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Gáll Z, Boros B, Kelemen K, Urkon M, Zolcseak I, Márton K, Kolcsar M. Melatonin improves cognitive dysfunction and decreases gliosis in the streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1447757. [PMID: 39135795 PMCID: PMC11317391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1447757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia have a devastating effect on the community and healthcare system, as neurodegenerative diseases are causing disability and dependency in older population. Pharmacological treatment options are limited to symptomatic alleviation of cholinergic deficit and accelerated clearance of β-amyloid aggregates, but accessible disease-modifying interventions are needed especially in the early phase of AD. Melatonin was previously demonstrated to improve cognitive function in clinical setting and experimental studies also. Methods In this study, the influence of melatonin supplementation was studied on behavioral parameters and morphological aspects of the hippocampus and amygdala of rats. Streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intracerebroventricularly to induce AD-like symptoms in male adult Wistar rats (n = 18) which were compared to age-matched, sham-operated animals (n = 16). Melatonin was administered once daily in a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight by oral route. Behavioral analysis included open-field, novel object recognition, and radial-arm maze tests. TNF-α and MMP-9 levels were determined from blood samples to assess the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of melatonin. Immunohistological staining of brain sections was performed using anti-NeuN, anti-IBA-1, and anti-GFAP primary antibodies to evaluate the cellular reorganization of hippocampus. Results and Discussion The results show that after 40 days of treatment, melatonin improved the cognitive performance of STZ-induced rats and reduced the activation of microglia in both CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. STZ-injected animals had higher levels of GFAP-labeled astrocytes in the CA1 region, but melatonin treatment reduced this to that of the control group. In conclusion, melatonin may be a potential therapeutic option for treating AD-like cognitive decline and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Gáll
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Bernadett Boros
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Krisztina Kelemen
- Department of Physiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Melinda Urkon
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - István Zolcseak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Kincső Márton
- Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Melinda Kolcsar
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mures, Romania
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Albar NY, Hassaballa H, Shikh H, Albar Y, Ibrahim AS, Mousa AH, Alshanberi AM, Elgebaly A, Bahbah EI. The interaction between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease: a review article. Postgrad Med 2024; 136:377-395. [PMID: 38804907 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2024.2360887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Insulin serves multiple functions as a growth-promoting hormone in peripheral tissues. It manages glucose metabolism by promoting glucose uptake into cells and curbing the production of glucose in the liver. Beyond this, insulin fosters cell growth, drives differentiation, aids protein synthesis, and deters degradative processes like glycolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis. Receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Their widespread presence in the brain underscores the varied and critical functions of insulin signaling there. Insulin aids in bolstering cognition, promoting neuron extension, adjusting the release and absorption of catecholamines, and controlling the expression and positioning of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Importantly, insulin can effortlessly traverse the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, insulin resistance (IR)-induced alterations in insulin signaling might hasten brain aging, impacting its plasticity and potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Two primary pathways are responsible for insulin signal transmission: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, which oversees metabolic responses, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which guides cell growth, survival, and gene transcription. This review aimed to explore the potential shared metabolic traits between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and IR disorders. It delves into the relationship between AD and IR disorders, their overlapping genetic markers, and shared metabolic indicators. Additionally, it addresses existing therapeutic interventions targeting these intersecting pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezar Y Albar
- Internal Medicine Department, Dr. Samir Abbas Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hamza Shikh
- Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yassin Albar
- Fakeeh College of Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Hafez Mousa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Medical Education, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rashid Hospital, Dubai Academic Health Cooperation, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asim Muhammed Alshanberi
- Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Care, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elgebaly
- Smart Health Academic Unit, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
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3
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Valencia-Olvera AC, Balu D, Faulk N, Amiridis A, Wang Y, Pham C, Avila-Munoz E, York JM, Thatcher GRJ, LaDu MJ. Inhibition of ACAT as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease Is Independent of ApoE4 Lipidation. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1120-1137. [PMID: 37157042 PMCID: PMC10457278 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
APOE4, encoding apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), is the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared to the common APOE3. While the mechanism(s) underlying APOE4-induced AD risk remains unclear, increasing the lipidation of apoE4 is an important therapeutic target as apoE4-lipoproteins are poorly lipidated compared to apoE3-lipoproteins. ACAT (acyl-CoA: cholesterol-acyltransferase) catalyzes the formation of intracellular cholesteryl-ester droplets, reducing the intracellular free cholesterol (FC) pool. Thus, inhibiting ACAT increases the FC pool and facilitates lipid secretion to extracellular apoE-containing lipoproteins. Previous studies using commercial ACAT inhibitors, including avasimibe (AVAS), as well as ACAT-knock out (KO) mice, exhibit reduced AD-like pathology and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing in familial AD (FAD)-transgenic (Tg) mice. However, the effects of AVAS with human apoE4 remain unknown. In vitro, AVAS induced apoE efflux at concentrations of AVAS measured in the brains of treated mice. AVAS treatment of male E4FAD-Tg mice (5xFAD+/-APOE4+/+) at 6-8 months had no effect on plasma cholesterol levels or distribution, the original mechanism for AVAS treatment of CVD. In the CNS, AVAS reduced intracellular lipid droplets, indirectly demonstrating target engagement. Surrogate efficacy was demonstrated by an increase in Morris water maze measures of memory and postsynaptic protein levels. Amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) solubility/deposition and neuroinflammation were reduced, critical components of APOE4-modulated pathology. However, there was no increase in apoE4 levels or apoE4 lipidation, while amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic processing of APP were significantly reduced. This suggests that the AVAS-induced reduction in Aβ via reduced APP processing was sufficient to reduce AD pathology, as apoE4-lipoproteins remained poorly lipidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Naomi Faulk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | | | - Yueting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
- Present Address: AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Eva Avila-Munoz
- Syneos Health, Av. Gustavo Baz 309, La Loma, Tlalnepantla de Baz, 54060 Mexico
| | - Jason M. York
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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Waigi EW, Webb RC, Moss MA, Uline MJ, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF. Soluble and insoluble protein aggregates, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. GeroScience 2023; 45:1411-1438. [PMID: 36823398 PMCID: PMC10400528 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia refers to a particular group of symptoms characterized by difficulties with memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking skills that affect a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting about 6.2 million Americans aged 65 years and older. Likewise, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of disability and premature death, impacting 126.9 million adults in the USA, a number that increases with age. Consequently, CVDs and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an increased risk of AD and cognitive impairment. They share important age-related cardiometabolic and lifestyle risk factors, that make them among the leading causes of death. Additionally, there are several premises and hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the association between AD and CVD. Although AD and CVD may be considered deleterious to health, the study of their combination constitutes a clinical challenge, and investigations to understand the mechanistic pathways for the cause-effect and/or shared pathology between these two disease constellations remains an active area of research. AD pathology is propagated by the amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. These peptides give rise to small, toxic, and soluble Aβ oligomers (SPOs) that are nonfibrillar, and it is their levels that show a robust correlation with the extent of cognitive impairment. This review will elucidate the interplay between the effects of accumulating SPOs in AD and CVDs, the resulting ER stress response, and their role in vascular dysfunction. We will also address the potential underlying mechanisms, including the possibility that SPOs are among the causes of vascular injury in CVD associated with cognitive decline. By revealing common mechanistic underpinnings of AD and CVD, we hope that novel experimental therapeutics can be designed to reduce the burden of these devastating diseases. Graphical abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology leads to the release of Aβ peptides, and their accumulation in the peripheral organs has varying effects on various components of the cardiovascular system including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and vascular damage. Image created with BioRender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Waigi
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mark J Uline
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Camilla Ferreira Wenceslau
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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5
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Synaptic Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081161. [PMID: 36009055 PMCID: PMC9405819 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence strongly supports the key role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroinflammation may alter synaptic transmission contributing to the progression of neurodegeneration, as largely documented in animal models and in patients’ studies. In the last few years, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous lipid mediator, and its new composite, which is a formulation constituted of PEA and the well-recognized antioxidant flavonoid luteolin (Lut) subjected to an ultra-micronization process (co-ultraPEALut), has been identified as a potential therapeutic agent in different disorders by exerting potential beneficial effects on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation by modulating synaptic transmission. In this review, we will show the potential therapeutic effects of PEA in animal models and in patients affected by neurodegenerative disorders.
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Bioactive human Alzheimer brain soluble Aβ: pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3182-3191. [PMID: 35484241 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) plays an early role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The precise mechanism of how Aβ accumulation leads to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment remains unclear but is likely due to small soluble oligomers of Aβ (oAβ). Most studies have used chemical synthetic or cell-secreted Aβ oligomers to study their pathogenic mechanisms, but the Aβ derived from human AD brain tissue is less well characterized. Here we review updated knowledge on the extraction and characterization of bioactive human AD brain oAβ and the mechanisms by which they cause hippocampal synaptic dysfunction. Human AD brain-derived oAβ can impair hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and enhance long-term depression (LTD). Many studies suggest that oAβ may directly disrupt neuronal NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). oAβ also impairs astrocytic synaptic functions, including glutamate uptake, D-serine release, and NMDA receptor function. We also discuss oAβ-induced neuronal hyperexcitation. These results may suggest a multi-target approach for the treatment of AD, including both oAβ neutralization and reversal of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity.
