Catechin hydrate suppresses MCF-7 proliferation through TP53/Caspase-mediated apoptosis

Targeting macrophagic RasGRP1 with catechin hydrate ameliorates sepsis-induced multiorgan dysfunction

BACKGROUND

The proinflammatory response induced by macrophages plays a crucial role in the development of sepsis and the resulting multiorgan dysfunction. Identifying new regulatory targets for macrophage homeostasis and devising effective treatment strategies remains a significant challenge in contemporary research.

PURPOSE

This study aims to identify new regulatory targets for macrophage homeostasis and develop effective strategies for treating sepsis.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Macrophage infiltration in septic patients and in lungs, kidneys, and brains of caecum ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic mice was observed using CIBERSORT and immunofluorescence (IF). Upon integrating the MSigDB database and GSE65682 dataset, differently expressed macrophage-associated genes (DEMAGs) were identified. Critical DEMAGs were confirmed through machine learning. The protein level of the critical DEMAG was detected in PBMCs of septic patients, RAW264.7 cells, and mice lungs, kidneys, and brains using ELISA, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and IF. siRNA was applied to investigate the effect of the critical DEMAG in RAW264.7 cells. A natural product library was screened to find a compound targeting the critical DEMAG protein. The binding of compounds and proteins was analyzed through molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, CETSA, and MST analysis. The therapeutic efficacy of the compounds against sepsis was then evaluated through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

Macrophage infiltration was inversely correlated with survival in septic patients. The critical differentially expressed molecule RasGRP1 was frequently observed in the PBMCs of septic patients, LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and the lungs, kidneys, and brains of septic mice. Silencing RasGRP1 alleviated proinflammatory response and oxidative stress in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Catechin Hydrate (CH) was identified as an inhibitor of RasGRP1, capable of maintaining macrophage homeostasis and mitigating lung, kidney, and brain damage during sepsis.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that RasGRP1, a novel activator of macrophage proinflammatory responses, plays a crucial role in the excessive inflammation and oxidative stress associated with sepsis. CH shows potential for treating sepsis by inhibiting RasGRP1.

Naturally Occurring Phytochemicals to Target Breast Cancer Cell Signaling

Almost 70% of clinically used antineoplastic drugs are originated from natural products such as plants, marine organism, and microorganisms and some of them are also structurally modified natural products. The naturally occurring drugs may specifically act as inducers of selective cytotoxicity, anti-metastatic, anti-mutagenic, anti-angiogenesis, antioxidant accelerators, apoptosis inducers, autophagy inducers, and cell cycle inhibitors in cancer therapy. Precisely, several reports have demonstrated the involvement of naturally occurring anti-breast cancer drugs in regulating the expression of oncogenic and tumor suppressors associated with carcinogen metabolism and signaling pathways. Anticancer therapies based on nanotechnology have the potential to improve patient outcomes through targeted therapy, improved drug delivery, and combination therapies. This paper has reviewed the current treatment for breast cancer and the potential disadvantages of those therapies, besides the various mechanism used by naturally occurring phytochemicals to induce apoptosis in different types of breast cancer. Along with this, the contribution of nanotechnology in improving the effectiveness of anticancer drugs was also reviewed. With the development of sciences and technologies, phytochemicals derived from natural products are continuously discovered; however, the search for novel natural products as chemoprevention drugs is still ongoing, especially for the advanced stage of breast cancer. Continued research and development in this field hold great promise for advancing cancer care and improving patient outcomes.

Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings of stable glycal boronates for robust synthesis of C-1 glycals

C-1 Glycals serve as pivotal intermediates in synthesizing diverse C-glycosyl compounds and natural products, necessitating the development of concise, efficient and user-friendly methods to obtain C-1 glycosides is essential. The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of glycal boronates is notable for its reliability and non-toxic nature, but glycal donor stability remains a challenge. Herein, we achieve a significant breakthrough by developing stable glycal boronates, effectively overcoming the stability issue in glycal-based Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. Leveraging the balanced reactivity and stability of our glycal boronates, we establish a robust palladium-catalyzed glycal-based Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, facilitating the formation of various C(sp2)-C(sp), C(sp2)-C(sp2), and C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds under mild conditions. Notably, we expand upon this achievement by developing the DNA-compatible glycal-based cross-coupling reaction to synthesize various glycal-DNA conjugates. With its excellent reaction reactivity, stability, generality, and ease of handling, the method holds promise for widespread appication in the preparation of C-glycosyl compounds and natural products.

Potential of Natural Phenolic Compounds against Doxorubicin-Induced Chemobrain: Biological and Molecular Mechanisms Involved

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment or "chemobrain" is a prevalent long-term complication of chemotherapy and one of the more devastating. Most of the studies performed so far to identify the cognitive dysfunctions induced by antineoplastic chemotherapies have been focused on treatment with anthracyclines, frequently administered to breast cancer patients, a population that, after treatment, shows a high possibility of long survival and, consequently, of chemobrain development. In the last few years, different possible strategies have been explored to prevent or reduce chemobrain induced by the anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX), known to promote oxidative stress and inflammation, which have been strongly implicated in the development of this brain dysfunction. Here, we have critically analyzed the results of the preclinical studies from the last few years that have evaluated the potential of phenolic compounds (PheCs), a large class of natural products able to exert powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, in inhibiting DOX-induced chemobrain. Several PheCs belonging to different classes have been shown to be able to revert DOX-induced brain morphological damages and deficits associated with learning, memory, and exploratory behavior. We have analyzed the biological and molecular mechanisms implicated and suggested possible future perspectives in this research area.

Inhibition of human glutathione transferase by catechin and gossypol: comparative structural analysis by kinetic properties, molecular docking and their efficacy on the viability of human MCF-7 cells

Glutathione transferase Pi (GSTP1) expression is increased in many cancer types and is associated with multidrug resistance and apoptosis inhibition. Inhibitors of GSTP1-1 have the potential to overcome drug resistance and improve chemotherapy efficacy as adjuvant agents. This study investigated the effects of catechin and gossypol on human glutathione transferase Pi (GSTP1-1) activity and their cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) individually and in combination with tamoxifen (TAM). Gossypol effectively inhibited the enzyme with an IC50 value of 40 μM, compared to 200 μM for catechin. Gossypol showed stronger inhibition of GSTP1-1 activity (Ki = 63.3 ± 17.5 μM) compared to catechin (Ki = 220 ± 44 μM). Molecular docking analysis revealed their binding conformations to GSTP1-1, with gossypol binding at the subunit interface in an un-competitive manner and catechin showing mixed non-competitive inhibition. Gossypol had severe cytotoxic effects on both MCF-7 cells and normal BJ1 cells, while catechin had a weak cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells only. Combination therapy with TAM resulted in cytotoxicity of 27.3% and 35.2% when combined with catechin and gossypol, respectively. Gossypol showed higher toxicity to MCF-7 cells, but its strong effects on normal cells raised concerns about selectivity and potential side effects.

