Reduced expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 contributes to apoptosis and angiogenesis in cervical cancer

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2)-an underappreciated partaker in cancer and metastasis

The coagulation system is known to play an important role in cancer development and metastasis, but the precise mechanisms by which it does so remain incompletely understood. With this in mind, we provide an updated overview of the effects of TFPI-2, a protease inhibitor, on cancer development and metastasis. TFPI-2 interacts with the thrombin cascade and also employs other mechanisms to suppress cancer growth and dissemination, which include extracellular matrix stabilization, promotion of caspase-mediated cell apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and transduction of intracellular signals. Down-regulation of TFPI-2 expression is well documented in numerous types of neoplasms, mainly via promoter methylation. However, the exact role of TFPI-2 in cancer progression and possible approaches to up-regulate TFPI-2 expression warrant further studies. Strategies to reactivate TFPI-2 may represent a promising direction for future anticancer studies and therapy development.

Establishment of an ovarian cancer exhausted CD8+T cells-related genes model by integrated analysis of scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq

Ovarian cancer (OC) was the fifth leading cause of cancer death and the deadliest gynecological cancer in women. This was largely attributed to its late diagnosis, high therapeutic resistance, and a dearth of effective treatments. Clinical and preclinical studies have revealed that tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells often lost their effector function, the dysfunctional state of CD8+T cells was known as exhaustion. Our objective was to identify genes associated with exhausted CD8+T cells (CD8TEXGs) and their prognostic significance in OC. We downloaded the RNA-seq and clinical data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. CD8TEXGs were initially identified from single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) datasets, then univariate Cox regression, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox regression were utilized to calculate risk score and to develop the CD8TEXGs risk signature. Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariate Cox regression, multivariate Cox regression, time-dependent receiver operating characteristics (ROC), nomogram, and calibration were conducted to verify and evaluate the risk signature. Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) in the risk groups were used to figure out the closely correlated pathways with the risk group. The role of risk score has been further explored in the homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD), BRAC1/2 gene mutations and tumor mutation burden (TMB). A risk signature with 4 CD8TEXGs in OC was finally built in the TCGA database and further validated in large GEO cohorts. The signature also demonstrated broad applicability across various types of cancer in the pan-cancer analysis. The high-risk score was significantly associated with a worse prognosis and the risk score was proven to be an independent prognostic biomarker. The 1-, 3-, and 5-years ROC values, nomogram, calibration, and comparison with the previously published models confirmed the excellent prediction power of this model. The low-risk group patients tended to exhibit a higher HRD score, BRCA1/2 gene mutation ratio and TMB. The low-risk group patients were more sensitive to Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Our findings of the prognostic value of CD8TEXGs in prognosis and drug response provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms and clinical management of OC.

MicroRNA-409: Molecular functions and clinical applications in cancer

Late diagnosis is one of the main reasons for high mortality rates in cancer patients. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression can improve the cancer diagnosis in the early stages of the tumor progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have important roles in regulation of cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and migration. Since, deregulation of miR-409 has been reported in a wide range of cancers, in the present review, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of miR-409 during tumor progression and invasion. It has been shown that miR-409 functions as a tumor suppressor in different tumor types. MiR-409 can reduce tumor cell proliferation, growth, and migration by regulation of signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, transcription factors, and cellular adhesion. This review can be an effective step in introducing miR-409 as a non-invasive marker in cancer patients.

Investigating autophagy and intricate cellular mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma: Emphasis on cell death mechanism crosstalk

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as a formidable global health challenge due to its prevalence, marked by high mortality and morbidity rates. This cancer type exhibits a multifaceted etiology, prominently linked to viral infections, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and genomic mutations. The inherent heterogeneity of HCC, coupled with its proclivity for developing drug resistance, presents formidable obstacles to effective therapeutic interventions. Autophagy, a fundamental catabolic process, plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, responding to stressors such as nutrient deprivation. In the context of HCC, tumor cells exploit autophagy, either augmenting or impeding its activity, thereby influencing tumorigenesis. This comprehensive review underscores the dualistic role of autophagy in HCC, acting as both a pro-survival and pro-death mechanism, impacting the trajectory of tumorigenesis. The anti-carcinogenic potential of autophagy is evident in its ability to enhance apoptosis and ferroptosis in HCC cells. Pertinently, dysregulated autophagy fosters drug resistance in the carcinogenic context. Both genomic and epigenetic factors can regulate autophagy in HCC progression. Recognizing the paramount importance of autophagy in HCC progression, this review introduces pharmacological compounds capable of modulating autophagy-either inducing or inhibiting it, as promising avenues in HCC therapy.

An investigation of the effect of mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy on demoralization, body image, and sexual function in Iranian women with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is an extremely unpleasant and unbearable experience that can have a profound impact on a person's life. Compared to other types of cancer, breast cancer has a more severe psychological impact on women.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the effect of mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy on demoralization, body image, and sexual function in Iranian women with breast cancer.

METHOD

A sample of 30 women with breast cancer were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The research was conducted in the oncology division of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah by the clinical trial method with a two-group pretest-posttest design and a 2 month follow-up. Participants in the intervention group received Mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy for eight sessions. The intervention was carried out individually in weekly 60 min sessions. While the control group received self-help treatment (through an educational book). A demographic questionnaire, Demoralization Scale (DS-II), Body Image Scale (BIS), and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were used to collect data. For data analysis, means and standard deviations were calculated and repeated measures and the Bonferroni test was conducted using SPSS 26.

RESULTS

The results showed the effectiveness of mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy on demoralization, body image, and sexual function (p < 0.05). Concerning demoralization in the intervention group, the pre-test mean was 16.73 ± 3.33, and it reduced to 11.93 ± 1.49 in the post-test. The body image mean score showed a decreasing trend in the intervention group, from 12.47 ± 1.88 in the pre-test to 8.80 ± 3.21 in the post-test. The mean score for sexual function showed an increasing trend, increasing from 18.06 ± 2.29 in the pre-test to 23.07 ± 0.91 in the post-test. There was no significant difference in the mean score of the post-test compared to the pre-test and follow-up in the control group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

MICBT can be used in conjunction with pharmaceuticals and medical treatments to improve the psychological symptoms of women with breast cancer, according to this study's results. Trial registration (IRCT20160103025817N6). 2022-04-06.

Identification of novel sulfathiazole-triazolo-chalcone hybrids as VEGFR-2/EGFR dual inhibitors with antiangiogenic activity and apoptotic induction

Certain sulfathiazole-triazolo chalcone hybrids were identified as anticancer agents with dual vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitory effect. All of the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 and HepG-2 tumor cell lines. Compounds 11g, 11h, and 11j exhibited the most potent antiproliferative activity against both cancer cell lines, with good safety toward WI-38 normal cells. Thus, they were further assessed for VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity. They have suppressed VEGFR-2 enzyme at IC50 of 0.316, 0.076, and 0.189 µM, respectively in comparison to sorafenib (IC50  = 0.035 µM). EGFR enzyme inhibition was further screened for the most potent inhibitors, 11h and 11j, where they displayed enhanced potency with IC50 of 0.085 and 0.108 µM, respectively, compared to erlotinib (IC50  = 0.037 µM). Compounds 11h and 11j were additionally investigated for inhibition of comparable kinases, PDGFR-β and B-Raf, where results assessed adequate selectivity of both compounds toward the VEGFR-2 and EGFR kinases. Furthermore, the wound healing assay of compound 11h manifested a percent wound closure of 65.18% in MCF-7 cells compared to doxorubicin (58.51%) and untreated cells (97.77%), proving its antiangiogenic activity. The cell cycle assay of MCF-7 cells treated with 11h demonstrated cell cycle arrest at the S phase. Moreover, compound 11h induced apoptosis with a 44-fold increase compared to that induced in the control MCF-7 cells. Molecular docking results of compounds 11h and 11j established their efficacies, and in silico studies showed convenient safety profiles with drug-likeness properties.