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7
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Vargas-Caballero M, Warming H, Walker R, Holmes C, Cruickshank G, Patel B. Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Therapy in Early Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:866434. [PMID: 35572001 PMCID: PMC9098960 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.866434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by disturbances in neuronal circuits of the brain underpinned by synapse loss, neuronal dysfunction and neuronal death. Amyloid beta and tau protein cause these pathological changes and enhance neuroinflammation, which in turn modifies disease progression and severity. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), via activation of the locus coeruleus (LC), results in the release of catecholamines in the hippocampus and neocortex, which can enhance synaptic plasticity and reduce inflammatory signalling. Vagal nerve stimulation has shown promise to enhance cognitive ability in animal models. Research in rodents has shown that VNS can have positive effects on basal synaptic function and synaptic plasticity, tune inflammatory signalling, and limit the accumulation of amyloid plaques. Research in humans with invasive and non-invasive VNS devices has shown promise for the modulation of cognition. However, the direct stimulation of the vagus nerve afforded with the invasive procedure carries surgical risks. In contrast, non-invasive VNS has the potential to be a broadly available therapy to manage cognitive symptoms in early AD, however, the magnitude and specificity of its effects remains to be elucidated, and the non-inferiority of the effects of non-invasive VNS as compared with invasive VNS still needs to be established. Ongoing clinical trials with healthy individuals and patients with early AD will provide valuable information to clarify the potential benefits of non-invasive VNS in cognition and AD. Whether invasive or non-invasive VNS can produce a significant improvement on memory function and whether its effects can modify the progression of AD will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Warming
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Holmes
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Garth Cruickshank
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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8
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Krafft GA, Jerecic J, Siemers E, Cline EN. ACU193: An Immunotherapeutic Poised to Test the Amyloid β Oligomer Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:848215. [PMID: 35557606 PMCID: PMC9088393 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.848215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease that affects 50 million people worldwide, with 10 million new cases occurring each year. The emotional and economic impacts of AD on patients and families are devastating. Approved treatments confer modest improvement in symptoms, and recently one treatment obtained accelerated approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and may have modest disease modifying benefit. Research over the past three decades has established a clear causal linkage between AD and elevated brain levels of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, and substantial evidence now implicates soluble, non-fibrillar Aβ oligomers (AβOs) as the molecular assemblies directly responsible for AD-associated memory and cognitive failure and accompanying progressive neurodegeneration. The widely recognized linkage of elevated Aβ and AD spawned a comprehensive 20-year therapeutic campaign that focused primarily on two strategies – inhibition of the secretase enzymes responsible for Aβ production and clearance of Aβ peptide or amyloid plaques with Aβ-directed immunotherapeutics. Unfortunately, all clinical trials of secretase inhibitors were unsuccessful. Of the completed phase 3 immunotherapy programs, bapineuzumab (targeting amyloid plaque) and solanezumab (targeting Aβ monomers) were negative, and the crenezumab program (targeting Aβ monomers and to a small extent oligomers) was stopped for futility. Aducanumab (targeting amyloid plaques), which recently received FDA accelerated approval, had one positive and one negative phase 3 trial. More than 25 negative randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have evaluated Aβ-targeting therapeutics, yet none has directly evaluated whether selective blockage of disease-relevant AβOs can stop or reverse AD-associated cognitive decline. Here, we briefly summarize studies that establish the AD therapeutic rationale to target AβOs selectively, and we describe ACU193, the first AβO-selective immunotherapeutic to enter human clinical trials and the first positioned to test the AβO hypothesis of AD.
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Kaushik M, Kaushik P, Parvez S. Memory related molecular signatures: The pivots for memory consolidation and Alzheimer's related memory decline. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 76:101577. [PMID: 35104629 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cognitive decline is the major cause of concern due to its 70% more incidence than dementia cases worldwide. Moreover, aging is also the major risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated with progressive memory loss. Approx. 13 million people will have Alzheimer-related memory decline by 2050. Learning and memory is the fundamental process of brain functions. However, the mechanism for the same is still under investigation. Thus, it is critical to understand the process of memory consolidation in the brain and extrapolate its understanding to the memory decline mechanism. Research on learning and memory has identified several molecular signatures such as Protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) crucial for the maintenance and stabilization of long-term memory in the brain. Interestingly, memory decline in AD has also been linked to the abnormality in expressing these memory-related molecular signatures. Hence, in the present consolidated review, we explored the role of these memory-related molecular signatures in long-term memory consolidation. Additionally, the effect of amyloid-beta toxicity on these molecular signatures is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Kaushik
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Pooja Kaushik
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Chu AJ, Williams JM. Astrocytic MicroRNA in Ageing, Inflammation, and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 12:826697. [PMID: 35222067 PMCID: PMC8867065 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.826697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes actively regulate numerous cell types both within and outside of the central nervous system in health and disease. Indeed, astrocyte morphology, gene expression and function, alongside the content of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs), is significantly altered by ageing, inflammatory processes and in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we review the relevant emerging literature focussed on perturbation in expression of microRNA (miRNA), small non-coding RNAs that potently regulate gene expression. Synthesis of this literature shows that ageing-related processes, neurodegenerative disease-associated mutations or peptides and cytokines induce dysregulated expression of miRNA in astrocytes and in some cases can lead to selective incorporation of miRNA into ADEVs. Analysis of the miRNA targets shows that the resulting downstream consequences of alterations to levels of miRNA include release of cytokines, chronic activation of the immune response, increased apoptosis, and compromised cellular functioning of both astrocytes and ADEV-ingesting cells. We conclude that perturbation of these functions likely exacerbates mechanisms leading to neuropathology and ultimately contributes to the cognitive or motor symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. This field requires comprehensive miRNA expression profiling of both astrocytes and ADEVs to fully understand the effect of perturbed astrocytic miRNA expression in ageing and neurodegenerative disease.
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Insulin and Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189987. [PMID: 34576151 PMCID: PMC8472298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin plays a range of roles as an anabolic hormone in peripheral tissues. It regulates glucose metabolism, stimulates glucose transport into cells and suppresses hepatic glucose production. Insulin influences cell growth, differentiation and protein synthesis, and inhibits catabolic processes such as glycolysis, lipolysis and proteolysis. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors are expressed on all cell types in the central nervous system. Widespread distribution in the brain confirms that insulin signaling plays important and diverse roles in this organ. Insulin is known to regulate glucose metabolism, support cognition, enhance the outgrowth of neurons, modulate the release and uptake of catecholamine, and regulate the expression and localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Insulin is also able to freely cross the blood–brain barrier from the circulation. In addition, changes in insulin signaling, caused inter alia insulin resistance, may accelerate brain aging, and affect plasticity and possibly neurodegeneration. There are two significant insulin signal transduction pathways: the PBK/AKT pathway which is responsible for metabolic effects, and the MAPK pathway which influences cell growth, survival and gene expression. The aim of this study is to describe the role played by insulin in the CNS, in both healthy people and those with pathologies such as insulin resistance and Alzheimer’s disease.
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12
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Jiang H, Zheng Y, Ni J, Xu Y. BAY 73-6691 Alters Neuron Plasticity and Phosphorylation of Tau Through Regulation of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate/Protein Kinase G/Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by cognitive and memory decline, accompanying with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) made of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and senile plaques (SP) accumulated by β-amyloid protein (Aβ).