Catechin hydrate ameliorates cerulein‑induced chronic pancreatitis via the inactivation of TGF‑β/Smad2 signaling

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a pancreatic inflammatory disease associated with histological changes, including fibrosis, acinar cell loss and immune cell infiltration, and leads to damage of the pancreas, which results in pain, weight loss and loss of pancreas function. Catechin or catechin hydrate (CH) has antioxidant, anticancer and immune‑regulatory effects. However, unlike other catechins, the antifibrotic effects of (+)‑CH have not been widely studied in many diseases, including CP. Therefore, the anti‑fibrotic effects of (+)‑CH against CP were evaluated in the present study. To assess the prophylactic effects of CH, (+)‑CH (1, 5 or 10 mg/kg) or ethanol was administered 1 h before first cerulein (50 µg/kg) injection. To assess the therapeutic effects, (+)‑CH (5 mg/kg) or ethanol was administered after cerulein injection for one or two weeks. In both methods, cerulein was injected intraperitoneally into mice once every hour, six times a day, four times a week, for a total of three weeks, to induce CP. The data showed that (+)‑CH markedly inhibited glandular destruction and inflammation during CP. Moreover, (+)‑CH prevented pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) activation and the production of extracellular matrix components, such as fibronectin 1 and collagens, which suggested that it may act as a novel therapeutic agent. Furthermore, the mechanism and effectiveness of (+)‑CH on pancreatic fibrosis were investigated in isolated PSCs. (+)‑CH suppressed the activation of Smad2 and fibrosis factors that act through transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β) or platelet‑derived growth factor. These findings suggest that (+)‑CH exhibits antifibrotic effects in cerulein‑induced CP by inactivating TGF‑β/Smad2 signaling.

Nano Uncaria gambir as Chemopreventive Agent Against Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is one of the main causes of death in women. Uncaria gambir is an Indonesian herbal plant that can be used as an anti-cancer. However, herbal medicines have low bioavailability, which affects their bioactivity. Nanoencapsulation can increase bioavailability and stability of bioactive compounds in herbal medicines.

PURPOSE

This recent finding tried to unravel anti-cancer and chemopreventive of U. gambir nano-encapsulated by Na-alginate.

STUDY DESIGN

U. gambir bioactive compounds were isolated and characterized using UV-Vis spectrometer, FTIR, NMR and HR-MS. U. gambir extract was nanoencapsulated using Na-alginate. Anti-cancer effect was assessed by MTT assay towards T47D cell. Meanwhile, a chemopreventive analysis was carried out in breast cancer mice-induced benzo[α]pyrene. The healthy mice were divided into 8 groups comprising control and treatment.

RESULTS

Elucidation of U. gambir ethyl acetate extract confirmed high catechin content, 89.34% (w/w). Successful nanoencapsulation of U. gambir (G-NPs) was indicated. The particle size of G-NPs was 78.40 ± 12.25 nm. Loading efficiency (LE) and loading amount (LA) of G-NPs were 97.56 ± 0.04% and 32.52 ± 0.01%, respectively. G-NPs had an EC50 value of 10.39 ± 3.50 µg/mL, which was more toxic than the EC50 value of extract towards the T47D cell line. Administration of 200 mg/kg BW G-NPs to mice induced by benzo[α]pyrene exhibited SOD and GSH levels of 13.69 ng/mL and 455.6 ng/mL. In addition, the lowest TNF-α level was 27.96 ng/mL. A dose of 100 mg/kg BW G-NPs could best increase CAT levels by 7.18 ng/mL. There was no damage or histological abnormalities found in histological analysis of the breast tissue in the group given 200 mg/kg BW G-NPs.

Tanshinone-I for the treatment of uterine fibroids: Molecular docking, simulation, and density functional theory investigations

Uterine fibroids (UF), most prevalent gynecological disorder, require surgery when symptomatic. It is estimated that between 25 and 35 percent of women wait until the symptoms have worsened like extended heavy menstrual bleeding and severe pelvic pain. These UF may be reduced in size through various methods such as medical or surgical intervention. Progesterone (prog) is a crucial hormone that restores the endometrium and controls uterine function. In the current study, 28 plant-based molecules are identified from previous literature and docked onto the prog receptors with 1E3K and 2OVH. Tanshinone-I has shown the best docking score against both proteins. The synthetic prog inhibitor Norethindrone Acetate is used as a standard to evaluate the docking outcomes. The best compound, tanshinone-I, was analyzed using molecular modeling and DFT. The RMSD for the 1E3K protein-ligand complex ranged from 0.10 to 0.42 Å, with an average of 0.21 Å and a standard deviation (SD) of 0.06, while the RMSD for the 2OVH protein-ligand complex ranged from 0.08 to 0.42 Å, with an average of 0.20 Å and a SD of 0.06 showing stable interaction. In principal component analysis, the observed eigen values of HPR-Tanshinone-I fluctuate between -1.11 to 1.48 and -1.07 to 1.25 for PC1 and PC2, respectively (1E3K), and the prog-tanshinone-I complex shows eigen values of -38.88 to -31.32 and -31.32 to 35.87 for PC1 and PC2, respectively (2OVH), which shows Tanshinone-I forms a stable protein-ligand complex with 1E3K in comparison to 2OVH. The Free Energy Landscape (FEL) analysis shows the Gibbs free energy in the range of 0 to 8 kJ/mol for Tanshinone-I with 1E3K and 0 to 14 kJ/mol for Tanshinone-I with the 2OVH complex. The DFT calculation reveals ΔE value of 2.8070 eV shows tanshinone-I as a stable compound. 1E3K modulates the prog pathway, it may have either an agonistic or antagonistic effect on hPRs. Tanshinone-I can cause ROS, apoptosis, autophagy (p62 accumulation), up-regulation of inositol requiring protein-1, enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and suppression of MMPs. Bcl-2 expression can change LC3I to LC3II and cause apoptosis through Beclin-1 expression.

Green Tea Catechin Potentiating Doxorubicine Effects against BE(2)C Neuroblastoma Cells In Vitro

Background: Neuroblastoma (NB), a malignant sympathetic nervous system cancer, is the second most common type of pediatric tumor. Increasing the number of NB death emerges to design a new strategy for NB treatment. Nowadays, the development of natural compounds has gradually increased due to their ability to apoptosis induction. Tea catechin, a flavonoid compound, is one of the natural combinations which inhibit tumor growth and enhance tumor cell apoptosis. In the current study, the effects of pure catechin, doxorubicin (DOX), and their combination on a cellular model of NB [BE(2)C cells] are perused. (NB) a malignant sympathetic nervous system cancer is the second most common type of pediatric tumor. Increasing the number of NB death emerges to design a new strategy for NB treatment. Nowadays, the development of natural compounds has gradually increased due to their ability to apoptosis induction. Tea catechin, a flavonoid compound, is one of the natural combinations which inhibit tumor growth and enhance tumor cell apoptosis. Objectives: In the current study, the effects of pure catechin, doxorubicin (DOX), and their combination on a cellular model of NB [BE(2)C cells] are perused. Methods: The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was done to assess a response dose for each drug. Fluorescent Microscopic and cell cycle analyses were performed for apoptosis detection. Finally, Colony formation was performed to examine cell migration and invasion. Results: The MTT assay showed that catechin and DOX treatment inhibited the viability of the cells while the combination of their ineffective doses had more cytotoxic effects. However, these treatments could not inhibit the cell growth of the normal human fibroblast. Moreover, this combination reduced cell attachment, chromatin fragmentation, and G/S arrest in the cell cycle. The clonogenic assay demonstrated that colony size and numbers obviously reduced after ten days; therefore, Catchin and its combination with DOX suppressed cell capacities of clone formation and migration. Conclusions: These results suggest that catechin, DOX, and their combination may inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of BE(2)C neuroblastoma cells in vitro while inducing cell apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle.