Nanotherapeutic approaches for delivery of long non-coding RNAs: an updated review with emphasis on cancer

The long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) comprise a wide range of RNA species whose length exceeds 200 nucleotides, which regulate the expression of genes and cellular functions in a wide range of organisms. Several diseases, including malignancy, have been associated with lncRNA dysregulation. Due to their functions in cancer development and progression, lncRNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Several studies have investigated the anti-cancer properties of lncRNAs; however, only a few lncRNAs have been found to exhibit tumor suppressor properties. Furthermore, their length and poor stability make them difficult to synthesize. Thus, to overcome the instability of lncRNAs, poor specificity, and their off-target effects, researchers have constructed nanocarriers that encapsulate lncRNAs. Recently, translational medicine research has focused on delivering lncRNAs into tumor cells, including cancer cells, through nano-drug delivery systems in vivo. The developed nanocarriers can protect, target, and release lncRNAs under controlled conditions without appreciable adverse effects. To deliver lncRNAs to cancer cells, various nanocarriers, such as exosomes, microbubbles, polymer nanoparticles, 1,2-dioleyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane chloride nanocarriers, and virus-like particles, have been successfully developed. Despite this, every nanocarrier has its own advantages and disadvantages when it comes to delivering nucleic acids effectively and safely. This article examines the current status of nanocarriers for lncRNA delivery in cancer therapy, focusing on their potential to enhance cancer treatment.

A semi-supervised approach for the integration of multi-omics data based on transformer multi-head self-attention mechanism and graph convolutional networks

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data is crucial for accurately formulating effective treatment plans for complex diseases. Supervised ensemble methods have gained popularity in recent years for multi-omics data analysis. However, existing research based on supervised learning algorithms often fails to fully harness the information from unlabeled nodes and overlooks the latent features within and among different omics, as well as the various associations among features. Here, we present a novel multi-omics integrative method MOSEGCN, based on the Transformer multi-head self-attention mechanism and Graph Convolutional Networks(GCN), with the aim of enhancing the accuracy of complex disease classification. MOSEGCN first employs the Transformer multi-head self-attention mechanism and Similarity Network Fusion (SNF) to separately learn the inherent correlations of latent features within and among different omics, constructing a comprehensive view of diseases. Subsequently, it feeds the learned crucial information into a self-ensembling Graph Convolutional Network (SEGCN) built upon semi-supervised learning methods for training and testing, facilitating a better analysis and utilization of information from multi-omics data to achieve precise classification of disease subtypes.

RESULTS

The experimental results show that MOSEGCN outperforms several state-of-the-art multi-omics integrative analysis approaches on three types of omics data: mRNA expression data, microRNA expression data, and DNA methylation data, with accuracy rates of 83.0% for Alzheimer's disease and 86.7% for breast cancer subtyping. Furthermore, MOSEGCN exhibits strong generalizability on the GBM dataset, enabling the identification of important biomarkers for related diseases.

CONCLUSION

MOSEGCN explores the significant relationship information among different omics and within each omics' latent features, effectively leveraging labeled and unlabeled information to further enhance the accuracy of complex disease classification. It also provides a promising approach for identifying reliable biomarkers, paving the way for personalized medicine.

Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine for interstitial lung disease

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a chronic lung dysfunction disease with a poor prognosis and poor recovery. The clinically used therapeutic drugs, such as glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, have no significant therapeutic effect and are accompanied with severe side effects. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in exploring and applying natural herb components for treating ILD. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) possesses innate, non-toxic characteristics and offers advantages in preventing and treating pulmonary ailments. However, a comprehensive study of TCM on ILD therapy has not yet been reviewed.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the monomer components, total extracts, and prescriptions of TCM for ILD therapy, elucidating their molecular mechanisms to serve as a reference in treating ILD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The literature information was searched in the PubMed, Web of Science databases. The search keywords included 'interstitial lung disease', 'lung fibrosis' or 'pulmonary fibrosis', and 'traditional Chinese medicine', 'traditional herbal medicine', or 'herb medicine'.

RESULTS

The active components of single herbs, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and quinones, have potential therapeutic effects on ILD. The active extracts and prescriptions were also summarized and analyzed. The herbs, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Gancao), Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. Bunge. (Huangqi) and Angelicasinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Danggui), play significant roles in the treatment of ILD. The mechanisms involve the inhibition of inflammatory factor release, anti-oxidative injury, and interference with collagen production, etc. CONCLUSION: This review examines the therapeutic potential of TCM for ILD and elucidates its molecular mechanisms, demonstrating that mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, modulating the immune system, and promoting tissue repair are efficacious strategies for ILD therapy. The depth research will yield both theoretical and practical implications.

RHBDD1 Promotes the Growth and Stemness Characteristics of Gastric Cancer Cells by Activating Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway

BACKGROUNDS

Gastric cancer (GC) is threatening public health, with at least one million new cases reported each year. Rhomboid domain-containing protein 1 (RHBDD1) has been identified to regulate the proliferation, migration, and metastasis of cancer cells. However, the role of RHBDD1 in GC has not been elucidated.

OBJECTS

This study aimed to investigate the role of RHBDD1 on the growth, metastasis, and stemness characteristics of GC.

METHODS

RHBDD1 expression was analyzed from the TCGA databank. qRT-PCR was conducted to evaluate the transcription level of RHBDD1. Western blots were used to evaluate the protein expression of RHBDD1, CD133, CD44, Nanog, β-catenin and c-myc. Colony formation assay and transwell assay were conducted to evaluate the growth and metastasis of NCI-N87 cells, respectively. Sphere-forming assay was performed to study the stemness characteristics. The nude mice xenotransplantation model and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to evaluate the growth of GC in vivo. Results: RHBDD1 expression is elevated in GC cells and clinical tissues. RHBDD1 expression is positively associated with cell proliferation and metastasis of GC cells. RHBDD1 knockdown suppresses the expression of CD133, CD44 and Nanog and attenuates sphere-forming ability. RHBDD1 activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via promoting the expression of β-catenin / c-myc and inducing β-catenin translocation into nuclear. RHBDD1 knockdown inhibits the growth of GC in nude mice xenotransplantation model.

CONCLUSION

RHBDD1 is highly expressed in GC, and its knockdown inhibits the growth, metastasis and stemness characteristics of GC cells through activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, suggesting that RHBDD1 has the potential to be a novel therapeutic target for GC treatment.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 in Endometrial Clear Cell Carcinoma: A Single-center Retrospective Study

The tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI2) was recently identified as a diagnostic serum marker for ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Moreover, the immunohistochemical expression of TFPI2 in ovarian clear cell carcinoma was recently reported. This single-center retrospective study aimed to evaluate whether TFPI2 can be a specific biomarker for immunohistological diagnosis of endometrial clear cell carcinoma (ECCC). Immunohistochemical staining of TFPI2 in 55 endometrial carcinomas was evaluated at Nara Medical University Hospital. Thirteen ECCC samples were included as cases and 42 samples were included as a control (endometrioid carcinoma grade 1, 11 cases; grade 2, 11 cases; grade 3, 10 cases; serous carcinoma, 10 cases). The mean ± SD TFPI2 histoscore for diagnosing ECCC was 115.4 ± 87.9, which was significantly higher than that of non-ECCC (21.3 ± 45.9, P = 0.002). The best TFPI2 histoscore value obtained from the analyses of receiver operating characteristic curves for immunohistochemical diagnosis of ECCC was 15. With TFPI2 histoscores ≥15.0 as positive and <15.0 as negative, all 13 ECCC cases (100%) were positive for TFPI2, whereas 11 (26.2%) non-ECCC cases were positive for TFPI2. The sensitivity and specificity of TFPI2 for diagnosing ECCC were 100% and 73.8%, respectively. TFPI2 is expressed in ECCC and is useful for histopathological diagnosis.