BAY 73-6691, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-9 (PDE-9), can improve learning and memory of elderly rats. However, the effects of BAY 73-6691 on neuroapoptotic and neuroinflammatory events, as well as synaptic plasticity of differentiated PC12 cells are remain unclear. In this work, we screened
apoptotic cells induced by Aβ25-35 via flow cytometry. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 secreted by PC12 cells were estimated by ELISA kits. The levels of cGMP, PKG and CREB mediated by BAY 73-6691 were assessed. Moreover, we conducted western blots analysis
to evaluate the phosphorylation of tau and synaptic related proteins. Results showed that BAY 73-6691 could reduce Aβ25-35-triggered neuroapoptosis and neuroinflammation. Phosphorylation of tau was inhibited by BAY 73-6691, whereas sildenafil citrate (SC, an inhibitor
of cGMP) partially weakened the effect of BAY 73-6691. Additionally, synaptic plasticity restored by BAY 73-6691 was also suppressed via SC. Taken together, BAY 73-6691 exhibited neuro protective effects, and altered tau phosphorylation as well as synaptic related proteins through cGMP/PKG/CREB
pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
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Berlanga-Acosta J, Guillén-Nieto G, Rodríguez-Rodríguez N, Bringas-Vega ML, García-del-Barco-Herrera D, Berlanga-Saez JO, García-Ojalvo A, Valdés-Sosa MJ, Valdés-Sosa PA. Insulin Resistance at the Crossroad of Alzheimer Disease Pathology: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:560375. [PMID: 33224105 PMCID: PMC7674493 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.560375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin plays a major neuroprotective and trophic function for cerebral cell population, thus countering apoptosis, beta-amyloid toxicity, and oxidative stress; favoring neuronal survival; and enhancing memory and learning processes. Insulin resistance and impaired cerebral glucose metabolism are invariantly reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative processes. AD is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder in which progressive glucose hypometabolism parallels to cognitive impairment. Although AD may appear and progress in virtue of multifactorial nosogenic ingredients, multiple interperpetuative and interconnected vicious circles appear to drive disease pathophysiology. The disease is primarily a metabolic/energetic disorder in which amyloid accumulation may appear as a by-product of more proximal events, especially in the late-onset form. As a bridge between AD and type 2 diabetes, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway with the ensued serine phosphorylation of the insulin response substrate (IRS)-1/2 may be at the crossroads of insulin resistance and its subsequent dysmetabolic consequences. Central insulin axis bankruptcy translates in neuronal vulnerability and demise. As a link in the chain of pathogenic vicious circles, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and peripheral/central immune-inflammation are increasingly advocated as major pathology drivers. Pharmacological interventions addressed to preserve insulin axis physiology, mitochondrial biogenesis-integral functionality, and mitophagy of diseased organelles may attenuate the adjacent spillover of free radicals that further perpetuate mitochondrial damages and catalyze inflammation. Central and/or peripheral inflammation may account for a local flood of proinflammatory cytokines that along with astrogliosis amplify insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. All these elements are endogenous stressor, pro-senescent factors that contribute to JNK activation. Taken together, these evidences incite to identify novel multi-mechanistic approaches to succeed in ameliorating this pandemic affliction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Berlanga-Acosta
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Tissue Repair and Cytoprotection Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén-Nieto
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Tissue Repair and Cytoprotection Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nadia Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Tissue Repair and Cytoprotection Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria Luisa Bringas-Vega
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neurosciences Center, Cubanacan, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Jorge O. Berlanga-Saez
- Applied Mathematics Department, Institute of Mathematics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ariana García-Ojalvo
- Tissue Repair and Cytoprotection Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mitchell Joseph Valdés-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neurosciences Center, Cubanacan, Havana, Cuba
| | - Pedro A. Valdés-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neurosciences Center, Cubanacan, Havana, Cuba
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14
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Vyas Y, Montgomery JM, Cheyne JE. Hippocampal Deficits in Amyloid-β-Related Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:266. [PMID: 32317913 PMCID: PMC7154147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the most common cause of dementia. Symptoms of AD include memory loss, disorientation, mood and behavior changes, confusion, unfounded suspicions, and eventually, difficulty speaking, swallowing, and walking. These symptoms are caused by neuronal degeneration and cell loss that begins in the hippocampus, and later in disease progression spreading to the rest of the brain. While there are some medications that alleviate initial symptoms, there are currently no treatments that stop disease progression. Hippocampal deficits in amyloid-β-related rodent models of AD have revealed synaptic, behavioral and circuit-level defects. These changes in synaptic function, plasticity, neuronal excitability, brain connectivity, and excitation/inhibition imbalance all have profound effects on circuit function, which in turn could exacerbate disease progression. Despite, the wealth of studies on AD pathology we don't yet have a complete understanding of hippocampal deficits in AD. With the increasing development of in vivo recording techniques in awake and freely moving animals, future studies will extend our current knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning how hippocampal function is altered in AD, and aid in progression of treatment strategies that prevent and/or delay AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna M. Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juliette E. Cheyne
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Li S, Selkoe DJ. A mechanistic hypothesis for the impairment of synaptic plasticity by soluble Aβ oligomers from Alzheimer's brain. J Neurochem 2020; 154:583-597. [PMID: 32180217 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly accepted that early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease results in considerable part from synaptic dysfunction caused by the accumulation of a range of oligomeric assemblies of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Most studies have used synthetic Aβ peptides to explore the mechanisms of memory deficits in rodent models, but recent work suggests that Aβ assemblies isolated from human (AD) brain tissue are far more potent and disease-relevant. Although reductionist experiments show Aβ oligomers to impair synaptic plasticity and neuronal viability, the responsible mechanisms are only partly understood. Glutamatergic receptors, GABAergic receptors, nicotinic receptors, insulin receptors, the cellular prion protein, inflammatory mediators, and diverse signaling pathways have all been suggested. Studies using AD brain-derived soluble Aβ oligomers suggest that only certain bioactive forms (principally small, diffusible oligomers) can disrupt synaptic plasticity, including by binding to plasma membranes and changing excitatory-inhibitory balance, perturbing mGluR, PrP, and other neuronal surface proteins, down-regulating glutamate transporters, causing glutamate spillover, and activating extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. We synthesize these emerging data into a mechanistic hypothesis for synaptic failure in Alzheimer's disease that can be modified as new knowledge is added and specific therapeutics are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Andersen PL, Vermette P, Khalil A, Witkowski JM, Fülöp T. Characterization of three-dimensional rat central nervous system culture maturation, with applications to monitor cholinergic integrity. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2976. [PMID: 32012477 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studying age-related neuropathologies in vitro requires a three-dimensional (3D) culture system presenting mature phenotypes. In this study, we aimed to determine whether aged reaggregate cultures physiologically represent mature brain tissue. Results support that embryo-derived rat central nervous system (CNS) reaggregate cultures develop into mature-like tissues, comparable to in vivo maturation, including the following characteristics: (a) progressive reduction in cell proliferation (reduced anti-Ki-67 immunoreactivity), (b) progressive restriction of long neurite growth potential (as explant cultures), and (c) increased and sustained synaptic enzyme (acetylcholine esterase, AChE) activity. The acquisition of mature-like reaggregate cultures has allowed us to pursue the hypothesis that the physiological integrity of 3D CNS cultures may be monitored by synaptic enzyme activity. To assess this hypothesis, mature-like reaggregates were exposed to H2 O2 , glutamate, or amyloid β(1-42); each resulted in diminished AChE activity. H2 O2 exposure resulted in nuclear fragmentation. Glutamate and amyloid β(1-42) exposure resulted in acetylcholine content reduction. Simultaneous reduction of AChE activity and acetylcholine content verified diminished cholinergic integrity. This scheme exploiting synapse enzyme activity of mature-like 3D CNS tissue is therefore applicable to age-related neuropathology research including in vitro screening of conditions potentially affecting synapse integrity, including the promotion of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker L Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Vermette
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tamas Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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17
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Negi N, Das BK. Decoding intrathecal immunoglobulins and B cells in the CNS: their synthesis, function, and regulation. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:67-79. [PMID: 31928379 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1711073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of an active lymphatic system in the meninges (dura mater) has opened up a wide range of possibilities for the role of CNS immunoglobulins in brain development in early fetal life or during infancy. The antibody-dependent and -independent functions of B cells in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are not new to immunologists, yet their role in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease is incompletely understood. Deep cervical lymph nodes have emerged as a candidate site for autosensitization against CNS antigens and have been shown to provide the right kind of milieu for the dynamic interaction of antigen-presenting cells, B cells, and T cells. The presence of different B cells in the lymph nodes and the production of natural autoantibodies by B-1 cells have definitely unlocked another piece of the puzzle. At a time when CD19 and CD20 monoclonal antibodies have shown remarkable results in ameliorating the relapse and progression of multiple sclerosis, it is imperative to dissect out the diversity in B cell populations inside the CNS to identify new targets to improve current treatment regimens for neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the origin, migration, function, and regulation of B cells and the production of intrathecal immunoglobulins considering the previous and current findings and taking into account the differences between a healthy state and the changes that occur during an inflammatory or autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Negi
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bimal K Das
- HIV Immunology Section, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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18