Structurally related (-)-epicatechin metabolites and gut microbiota derived metabolites exert genomic modifications via VEGF signaling pathways in brain microvascular endothelial cells under lipotoxic conditions: Integrated multi-omic study

Dysfunction of blood-brain barrier formed by endothelial cells of cerebral blood vessels, plays a key role in development of neurodegenerative disorders. Epicatechin exerts vasculo-protective effects through genomic modifications, however molecular mechanisms of action, particularly on brain endothelial cells, are largely unknow. This study aimed to use a multi-omic approach (transcriptomics of mRNA, miRNAs and lncRNAs, and proteomics), to provide novel in-depth insights into molecular mechanisms of how metabolites affect brain endothelial cells under lipid-stressed (as a model of BBB dysfunction) at physiological concentrations. We showed that metabolites can simultaneously modulate expression of protein-coding, non-coding genes and proteins. Integrative analysis revealed interactions between different types of RNAs and form functional groups of genes involved in regulation of processing like VEGF-related functions, cell signaling, cell adhesion and permeability. Molecular modeling of genomics data predicted that metabolites decrease endothelial cell permeability, increased by lipotoxic stress. Correlation analysis between genomic modifications observed and genomic signature of patients with vascular dementia and Alzheimer's diseases showed opposite gene expression changes. Taken together, this study describes for the first time a multi-omic mechanism of action by which (-)-epicatechin metabolites could preserve brain vascular endothelial cell integrity and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. SIGNIFICANCE: Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), characterized by dysfunction of endothelial cells of cerebral blood vessels, result in an increase in permeability and neuroinflammation which constitute a key factor in the development neurodegenerative disorders. Even though it is suggested that polyphenols can prevent or delay the development of these disorders, their impact on brain endothelial cells and underlying mechanisms of actions are unknow. This study aimed to use a multi-omic approach including analysis of expression of mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNAs, and proteins to provide novel global in-depth insights into molecular mechanisms of how (-)-epicatechin metabolites affect brain microvascular endothelial cells under lipid-stressed (as a model of BBB dysfunction) at physiological relevant conditions. The results provide basis of knowledge on the capacity of polyphenols to prevent brain endothelial dysfunction and consequently neurodegenerative disorders.

Pharmacological actions and underlying mechanisms of Catechin: A review

BACKGROUND

Catechin is a phytochemical and is a major component of our daily use beverages, which has shown great potential in improving general health and fighting against several medical conditions. Clinical studies have confirmed its effectiveness in conditions ranging from acute upper respiratory tract infection, neuroprotection, to cardio-protection effects. Though most studies relate their potential to anti-oxidative action and radical scavenging action, still the mechanism of action is not clearly understood.

OBJECTIVE

The present review article is focused on addressing various pharmacological actions and underlying mechanisms of catechin. Additionally, we will try to figure out the major adverse effect and success in trials with catechin and lead to a conclusion for its effectiveness.

METHODS

This review article is based on the recent/ most cited papers of PubMed and Scopus databases.

DESCRIPTION

Catechin can regulate Nrf2 and NFkB pathways in ways that impact oxidative stress and inflammation by influencing gene expression. Other pathways like MAPKs and COMT and receptor tyrosine kinase are also affected by catechin and EGCG that alter their action and barge the cellular activity. This review article explored the structural aspect of catechin and its different isomers and analogs. It also evaluated its various therapeutic and pharmacological arrays .

CONCLUSION

Catechin and its stereo-isomers have shown their effectiveness as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-neuroprotective, bactericidal, memory enhancer, anti-arthritis, and hepato-protective mainly through its activity to alter the pathway by NF-κB, Nrf-2, TLR4/NF-κB, COMT, and MAPKs.

Potential use of wood metabolites for cancer treatment

The study of medicinal plants for cancer treatment has gained attention due to an increasing incidence of cancer worldwide and antineoplastics-related undesirable secondary effects. Most of the natural products of medicinal plants that have been evaluated for cytotoxic activity, are derived from leaves, bark, roots and flowers. However, natural products derived from wood have demonstrated a cytotoxic effect with promising results. Moreover, some fractions and compounds have been isolated of wood in order to increase the effect. This review presents in vitro experimental evidence of cytotoxic effect of natural products from wood against cancer cell lines. It also provides considerations and recommendations to obtain herbal medicines over time.

Impacting the Remedial Potential of Nano Delivery-Based Flavonoids for Breast Cancer Treatment

Breast cancer persists as a diffuse source of cancer despite persistent detection and treatment. Flavonoids, a type of polyphenol, appear to be a productive option in the treatment of breast cancer, because of their capacity to regulate the tumor related functions of class of compounds. Plant polyphenols are flavonoids that appear to exhibit properties which are beneficial for breast cancer therapy. Numerous epidemiologic studies have been performed on the dynamic effect of plant polyphenols in the prevention of breast cancer. There are also subclasses of flavonoids that have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity. These can regulate the scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which help in cell cycle arrest and suppress the uncontrolled division of cancer cells. Numerous studies have also been performed at the population level, one of which reported a connection between cancer risk and intake of dietary flavonoids. Breast cancer appears to show intertumoral heterogeneity with estrogen receptor positive and negative cells. This review describes breast cancer, its various factors, and the function of flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, namely, how flavonoids and their subtypes are used in treatment. This review proposes that cancer risk can be reduced, and that cancer can be even cured by improving dietary intake. A large number of studies also suggested that the intake of fruit and vegetables is associated with reduced breast cancer and paper also includes the role and the use of nanodelivery of flavonoids in the healing of breast cancer. In addition, the therapeutic potential of orally administered phyto-bioactive compounds (PBCs) is narrowed because of poor stability and oral bioavailability of compounds in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and solubility also affects bioavailability. In recent years, creative nanotechnology-based approaches have been advised to enhance the activity of PBCs. Nanotechnology also offers the potential to become aware of disease at earlier stages, such as the detection of hidden or unconcealed metastasis colonies in patients diagnosed with lung, colon, prostate, ovarian, and breast cancer. However, nanoformulation-related effects and safety must not be overlooked. This review gives a brief discussion of nanoformulations and the effect of nanotechnology on herbal drugs.

Systemic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of yellow passion fruit bagasse extract during prostate cancer progression

We evaluated the impact of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis sp.) bagasse extract (PFBE) administration in systemic oxidative and inflammatory parameters in vivo, considering prostate cancer progression in transgenic mice (TRAMP). Piceatannol, scirpusin-B, dicaffeoylquinic acid, citric acid, and (+)-catechin were identified in PFBE, and the extract showed high in vitro antioxidant capacity. Some alterations in systemic parameters were verified during prostate cancer progression, as the increase in ALT and MDA levels, and SOD and GPx activities in the plasma. In the liver, higher MDA, TNF-α, and NF-κB levels, and GR and GPx activities were verified. Compared to their respective controls, the short- and long-term PFBE administration reduced MDA levels in the liver and plasma. The long-term treatment increased the catalase activity in the plasma, while the short-term treatment increased the hepatic SOD and catalase activities. Still, a reduction in hepatic TNF-α and NF-κB levels was verified after long-term treatment. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Prostate cancer progression is associated with changes in systemic redox status and inflammation markers. Moreover, the intake of polyphenols with antioxidant properties, besides delaying prostate carcinogenesis, may improve the systemic antioxidant defenses and inflammatory response. In vitro studies pointed to a promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of yellow passion fruit bagasse. However, in vivo studies are scarce. Our results provided information about in vivo impacts of PFBE oral consumption on antioxidant defense and inflammation, indicating its potential as an adjuvant during the initial steps of prostate cancer.