Targeting epigenetic deregulations for the management of esophageal carcinoma: recent advances and emerging approaches

Ranking from seventh in incidence to sixth in mortality, esophageal carcinoma is considered a severe malignancy of food pipe. Later-stage diagnosis, drug resistance, and a high mortality rate contribute to its lethality. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma are the two main histological subtypes of esophageal carcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma alone accounting for more than eighty percent of its cases. While genetic anomalies are well known in esophageal cancer, accountability of epigenetic deregulations is also being explored for the recent two decades. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and functional non-coding RNAs are the crucial epigenetic players involved in the modulation of different malignancies, including esophageal carcinoma. Targeting these epigenetic aberrations will provide new insights into the development of biomarker tools for risk stratification, early diagnosis, and effective therapeutic intervention. This review discusses different epigenetic alterations, emphasizing the most significant developments in esophageal cancer epigenetics and their potential implication for the detection, prognosis, and treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Further, the preclinical and clinical status of various epigenetic drugs has also been reviewed.

Recent advances on high-efficiency of microRNAs in different types of lung cancer: a comprehensive review

Carcinoma of the lung is among the most common types of cancer globally. Concerning its histology, it is categorized as a non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) and a small cell cancer (SCLC) subtype. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a member of non-coding RNA whose nucleotides range from 19 to 25. They are known to be critical regulators of cancer via epigenetic control of oncogenes expression and by regulating tumor suppressor genes. miRNAs have an essential function in a tumorous microenvironment via modulating cancer cell growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, metabolism, and apoptosis. Moreover, a wide range of information produced via several investigations indicates their tumor-suppressing, oncogenic, diagnostic assessment, and predictive marker functions in different types of lung malignancy. miRNA mimics or anti-miRNAs can be transferred into a lung cancer cell, with possible curative implications. As a result, miRNAs hold promise as targets for lung cancer treatment and detection. In this study, we investigate the different functions of various miRNAs in different types of lung malignancy, which have been achieved in recent years that show the lung cancer-associated regulation of miRNAs expression, concerning their function in lung cancer beginning, development, and resistance to chemotherapy, also the probability to utilize miRNAs as predictive biomarkers for therapy reaction.

miRNA-559 and MTDH as possible diagnostic markers of psoriasis: Role of PTEN/AKT/FOXO pathway in disease pathogenesis

Psoriasis is a persistent, inflammatory, autoimmune skin disorder which can be elicited by genetic and environmental factors. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) that are abnormally expressed in psoriasis have emerged as an interesting candidate in psoriasis pathogenesis. However, the expression profile and function of miRNA-559, and its direct target metadherin (MTDH), in psoriasis need to be further illuminated. This study intended to assess miRNA-559 and MTDH levels in skin and sera of psoriatic patients and to investigate their clinical significance in an attempt for developing novel distinct tools for early diagnosis of psoriasis. Moreover, this study aimed at exploring participation of miRNA-559 in regulating MTDH/PTEN/AKT pathway in psoriasis. Expression levels of miRNA-559, AKT, FOXO1 and PTEN were measured by real-time qRT-PCR, whereas MTDH and p27 levels were assessed by ELISA in lesional, non-lesional tissues and serum of 20 psoriatic patients and 20 matching controls. Correlation study was conducted between different parameters. The diagnostic performance of miRNA-559 and MTDH in psoriasis was estimated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Expression of miRNA-559 in psoriatic patients was significantly downregulated in both lesional tissues and serum as compared to controls. Conversely, MTDH protein level showed significant increase in both tissues and serum of psoriatic patients and was inversely correlated with miRNA-559 level. Meanwhile, levels of PTEN, AKT and FOXO1 were dramatically changed in psoriatic patients compared to controls. Furthermore, serum miRNA-559 and MTDH displayed comparable diagnostic accuracy in discriminating psoriatic patients from controls. Yet, miRNA-559 demonstrated superior diagnostic performance than MTDH in psoriasis diagnosis. Together, the current findings provide the first suggestion of a new mechanism by which downregulation of miRNA-559 might induce proliferation in psoriasis through modulating PTEN/AKT/FOXO1 pathway by positive regulation of MTDH. Thus, miRNA-559 and MTDH might be proposed as promising diagnostic biomarkers of psoriasis.

The role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 in the coagulation and fibrinolysis system

AIM

Tissue factor (TF), the primary initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, contributes to the generation of a hypercoagulable and prothrombotic state in cancer patients. TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a major inhibitor of TF-mediated coagulation pathway. The two proteins, TFPI1 and TFPI2, are encoded by separate genes. Indeed, various cancer patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) had significantly lower TFPI1 levels than those without VTE. In contrast, serum TFPI2 level was found to increase in ovarian cancer patients with VTE. It remains unclear why TFPI2, unlike TFPI1, is elevated in ovarian cancer patients with VTE. The aim of this review is to explore the pathophysiological role of TFPI2 on the coagulation and fibrinolysis system.

METHODS

A literature search was performed from inception to April 30, 2022 in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

RESULTS

TFPI1 and TFPI2 are homologs with different protease inhibitory activities in the coagulation and fibrinolysis system. TFPI1 inhibits TF/factor VIIa (FVIIa) catalyzed factor X (FX) activation. On the other hand, TFPI2 is unlikely to affect TF-initiated thrombin generation, but it has strong inhibitory activity against plasmin. Plasmin is involved in fibrin degradation, clot lysis, and inactivation of several coagulation factors (such as FV, FVIII, FIX, and FX). TFPI2 may increase the risk of VTE by inhibiting plasmin-dependent fibrinolysis.

CONCLUSION

TFPI1 and TFPI2 may have different key functions in regulating the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems.

Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitors as Potential Targets for Understanding the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that causes maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Preeclampsia is associated with complex abnormalities of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. Tissue factor (TF) is involved in the hemostatic system during pregnancy, while the Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) is a major physiological inhibitor of the TF-initiated coagulation cascade. The imbalance in hemostatic mechanisms may lead to a hypercoagulable state, but prior research has not comprehensively investigated the roles of TFPI1 and TFPI2 in preeclamptic patients. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the biological functions of TFPI1 and TFPI2 and discuss future directions in preeclampsia research.

METHODS

A literature search was performed from inception to 30 June 2022 in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

RESULTS

TFPI1 and TFPI2 are homologues with different protease inhibitory activities in the coagulation and fibrinolysis system. TFPI1 is an essential physiological inhibitor of the TF-initiated extrinsic pathway of coagulation. On the other hand, TFPI2 inhibits plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis and exerts antifibrinolytic activity. It also inhibits plasmin-mediated inactivation of clotting factors and maintains a hypercoagulable state. Furthermore, in contrast to TFPI1, TFPI2 suppresses trophoblast cell proliferation and invasion and promotes cell apoptosis. TFPI1 and TFPI2 may play important roles in regulating the coagulation and fibrinolytic system and trophoblast invasion to establish and maintain successful pregnancies. Concentrations of TF, TFPI1, and TFPI2 in maternal blood and placental tissue are significantly altered in preeclamptic women compared to normal pregnancies.

CONCLUSIONS

TFPI protein family may affect both the anticoagulant (i.e., TFPI1) and antifibrinolytic/procoagulant (i.e., TFPI2) systems. TFPI1 and TFPI2 may function as new predictive biomarkers for preeclampsia and navigate precision therapy.