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Wang ZF, Li J, Ma C, Huang C, Li ZQ. Telmisartan ameliorates Aβ oligomer-induced inflammation via PPARγ/PTEN pathway in BV2 microglial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Martínez-Mármol R, Mohannak N, Qian L, Wang T, Gormal RS, Ruitenberg MJ, Vanhaesebroeck B, Coulson EJ, Meunier FA. p110δ PI3-Kinase Inhibition Perturbs APP and TNFα Trafficking, Reduces Plaque Burden, Dampens Neuroinflammation, and Prevents Cognitive Decline in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7976-7991. [PMID: 31363064 PMCID: PMC6774409 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0674-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce the toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Accumulation of Aβ, together with the concomitant inflammatory response, ultimately leads to neuronal death and cognitive decline. Despite AD progression being underpinned by both neuronal and immunological components, therapeutic strategies based on dual targeting of these systems remains unexplored. Here, we report that inactivation of the p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) reduces anterograde axonal trafficking of APP in hippocampal neurons and dampens secretion of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglial cells in the familial AD APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mouse model. Moreover, APP/PS1 mice with kinase-inactive PI3Kδ (δD910A) had reduced Aβ peptides levels and plaques in the brain and an abrogated inflammatory response compared with APP/PS1 littermates. Mechanistic investigations reveal that PI3Kδ inhibition decreases the axonal transport of APP by eliciting the formation of highly elongated tubular-shaped APP-containing carriers, reducing the levels of secreted Aβ peptide. Importantly, APP/PS1/δD910A mice exhibited no spatial learning or memory deficits. Our data highlight inhibition of PI3Kδ as a new approach to protect against AD pathology due to its dual action of dampening microglial-dependent neuroinflammation and reducing plaque burden by inhibition of neuronal APP trafficking and processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During Alzheimer's disease (AD), the accumulation of the toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in plaques is associated with a chronic excessive inflammatory response. Uncovering new drug targets that simultaneously reduce both Aβ plaque load and neuroinflammation holds therapeutic promise. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches, we found that the p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is involved in anterograde trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein in neurons and in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from microglial cells. Genetic inactivation of PI3Kδ reduces Aβ plaque deposition and abrogates the inflammatory response, resulting in a complete rescue of the life span and spatial memory performance. We conclude that inhibiting PI3Kδ represents a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate AD pathology by dampening plaque accumulation and microglial-dependent neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Martínez-Mármol
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Nika Mohannak
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Lei Qian
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia, and
| | - Tong Wang
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Rachel S Gormal
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia, and
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Cell Signalling, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia,
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia, and
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia,
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20
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Lazzaro S, Ogrinc N, Lamont L, Vecchio G, Pappalardo G, Heeren RMA. Ion mobility spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis: revealing the effects of a drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease on Aβ1-40 peptide early assembly. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6353-6363. [PMID: 31407050 PMCID: PMC6718366 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the initial stages of amyloid-β peptide self-assembly is a key approach in drug development for Alzheimer's disease, in which soluble and highly neurotoxic low molecular weight oligomers are produced and aggregate in the brain over time. Here we report a high-throughput method based on ion mobility mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis to rapidly select statistically significant early-stage species of amyloid-β1-40 whose formation is inhibited by a candidate theranostic agent. Using this method, we have confirmed the inhibition of a Zn-porphyrin-peptide conjugate in the early self-assembly of Aβ40 peptide. The MS/MS fragmentation patterns of the species detected in the samples containing the Zn-porphyrin-peptide conjugate suggested a porphyrin-catalyzed oxidation at Met-35(O) of Aβ40. We introduce ion mobility MS combined with multivariate statistics as a systematic approach to perform data analytics in drug discovery/amyloid research that aims at the evaluation of the inhibitory effect on the Aβ early assembly in vitro models at very low concentration levels of Aβ peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lazzaro
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council, Via Paolo Gaifami N.18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Nina Ogrinc
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging institute M4I- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Lamont
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging institute M4I- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Catania University, Viale Andrea Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pappalardo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council, Via Paolo Gaifami N.18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging institute M4I- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Dunkelmann T, Schemmert S, Honold D, Teichmann K, Butzküven E, Demuth HU, Shah NJ, Langen KJ, Kutzsche J, Willbold D, Willuweit A. Comprehensive Characterization of the Pyroglutamate Amyloid-β Induced Motor Neurodegenerative Phenotype of TBA2.1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:115-130. [PMID: 29578479 PMCID: PMC5900553 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and is being intensively investigated using a broad variety of animal models. Many of these models express mutant versions of human amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) that are associated with amyloid-β protein (Aβ)-induced early onset familial AD. Most of these models, however, do not develop bold neurodegenerative pathology and the respective phenotypes. Nevertheless, this may well be essential for their suitability to identify therapeutically active compounds that have the potential for a curative or at least disease-modifying therapy in humans. In this study, the new transgenic mouse model TBA2.1 was explored in detail to increase knowledge about the neurodegenerative process induced by the presence of pyroglutamate modified human Aβ3-42 (pEAβ3-42). Analysis of the sensorimotor phenotype, motor coordination, Aβ pathology, neurodegeneration, and gliosis revealed formation and progression of severe pathology and phenotypes including massive neuronal loss in homozygous TBA2.1 mice within a few months. In contrast, the start of a slight phenotype was observed only after 21 months in heterozygous mice. These data highlight the role of pEAβ3-42 in the disease development and progression of AD. Based on the findings of this study, homozygous TBA2.1 mice can be utilized to gain deeper understanding in the underlying mechanisms of pEAβ3-42 and might be suitable as an animal model for treatment studies targeting toxic Aβ species, complementary to the well described transgenic AβPP mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Dunkelmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Teichmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Elke Butzküven
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation (MWT), Fraunhofer-Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Biozentrum, Halle, Germany
| | - Nadim Joni Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, JARA, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Germany
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22
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Balu D, Karstens AJ, Loukenas E, Maldonado Weng J, York JM, Valencia-Olvera AC, LaDu MJ. The role of APOE in transgenic mouse models of AD. Neurosci Lett 2019; 707:134285. [PMID: 31150730 PMCID: PMC6717006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identified in 1993, APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk up to 15-fold compared to the common variant APOE3. Since the mid 1990's, transgenic (Tg) mice have been developed to model AD pathology and progression, primarily via expression of the familial AD (FAD) mutations in the presence of mouse-APOE (m-APOE). APOE4, associated with enhanced amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, has rarely been the focus in designing FAD-Tg mouse models. Initially, FAD-Tg mice were crossed with human (h)-APOE driven by heterologous promoters to identify an APOE genotype-specific AD phenotype. These models were later supplemented with FAD-Tg mice crossed with APOE-knockouts (APOE-/- or APOE-KO) and h-APOE-targeted replacement (h-APOE-TR) mice, originally generated to study the role of APOE genotype in peripheral lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic lesion development. Herein, we compare the m- and h-APOE multi-gene clusters, and then critically review the relevant history and approaches to developing a Tg mouse model to characterize APOE-dependent AD pathology, in combination with genetic (sex, age) and modifiable (e.g., inflammation, obesity) risk factors. Finally, we present recent data from the EFAD mice, which express 5xFAD mutations with the expression of the human apoE isoforms (E2FAD, E3FAD and E4FAD). This includes a study of 6- and 18-month-old male and female E3FAD and E4FAD, a comparison that enables examination of the interaction among the main AD risk factors: age, APOE genotype and sex. While no single transgenic mouse can capture the effects of all modifiable and genetic risk factors, going forward, a conscious effort needs to be made to include the factors that most significantly modulate AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Aimee James Karstens
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Efstathia Loukenas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Juan Maldonado Weng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jason M York
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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23
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Penke B, Bogár F, Paragi G, Gera J, Fülöp L. Key Peptides and Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:577-599. [PMID: 30605056 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190103123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a form of progressive dementia involving cognitive impairment, loss of learning and memory. Different proteins (such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), β- amyloid (Aβ) and tau protein) play a key role in the initiation and progression of AD. We review the role of the most important proteins and peptides in AD pathogenesis. The structure, biosynthesis and physiological role of APP are shortly summarized. The details of trafficking and processing of APP to Aβ, the cytosolic intracellular Aβ domain (AICD) and small soluble proteins are shown, together with other amyloid-forming proteins such as tau and α-synuclein (α-syn). Hypothetic physiological functions of Aβ are summarized. The mechanism of conformational change, the formation and the role of neurotoxic amyloid oligomeric (oAβ) are shown. The fibril formation process and the co-existence of different steric structures (U-shaped and S-shaped) of Aβ monomers in mature fibrils are demonstrated. We summarize the known pathogenic and non-pathogenic mutations and show the toxic interactions of Aβ species after binding to cellular receptors. Tau phosphorylation, fibrillation, the molecular structure of tau filaments and their toxic effect on microtubules are shown. Development of Aβ and tau imaging in AD brain and CSF as well as blood biomarkers is shortly summarized. The most probable pathomechanisms of AD including the toxic effects of oAβ and tau; the three (biochemical, cellular and clinical) phases of AD are shown. Finally, the last section summarizes the present state of Aβ- and tau-directed therapies and future directions of AD research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dom square 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bogár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dom square 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dom square 8, Hungary
| | - Gábor Paragi
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dom square 8, Hungary.,Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Ifjusag utja 6, Hungary
| | - János Gera
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dom square 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Lívia Fülöp
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dom square 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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24
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Przygońska K, Pacewicz M, Sadowska W, Poznański J, Bal W, Dadlez M. His6, His13, and His14 residues in Aβ 1-40 peptide significantly and specifically affect oligomeric equilibria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9449. [PMID: 31263161 PMCID: PMC6602940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomers of Aβ peptide are implicated as the most probable causative agent in Alzheimer's disease. However, their structural properties remain elusive due to the dynamic and heterogeneous character of oligomeric species coexisting in solution. Nevertheless, new approaches, mainly based on mass spectrometry, provide unique access to these different structural forms. Using these methods, we previously showed that the N-terminal, non-amyloidogenic region of Aβ is involved in the network of interactions specifically stabilizing oligomers. In the present study, we identified three histidine residues as active participants in this network. Detailed knowledge of the structural features that are potentially important for oligomer-mediated neurotoxicity is a prerequisite for the rational design of oligomerization modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Przygońska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pacewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Sadowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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25