(-)-Epicatechin acts as a potent agonist of the membrane androgen receptor, ZIP9 (SLC39A9), to promote apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cells

(-)-Epicatechin, a flavonoid present in high concentrations in foods such as green tea and cocoa, exerts beneficial and protective effects in numerous disease models, including anti-tumorigenesis and apoptosis in human breast and prostate cancer cells. Potential interactions of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin with the membrane androgen receptor, ZIP9 (SLC39A9), which mediates androgen induction of apoptosis in these cancer cells, were investigated. Both (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin were effective competitors of [³H]-testosterone binding to PC-3 prostate cancer cells (nuclear androgen receptor-negative, nAR-null) overexpressing ZIP9 (PC3-ZIP9), with relative binding affinities of 75 % and 28 % that of testosterone, respectively. (-)-Epicatechin (200 nM) mimicked the effects of 100 nM testosterone in inducing apoptosis of PC3-ZIP9 cells, whereas (+)-catechin (concentration range 200 nM-1000 nM) did not significantly increase apoptosis and instead blocked the apoptotic response to testosterone. (-)-Epicatechin also activated androgen-dependent ZIP9 signaling pathways, inducing decreases in cAMP production and elevating intracellular free zinc levels, while (+)-catechin typically lacked these actions. Both (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin also bound to cell membranes of MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells (nAR-null, high ZIP9 expression). MDA-MB-468 cells showed similar apoptotic, cAMP, and free zinc signaling responses to (-)-epicatechin to those observed in PC3-ZIP9 cells, as well as antagonism by (+)-catechin of testosterone-induced apoptosis and modulation of cAMP and caspase-3 levels. Moreover, knockdown of ZIP9 expression in MDA-MB-468 cells with siRNA decreased specific [³H]-testosterone binding of both catechins and blocked the apoptotic and free zinc responses to testosterone and (-)-epicatechin. The results indicate (-)-epicatechin is a potent ZIP9 agonist in breast and prostate cancer cells.

Effects of catechin hydrate in benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung toxicity: roles of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage

The major sources for human exposure to Benzo [a] pyrene (B[a]P) are contaminated food, water, and inhalation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. B[a]P is a well-known human genotoxic carcinogen (IARC Group 1). It has a tumorigenic potential in virtually all in vivo experimental animal model systems. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of catechin hydrate (CH) against B [a] P-induced toxicity in the lung of adult albino rats. Thirty-six adult male albino rats (150-200 g) were divided into six groups, three control groups, and three experimental groups: B[a] P-treated group, (CH)-treated group, and B[a] P+(CH)-treated group. At the end of the fourth week of the study, blood samples and lung tissues were obtained for the biochemical and genotoxicity, RT-PCR, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations, respectively. Our results clarified that B[a] P exposure caused a subsequent decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), and conversely (MDA) levels elevated markedly. Also, B[a] P induced DNA damages and activated the apoptotic pathway, presented by upregulated Bax, caspase-3, and downregulated Bcl-2 gens. However, treatment with CH increased antioxidant enzymes as well as regulated apoptosis. Discernible histological changes in the lung also supported the protective effects of CH. These findings suggested that CH is an effective natural product that attenuates Benzo [a] pyrene-induced lung toxicity.

Modulatory effects of catechin hydrate on benzo[a]pyrene-induced nephrotoxicity in adult male albino rats

Benzo [a] pyrene (B[a]P) is a potent mutagen and carcinogen, considered one of the commonest concomitants in the environment. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of catechin hydrate on benzo pyrene-induced kidney toxicity. Thirty-six adult male albino rats were divided into six groups: group I untreated control, group II received 10 mL/kg of corn oil (solvent of benzo [a] pyrene) twice a week, group III received 1 mL/kg 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (solvent of catechin) once per day, group IV received 50 mg/kg body weight of benzo[a]pyrene twice a week, group V received 20 mg/kg body weight of catechin in 1 mL/kg 0.5% DMSO once daily, and group VI received both catechin+benzo [a] pyrene with the same doses. All treatment was given by oral gavage for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical investigations, tissues were obtained for genotoxicity, RT-PCR, and histopathological studies. B[a]P exposure induced an increase in serum urea and creatinine levels along with severe renal histopathological changes. Our results showed a subsequent decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and superoxide dismutase), and conversely, (malondialdehyde) levels markedly elevated. Also, B[a]P induced DNA damage as well as activated an apoptotic pathway confirmed by upregulation of Bax, caspase-3, and downregulation of Bcl-2 expression. However, treatment with catechin-corrected kidney functions and antioxidant enzymes as well as regulated apoptosis. Histological results also supported the protective effects of catechin. These findings suggested that catechin hydrate is an effective natural product that attenuates benzo pyrene-induced kidney toxicity.

Pistachio Green Hull Extract Induces Apoptosis through Multiple Signaling Pathways by Causing Oxidative Stress on Colon Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Pistachio is considered to be one of the fifty foods with the highest antioxidant effect. However, the anticancer effect mechanisms of this plant extracts are unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effect of different extracts from the green hull of pistachio.

METHODS

The cytotoxic effects of different solvent extracts on cancer and normal cells were examined by cell viability assay and flow cytometric analysis. The levels of the apoptotic gene and protein were investigated by Western Blot and ELISA, and qPCR. The intracellular free radical exchange was determined by oxidative and nitric oxide analyses. DNA damage level was measured by the 8-OHdG test. Phenolic and free fatty acid components were examined by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively.

RESULTS

It was determined that the n-hexane fraction showed a higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. Oxidative and cell cycle analyses indicated that the n-hexane fraction arrested cell cycle of HT-29 at the sub-G1 phase by increasing DNA damage through oxidative stress. In addition, gene expression analysis of the HT-29 treated with the n-hexane fraction indicated that apoptotic and autophagic gene expressions were significantly upregulated. LC-MS/MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction revealed the presence of 15 phenolic compounds, containing mainly gallic acid and catechin hydrate, and GC-MS analysis determined the presence of the following fatty acids: 9-octadecenoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid and hexadecenoic acid.

CONCLUSION

Based on these grounds, we suggest that the n-hexane fraction of pistachio green hull damages DNA, arrests the cell cycle at the G₁ subphase, and induces apoptosis through oxidative pathways in colon cancer.

The Application of Supercritical Fluids Technology to Recover Healthy Valuable Compounds from Marine and Agricultural Food Processing By-Products: A Review

Food by-products contain a remarkable source of bioactive molecules with many benefits for humans; therefore, their exploitation can be an excellent opportunity for the food sector. Moreover, the revalorization of these by-products to produce value-added compounds is considered pivotal for sustainable growth based on a circular economy. Traditional extraction technologies have several drawbacks mainly related to the consumption of hazardous organic solvents, and the high temperatures maintained for long extraction periods which cause the degradation of thermolabile compounds as well as a low extraction efficiency of desired compounds. In this context, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been explored as a suitable green technology for the recovery of a broad range of bioactive compounds from different types of agri-food wastes. This review describes the working principle and development of SFE technology to valorize by-products from different origin (marine, fruit, vegetable, nuts, and other plants). In addition, the potential effects of the extracted active substances on human health were also approached.

Artichoke extracts in cancer therapy: do the extraction conditions affect the anticancer activity?

Background

Artichoke is an edible plant that is grown in the Mediterranean region and is known for its antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Different artichoke extraction methods can impressively affect the nature as well as the yield of the extracted components.