RNA N6-methyladenosine modification in regulating cancer stem cells and tumor immune microenvironment and its implication for cancer therapy

Therapy resistance is a well-known phenomenon in cancer treatment. It can be intrinsic or acquired, accountable for frequent tumor relapse and death worldwide. The interplay between cancer cells and their neighboring environment can activate complex signaling mechanisms influencing epigenetic changes and maintain cancer cell survival leading to the malignant phenotype. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor-initiating cells (TICs) and constitute the primary source of drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Studies have shown that cancer cells exhibit dysregulated RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) "writers," "erasers," and "readers" levels after acquiring drug resistance. The present review provides novel insight into the role of m6A modifiers involved in CSC generation, cancer cell proliferation, and therapy resistance. m6A RNA modifications in the cross-talk between CSC and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) have also been highlighted. Further, we have discussed the therapeutic potential of targeting m6A machinery for cancer diagnosis and the development of new therapies for cancer treatment.

Engineering of inhalable nano-in-microparticles for co-delivery of small molecules and miRNAs

In this study, novel Trojan particles were engineered for direct delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and miR-34a as model drugs to the lungs to raise local drug concentration, decrease pulmonary clearance, increase lung drug deposition, reduce systemic side effects, and overcome multi-drug resistance. For this purpose, targeted polyelectrolyte nanoparticles (tPENs) developed with layer-by-layer polymers (i.e., chitosan, dextran sulfate, and mannose-g-polyethyleneimine) were spray dried into a multiple-excipient (i.e., chitosan, leucine, and mannitol). The resulting nanoparticles were first characterized in terms of size, morphology, in vitro DOX release, cellular internalization, and in vitro cytotoxicity. tPENs showed comparable cellular uptake levels to PENs in A549 cells and no significant cytotoxicity on their metabolic activity. Co-loaded DOX/miR-34a showed a greater cytotoxicity effect than DOX-loaded tPENs and free drugs, which was confirmed by Actin staining. Thereafter, nano-in-microparticles were studied through size, morphology, aerosolization efficiency, residual moisture content, and in vitro DOX release. It was demonstrated that tPENs were successfully incorporated into microspheres with adequate emitted dose and fine particle fraction but low mass median aerodynamic diameter for deposition into the deep lung. The dry powder formulations also demonstrated a sustained DOX release at both pH values of 6.8 and 7.4.

Propofol Inhibits Ferroptotic Cell Death Through the Nrf2/Gpx4 Signaling Pathway in the Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ferroptosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of iron and lipid peroxides, which are involved in ischemia, reperfusion-induced organ injury, and stroke. Propofol, an anesthetic agent, has neuroprotective effects due to its potent antioxidant, anti-ischemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the relationship between propofol and ferroptosis is still unclear. In the current study, we elucidated the role of ferroptosis in the neuroprotective effect of propofol in mouse brains subjected to cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI). Ferroptosis was confirmed by Western blotting assays, transmission electron microscopy, and glutathione assays. Propofol regulated Nrf2/Gpx4 signaling, enhanced antioxidant potential, inhibited the accumulation of lipid peroxides in CIRI-affected neurons, and significantly reversed CIRI-induced ferroptosis. Additionally, Gpx4 inhibitor RSL3 and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 attenuated the effects of propofol on antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis in CIRI-affected neurons. Our data support a protective role of propofol against ferroptosis as a cause of cell death in mice with CIRI. Propofol protected against CIRI-induced ferroptosis partly by regulating the Nrf2/Gpx4 signaling pathway. These findings may contribute to the development of future therapies targeting ferroptosis induced by CIRI.

The crosstalk between intestinal bacterial microbiota and immune cells in colorectal cancer progression

Different types of cells that are involved in tumor immunity play a significant part in antitumor therapy. The intestinal microbiota consist of the trillions of diverse microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, much emphasis has been paid to the link between these symbionts and colorectal cancer (CRC). This association might be anything from oncogenesis and cancer development to resistance or susceptibility to chemotherapeutic medicines. Cancer patients have a significantly different microbial composition in their guts compared to healthy persons. The microbiome may play a role in the development and development of cancer through the modulation of tumor immunosurveillance, as shown by these studies; however, the specific processes underlying this role are still poorly understood. This review focuses on the relationship between the intestinal bacterial microbiota and immune cells to determine how the commensal microbiome influences the initiation and development of CRC.

Mechanism and function of miR-140 in human cancers: A review and in silico study

MicroRNA-140 (miR-140) acts as a tumor suppressor and plays a vital role in cell biological functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The expression of this miRNA has been shown to be considerably decreased in cancer tissues and cell lines compared with normal adjacent tissues. Consequently, aberrant expression of some miR-140 target genes can lead to the initiation and progression of various human cancers, such as breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. The dysregulation of the miR-140 network also affects cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis of cancer cells by affecting various signaling pathways. Besides, up-regulation of miR-140 could enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in different cancer. We aimed to cover most aspects of miR-140 function in cancer development and address its importance in different stages of cancer progression.

Using genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors to interrogate ovarian cancer metabolism

BACKGROUND

Epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and patients present with significant metastatic burden, particularly to the adipose-rich microenvironment of the omentum. Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of metabolic adaptations in enabling this metastasis, leading to significant interest in evolving the arsenal of tools used to study OC metabolism. In this study, we demonstrate the capability of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors to study OC, with a focus on 3D organoid models that better recapitulate in vivo tumor microenvironments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plasmids encoding the metabolic biosensors HyPer, iNap, Peredox, and Perceval were transfected into 15 ovarian cancer cell lines to assay oxidative stress, NADPH/NADP+, NADH/NAD+, and ATP/ADP, respectively. Fluorescence readings were used to assay dynamic metabolic responses to omental conditioned media (OCM) and 100 μM carboplatin treatment. SKOV3 cells expressing HyPer were imaged as 2D monolayers, 3D organoids, and as in vivo metastases via an intravital omental window. We further established organoids from ascites collected from Stage III/IV OC patients with carboplatin-resistant or carboplatin-sensitive tumors (n = 8 total). These patient-derived organoids (PDOs) were engineered to express HyPer, and metabolic readings of oxidative stress were performed during treatment with 100 μM carboplatin.

RESULTS

Exposure to OCM or carboplatin induced heterogenous metabolic changes in 15 OC cell lines, as measured using metabolic sensors. Oxidative stress of in vivo omental metastases, measured via intravital imaging of metastasizing SKOV3-HyPer cells, was more closely recapitulated by SKOV3-HyPer organoids than by 2D monolayers. Finally, carboplatin treatment of HyPer-expressing PDOs induced higher oxidative stress in organoids derived from carboplatin-resistant patients than from those derived from carboplatin-sensitive patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that biosensors provide a useful method of studying dynamic metabolic changes in preclinical models of OC, including 3D organoids and intravital imaging. As 3D models of OC continue to evolve, the repertoire of biosensors will likely serve as valuable tools to probe the metabolic changes of clinical importance in OC.

Effects of microbiota on anticancer drugs: Current knowledge and potential applications

Over the last decade, mounting evidence has revealed the key roles of gut microbiota in modulating the efficacy and toxicity of anticancer drugs, via mechanisms such as immunomodulation and microbial enzymatic degradation. As such, human microbiota presents as an exciting prospect for developing biomarkers for predicting treatment outcomes and interventional approaches for improving therapeutic effects. In this review, we analyze the current knowledge of the interplays among gut microorganisms, host responses and anticancer therapies (including cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy), with an emphasis on the immunomodulation function of microbiota which facilitates the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, we propose several microbiota-modulating strategies including fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics, which can be pursued to optimize the use and development of anticancer treatments. We anticipate that future clinical and preclinical studies will highlight the significance of human microbiome as a promising target towards precision medicine in cancer therapies.

Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFA0907800), Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program (KQTD20200820145822023) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (31900056 and 32000096).

Neutrophil Transcriptional Deregulation by the Periodontal Pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum in Gastric Cancer: A Bioinformatic Study

Background

Infection with the periodontal pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) has been associated with gastric cancer. The present study is aimed at uncovering the putative biological mechanisms underlying effects of F. nucleatum–mediated neutrophil transcriptional deregulation in gastric cancer.

Materials and Methods

A gene expression dataset pertaining to F. nucleatum-infected human neutrophils was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the GEO2R tool. Candidate genes associated with gastric cancer were sourced from the “Candidate Cancer Gene Database” (CCGD). Overlapping genes among these were identified as link genes. Functional profiling of the link genes was performed using “g:Profiler” tool to identify enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms, pathways, miRNAs, transcription factors, and human phenotype ontology terms. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for the link genes using the “STRING” tool, hub nodes were identified as key candidate genes, and functionally enriched terms were determined.

Results

The gene expression dataset GEO20151 was downloaded, and 589 DEGs were identified through differential analysis. 886 candidate gastric cancer genes were identified in the CGGD database. Among these, 36 overlapping genes were identified as the link genes. Enriched GO terms included molecular function “enzyme building,” biological process “protein folding,'” cellular components related to membrane-bound organelles, transcription factors ER71 and Sp1, miRNAs miR580 and miR155, and several human phenotype ontology terms including squamous epithelium of esophagus. The PPI network contained 36 nodes and 53 edges, where the top nodes included PH4 and CANX, and functional terms related to intracellular membrane trafficking were enriched.

Conclusion

F nucleatum-induced neutrophil transcriptional activation may be implicated in gastric cancer via several candidate genes including DNAJB1, EHD1, IER2, CANX, and PH4B. Functional analysis revealed membrane-bound organelle dysfunction, intracellular trafficking, transcription factors ER71 and Sp1, and miRNAs miR580 and miR155 as other candidate mechanisms, which should be investigated in experimental studies.

Cell-free plasma microRNAs that identify patients with glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is still one of the most commonly diagnosed advanced stage primary brain tumors. Current treatments for patients with primary GBM (pGBM) are often not effective and a significant proportion of the patients with pGBM recur. The effective treatment options for recurrent GBM (rGBM) are limited and survival outcomes are poor. This retrospective multicenter pilot study aims to determine potential cell-free microRNAs (cfmiRs) that identify patients with pGBM and rGBM tumors. 2,083 miRs were assessed using the HTG miRNA whole transcriptome assay (WTA). CfmiRs detection was compared in pre-operative plasma samples from patients with pGBM (n = 32) and rGBM (n = 13) to control plasma samples from normal healthy donors (n = 73). 265 cfmiRs were found differentially expressed in plasma samples from pGBM patients compared to normal healthy donors (FDR < 0.05). Of those 193 miRs were also detected in pGBM tumor tissues (n = 15). Additionally, we found 179 cfmiRs differentially expressed in rGBM, of which 68 cfmiRs were commonly differentially expressed in pGBM. Using Random Forest algorithm, specific cfmiR classifiers were found in the plasma of pGBM, rGBM, and both pGBM and rGBM combined. Two common cfmiR classifiers, miR-3180-3p and miR-5739, were found in all the comparisons. In receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis for rGBM miR-3180-3p showed a specificity of 87.7% and a sensitivity of 100% (AUC = 98.5%); while miR-5739 had a specificity of 79.5% and sensitivity of 92.3% (AUC = 90.2%). This study demonstrated that plasma samples from pGBM and rGBM patients have specific miR signatures. CfmiR-3180-3p and cfmiR-5739 have potential utility in diagnosing patients with pGBM and rGBM tumors using a minimally invasive blood assay.

Enhanced synergistic antitumor effect of a DNA vaccine with anticancer cytokine, MDA-7/IL-24, and immune checkpoint blockade

Background

MDA-7/IL-24 cytokine has shown potent antitumor properties in various types of cancer without exerting any significant toxicity on healthy cells. It has also been proved to encompass pro-immune Th1 cytokine-like behavior. Several E7 DNA vaccines have developed against human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical cancer. However, the restricted immunogenicity has limited their clinical applications individually. To address this deficiency, we investigated whether combining the E7 DNA vaccine with MDA-7/IL-24 as an adjuvant would elicit efficient antitumor responses in tumor-bearing mouse models. Next, we evaluated how suppression of immunosuppressive IL-10 cytokine would enhance the outcome of our candidate adjuvant vaccine.

Methods

For this purpose, tumor-bearing mice received either E7 DNA vaccine, MDA-7/IL-24 cytokine or combination of E7 vaccine with MDA-7/IL-24 adjuvant one week after tumor challenge and boosted two times with one-week interval. IL-10 blockade was performed by injection of anti-IL-10 mAb before each immunization. One week after the last immunization, mice were sacrificed and the treatment efficacy was evaluated through immunological and immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, the condition of tumors was monitored every two days for six weeks intervals from week 2 on, and the tumor volume was measured and compared within different groups.

Results

A highly significant synergistic relationship was observed between the E7 DNA vaccine and the MDA-7/IL-24 cytokine against HPV-16+ cervical cancer models. An increase in proliferation of lymphocytes, cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells, the level of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and IL-4, the level of apoptotic markers (TRAIL and caspase-9), and a decrease in the level of immunosuppressive IL-10 cytokine, together with the control of tumor growth and the induction of tumor regression, all prove the efficacy of adjuvant E7&IL-24 vaccine when compared to their individual administration. Surprisingly, vaccination with the DNA E7&IL-24 significantly reduced the population of Regulatory T cells (Treg) in the spleen of immunized mice compared to sole administration and control groups. Moreover, IL-10 blockade enhanced the effect of the co-administration by eliciting higher levels of IFN-γ and caspase-9, reducing Il-10 secretion and provoking the regression of tumor size.

Conclusion

The synergy between the E7 DNA vaccine and MDA-7/IL-24 suggests that DNA vaccines’ low immunogenicity can be effectively addressed by coupling them with an immunoregulatory agent. Moreover, IL-10 blockade can be considered a complementary treatment to improve the outcome of conventional or novel cancer therapies.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01842-x.

The role of NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 histone methyltransferases in solid tumors

NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 constitute the nuclear receptor-binding SET Domain (NSD) family of histone 3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methyltransferases. These structurally similar enzymes mono- and di-methylate H3K36, which contribute to the maintenance of chromatin integrity and regulate the expression of genes that control cell division, apoptosis, DNA repair, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Aberrant expression or mutation of members of the NSD family is associated with developmental defects and the occurrence of some types of cancer. In this review, we discuss the effect of alterations in NSDs on cancer patient's prognosis and response to treatment. We summarize the current understanding of the biological functions of NSD proteins, focusing on their activities and the role in the formation and progression in solid tumors biology, as well as how it depends on tumor etiologies. This review also discusses ongoing efforts to develop NSD inhibitors as a promising new class of cancer therapeutic agents.

Emerging Concepts on the Role of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Cargo Contents in Glioblastoma-Microglial Crosstalk

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common, highly aggressive malignant brain tumor which is marked by highest inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Despite, immunotherapy, and combination therapies developed; the clinical trials often result into large number of failures. Often cancer cells are known to communicate with surrounding cells in tumor microenvironment (TME). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) consisting of diverse cargo mediates this intercellular communication and is believed to modulate the immune function against GBM. Tumor-associated microglia (TAM), though being the resident innate immune cell of CNS, is known to attain pro-tumorigenic M2 phenotype, and this immunomodulation is aided by extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of oncogenic, immunomodulatory molecules. Besides, oncogenic proteins, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are believed to carry oncogenic potential, and therefore, understanding the mechanism leading to microglial dysregulation mediated by GBM-derived extracellular vesicle (GDEV) lncRNAs becomes crucial. This review focuses on current understanding of role of GDEV and lncRNA in microglial dysfunction and its potential as a therapeutic target.