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Ahmadi A, Roghani M, Noori S, Nahri-Niknafs B. Substituted Aminobenzothiazole Derivatives of Tacrine: Synthesis and Study on Learning and Memory Impairment in Scopolamine-Induced Model of Amnesia in Rat. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:72-78. [PMID: 30009706 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180716122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is no conclusive cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and existing treatments mainly offer symptomatic relief. Dysfunction of the cholinergic system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Tacrine (1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine, III) was the first approved agent for the palliative therapy of AD but its use is associated with some complications. Development of novel multi target derivatives of Tacrine with lower complications is strongly warranted. In this study, new aminobenzothiazole (1-5, with many useful biological and pharmacological properties) analogues (IV-VIII) were synthesized by changing of amine moiety of III. Then, the effects of these new compounds on learning and memory impairment in scopolamine-induced model of amnesia were studied and the outcomes were compared with control and Tacrine groups in rat. MATERIAL AND METHODS The rats received Tacrine or its derivatives (IV-VIII) i.p. for two weeks at a dose of 10 mg/kg. For induction of amnesia, scopolamine at a dose of 1 mg/kg was daily administered i.p. started on day-8 till the end of the study. Behavioral experiments including Y-maze, novel object recognition (discrimination) and passive avoidance paradigms were conducted at week 2. RESULTS Data analysis showed that some Tacrine derivatives, especially VII with 2-amino, 6-nitrobenzothiazole moiety, could markedly and significantly improve alternation score, discrimination ratio and step through latency compared to control and Tacrine groups. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that some of these derivatives (especially compounds VI and VII) are capable to mitigate learning and memory deficits in scopolamine-induced model of amnesia in rats and may have potential benefit in management of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Noori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Babak Nahri-Niknafs
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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26
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Protective role of Dihydromyricetin in Alzheimer's disease rat model associated with activating AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180902. [PMID: 30498091 PMCID: PMC6328867 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to understand the possible role of the Dihydromyricetin (DHM) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) rat model through regulation of the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. Rats were divided into Sham group, AD group, AD + DHM (100 mg/kg) group and AD + DHM (200 mg/kg) group. The spatial learning and memory abilities of rats were assessed by Morris Water Maze. Then, the inflammatory cytokines expressions were determined by radioimmunoassay while expressions of AMPK/SIRT1 pathway-related proteins by Western blot; and the apoptosis of hippocampal cells was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. AD rats had an extended escape latency with decreases in the number of platform crossings, the target quadrant residence time, as well as swimming speed, and the inflammatory cytokines in serum and hippocampus were significantly elevated but AMPK/SIRT1 pathway-related proteins were reduced. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of hippocampal cells was significantly up-regulated with decreased Bcl-2 and increased Bax, as compared with Sham rats (all P<0.05). After AD rats treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg of DHM, the above effects were significantly reversed, resulting in a completely opposite tendency, and especially with 200 mg/kg DHM treatment, the improvement of AD rats was more obvious. DHM exerts protective role in AD via up-regulation of AMPK/SIRT1 pathway to inhibit inflammatory responses and hippocampal cell apoptosis and ameliorate cognitive function.
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Zhou T, Wang J, Xin C, Kong L, Wang C. Effect of memantine combined with citalopram on cognition of BPSD and moderate Alzheimer's disease: A clinical trial. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:1625-1630. [PMID: 30783429 PMCID: PMC6364245 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, it is very common to develop behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which has a close relation to the excess morbidity and mortality, greater healthcare use, earlier institutionalization, and caregiver burden. With evaluation of AD patients, the present study mainly aims to investigate whether citalopram would be efficient for BPSD, and examines citalopram's effects on cognitive function, caregiver distress, safety and tolerability. Eighty patients diagnosed with moderate AD and clinically significant BPSD from April 2015 to January 2016 were enrolled in this study. Patients randomly received memantine plus either citalopram (n=40, study group) or placebo (n=40, control group) in a 12-week period. The target dose of memantine was 20 mg/day. The dose of citalopram was 10 mg/day in the beginning with planned titration to 30 mg/day over 2 weeks on the basis of response and tolerability. Blood routine, urine routine, biochemical tests, electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram were carried out for each patient every month routinely to check the change induced by using medication. Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) was used to measure untoward effects every 2 weeks. All of the agitation/aggression, irritability/lability, night-time behavioral disturbances, caregiver distress and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) total scores after treatment were found to be dramatically lower than those before treatment in both groups. Apathy, dysphoria and anxiety received lower scores in participants who received memantine combined with citalopram, compared to those before treatment. QTc interval prolongation was observed in 2 patients who were treated with 30 mg/day citalopramin. In conclusion, memantine combined with citalopram can more effectively improve the cognitive function, and reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with moderate AD. Cardiac adverse effects of citalopram are not common when the dose is <30 mg/day, which does not limit its practical application. Thus, citalopram has shown potential efficacy in adjunctive therapy of AD patients with BPSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
| | - Jindong Wang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
| | - Cuiyu Xin
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
| | - Lingli Kong
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
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28
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Mori T, Koyama N, Tan J, Segawa T, Maeda M, Town T. Combined treatment with the phenolics (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and ferulic acid improves cognition and reduces Alzheimer-like pathology in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2714-2731. [PMID: 30563837 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
"Nutraceuticals" are well-tolerated natural dietary compounds with drug-like properties that make them attractive as Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics. Combination therapy for AD has garnered attention following a recent National Institute on Aging mandate, but this approach has not yet been fully validated. In this report, we combined the two most promising nutraceuticals with complementary anti-amyloidogenic properties: the plant-derived phenolics (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, an α-secretase activator) and ferulic acid (FA, a β-secretase modulator). We used transgenic mice expressing mutant human amyloid β-protein precursor and presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) to model cerebral amyloidosis. At 12 months of age, we orally administered EGCG and/or FA (30 mg/kg each) or vehicle once daily for 3 months. At 15 months, combined EGCG-FA treatment reversed cognitive impairment in most tests of learning and memory, including novel object recognition and maze tasks. Moreover, EGCG- and FA-treated APP/PS1 mice exhibited amelioration of brain parenchymal and cerebral vascular β-amyloid deposits and decreased abundance of amyloid β-proteins compared with either EGCG or FA single treatment. Combined treatment elevated nonamyloidogenic soluble APP-α and α-secretase candidate and down-regulated amyloidogenic soluble APP-β, β-C-terminal APP fragment, and β-secretase protein expression, providing evidence for a shift toward nonamyloidogenic APP processing. Additional beneficial co-treatment effects included amelioration of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptotoxicity. Our findings offer preclinical evidence that combined treatment with EGCG and FA is a promising AD therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mori
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and .,Pathology, Saitama Medical Center and University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | | | - Jun Tan
- the Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsoni College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613
| | - Tatsuya Segawa
- the Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Fujioka, Gunma 375-0005, Japan, and
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- the Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Fujioka, Gunma 375-0005, Japan, and
| | - Terrence Town
- the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821
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29
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Zhang X, Huai Y, Cai J, Song C, Zhang Y. Novel antibody against oligomeric amyloid-β: Insight into factors for effectively reducing the aggregation and cytotoxicity of amyloid-β aggregates. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 67:176-185. [PMID: 30553911 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) aggregates represent a prominent histopathological feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD); thus, immunotherapy against oligomeric Aβ42 aggregates is considered to be a potentially safe and specific therapeutic strategy. In this study, we identified an anti-oligomeric Aβ42 aggregate single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody, HT6, that is capable of efficiently binding to medium-sized Aβ42 aggregates (mainly 18-45 kDa) in vitro with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 3.0 × 10-6 M, whether they were derived from Aβ42 monomer, larger Aβ42 oligomers, or even fibrils. This ability allowed scFv HT6 to induce the gradual disassembly of large Aβ42 aggregates into small Aβ42 oligomers while simultaneously effectively inhibiting the further development of Aβ42 aggregates. Moreover, the scFv HT6-targeted conformational region on Aβ42 aggregates was found to be more local and relatively close to the N-terminus of Aβ42; thus, scFv HT6 significantly delayed or even prevented the aggregation of Aβ42 protofibrils, while significantly reducing the cytotoxicity of Aβ42 oligomers. Overall, this study demonstrate that even though the decrease in the cytotoxicity of Aβ42 aggregates might be closely related to the reduction in Aβ42 aggregates and vice versa, the reduction in Aβ42 aggregates might not necessarily be accompanied by or followed by the reduction or even elimination of the cytotoxicity of Aβ42 aggregates. This insight enriches the diversity of anti-oligomeric Aβ42 antibodies, further providing a new understanding into the relationship between their binding pattern to Aβ42 aggregates and the efficacy against their formation, offering a therapeutic strategy to delay the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyang Huai
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuli Song
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingjiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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30
