roles for these enzymes, including the regulation of embryonic development, fertility, neurological function, the immune system and insulin sensitivity. Importantly, several phosphoinositide phosphatases have been directly associated with a range of human diseases. Genetic mutations in the 5-phosphatase INPP5E are causative of the ciliopathy syndromes Joubert and MORM, and mutations in the 5-phosphatase OCRL result in Lowe's syndrome and Dent 2 disease. Additionally, polymorphisms in the 5-phosphatase SHIP2 confer diabetes susceptibility in specific populations, whereas reduced protein expression of SHIP1 is reported in several human leukaemias. The 4-phosphatase, INPP4B, has recently been identified as a tumour suppressor in human breast and prostate cancer. Mutations in one SAC phosphatase, SAC3/FIG4, results in the degenerative neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Indeed, an understanding of the precise functions of phosphoinositide phosphatases is not only important in the context of normal human physiology, but to reveal the mechanisms by which these enzyme families are implicated in an increasing repertoire of human diseases.
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Gerhardt C, Lier JM, Kuschel S, Rüther U. The ciliary protein Ftm is required for ventricular wall and septal development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57545. [PMID: 23469020 PMCID: PMC3585374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common congenital heart defects in humans. Despite several studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in ventricular septum (VS) development, very little is known about VS-forming signaling. We observed perimembranous and muscular VSDs in Fantom (Ftm)-negative mice. Since Ftm is a ciliary protein, we investigated presence and function of cilia in murine hearts. Primary cilia could be detected at distinct positions in atria and ventricles at embryonic days (E) 10.5-12.5. The loss of Ftm leads to shortened cilia and a reduced proliferation in distinct atrial and ventricular ciliary regions at E11.5. Consequently, wall thickness is diminished in these areas. We suggest that ventricular proliferation is regulated by cilia-mediated Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (Pdgfrα) signaling. Accordingly, we propose that primary cilia govern the cardiac proliferation which is essential for proper atrial and ventricular wall development and hence for the fully outgrowth of the VS. Thus, our study suggests ciliopathy as a cause of VSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Lier
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuschel
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kuhns S, Schmidt KN, Reymann J, Gilbert DF, Neuner A, Hub B, Carvalho R, Wiedemann P, Zentgraf H, Erfle H, Klingmüller U, Boutros M, Pereira G. The microtubule affinity regulating kinase MARK4 promotes axoneme extension during early ciliogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 200:505-22. [PMID: 23400999 PMCID: PMC3575539 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201206013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A functional screen identified MARK4 as a positive regulator of axonemal extension and ciliogenesis via its interaction with the mother centriolar protein ODF2. Despite the critical contributions of cilia to embryonic development and human health, key regulators of cilia formation await identification. In this paper, a functional RNA interference–based screen linked 30 novel protein kinases with ciliogenesis. Of them, we have studied the role of the microtubule (MT)-associated protein/MT affinity regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) in depth. MARK4 associated with the basal body and ciliary axoneme in human and murine cell lines. Ultrastructural and functional analyses established that MARK4 kinase activity was required for initiation of axoneme extension. We identified the mother centriolar protein ODF2 as an interaction partner of MARK4 and showed that ODF2 localization to the centriole partially depended on MARK4. Our data indicated that, upon MARK4 or ODF2 knockdown, the ciliary program arrested before the complete removal of the CP110–Cep97 inhibitory complex from the mother centriole, suggesting that these proteins act at this level of axonemal extension. We propose that MARK4 is a critical positive regulator of early steps in ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kuhns
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Pancreatic cyst development: insights from von Hippel-Lindau disease. Cilia 2013; 2:3. [PMID: 23384121 PMCID: PMC3579754 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cysts are a heterogeneous group of lesions, which can be benign or malignant. Due to improved imaging techniques, physicians are more often confronted with pancreatic cysts. Little is known about the origin of pancreatic cysts in general. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an atypical ciliopathy and inherited tumor syndrome, caused by a mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor gene encoding the VHL protein (pVHL). VHL patients are prone to develop cysts and neuroendocrine tumors in the pancreas in addition to several other benign and malignant neoplasms. Remarkably, pancreatic cysts occur in approximately 70% of VHL patients, making it the only hereditary tumor syndrome with such a discernible expression of pancreatic cysts. Cellular loss of pVHL due to biallelic mutation can model pancreatic cystogenesis in other organisms, suggesting a causal relationship. Here, we give a comprehensive overview of various pVHL functions, focusing on those that can potentially explain pancreatic cyst development in VHL disease. Based on preclinical studies, cilia loss in ductal cells is probably an important early event in pancreatic cyst development.