MBD3 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis through negative regulation of tumour suppressor TFPI2

Background

The mechanism of recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is complex and challenging. Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3 (MBD3) is a key epigenetic regulator involved in the progression and metastasis of several cancers, but its role in HCC remains unknown.

Methods

MBD3 expression in HCC was detected by immunohistochemistry and its association with clinicopathological features and patient’s survival was analysed. The effects of MBD3 on hepatoma cells growth and metastasis were investigated, and the mechanism was explored.

Results

MBD3 is significantly highly expressed in HCC, associated with the advanced tumour stage and poor prognosis in HCC patients. MBD3 promotes the growth, angiogenesis and metastasis of HCC cells by inhibiting the tumour suppressor tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI2). Mechanistically, MBD3 can inhibit the TFPI2 transcription via the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex-mediated deacetylation, thus reactivating the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, leading to the progression and metastasis of HCC

Conclusions

Our results unravel the novel regulatory function of MBD3 in the progression and metastasis of HCC and identify MBD3 as an independent unfavourable prognostic factor for HCC patients, suggesting its potential as a promising therapeutic target as well.

Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve TGF-β, α-SMA and Collagen on Erectile Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Background

A Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the well-known comorbidities in males with diabetes mellitus (DM), whose pathogenesis might be induced by dysregulation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells. UC-MSCs are multipotent cells that attract considerable interest due to immunoregulatory properties and might be a potential strategy to regulate and recover the functional cells and tissues, including tissue improvement in DMED.

Objective

This study aims to determine the efficacy of UC-MSCs in improving the erectile function of DMED rats through analyzing the expression of TGF-β, α-SMA, and collagen.

Methods

Total number of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 to 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups (negative control group, positive control group, T1 group, and T2 group). After 16 h fast, 24 rats were randomly selected and intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin to induce DM. At 8 weeks after STZ injection, rats with DMED were identified by unresponsive erectile stimulation within 30 min. PC group received 500 μL; T1 rats treated with 500 μL PBS containing 1x106 UC-MSCs; T2 rats treated with 500 μL PBS containing 3x106 UC-MSCs. After MSCs treatment, the rats were sacrificed and the corpus cavernosum tissues were prepared for histological observations.

Results

This study resulted in the administration of UC-MSCs could downregulate the expression of TGF-β, α-SMA, and collagen leading to the improvement of DMED.

Conclusion

UC-MSCs improve the expression of TGF-β, α-SMA, and collagen on erectile dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Regulatory effects of lncRNAs and miRNAs on the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT in cancer: a new era for cancer treatment

PURPOSE

Autophagy and EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) are the two principal biological processes and ideal therapeutic targets during cancer development. Autophagy, a highly conserved process for degrading dysfunctional cellular components, plays a dual role in tumors depending on the tumor stage and tissue types. The EMT process is the transition differentiation from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal-like cell and acquiring metastatic potential. There is evidence that the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT is complex in cancer. In recent years, more studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in autophagy, EMT, and their crosstalk. Therefore, accurate understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs and miRNAs in autophagy, EMT and their interactions is crucial for the clinical management of cancers.

METHODS

An extensive literature search was conducted on the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The keywords used for the search included: autophagy, EMT, crosstalk, lncRNAs, miRNAs, cancers, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. This search provided relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals until 2021. Data from these various studies were extracted and used in this review.

RESULTS

The results showed that lncRNAs/miRNAs as tumor inhibitors or tumor inducers could regulate autophagy, EMT, and their interaction by regulating several molecular signaling pathways. The lncRNAs/miRNAs involved in autophagy and EMT processes could have potential uses in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.

CONCLUSION

Such information could help find and develop lncRNAs/miRNAs based new tools for diagnosing, prognosis, and creating anti-cancer therapies.

Towards a metagenomics machine learning interpretable model for understanding the transition from adenoma to colorectal cancer

Gut microbiome is gaining interest because of its links with several diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as the possibility of being used to obtain non-intrusive predictive disease biomarkers. Here we performed a meta-analysis of 1042 fecal metagenomic samples from seven publicly available studies. We used an interpretable machine learning approach based on functional profiles, instead of the conventional taxonomic profiles, to produce a highly accurate predictor of CRC with better precision than those of previous proposals. Moreover, this approach is also able to discriminate samples with adenoma, which makes this approach very promising for CRC prevention by detecting early stages in which intervention is easier and more effective. In addition, interpretable machine learning methods allow extracting features relevant for the classification, which reveals basic molecular mechanisms accounting for the changes undergone by the microbiome functional landscape in the transition from healthy gut to adenoma and CRC conditions. Functional profiles have demonstrated superior accuracy in predicting CRC and adenoma conditions than taxonomic profiles and additionally, in a context of explainable machine learning, provide useful hints on the molecular mechanisms operating in the microbiota behind these conditions.

MicroRNAs in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: an overview

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) and serve as a major cause of morbidity, mortality and functional dependence especially among the elderly. Despite extensive research and development efforts, the success rate of clinical pipelines has been very limited. However, microRNAs (miRs) have been proved to be of crucial importance in regulating intracellular pathways for various pathologic conditions including those of a neurodegenerative nature. There is ample evidence of altered levels of various miRs in clinical samples of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients with potentially major clinical implications. In the current review, we aim to summarize the relevant literature on the role of miRs in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) as the two globally predominant neurodegenerative conditions.

Analysis of changes in microbiome compositions related to the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients based on tissue-derived 16S rRNA sequences

BACKGROUND

Comparing the microbiome compositions obtained under different physiological conditions has frequently been attempted in recent years to understand the functional influence of microbiomes in the occurrence of various human diseases.

METHODS

In the present work, we analyzed 102 microbiome datasets containing tumor- and normal tissue-derived microbiomes obtained from a total of 51 Korean colorectal cancer (CRC) patients using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Two types of comparisons were used: 'normal versus (vs.) tumor' comparison and 'recurrent vs. nonrecurrent' comparison, for which the prognosis of patients was retrospectively determined.

RESULTS

As a result, we observed that in the 'normal vs. tumor' comparison, three phyla, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, were more abundant in normal tissues, whereas some pathogenic bacteria, including Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis, were more abundant in tumor tissues. We also found that bacteria with metabolic pathways related to the production of bacterial motility proteins or bile acid secretion were more enriched in tumor tissues. In addition, the amount of these two pathogenic bacteria was positively correlated with the expression levels of host genes involved in the cell cycle and cell proliferation, confirming the association of microbiomes with tumorigenic pathway genes in the host. Surprisingly, in the 'recurrent vs. nonrecurrent' comparison, we observed that these two pathogenic bacteria were more abundant in the patients without recurrence than in the patients with recurrence. The same conclusion was drawn in the analysis of both normal and tumor-derived microbiomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, it seems that understanding the composition of tissue microbiomes is useful for predicting the prognosis of CRC patients.

Crosstalk between miRNA and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in cancer

Phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is one of the most important proliferative signaling pathways with critical undeniable function in various aspects of cancer initiation/progression, including proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. On the other hand, numerous genetic alterations in the key genes involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway have been identified in multiple solid and hematological tumors. In addition, accumulating recent evidences have demonstrated a reciprocal interaction between this signaling pathway and microRNAs, a large group of small non-coding RNAs. Therefore, in this review, it was attempted to discuss about the interaction between key components of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway with various miRNAs and their importance in cancer biology.