Main body

The different methods of artichoke extraction and the influence of the extraction conditions on the extraction efficiency are summarized herein. In addition, cancer causalities and hallmarks together with the molecular mechanisms of artichoke active molecules in cancer treatment are also discussed. Moreover, a short background is given on the common types of cancer that can be treated with artichoke extracts as well as their pathogenesis. A brief discussion of the previous works devoted to the application of artichoke extracts in the treatment of these cancers is also given.

Conclusion

This review article covers the extraction methods, composition, utilization and applications of artichoke extracts in the treatment of different cancers.

Comparison of anticarcinogenic properties of Viburnum opulus and its active compound p-coumaric acid on human colorectal carcinoma

Resistance to therapeutic agents and the highly toxic side effects of synthetic drugs has spurred new research in the treatment of colon cancer, which has high morbidity and mortality ratios. This study aims to clarify the molecular mechanisms of the anticarcinogenic properties of methanol extract of Viburnum opulus L. (EVO)and its main active compound, trans-p -coumaric acid ( p -CA), on human colon cancer cells (DLD-1, HT-29, SW-620, Caco-2) and healthy colon epithelial cells (CCD-18Co). The effects of EVO on controlled cell death (apoptosis) and the cell division cycle were determined by flow cytometry. Alteration in mRNA and protein expressions of switch genes in colorectal carcinoma (APC, MLH1, TP53, SMAD4, KRAS, and BRAF) were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Our results show that EVO possesses a strong reducing capacity and free-radical scavenging activity. HPLC analyses prove that p -CAis the main compound of EVO. EVO and p -CA inhibit the proliferation of human colon cancer cells DLD-1 and HT-29 in a dose-dependent manner. EVO increases apoptosis of DLD-1 cells and halts the cell cycle in the G2 stage in HT-29 cells. mRNA and protein expressions of p53 and SMAD-4 are upregulated, while BRAFs are downregulated. The results were directly proportional to p -CA. EVO and p -CA up- and downregulate switch genes and protein expressions of DLD-1 cells, which alter the expression of 186 other genes. This is the first study of pharmacological exploration of V.opulus in human colon cancer. Its antiproliferative effects may be due to the presence of p -CA.

A Chitosan-PLGA based catechin hydrate nanoparticles used in targeting of lungs and cancer treatment

OBJECTIVE

To prepare a novel Chitosan (CS)-coated-PLGA-NPs of catechin hydrate (CTH) and to improve lungs bioavailability via direct nose to lungs-delivery for the comparative assessment of a pulmokinetics study by the first-time UHPLC-MS/MS developed method in the treatment of lungs cancer via anticancer activities on H1299 lung cancer cells.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

PLGA-NPs was prepared by solvent evaporation (double emulsion) method followed by coated with chitosan (CS) and evaluated based on release and permeation of drug, a comparative pulmokinetics study with their anticancer activities on H1299 lung cancer cells.

RESULTS

The particle size, PDI and ZP of the optimized CAT-PLGA-NPs and CS-CAT-PLGA-NPs were determined 124.64 ± 12.09 nm and 150.81 ± 15.91 nm, 0.163 ± 0.03 and 0.306 ± 0.03, -3.94 ± 0.19 mV and 26.01 ± 1.19 mV respectively. Furthermore, higher entrapment efficiency was observed for CS-CAT PLGA NPs. The release pattern of the CS-CAT-PLGA NPs was found to favor the release of entrapped CAT within the cancer microenvironment. CS-CAT-PLGA-NPs exposed on H1299 cancer cells upto 24.0 h was found to be higher cytotoxic as compared to CAT-solution (CAT-S). CS-CAT-PLGA-NPs showed higher apoptosis of cancer cells after their exposure as compared to CAT-S. CS-CTH-PLGA-NPs showed tremendous mucoadhesive-nature as compared to CTH-S and CS-CTH-PLGA NPs by retention time (RT) of 0.589 min, and m/z of 289.21/109.21 for CTH alongwith RT of 0.613 min and m/z of 301.21/151.21 was found out for IS (internal standard), i.e. Quercetin). Likewise, for 1-1000 ng mL-1 (linear range) of % accuracy (92.01-99.31%) and %CV (inter & intra-day, i.e. 2.14-3.33%) was determined. The improved Cmax with AUC0-24 was observed extremely significant (p < 0.001) via i.n. as compared oral and i.v. in the wistar rat's lungs. The CS-approach was successfully designed and safely delivered CAT to the lungs without causing any risk.

CONCLUSION

CS-CTH-PLGA-NPs were showed a significant role (p < 0.001) for the enhancement of lungs-bioavailability and potentially promising approach to treat lung cancers. CS-CTH-PLGA-NPs did not cause any toxicity, it showed safety and have no obvious toxic-effects on the rat's lungs and does not produce any mortality followed by no abnormal findings in the treated-rats.

Bioactive Compounds and Metabolites from Grapes and Red Wine in Breast Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy

Phytochemicals and their metabolites are not considered essential nutrients in humans, although an increasing number of well-conducted studies are linking their higher intake with a lower incidence of non-communicable diseases, including cancer. This review summarizes the current findings concerning the molecular mechanisms of bioactive compounds from grapes and red wine and their metabolites on breast cancer-the most commonly occurring cancer in women-chemoprevention and treatment. Flavonoid compounds like flavonols, monomeric catechins, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, anthocyanidins and non-flavonoid phenolic compounds, such as resveratrol, as well as their metabolites, are discussed with respect to structure and metabolism/bioavailability. In addition, a broad discussion regarding in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials about the chemoprevention and therapy using these molecules is presented.

Uncovering the mechanism of the effects of Paeoniae Radix Alba on iron-deficiency anaemia through a network pharmacology-based strategy

BACKGROUND

Paeoniae Radix Alba, the root of the plant Paeonia lactiflora Pall, is a common blood-enriching drug in traditional Chinese medicine. Its effectiveness in the clinical treatment of anaemia is remarkable, but its potential pharmacologic mechanism has not been clarified.

METHODS

In this study, the potential pharmacologic mechanism of Paeoniae Radix Alba in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia was preliminarily elucidated through systematic and comprehensive network pharmacology.

RESULTS

Specifically, we obtained 15 candidate active ingredients from among 146 chemical components in Paeoniae Radix Alba. The ingredients were predicted to target 77 genes associated with iron-deficiency anaemia. In-depth analyses of these targets revealed that they were mostly associated with energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and stress responses, suggesting that Paeoniae Radix Alba helps alleviate iron-deficiency anaemia by affecting these processes. In addition, we conducted a core target analysis and a cluster analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The results showed that four pathways, the p53 signalling pathway, the IL-17 signalling pathway, the TNF signalling pathway and the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway in diabetic complications, may be major pathways associated with the ameliorative effects of Paeoniae Radix Alba on iron-deficiency anaemia. Moreover, molecular docking verified the credibility of the network for molecular target prediction.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, this study predicted the functional ingredients in Paeoniae Radix Alba and their targets and uncovered the mechanism of action of this drug, providing new insights for advanced research on Paeoniae Radix Alba and other traditional Chinese medicines.