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Przygońska K, Poznański J, Mistarz UH, Rand KD, Dadlez M. Side-chain moieties from the N-terminal region of Aβ are Involved in an oligomer-stabilizing network of interactions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201761. [PMID: 30080867 PMCID: PMC6078298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric forms of the Aβ peptide represent the most probable neurotoxic agent in Alzheimer’s disease. The dynamic and heterogeneous character of these oligomers makes their structural characterization by classic methods difficult. Native mass spectrometry, when supported by additional gas phase techniques, like ion mobility separation and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (IM-HDX-MS), enable analysis of different oligomers coexisting in the sample and may provide species-specific structural information for each oligomeric form populated in the gas phase. Here, we have combined these three techniques to obtain insight into the structural properties of oligomers of Aβ1–40 and two variants with scrambled sequences. Gas-phase HDX-MS revealed a sequence-specific engagement of the side-chains of residues located at the N-terminal part of the peptide in a network of oligomer-stabilizing interactions. Oligomer-specific interactions were no longer observed in the case of the fully scrambled sequence. Also, the ability to form alternative structures, observed for WT Aβ peptide, was lost upon scrambling. Our data underscore a role for the N-terminal residues in shaping the equilibria of oligomeric forms. Although the peptide lacking the N-terminal 1–16 residues (p3 peptide) is thought to be benign, the role of the N-terminus has not been sufficiently characterized yet. We speculate that the interaction networks revealed here may be crucial for enabling structural transitions necessary to obtain mature parallel cross-β structures from smaller antiparallel oligomers. We provide a hypothetical molecular model of the trajectory that allows a gradual conversion from antiparallel to parallel oligomers without decomposition of oligomers. Oligomer-defining interactions involving the Aβ peptide N-terminus may be important in production of the neurotoxic forms and thus should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Przygońska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ulrik H. Mistarz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper D. Rand
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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31
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Hong W, Wang Z, Liu W, O'Malley TT, Jin M, Willem M, Haass C, Frosch MP, Walsh DM. Diffusible, highly bioactive oligomers represent a critical minority of soluble Aβ in Alzheimer's disease brain. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:19-40. [PMID: 29687257 PMCID: PMC6647843 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Significant data suggest that soluble Aβ oligomers play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there is great confusion over what exactly constitutes an Aβ oligomer and which oligomers are toxic. Most studies have utilized synthetic Aβ peptides, but the relevance of these test tube experiments to the conditions that prevail in AD is uncertain. A few groups have studied Aβ extracted from human brain, but they employed vigorous tissue homogenization which is likely to release insoluble Aβ that was sequestered in plaques during life. Several studies have found such extracts to possess disease-relevant activity and considerable efforts are being made to purify and better understand the forms of Aβ therein. Here, we compared the abundance of Aβ in AD extracts prepared by traditional homogenization versus using a far gentler extraction, and assessed their bioactivity via real-time imaging of iPSC-derived human neurons plus the sensitive functional assay of long-term potentiation. Surprisingly, the amount of Aβ retrieved by gentle extraction constituted only a small portion of that released by traditional homogenization, but this readily diffusible fraction retained all of the Aβ-dependent neurotoxic activity. Thus, the bulk of Aβ extractable from AD brain was innocuous, and only the small portion that was aqueously diffusible caused toxicity. This unexpected finding predicts that generic anti-oligomer therapies, including Aβ antibodies now in trials, may be bound up by the large pool of inactive oligomers, whereas agents that specifically target the small pool of diffusible, bioactive Aβ would be more useful. Furthermore, our results indicate that efforts to purify and target toxic Aβ must employ assays of disease-relevant activity. The approaches described here should enable these efforts, and may assist the study of other disease-associated aggregation-prone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zemin Wang
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ming Jin
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Willem
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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32
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Rhynchophylline suppresses soluble Aβ 1-42-induced impairment of spatial cognition function via inhibiting excessive activation of extrasynaptic NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:100-112. [PMID: 29510187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhynchophylline (RIN) is a significant active component isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Uncaria rhynchophylla. The overproduction of soluble amyloid β protein (Aβ) oligomers in the hippocampus is closely involved in impairments in cognitive function at the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Growing evidences show that RIN possesses neuroprotective effects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. However, whether RIN can prevent soluble Aβ1-42-induced impairments in spatial cognitive function and synaptic plasticity is still unclear. Using the combined methods of behavioral tests, immunofluorescence and electrophysiological recordings, we characterized the key neuroprotective properties of RIN and its possible cellular and molecular mechanisms against soluble Aβ1-42-related impairments in rats. Our findings are as follows: (1) RIN efficiently rescued the soluble Aβ1-42-induced spatial learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze test and prevented soluble Aβ1-42-induced suppression in long term potentiation (LTP) in the entorhinal cortex (EC)-dentate gyrus (DG) circuit. (2) Excessive activation of extrasynaptic GluN2B-NMDAR and subsequent Ca2+ overload contributed to the soluble Aβ1-42-induced impairments in spatial cognitive function and synaptic plasticity. (3) RIN prevented Aβ1-42-induced excessive activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs by reducing extrasynaptic NMDARs -mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents and down regulating GluN2B-NMDAR expression in the DG region, which inhibited Aβ1-42-induced Ca2+ overload mediated by extrasynanptic NMDARs. The results suggest that RIN could be an effective therapeutic candidate for cognitive impairment in AD.
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33
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Rajmohan R, Reddy PH. Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer's disease Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:975-999. [PMID: 27567878 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau are hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the loss of synapses and dysfunctions of neurotransmission are more directly tied to disease severity. The role of these lesions in the pathoetiological progression of the disease remains contested. Biochemical, cellular, molecular, and pathological studies provided several lines of evidence and improved our understanding of how Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation may directly harm synapses and alter neurotransmission. In vitro evidence suggests that Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau have both direct and indirect cytotoxic effects that affect neurotransmission, axonal transport, signaling cascades, organelle function, and immune response in ways that lead to synaptic loss and dysfunctions in neurotransmitter release. Observations in preclinical models and autopsy studies support these findings, suggesting that while the pathoetiology of positive lesions remains elusive, their removal may reduce disease severity and progression. The purpose of this article is to highlight the need for further investigation of the role of tau in disease progression and its interactions with Aβ and neurotransmitters alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Rajmohan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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34
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Campolo M, Casili G, Lanza M, Filippone A, Paterniti I, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Multiple mechanisms of dimethyl fumarate in amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity in human neuronal cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1081-1094. [PMID: 28990726 PMCID: PMC5783882 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by a complex heterogeneity of pathological changes, and any therapeutic approach categorically requires a multi-targeted way. It has been demonstrated that together with the hallmarks of the disease such as neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, oxidative and inflammatory stress covered an important role. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally bioavailable methyl ester of fumaric acid and activator of Nrf2 with potential neuroprotective and immunomodulating activities. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of DMF, compared with its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) (both at 30 μM) in an in vitro Alzheimer's model using SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell lines stimulated with amyloid-beta (Aβ). Moreover, the effect of DMF, compared with MMF, was evaluate by an ex vivo model using organotypic hippocampal slice cultures stimulated with Aβ1-42 (1 μg/ml), to better understand its action in a pathological setting. In both models, DMF pre-treatment (30 μM) preserved cellular viability from Aβ stimulation, reducing tau hyper-phosphorylation, much more efficiently then MMF (30 μM). Moreover, DMF was able to induce an activation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), decreasing the severity of oxidative stress. Our results showed important multi-protective effects of DMF pre-treatment from Aβ stimulation both in in vitro and ex vivo models, highlighting an Nrf2/NF-κB-dependent mechanism, which could provide a valuable support to the therapies for neurodegenerative diseases today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological ScienceSaint Louis UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
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Astroglial Responses to Amyloid-Beta Progression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:605-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Molnár E. New tool to tackle Alzheimer's disease: amyloid-β protofibril-selective antibody AbSL: An Editorial Highlight for 'The conformational epitope for a new Aβ42 protofibril-selective antibody partially overlaps with the peptide N-terminal region' on page 736. J Neurochem 2017; 143:621-623. [PMID: 29168166 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Editorial highlights a study by Colvin et al. (2017) in the current issue of Journal of Neurochemistry, in which the authors describe the development and characterisation of a new rabbit antibody (termed antibody St. Louis; AbSL) that preferentially recognises amyloid-β (Aβ) protein 42 (Aβ42) protofibrils over other Aβ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elek Molnár
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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37
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Human Brain-Derived Aβ Oligomers Bind to Synapses and Disrupt Synaptic Activity in a Manner That Requires APP. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11947-11966. [PMID: 29101243 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2009-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling genetic evidence links the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several theories have been advanced to explain the relationship. A leading hypothesis proposes that a small amphipathic fragment of APP, the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), self-associates to form soluble aggregates that impair synaptic and network activity. Here, we used the most disease-relevant form of Aβ, protein isolated from AD brain. Using this material, we show that the synaptotoxic effects of Aβ depend on expression of APP and that the Aβ-mediated impairment of synaptic plasticity is accompanied by presynaptic effects that disrupt the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance. The net increase in the E/I ratio and inhibition of plasticity are associated with Aβ localizing to synapses and binding of soluble Aβ aggregates to synapses requires the expression of APP. Our findings indicate a role for APP in AD pathogenesis beyond the generation of Aβ and suggest modulation of APP expression as a therapy for AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we report on the plasticity-disrupting effects of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) isolated from Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and the requirement of amyloid precursor protein (APP) for these effects. We show that Aβ-containing AD brain extracts block hippocampal LTP, augment glutamate release probability, and disrupt the excitatory/inhibitory balance. These effects are associated with Aβ localizing to synapses and genetic ablation of APP prevents both Aβ binding and Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunctions. Our results emphasize the importance of APP in AD and should stimulate new studies to elucidate APP-related targets suitable for pharmacological manipulation.