Single cell transcriptomics reveals the heterogeneity of the human cornea to identify novel markers of the limbus and stroma

The cornea is the clear window that lets light into the eye. It is composed of five layers: epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane and endothelium. The maintenance of its structure and transparency are determined by the functions of the different cell types populating each layer. Attempts to regenerate corneal tissue and understand disease conditions requires knowledge of how cell profiles vary across this heterogeneous tissue. We performed a single cell transcriptomic profiling of 19,472 cells isolated from eight healthy donor corneas. Our analysis delineates the heterogeneity of the corneal layers by identifying cell populations and revealing cell states that contribute in preserving corneal homeostasis. We identified expression of CAV1, HOMER3 and CPVL in the corneal epithelial limbal stem cell niche, CKS2, STMN1 and UBE2C were exclusively expressed in highly proliferative transit amplifying cells, CXCL14 was expressed exclusively in the suprabasal/superficial limbus, and NNMT was exclusively expressed by stromal keratocytes. Overall, this research provides a basis to improve current primary cell expansion protocols, for future profiling of corneal disease states, to help guide pluripotent stem cells into different corneal lineages, and to understand how engineered substrates affect corneal cells to improve regenerative therapies.

Targeting miRNAs with anesthetics in cancer: Current understanding and future perspectives

Anesthetics are extensively used during cancer surgeries. The progression of cancer can be influenced by perioperative events such as exposure to general or local anesthesia. However, whether they inhibit cancer or act as a causative factor for metastasis and exert deleterious effects on cancer growth differs based on the type of cancer and the therapy administration. Recent experimental data suggested that many of the most commonly used anesthetics in surgical oncology, whether general or local agents, can alter gene expression and cause epigenetic changes via modulating miRNAs. miRNAs are single-stranded non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at various levels, and their dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of cancers. However, anesthetics via regulating miRNAs can concurrently target several effectors of cellular signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and viability. This review summarized the current research about the effects of different anesthetics in regulating cancer, with a particular emphasis on the role of miRNAs. A significant number of studies conducted in this area of research illuminate the effects of anesthetics on the regulation of miRNA expression; therefore, we hope that a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the regulation of miRNA in the context of anesthesia-induced cancer regulation could help to define optimal anesthetic regimens and provide better perspectives for further studies.

Long Non-coding RNAs: Potential Players in Cardiotoxicity Induced by Chemotherapy Drugs

One of the most important side effects of chemotherapy is cardiovascular complications, such as cardiotoxicity. Many factors are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity; one of the most important of which is long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). lncRNA has 200-1000 nucleotides. It is involved in important processes such as cell proliferation, regeneration and apoptosis; today it is used as a prognostic and diagnostic factor. A, various drugs by acting on lncRNAs can affect cells. Therefore, by accurately identifying IncRNAs function, we can play an effective role in preventing the development of cardiotoxicity-induced chemotherapy drugs, and use them as a therapeutic strategy to improve clinical symptoms and increase patient survival.

Specific enrichment and glycosylation discrepancy profiling of cellular exosomes using a dual-affinity probe

A hydrophilic probe is employed to enrich exosomes from three kinds of cancer cells by TiO2-phosphate interaction and exosomal glycoproteins by hydrophilic interaction in succession. The probe performs efficiently in both the enrichment processes. And the analytical results confirm that unique exosomal glycoproteins can distinguish parent exosomes from others.

PARP1 deficiency protects against hyperglycemia-induced neointimal hyperplasia by upregulating TFPI2 activity in diabetic mice

Diabetes mellitus (DM) promotes neointimal hyperplasia, characterized by dysregulated proliferation and accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), leading to occlusive disorders, such as atherosclerosis and stenosis. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), reported as a crucial mediator in tumor proliferation and transformation, has a pivotal role in DM. Nonetheless, the function and potential mechanism of PARP1 in diabetic neointimal hyperplasia remain unclear. In this study, we constructed PARP1 conventional knockout (PARP1^−/−) mice, and ligation of the left common carotid artery was performed to induce neointimal hyperplasia in Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mouse models. PARP1 expression in the aorta arteries of T1DM mice increased significantly and genetic deletion of PARP1 showed an inhibitory effect on the neointimal hyperplasia. Furthermore, our results revealed that PARP1 enhanced diabetic neointimal hyperplasia via downregulating tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI2), a suppressor of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, in which PARP1 acts as a negative transcription factor augmenting TFPI2 promoter DNA methylation. In conclusion, these results suggested that PARP1 accelerates the process of hyperglycemia-induced neointimal hyperplasia via promoting VSMCs proliferation and migration in a TFPI2 dependent manner.

Development of succinimide-based inhibitors for the mitochondrial rhomboid protease PARL

While the biochemistry of rhomboid proteases has been extensively studied since their discovery two decades ago, efforts to define the physiological roles of these enzymes are ongoing and would benefit from chemical probes that can be used to manipulate the functions of these proteins in their native settings. Here, we describe the use of activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) technology to conduct a targeted screen for small-molecule inhibitors of the mitochondrial rhomboid protease PARL, which plays a critical role in regulating mitophagy and cell death. We synthesized a series of succinimide-containing sulfonyl esters and sulfonamides and discovered that these compounds serve as inhibitors of PARL with the most potent sulfonamides having submicromolar affinity for the enzyme. A counterscreen against the bacterial rhomboid protease GlpG demonstrates that several of these compounds display selectivity for PARL over GlpG by as much as two orders of magnitude. Both the sulfonyl ester and sulfonamide scaffolds exhibit reversible binding and are able to engage PARL in mammalian cells. Collectively, our findings provide encouraging precedent for the development of PARL-selective inhibitors and establish N-[(arylsulfonyl)oxy]succinimides and N-arylsulfonylsuccinimides as new molecular scaffolds for inhibiting members of the rhomboid protease family.

Exosomal noncoding RNAs: key players in glioblastoma drug resistance

Glioma, as one of the most severe human malignancies, is defined as the Central Nervous System's (CNS) tumors. Glioblastoma (GBM) in this regard, is the most malignant type of gliomas. There are multiple therapeutic strategies to cure GBM, for which chemotherapy is often the first-line treatment. Still, various cellular processes, such as uncontrolled proliferation, invasion and metastasis, may disturb the treatment efficacy. Drug resistance is another process in this way, which can also cause undesirable effects. Thereupon, identifying the mechanisms, involved in developing drug resistance and the relevant mechanisms can be very helpful in GBM management. The discovery of exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), RNA molecules that can be transferred between the cells and different tissues using the exosomes, was a milestone in this regard. It has been revealed that the key exosomal ncRNAs, including circular RNAs, microRNAs, and long ncRNAs, are able to modulate GBM drug resistance through different signaling pathways or by affecting regulatory proteins and their corresponding genes. Nowadays, researchers are trying to overcome the limitations of chemotherapy by targeting these RNA molecules. Accordingly, this review aims to clarify the substantial roles of exosomal ncRNAs in GBM drug resistance and involved mechanisms.

A radiosensitizer, gallotannin-rich extract from Bouea macrophylla seeds, inhibits radiation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells

Background

Radioresistance can pose a significant obstacle to the effective treatment of breast cancers. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical step in the acquisition of stem cell traits and radioresistance. Here, we investigated whether Maprang seed extract (MPSE), a gallotannin-rich extract of seed from Bouea macrophylla Griffith, could inhibit the radiation-induced EMT process and enhance the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells.