'Dendrimer-Cationized-Albumin' encrusted polymeric nanoparticle improves BBB penetration and anticancer activity of doxorubicin

Glioblastoma is one of the most rapaciously growing cancer within the brain with an average lifespan of 12-15 months (5-year survival <3-4%). Doxorubicin (DOX) is clinically utilized as a first line drug in the treatment of Glioblastoma, however, its restricted entry into the brain via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), limited blood-tumor barrier (BTB) permeability, hemotoxicity, short mean half-life of 1-3 hr as well as rapid body clearance results in tremendously diminished bioactivity in glioblastoma. Dendrimer-Cationized-Albumin (dCatAlb) was synthesized following the carboxyl activation technique and the synthesized biopolymer was characterized by FTIR, MALDI-TOF and zeta potential. The prepared dCatAlb was encrusted on DOX-loaded PLGA nanoparticle core to develop a novel hybrid DOX nanoformulation (dCatAlb-pDNP; particle size: 156 ± 10.85 nm; ƺ: -10.0 ± 2.1 mV surface charge). The formulated dCatAlb-pDNP showed a unique pH-dependent DOX release profile, diminished hemolytic toxicity, higher drug uptake (<0.001) and cytotoxicity in U87MG glioblastoma cells, increase levels of caspase-3 gene in U87MG cells (approximately 5.35-fold higher) inferred that anticancer activity is primarily taking place through caspase-mediated apoptosis mechanism. The developed novel DOX nanoformulation also showed superior trans-epithelial permeation transport across monolayer bEnd.3 cells as well as notable biocompatibility and stability. The dCatAlb-pDNP showed enhanced BBB permeation efficacy as confirmed permeation assay in bEnd.3 cell-based model. The long-term formulation stability of developed nanoformulations was studied by storing them at 5 ± 2 °C and 30 ± 2 °C/60 ± 5% Relative Humidity (% RH) in the stability chamber for a period of 60 days (ICHQ1A (R2)). The outcomes of this investigation evidently indicate that dCatAlb-pDNP offers superior anticancer activity of DOX in glioblastoma cells while significantly improving its BBB permeation. The developed formulation is a biocompatible, safer and commercially viable approach to delivering DOX selectively in sustained manner glioblastoma while countering its hemolytic toxic effect, which is a major ongoing issue with conventional DOX injectable available in the market today.

Aspirin promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation by blocking G0/G1 into S phase in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes via downregulation of JAK/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathway

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a commonly occurring autoimmune disease. Its defining pathological characteristic is the excessive proliferation of fibroblast‑like synoviocytes (FLS), which is similar to tumor cells and results in a range of clinical problems. As a commonly used antipyretic, analgesic and anti‑inflammatory drug, aspirin is the first‑line treatment for RA. However, its mechanism of action has not been well explained. The goal is to investigate the biological effects of aspirin on primary RA‑FLS and its underlying mechanisms. In this experiment we treated cells with various concentrations of aspirin (0, DMSO, 1, 2, 5, 10 mM). Cell proliferation activity was detected with CCK‑8 assays. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were detected via flow cytometry. Apoptosis and cell cycle‑associated proteins (Bcl‑2, Bax, PRAP1, Cyclin D1, P21), as well as the key proteins and their phosphorylation levels of the NF‑κB and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways, were detected via western blot analysis. Bioinformatics prediction revealed that aspirin was closely associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis, including the p53 and NF‑κB signaling pathways. By stimulating with aspirin, cell viability decreased, while the proportion of apoptotic cells increased, and the number of cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase increased in a dose‑dependent manner. The expression of Bax increased with aspirin stimulation, while the levels of Bcl‑2, PRAP1, Cyclin D1 and P21 decreased; p‑STAT3, p‑P65 and p‑50 levels also decreased while STAT3, P65, P50, p‑P105 and P105 remained unchanged. From our data, it can be concluded that aspirin is able to promote apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of RA‑FLS through blocking the JAK/STAT3 and NF‑κB signaling pathways.

Mechanisms associated to apoptosis of cancer cells by phenolic extracts from two canned common beans varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Two varieties of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Bayo Victoria and Negro 8025, were evaluated to determine the effect on cellular viability and mechanisms involved in apoptosis pathways, using a cellular model with HT-29 cells. Aqueous methanolic (50:50) extracts from cooked beans were analyzed for phenolic composition, identifying greater diversity of phenolic compounds in Bayo Victoria extracts. However, Negro 8025 showed greater phenolic content and cytotoxicity effects at lower media inhibitory concentrations, and greater effectiveness to activate apoptotic pathways. Proteins related to the arrest of cell cycle were modulated by both bean cultivars. Qualitative analysis by HPLC-PAD and HPLC-MS systems of phenolic compounds in common bean extracts showed mainly hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and monomeric flavan-3-ols. Bioactive phenolics such as catechin, kaempferol, and ferulic acid were found in both cultivars as well anticancer phytochemicals such as quercetin, protocatechuic acid, myricetin, naringenin and their derivatives, and procyanidins. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Polyphenols in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars processed by canning display chemoprotective potential as they activate mechanisms involved in apoptosis pathways. Phenolics in common beans modulate 28 proteins related to apoptotic processes. Therefore, a diet including canned beans (particularly darker varieties) might represent health benefits and cancer-preventive effects.

Areca nut extract demonstrated apoptosis-inducing mechanism by increased caspase-3 activities on oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a neoplasm of keratinocyte cells of oral mucosa epithelium that can potentially spread through lymphatic tissue or blood vessel. Although areca nut is one of the plants with a risk of inducing that cancer, areca nut is believed to have high antioxidant properties. Due to the current interest in the apoptosis effects from areca nut for oral cancer treatment, we investigated its ability to induce apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in oral cancer cell lines: HSC-2 and HSC-3. Methods: We examined the effect of areca nut on apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in HSC-2 and HSC-3 cells. Flow cytometry was conducted for the quantification of the cells that were apoptotic and expressing the caspase-3 enzyme for 24 and 48 hours. Results: Areca nut induced a significant increase (p<0.01) in late apoptosis of HSC-2 cells and mostly occurred over 48 hours. The study also found that in HSC-3, there were significant increases (p<0.01) the percentage of cells in early apoptosis after 24 hours and late apoptosis at 48 hours. Caspase-3 activity increased after 24 and 48 hours of areca nut exposure in both cells. Conclusions: The study showed that areca nut could be considered as a potential anticancer agent through its capability in inducing a caspase-dependent apoptosis.

Areca nut extract demonstrated apoptosis-inducing mechanism by increased caspase-3 activities on oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a neoplasm of keratinocyte cells of oral mucosa epithelium that can potentially spread through lymphatic tissue or blood vessel. Although areca nut is one of the plants with a risk of inducing that cancer, areca nut is believed to have high antioxidant properties. Due to the current interest in the apoptosis effects from areca nut for oral cancer treatment, we investigated its ability to induce apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in oral cancer cell lines: HSC-2 and HSC-3. Methods: We examined the effect of areca nut on apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in HSC-2 and HSC-3 cells. Flow cytometry was conducted for the quantification of the cells that were apoptotic and expressing the caspase-3 enzyme for 24 and 48 hours. Results: Areca nut induced a significant increase (p<0.01) in late apoptosis of HSC-2 cells and mostly occurred over 48 hours. The study also found that in HSC-3, there were significant increases (p<0.01) the percentage of cells in early apoptosis after 24 hours and late apoptosis at 48 hours. Caspase-3 activity increased after 24 and 48 hours of areca nut exposure in both cells. Conclusions: The study showed that areca nut could be considered as a potential anticancer agent through its capability in inducing a caspase-dependent apoptosis.