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38
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Tai LM, Balu D, Avila-Munoz E, Abdullah L, Thomas R, Collins N, Valencia-Olvera AC, LaDu MJ. EFAD transgenic mice as a human APOE relevant preclinical model of Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1733-1755. [PMID: 28389477 PMCID: PMC5580905 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r076315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Identified in 1993, APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk up to 15-fold compared with APOE3, with APOE2 decreasing AD risk. However, the functional effects of APOE4 on AD pathology remain unclear and, in some cases, controversial. In vivo progress to understand how the human (h)-APOE genotypes affect AD pathology has been limited by the lack of a tractable familial AD-transgenic (FAD-Tg) mouse model expressing h-APOE rather than mouse (m)-APOE. The disparity between m- and h-apoE is relevant for virtually every AD-relevant pathway, including amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and clearance, neuroinflammation, tau pathology, neural plasticity and cerebrovascular deficits. EFAD mice were designed as a temporally useful preclinical FAD-Tg-mouse model expressing the h-APOE genotypes for identifying mechanisms underlying APOE-modulated symptoms of AD pathology. From their first description in 2012, EFAD mice have enabled critical basic and therapeutic research. Here we review insights gleaned from the EFAD mice and summarize future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Evangelina Avila-Munoz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612.
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Neural Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Synaptic Specification. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:931-945. [PMID: 28743494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are a specialized class of lipid-associated neuronal membrane proteins that perform diverse functions in the dynamic control of axon guidance, synaptic adhesion, cytoskeletal remodeling, and localized signal transduction, particularly at lipid raft domains. Recent studies have demonstrated that a subset of GPI-anchored proteins act as critical regulators of synapse development by modulating specific synaptic adhesion pathways via direct interactions with key synapse-organizing proteins. Additional studies have revealed that alteration of these regulatory mechanisms may underlie various brain disorders. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of GPI-anchored proteins as key synapse organizers that aid in shaping the properties of various types of synapses and circuits in mammals.
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Mori T, Koyama N, Tan J, Segawa T, Maeda M, Town T. Combination therapy with octyl gallate and ferulic acid improves cognition and neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11310-11325. [PMID: 28512130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there is no effective Alzheimer's disease (AD)-modifying therapy. Nonetheless, combination therapy holds promise, and nutraceuticals (natural dietary compounds with therapeutic properties) and their synthetic derivatives are well-tolerated candidates. We tested whether combination therapy with octyl gallate (OG) and ferulic acid (FA) improves cognition and mitigates AD-like pathology in the presenilin-amyloid β-protein precursor (PSAPP) transgenic mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis. One-year-old mice with established β-amyloid plaques received daily doses of OG and FA alone or in combination for 3 months. PSAPP mice receiving combination therapy had statistically significant improved cognitive function versus OG or FA single treatment on some (but not all) measures. We also observed additional statistically significant reductions in brain parenchymal and cerebral vascular β-amyloid deposits as well as brain amyloid β-protein abundance in OG- plus FA-treated versus singly-treated PSAPP mice. These effects coincided with enhanced nonamyloidogenic amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) cleavage, increased α-secretase activity, and β-secretase inhibition. We detected elevated expression of nonamyloidogenic soluble APP-α and the α-secretase candidate, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10. Correspondingly, amyloidogenic β-carboxyl-terminal APP fragment and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 expression levels were reduced. In parallel, the ratio of β- to α-carboxyl-terminal APP fragment was decreased. OG and FA combination therapy strikingly attenuated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptotoxicity. Co-treatment afforded additional statistically significant benefits on some, but not all, of these outcome measures. Taken together, these data provide preclinical proof-of-concept for AD combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mori
- From the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and .,Pathology, Saitama Medical Center and University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | | | - Jun Tan
- the Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center and.,the Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsoni College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613
| | - Tatsuya Segawa
- the Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Fujioka, Gunma 375-0005, Japan, and
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- the Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Fujioka, Gunma 375-0005, Japan, and
| | - Terrence Town
- the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821
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Do Carmo S, Crynen G, Paradis T, Reed J, Iulita MF, Ducatenzeiler A, Crawford F, Cuello AC. Hippocampal Proteomic Analysis Reveals Distinct Pathway Deregulation Profiles at Early and Late Stages in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's-Like Amyloid Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3451-3476. [PMID: 28502044 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral accumulation and cytotoxicity of amyloid beta (Aβ) is central to Alzheimer's pathogenesis. However, little is known about how the amyloid pathology affects the global expression of brain proteins at different disease stages. In order to identify genotype and time-dependent significant changes in protein expression, we employed quantitative proteomics analysis of hippocampal tissue from the McGill-R-Thy1-APP rat model of Alzheimer-like amyloid pathology. McGill transgenic rats were compared to wild-type rats at early and late pathology stages, i.e., when intraneuronal Aβ amyloid burden is conspicuous and when extracellular amyloid plaques are abundant with more pronounced cognitive deficits. After correction for multiple testing, the expression levels of 64 proteins were found to be considerably different in transgenic versus wild-type rats at the pre-plaque stage (3 months), and 86 proteins in the post-plaque group (12 months), with only 9 differentially regulated proteins common to the 2 time-points. This minimal overlap supports the hypothesis that different molecular pathways are affected in the hippocampus at early and late stages of the amyloid pathology throughout its continuum. At early stages, disturbances in pathways related to cellular responses to stress, protein homeostasis, and neuronal structure are predominant, while disturbances in metabolic energy generation dominate at later stages. These results shed new light on the molecular pathways affected by the early accumulation of Aβ and how the evolving amyloid pathology impacts other complex metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tiffany Paradis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jon Reed
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - M Florencia Iulita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adriana Ducatenzeiler
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Proteomic Analysis of Mitochondria-Enriched Fraction Isolated from the Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus of Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice Treated with Alda-1, an Activator of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH2). Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020435. [PMID: 28218653 PMCID: PMC5343969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of different genotypes of apolipoprotein E (apoE) in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease is widely recognized. It has been shown that altered functioning of apoE may promote 4-hydroxynonenal modification of mitochondrial proteins, which may result in mitochondrial dysfunction, aggravation of oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is an enzyme considered to perform protective function in mitochondria by the detoxification of the end products of lipid peroxidation, such as 4-hydroxynonenal and other reactive aldehydes. The goal of our study was to apply a differential proteomics approach in concert with molecular and morphological techniques to elucidate the changes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE−/−) mice upon treatment with Alda-1—a small molecular weight activator of ALDH2. Despite the lack of significant morphological changes in the brain of apoE−/− mice as compared to age-matched wild type animals, the proteomic and molecular approach revealed many changes in the expression of genes and proteins, indicating the impairment of energy metabolism, neuroplasticity, and neurogenesis in brains of apoE−/− mice. Importantly, prolonged treatment of apoE−/− mice with Alda-1 led to the beneficial changes in the expression of genes and proteins related to neuroplasticity and mitochondrial function. The pattern of alterations implies mitoprotective action of Alda-1, however, the accurate functional consequences of the revealed changes require further research.