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Schmidt KN, Kuhns S, Neuner A, Hub B, Zentgraf H, Pereira G. Cep164 mediates vesicular docking to the mother centriole during early steps of ciliogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 199:1083-101. [PMID: 23253480 PMCID: PMC3529528 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201202126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cep164 provides a molecular link between the mother centriole and the ciliary membrane biogenesis machinery by interacting with the GEF Rabin8 and the GTPase Rab8. Cilia formation is a multi-step process that starts with the docking of a vesicle at the distal part of the mother centriole. This step marks the conversion of the mother centriole into the basal body, from which axonemal microtubules extend to form the ciliary compartment. How vesicles are stably attached to the mother centriole to initiate ciliary membrane biogenesis is unknown. Here, we investigate the molecular role of the mother centriolar component Cep164 in ciliogenesis. We show that Cep164 was indispensable for the docking of vesicles at the mother centriole. Using biochemical and functional assays, we identified the components of the vesicular transport machinery, the GEF Rabin8 and the GTPase Rab8, as interacting partners of Cep164. We propose that Cep164 is targeted to the apical domain of the mother centriole to provide the molecular link between the mother centriole and the membrane biogenesis machinery that initiates cilia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin N Schmidt
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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From quantitative protein complex analysis to disease mechanism. Vision Res 2012; 75:108-11. [PMID: 23010258 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the field of cilia biology and cilia-associated diseases - ciliopathies - has strongly increased over the last few years. Proteomic technologies, especially protein complex analysis by affinity purification-based methods, have been used to decipher various basic but also disease-associated mechanisms. This review focusses on some selected recent studies using affinity purification-based protein complex analysis, thereby exemplifying the great possibilities this technology offers.
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44
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Cohen MM. Perspectives on asymmetry: the Erickson Lecture. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2981-98. [PMID: 23132826 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Topics discussed include asymmetry of the brain; prosopagnosia with asymmetric involvement; the blaspheming brain; effects of the numbers of X chromosomes on brain asymmetry; normal facial asymmetry; kissing asymmetry; left- and right-handedness; left-sided baby cradling; Nodal signaling and left/right asymmetry; primary cilium and left/right asymmetry in zebrafish; right/left asymmetry in snails; species differences in Shh and Fgf8; primary cilium in vertebrate asymmetry; Hedgehog signaling on the cilium; Wnt signaling on the cilium; situs solitus, situs inversus, and situs ambiguus (heterotaxy); ciliopathies; right-sided injuries in trilobites; unilateral ocular use in the octopus; fiddler crabs; scale-eating cichlids; narwhals; left-footed parrots; asymmetric whisker use in rats; and right-sided fatigue fractures in greyhounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Huber C, Cormier-Daire V. Ciliary disorder of the skeleton. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:165-74. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Shi X, Wang J, Yang Y, Ren Y, Zhou J, Li D. Cep70 promotes microtubule assembly in vitro by increasing microtubule elongation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:450-4. [PMID: 22427462 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers present in all eukaryotic cells. In animal cells, they are organized by the centrosome, the major microtubule-organizing center. Many centrosomal proteins act coordinately to modulate microtubule assembly and organization. Our previous work has shown that Cep70, a novel centrosomal protein regulates microtubule assembly and organization in mammalian cells. However, the molecular details remain to be investigated. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of how Cep70 regulates microtubule assembly using purified proteins. Our data showed that Cep70 increased the microtubule length without affecting the microtubule number in the purified system. These results demonstrate that Cep70 could directly regulate microtubule assembly by promoting microtubule elongation instead of microtubule nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjuan Shi
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Boyle J, Kreisberg R, Bressler R, Killcoyne S. Methods for visual mining of genomic and proteomic data atlases. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:58. [PMID: 22524279 PMCID: PMC3352268 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the volume, complexity and diversity of the information that scientists work with on a daily basis continues to rise, so too does the requirement for new analytic software. The analytic software must solve the dichotomy that exists between the need to allow for a high level of scientific reasoning, and the requirement to have an intuitive and easy to use tool which does not require specialist, and often arduous, training to use. Information visualization provides a solution to this problem, as it allows for direct manipulation and interaction with diverse and complex data. The challenge addressing bioinformatics researches is how to apply this knowledge to data sets that are continually growing in a field that is rapidly changing. Results This paper discusses an approach to the development of visual mining tools capable of supporting the mining of massive data collections used in systems biology research, and also discusses lessons that have been learned providing tools for both local researchers and the wider community. Example tools were developed which are designed to enable the exploration and analyses of both proteomics and genomics based atlases. These atlases represent large repositories of raw and processed experiment data generated to support the identification of biomarkers through mass spectrometry (the PeptideAtlas) and the genomic characterization of cancer (The Cancer Genome Atlas). Specifically the tools are designed to allow for: the visual mining of thousands of mass spectrometry experiments, to assist in designing informed targeted protein assays; and the interactive analysis of hundreds of genomes, to explore the variations across different cancer genomes and cancer types. Conclusions The mining of massive repositories of biological data requires the development of new tools and techniques. Visual exploration of the large-scale atlas data sets allows researchers to mine data to find new meaning and make sense at scales from single samples to entire populations. Providing linked task specific views that allow a user to start from points of interest (from diseases to single genes) enables targeted exploration of thousands of spectra and genomes. As the composition of the atlases changes, and our understanding of the biology increase, new tasks will continually arise. It is therefore important to provide the means to make the data available in a suitable manner in as short a time as possible. We have done this through the use of common visualization workflows, into which we rapidly deploy visual tools. These visualizations follow common metaphors where possible to assist users in understanding the displayed data. Rapid development of tools and task specific views allows researchers to mine large-scale data almost as quickly as it is produced. Ultimately these visual tools enable new inferences, new analyses and further refinement of the large scale data being provided in atlases such as PeptideAtlas and The Cancer Genome Atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Boyle
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98092, USA.
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Sperry AO. The dynamic cytoskeleton of the developing male germ cell. Biol Cell 2012; 104:297-305. [PMID: 22276751 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is characterised by dramatic cellular change to transform the non-polar spermatogonium into a highly polarised and functional spermatozoon. The acquisition of cell polarity is a requisite step for formation of viable sperm. The polarity of the spermatozoon is clearly demonstrated by the acrosome at the apical pole of the cell and the flagellum at the opposite end. Spermatogenesis consists of three basic phases: mitosis, meiosis and spermiogenesis. The final phase represents the period of greatest cellular change where cell-type specific organelles such as the acrosome and the flagellum form, the nucleus migrates to the plasma membrane and elongates, chromatin condenses and residual cytoplasm is removed. An important feature of spermatogenesis is the change in the cytoskeleton that occurs throughout this pathway. In this review, the author will provide an overview of these transformations and provide insight into possible modes of regulation of these rearrangements during spermatogenesis. Although primary focus will be given to the microtubule cytoskeleton, the importance of actin filaments to the cellular transformation of the male germ cell will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann O Sperry
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Konno A, Setou M, Ikegami K. Ciliary and flagellar structure and function--their regulations by posttranslational modifications of axonemal tubulin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:133-70. [PMID: 22364873 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles protruding from the cell surface. They perform dynein-driven beating which contributes to cell locomotion or flow generation. They also play important roles in sensing as cellular antennae, which allows cells to respond to various external stimuli. The main components of cilia and flagella, α- and β-tubulins, are known to undergo various posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, palmitoylation, tyrosination/detyrosination, Δ2 modification, acetylation, glutamylation, and glycylation. Recent identification of tubulin-modifying enzymes, especially tubulin tyrosine ligase-like proteins which perform tubulin glutamylation and glycylation, has demonstrated the importance of tubulin modifications for the assembly and functions of cilia and flagella. In this chapter, we review recent work on PTMs of ciliary and flagellar tubulins in conjunction with discussing the basic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alu Konno
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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50
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Timms BG, Hofkamp LE. Prostate development and growth in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:173-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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