Areca nut extract demonstrated apoptosis-inducing mechanism by increased caspase-3 activities on oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a neoplasm of keratinocyte cells of oral mucosa epithelium that can potentially spread through lymphatic tissue or blood vessel. Although areca nut is one of the plants with risk of inducing that cancer, areca nut is believed to have high antioxidant properties. Due to the current interest in the apoptosis effects from areca nut for oral cancer treatment, we investigated its ability to induce apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in oral cancer cell lines: HSC-2 and HSC-3. Methods: We examined the effect of areca nut on apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in HSC-2 and HSC-3 cells. Flow cytometry was conducted for the quantification of the cells that were apoptotic and expressing the caspase-3 enzyme for 24 and 48 hours. Results: Areca nut induced a significant increase (p<0.01) in late apoptosis of HSC-2 cells and mostly occurred over 48 hours. The study also found that in HSC-3, there were significant increases (p<0.01) the percentage of cells in early apoptosis after 24 hours and late apoptosis at 48 hours. Caspase-3 activity increased after 24 and 48 hours of areca nut exposure in both cells. Conclusions: The study showed that areca nut could be considered as a potential anticancer agent through its capability in inducing a caspase-dependent apoptosis.

Areca nut extract demonstrated apoptosis-inducing mechanism by increased caspase-3 activities on oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a neoplasm of keratinocyte cells of oral mucosa epithelium that can potentially spread through lymphatic tissue or blood vessel. Although areca nut is one of the plants with a risk of inducing that cancer, areca nut is believed to have high antioxidant properties. Due to the current interest in the apoptosis effects from areca nut for oral cancer treatment, we investigated its ability to induce apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in oral cancer cell lines: HSC-2 and HSC-3. Methods: We examined the effect of areca nut on apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in HSC-2 and HSC-3 cells. Flow cytometry was conducted for the quantification of the cells that were apoptotic and expressing the caspase-3 enzyme for 24 and 48 hours. Results: Areca nut induced a significant increase (p<0.01) in late apoptosis of HSC-2 cells and mostly occurred over 48 hours. The study also found that in HSC-3, there were significant increases (p<0.01) the percentage of cells in early apoptosis after 24 hours and late apoptosis at 48 hours. Caspase-3 activity increased after 24 and 48 hours of areca nut exposure in both cells. Conclusions: The study showed that areca nut could be considered as a potential anticancer agent through its capability in inducing a caspase-dependent apoptosis.

Areca nut extract demonstrated apoptosis-inducing mechanism by increased caspase-3 activities on oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a neoplasm of keratinocyte cells of oral mucosa epithelium that can potentially spread through lymphatic tissue or blood vessel. Although areca nut is one of the plants with a risk of inducing that cancer, areca nut is believed to have high antioxidant properties. Due to the current interest in the apoptosis effects from areca nut for oral cancer treatment, we investigated its ability to induce apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in oral cancer cell lines: HSC-2 and HSC-3. Methods: We examined the effect of areca nut on apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in HSC-2 and HSC-3 cells. Flow cytometry was conducted for the quantification of the cells that were apoptotic and expressing the caspase-3 enzyme for 24 and 48 hours. Results: Areca nut induced a significant increase (p<0.01) in late apoptosis of HSC-2 cells and mostly occurred over 48 hours. The study also found that in HSC-3, there were significant increases (p<0.01) the percentage of cells in early apoptosis after 24 hours and late apoptosis at 48 hours. Caspase-3 activity increased after 24 and 48 hours of areca nut exposure in both cells. Conclusions: The study showed that areca nut could be considered as a potential anticancer agent through its capability in inducing a caspase-dependent apoptosis.

Hesperetin induces an apoptosis-triggered extrinsic pathway and a p53- independent pathway in human lung cancer H522 cells

We studied the chemoprevention property of hesperetin on H522 cells using MTT, an apoptosis assay, an analysis of cell cycle progression, and the mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic marker gene expression was determined using quantitative PCR. Hesperetin enhanced apoptotic cell death and mitochondrial membrane potential loss in H522 cells. Hesperetin up-regulated the levels of Fas, FADD, and caspase-8 expression and downregulted the levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9, p53, and Bax expression in H522 cells. This study shows that hesperetin induces apoptosis in H522 cells via a pathway independentof p53 and Bax but triggers the death-receptor Fas-initiated FADD/ caspase-8-dependent apoptotic pathway.

Phenolics extracted from tartary (Fagopyrum tartaricum L. Gaerth) buckwheat bran exhibit antioxidant activity, and an antiproliferative effect on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells through the p38/MAP kinase pathway

Phenolics extracted from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum L. Gaerth) bran were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The bioactivity of the phenolic extracts was evaluated, such as the antioxidant activity, and the inhibition capacity on the growth of cancer cells. The molecular mechanism for the inhibitive effect on cancer cells was explored. Results indicated that tartary buckwheat bran phenolics mainly exist in a free form, and free phenolics were twice as abundant as bound phenolics. Free caffeic acid (119.75 μg per 100 mg DW) and bound rutin (51.66 μg per 100 mg DW) represented the main free and bound phenolic compounds, respectively. The free phenolic extract contributed to the major (>90%) antioxidant activities including the oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). The free phenolic extract exhibited anticancer activity for human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This significant inhibition effect was achieved through the p38/MAP kinase pathway by inducing cell apoptosis (up-regulating p-p38 and p-ASK1 expressions and down-regulating TRAF2 and p-p53 expressions), and negatively regulating the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 to S phase (increased expression of p21 and suppressed expressions of PCNA, cyclin D1 and CDK4). All these results indicated that tartary buckwheat bran could be a rich resource of natural antioxidants and inhibitors for the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells.

Phenolic Compounds as Nutraceuticals or Functional Food Ingredients

BACKGROUND

Nowadays, the functional foods represent one the most promising, interesting and innovative areas in the food industry. Various components are being added to foods in order to render them functional.

METHODS

One example of these components are plant naturally occurring phenolic compounds, which are associated with a high antioxidant capacity and thus with benefits in relation to human health.

RESULTS

However, despite the huge number of scientific studies and patents on this topic and their natural presence in foods, namely in the ones from plant origin, there are still few marketable products enriched with these compounds. The commercialization of this type of functional products needs to go through various regulations, proving that they are safe and present the ascribed health benefits, conquering the target audience. In this review the growing interest of industry and consumers' appetence for functional foods and nutraceuticals is highlighted, focusing especially on phenolic compounds.

CONCLUSION

Although several published works show the multitude of bioactive properties of these compounds, ensuring their use as bioactive ingredients in food, they present inherent stability issues needing to be solved. However, considerable research is presently ongoing to overcome this problem, making viable the development of new products to be launched in the market.

Taxifolin Inhibits 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced Breast Carcinogenesis by Regulating AhR/CYP1A1 Signaling Pathway

Background:

Breast cancer (BC), because of its invasive characteristics, is one of the most common and deadliest cancers among the female population around the world. Research has demonstrated that AhR signaling also plays a vital role in BC initiation and development as well. Therefore, blocking this pathway to natural interferences paves a new channel for the prevention of BC. Several natural compounds such as flavonoids possess the anticancer activities against different cancers.

Objective:

The present study has been designed to estimate the chemotherapeutic potential of taxifolin (TAX) against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Materials and Methods:

Initially, the molecular docking analysis of AhR and cytochrome P450s (CYPs) (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) was performed using MAESTRO tool, in an attempt to rationalize the activity of TAX, based on their CYP1-binding potential. The in vitro CYP1A1 activity was determined by luciferase assay with CYP1A1 substrate luciferin CEE. The in vivo analysis was performed by administrating TAX at 10, 20, 40 mg/kg BW for 28 days intragastrically in DMBA induced (25 mg/animal dose) at 55 days of age Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. BC initiates after 90 days of tumor induction phase. The molecular mechanism of TAX on Ahr and CYPs was also examined through the mRNA and protein expressions using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis.