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Hao W, Friedman A. Mathematical model on Alzheimer's disease. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:108. [PMID: 27863488 PMCID: PMC5116206 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that destroys memory and cognitive skills. AD is characterized by the presence of two types of neuropathological hallmarks: extracellular plaques consisting of amyloid β-peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. The disease affects 5 million people in the United States and 44 million world-wide. Currently there is no drug that can cure, stop or even slow the progression of the disease. If no cure is found, by 2050 the number of alzheimer’s patients in the U.S. will reach 15 million and the cost of caring for them will exceed $ 1 trillion annually. Results The present paper develops a mathematical model of AD that includes neurons, astrocytes, microglias and peripheral macrophages, as well as amyloid β aggregation and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. The model is represented by a system of partial differential equations. The model is used to simulate the effect of drugs that either failed in clinical trials, or are currently in clinical trials. Conclusions Based on these simulations it is suggested that combined therapy with TNF- α inhibitor and anti amyloid β could yield significant efficacy in slowing the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Hao
- Department of Mathematics, The Penn State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Avner Friedman
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute & Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
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44
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Söllvander S, Ekholm-Pettersson F, Brundin RM, Westman G, Kilander L, Paulie S, Lannfelt L, Sehlin D. Increased Number of Plasma B Cells Producing Autoantibodies Against Aβ42 Protofibrils in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:63-72. [PMID: 26401929 PMCID: PMC4923756 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) has a propensity to aggregate into various assemblies including toxic soluble Aβ protofibrils. Several studies have reported the existence of anti-Aβ antibodies in humans. However, it is still debated whether levels of anti-Aβ antibodies are altered in AD patients compared to healthy individuals. Formation of immune complexes with plasma Aβ makes it difficult to reliably measure the concentration of circulating anti-Aβ antibodies with certain immunoassays, potentially leading to an underestimation. Here we have investigated anti-Aβ antibody production on a cellular level by measuring the amount of anti-Aβ antibody producing cells instead of the plasma level of anti-Aβ antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first time the anti-Aβ antibody response in plasma has been compared in AD patients and age-matched healthy individuals using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) technique. Both AD patients and healthy individuals had low levels of B cells producing antibodies binding Aβ40 monomers, whereas the number of cells producing antibodies toward Aβ42 protofibrils was higher overall and significantly higher in AD compared to healthy controls. This study shows, by an alternative and reliable method, that there is a specific immune response to the toxic Aβ protofibrils, which is significantly increased in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Söllvander
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida Ekholm-Pettersson
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rose-Marie Brundin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Westman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, Erlandsson A. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:38. [PMID: 27176225 PMCID: PMC4865996 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the clear physical association between activated astrocytes and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, the importance of astrocytes and their therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease remain elusive. Soluble Aβ aggregates, such as protofibrils, have been suggested to be responsible for the widespread neuronal cell death in Alzheimer’s disease, but the mechanisms behind this remain unclear. Moreover, ineffective degradation is of great interest when it comes to the development and progression of neurodegeneration. Based on our previous results that astrocytes are extremely slow in degrading phagocytosed material, we hypothesized that astrocytes may be an important player in these processes. Hence, the aim of this study was to clarify the role of astrocytes in clearance, spreading and neuronal toxicity of Aβ. Results To examine the role of astrocytes in Aβ pathology, we added Aβ protofibrils to a co-culture system of primary neurons and glia. Our data demonstrates that astrocytes rapidly engulf large amounts of Aβ protofibrils, but then store, rather than degrade the ingested material. The incomplete digestion results in a high intracellular load of toxic, partly N-terminally truncated Aβ and severe lysosomal dysfunction. Moreover, secretion of microvesicles containing N-terminally truncated Aβ, induce apoptosis of cortical neurons. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that astrocytes play a central role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, by accumulating and spreading toxic Aβ species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Söllvander
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Nikitidou
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Brolin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Söderberg
- BioArctic Neuroscience AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sanderson TM, Hogg EL, Collingridge GL, Corrêa SAL. Hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor long-term depression in health and disease: focus on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:200-214. [PMID: 26923875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) dependent long-term depression (LTD) is a major form of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. The molecular mechanisms involved in mGluR-LTD have been investigated intensively for the last two decades. In this 60th anniversary special issue article, we review the recent advances in determining the mechanisms that regulate the induction, transduction and expression of mGluR-LTD in the hippocampus, with a focus on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In particular we discuss the requirement of p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) activation. The recent advances in understanding the signaling cascades regulating mGluR-LTD are then related to the cognitive impairments observed in neurological disorders, such as fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. mGluR-LTD is a form of synaptic plasticity that impacts on memory formation. In the hippocampus mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been found to be important in mGluR-LTD. In this 60th anniversary special issue article, we review the independent and complementary roles of two classes of MAPK, p38 and ERK1/2 and link this to the aberrant mGluR-LTD that has an important role in diseases. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Sanderson
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ellen L Hogg
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sonia A L Corrêa
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
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Osborne DM, Fitzgerald DP, O'Leary KE, Anderson BM, Lee CC, Tessier PM, McNay EC. Intrahippocampal administration of a domain antibody that binds aggregated amyloid-β reverses cognitive deficits produced by diet-induced obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1291-8. [PMID: 26970498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of high fat diets (HFD), diet-induced obesity (DIO) and Type 2 diabetes continues to increase, associated with cognitive impairment in both humans and rodent models. Mechanisms transducing these impairments remain largely unknown: one possibility is that a common mechanism may be involved in the cognitive impairment seen in obese and/or diabetic states and in dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD). DIO is well established as a risk factor for development of AD. Oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ) is neurotoxic, and we showed that intrahippocampal oligomeric Aβ produces cognitive and metabolic dysfunction similar to that seen in DIO or diabetes. Moreover, animal models of DIO show elevated brain Aβ, a hallmark of AD, suggesting that this may be one source of cognitive impairment in both conditions. METHODS Intrahippocampal administration of a novel anti-Aβ domain antibody for aggregated Aβ, or a control domain antibody, to control or HFD-induced DIO rats. Spatial learning measured in a conditioned contextual fear (CCF) task after domain antibody treatment; postmortem, hippocampal NMDAR and AMPAR were measured. RESULTS DIO caused impairment in CCF, and this impairment was eliminated by intrahippocampal administration of the active domain antibody. Measurement of hippocampal proteins suggests that DIO causes dysregulation of hippocampal AMPA receptors, which is also reversed by acute domain antibody administration. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the concept that oligomeric Aβ within the hippocampus of DIO animals may not only be a risk factor for development of AD but may also cause cognitive impairment before the development of dementia. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE AND INTEREST Our work integrates the engineering of domain antibodies with conformational- and sequence-specificity for oligomeric amyloid beta with a clinically relevant model of diet-induced obesity in order to demonstrate not only the pervasive effects of obesity on several aspects of brain biochemistry and behavior, but also the bioengineering of a successful treatment against the long-term detrimental effects of a pre-diabetic state on the brain. We show for the first time that cognitive impairment linked to obesity and/or insulin resistance may be due to early accumulation of oligomeric beta-amyloid in the brain, and hence may represent a pre-Alzheimer's state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Osborne
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Dennis P Fitzgerald
- Hofstra North Shore-Long Island School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Kelsey E O'Leary
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Brian M Anderson
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Christine C Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States.
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48
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Ketones block amyloid entry and improve cognition in an Alzheimer's model. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 39:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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49
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Emerging Link between Alzheimer's Disease and Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:7969272. [PMID: 27019755 PMCID: PMC4785275 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7969272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible brain disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neurodegeneration of brain regions that are crucial for learning and memory. Although intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular senile plaques, composed of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, have been the hallmarks of postmortem AD brains, memory impairment in early AD correlates better with pathological accumulation of soluble Aβ oligomers and persistent weakening of excitatory synaptic strength, which is demonstrated by inhibition of long-term potentiation, enhancement of long-term depression, and loss of synapses. However, current, approved interventions aiming to reduce Aβ levels have failed to retard disease progression; this has led to a pressing need to identify and target alternative pathogenic mechanisms of AD. Recently, it has been suggested that the disruption of Hebbian synaptic plasticity in AD is due to aberrant metaplasticity, which is a form of homeostatic plasticity that tunes the magnitude and direction of future synaptic plasticity based on previous neuronal or synaptic activity. This review examines emerging evidence for aberrant metaplasticity in AD. Putative mechanisms underlying aberrant metaplasticity in AD will also be discussed. We hope this review inspires future studies to test the extent to which these mechanisms contribute to the etiology of AD and offer therapeutic targets.
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Yuan Xiang P, Janc O, Grochowska KM, Kreutz MR, Reymann KG. Dopamine agonists rescue Aβ-induced LTP impairment by Src-family tyrosine kinases. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 40:98-102. [PMID: 26973108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soluble forms of oligomeric amyloid beta (AβO) are involved in the loss of synaptic plasticity and memory, especially in early phases of Alzheimer's disease. Stimulation of dopamine D1/D5 receptors (D1R/D5R) is known to increase surface expression of synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate subtype glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype glutamate receptors and facilitates the induction of the late phase of long-term potentiation (LTP), probably via a related mechanism. In this study, we show that the D1/D5R agonist SKF38393 protects LTP of hippocampal CA1 synapses from the deleterious action of oligomeric amyloid beta. Unexpectedly, the D1R/D5R-mediated recovery of LTP is independent of protein kinase A or phospholipase C pathways. Instead, we found that the inhibition of Src-family tyrosine kinases completely abolished the protective effects of D1R/D5R stimulation in a cellular model of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- PingAn Yuan Xiang
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliwia Janc
- RG Neuropharmacology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael R Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus G Reymann
- RG Neuropharmacology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany.
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