Results:

Furthermore, TAX altered the energy regulation on DMBA-induced BC in SD rats by considerably restoring the cancer-induced modulations in tumor growth. Our results showed that TAX reduced the expressions of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma by downregulating the AhR signaling pathway.

Conclusion:

This study revealed that TAX might be able to act as a chemotherapeutic agent against CYP1A1- and CYP1B1-mediated cancer and the inhibition of the DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in a rat model.

Abbreviations used: CYPs: Cytochrome P450s; PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; HRP- Horseradish peroxidase; BSA: Bovine serum albumin; DTTP: Deoxythymidine Triphosphate (nucleotide); RT-qPCR: Real Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; CADD: Computer Aided Drug Drafting.

Lecithin–chitosan–TPGS nanoparticles as nanocarriers of (−)-epicatechin enhanced its anticancer activity in breast cancer cells

Natural compounds such as (−)-epicatechin show a variety of biological properties including anticancer activity. Nonetheless, (−)-epicatechin's therapeutic application is limited due to its low water solubility and sensitivity to oxygen and light. Additionally, previous studies have reported that the encapsulation of flavonoids in nanoparticles might generate stable deliverable forms, which improves the availability and solubility of the bioactive compounds. The aims of this study were to generate (−)-epicatechin-loaded lecithin–chitosan nanoparticles (EC-LCT-NPs) by molecular self-assembly and to assess their cytotoxic potential against breast cancer cells. Various parameters were measured to characterize the EC-LCT-NPs including size, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential, morphology and entrapment efficiency. The results showed that the mean particle size of the EC-CLT-NPs was 159 ± 2.23 nm (PdI, 0.189), and the loading and entrapment efficiencies of (−)-epicatechin were 3.42 ± 0.85% and 56.1 ± 3.9%, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of the EC-CLT-NPs was greater than that of free (−)-epicatechin on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436 and SK-Br3). Indeed, EC-LCT-NPs showed an IC₅₀ that was four-fold lower (85 μM) than free (−)-epicatechin (350 μM) and showed selectivity to cancerous cells. This study demonstrated that encapsulating (−)-epicatechin into lecithin–chitosan nanoparticles opens new options for breast cancer treatment.

Natural compounds such as (−)-epicatechin show a variety of biological properties including anticancer activity.

Green Synthesis, Characterization and Uses of Palladium/Platinum Nanoparticles

Biogenic synthesis of palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles from plants and microbes has captured the attention of many researchers because it is economical, sustainable and eco-friendly. Plant and their parts are known to have various kinds of primary and secondary metabolites which reduce the metal salts to metal nanoparticles. Shape, size and stability of Pd and Pt nanoparticles are influenced by pH, temperature, incubation time and concentrations of plant extract and that of the metal salt. Pd and Pt nanoparticles are broadly used as catalyst, as drug, drug carrier and in cancer treatment. They have shown size- and shape-dependent specific and selective therapeutic properties. In this review, we have discussed the biogenic fabrication of Pd/Pt nanoparticles, their potential application as catalyst, medicine, biosensor, medical diagnostic and pharmaceuticals.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted hydroalcoholic extraction of phenolic compounds from walnut leaves using response surface methodology

Context Walnut leaves are highly appreciated for their pharmacological effects and therapeutic properties which are mainly attributed to their high content of phenolic compounds. Objective This study optimizes ultrasound assisted hydroalcoholic extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from dried walnut leaves by the maximization of total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavanoids content (TFC) of the extracts. Materials and methods Optimal conditions with regard to ethanol concentration (X1: 12.17-95.83% v/v), extraction time (X2: 8.17-91.83 min) and liquid-to-solid ratio (X3: 4.96-25.04 v/w) were identified using central composite design combined with response surface methodology. A high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode-array detection was used to quantify phenolic acids (gallic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, salicylic, ellagic and trans-cinnamic), flavonoids (catechin, epicatechin, rutin, myricetin and quercetin) and juglone in the extracts. Results Liquid-to-solid ratio and ethanol concentration proved to be the primary factors affecting the extraction efficiency. The maximum predicted TPC, under the optimized conditions (61% ethanol concentration, 51.28 min extraction time and 4.96 v/w liquid-to-solid ratio) was 10125.4 mg gallic acid equivalents per liter while maximum TFC (2925 mg quercetin equivalents per liter) occurred at 67.83% ethanol concentration, 4.96 v/w liquid-to-solid ratio and 49.37 min extraction time. High significant correlations were found between antioxidant activity and both TPC (R(2 )=( )0.81) and TFC (R(2 )=( )0.78). Discussion and conclusion Extracts very rich in polyphenols could be obtained from walnut leaves by using UAE, aimed at preparing dietary supplements, nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients.

Suppressive Effects of Tea Catechins on Breast Cancer

Tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) is rich in catechins, which endow tea with various health benefits. There are more than ten catechin compounds in tea, among which epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) is the most abundant. Epidemiological studies on the association between tea consumption and the risk of breast cancer were summarized, and the inhibitory effects of tea catechins on breast cancer, with EGCG as a representative compound, were reviewed in the present paper. The controversial results regarding the role of tea in breast cancer and areas for further study were discussed.

Green Tea Catechin Prevents Hypoxia/Reperfusion-Evoked Oxidative Stress-Regulated Autophagy-Activated Apoptosis and Cell Death in Microglial Cells

Defective activation and proliferation in microglial cells has been suggested to be associated with the increase of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We investigated the protection and molecular mechanism of green tea catechin on hypoxia/reperfusion-induced microglial cell injury in vitro. Microglial cells were cultured in hypoxia condition (O2 < 1%) and then re-incubated to the complete normal culture medium (reperfusion). Hypoxia/reperfusion obviously decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in microglial cells, but not in neuronal cells. Catechin significantly inhibited the hypoxia/reperfusion-induced decreased cell viability and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in microglia. The administration of both PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin demonstrated that Akt/mTOR-regulated autophagy was involved in the hypoxia/reperfusion-induced microglia apoptosis/death. Catechin up-regulated the Akt and mTOR phosphorylation and inhibited the hypoxia/reperfusion-induced autophagy in microglia. These results suggest that hypoxia/reperfusion can evoke autophagy-activated microglia apoptosis/death via an ROS-regulated Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which can be reversed by catechin.

Catechin Hydrate Augments the Antibacterial Action of Selected Antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strains

Synergistic effects between commonly used antibiotics and natural substances may be an alternative to conventional antibacterial therapies. The objective of the presented study was to assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of catechin hydrate (CH) and evaluate the interactions of CH with selected antibiotics using Staphylococcus aureus clinical and reference strains. CH displayed diverse activity towards examined S. aureus strains, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 256 to 2048 µg/mL. The interaction between CH and antibiotics was assessed by an E-test. The most significant synergistic effects were noticed for CH in combination with clindamycin and erythromycin. For cefoxitin and vancomycin a decrease of MIC values in the presence of CH was also observed, but it did not reach statistical significance. The obtained results demonstrate that CH shows antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains. What is more, we proved a synergistic effect of CH with erythromycin and clindamycin.