Methods

Breast cancer cells were pre-treated with MPSE before irradiation (IR), the radiosensitizing activity of MPSE was assessed using the colony formation assay. Radiation-induced EMT and stemness phenotype were identified using breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) marker (CD24^−/low/CD44⁺) and mammosphere formation assay. Cell motility was determined via the wound healing assay and transwell migration. Radiation-induced cell death was assessed via the apoptosis assay and SA-β-galactosidase staining for cellular senescence. CSCs- and EMT-related genes were confirmed by real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting.

Results

Pre-treated with MPSE before irradiation could reduce the clonogenic activity and enhance radiosensitivity of breast cancer cell lines with sensitization enhancement ratios (SERs) of 2.33 and 1.35 for MCF7 and MDA-MB231cells, respectively. Pretreatment of breast cancer cells followed by IR resulted in an increased level of DNA damage maker (γ-H2A histone family member) and enhanced radiation-induced cell death. Irradiation induced EMT process, which displayed a significant EMT phenotype with a down-regulated epithelial marker E-cadherin and up-regulated mesenchymal marker vimentin in comparison with untreated breast cancer cells. Notably, we observed that pretreatment with MPSE attenuated the radiation-induced EMT process and decrease some stemness-like properties characterized by mammosphere formation and the CSC marker. Furthermore, pretreatment with MPSE attenuated the radiation-induced activation of the pro-survival pathway by decrease the expression of phosphorylation of ERK and AKT and sensitized breast cancer cells to radiation.

Conclusion

MPSE enhanced the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells by enhancing IR-induced DNA damage and cell death, and attenuating the IR-induced EMT process and stemness phenotype via targeting survival pathways PI3K/AKT and MAPK in irradiated breast cancer cells. Our findings describe a novel strategy for increasing the efficacy of radiotherapy for breast cancer patients using a safer and low-cost natural product, MPSE.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03363-6.

Analyzing the impact of ATF3 in tumorigenesis and immune cell infiltration of ovarian tumor: a bioinformatics study

ATF3 is an essential transcription activator in regulating cancer-related genetic expression. To identify the role of ATF3 in ovarian tumor, we investigated the correlation between ATF3 expression and the clinicopathological properties using multiple database. The cBioPortal and GEPIA database displayed the clinical information of ovarian patients harboring or without harboring ATF3 mutation. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship between survival and ATF3 expression level using Kaplan-Meier plotter, which reveals that the ovarian patients with higher expression of ATF3 suffered the worse overall survival and progression-free survival. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed using gene ontology, protein-protein interaction network, and gene set enrichment analysis to identify the hub gene and critical pathways, significantly affecting the tumorigenesis of ovarian tumor. Finally, we assessed the correlation between ATF3 and immune cell infiltration using Tumor Immunoassay Resource (TIMER) database. The results demonstrated that higher expression has a positive correlation with macrophage infiltration, expression for M1- and M2-type macrophages. Our study suggests that ATF3 can regulate the cell cycle and heme-related oxidative phosphorylation process, and it may be a critical factor to regulate the macrophage cell to be infiltrated into ovarian cancer. ATF3 can be used as a biomarker for diagnosis and therapy of ovarian tumor.

Toward an understanding of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 as a novel serodiagnostic marker for clear cell carcinoma of the ovary

AIMS

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-2 has recently emerged as a serodiagnostic marker for patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), especially clear cell carcinoma (CCC). This review discusses the biological properties of TFPI-2 and why serum levels are elevated in CCC patients.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed up until March, 2021.

RESULTS

TFPI-2 is a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor and negatively regulates the enzymatic activities, such as plasmin. TFPI-2 has been characterized as a tumor suppressor gene and was frequently downregulated through promoter hypermethylation in various human cancers. In contrast, TFPI-2 was overexpressed only in CCC. TFPI-2 may be involved in the pathophysiology of CCC, possibly through regulation of coagulation system, stabilization of extracellular matrix (ECM), and induction of intracellular signal transduction. TFPI-2 suppresses tissue factor-induced hypercoagulation in a hypoxic environment. TFPI-2, secreted by CCC cells, platelets, and adjacent vascular endothelial cells, may suppress tumor growth and invasion through ECM remodeling. Nuclear TFPI-2 may suppress matrix metalloproteinase production via transcription factors and modulate caspase-mediated cell apoptosis. CCC cells may upregulate the TFPI-2 expression to adapt to survival in the demanding environment. TFPI-2 is secreted by CCC cells and enters the systemic circulation, resulting in elevated blood levels.

DISCUSSION

Serum TFPI-2 reflects the overexpression of TFPI-2 in CCC tissues and is a potential serodiagnostic marker. Further research is needed to explore the expression, clinical significance, biological function, and potential mechanism of TFPI-2 in CCC.

mTOR-Rictor-EGFR axis in oncogenesis and diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the aggressive brain cancers with patients having less survival period upto 12-15 months. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase, belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) pathway and is involved in various cellular processes of cancer cells. Cancer metabolism is regulated by mTOR and its components. mTOR forms two complexes as mTORC1 and mTORC2. Studies have identified the key component of the mTORC2 complex, Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin (Rictor) plays a prominent role in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation and metabolism. Apart, growth factor receptor signaling such as epidermal growth factor signaling mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates cancer-related processes. In EGFR signaling various other signaling cascades such as phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR pathway) and Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) -dependent signaling cross-talk each other. From various studies about GBM, it is very well established that Rictor and EGFR mediated signaling pathways majorly playing a pivotal role in chemoresistance and tumor aggressiveness. Recent studies have shown that non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate the EGFR and Rictor and sensitize the cells towards chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, understanding of microRNA mediated regulation of EGFR and Rictor will help in cancer prevention and management as well as a future therapy.

Significance of miR-141 and miR-340 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma

Background

We investigated the expression and clinical significance of miR-141 and miR-340 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC).

Methods

Expression of miR-141 and miR-340 in CSCC, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and normal cervical squamous epithelium were detected by qRT-PCR. PTEN was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Their relationship with clinicopathological features was analyzed.

Results

The changes of miR-141 and miR-340 were different in CSCC, HSIL, and normal squamous epithelium (P = 0.030). miR-141 expression was statistically significant in gross type, differentiation, uterine corpus invasion, nerve invasion, vagina invasion, and FIGO stage in CSCC (P < 0.05). miR-340 expression was related to tumor size, differentiation, nerve invasion, lymph node metastasis, and FIGO stage in CSCC (P < 0.05). miR-141 and miR-340 expressions were statistically significant in different ages (P < 0.05) in HSIL. The AUC of miR-141 in CSCC diagnosis and that of miR-340 in HSIL diagnosis were 0.893 and 0.764, respectively. The sensitivity and the specificity of miR-141 for diagnosis of CSCC were 95.0% and 60.8%, respectively, while those of miR-340 for diagnosis of HSIL were 90.0 and 48.6%, respectively. miR-141 and miR-340 expressions are associated with PTEN expression (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001).

Conclusion

miR-141 and miR-340 may be associated with their target gene PTEN and involved in the carcinogenesis of cervical squamous epithelium.

Epigenetic modulation and understanding of HDAC inhibitors in cancer therapy

The role of genetic and epigenetic factors in tumor initiation and progression is well documented. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), histone methyl transferases (HMTs), and DNA methyl transferases. (DNMTs) are the main proteins that are involved in regulating the chromatin conformation. Among these, histone deacetylases (HDAC) deacetylate the histone and induce gene repression thereby leading to cancer. In contrast, histone acetyl transferases (HATs) that include GCN5, p300/CBP, PCAF, Tip 60 acetylate the histones. HDAC inhibitors are potent drug molecules that can induce acetylation of histones at lysine residues and induce open chromatin conformation at tumor suppressor gene loci and thus resulting in tumor suppression. The key processes regulated by HDAC inhibitors include cell-cycle arrest, chemo-sensitization, apoptosis induction, upregulation of tumor suppressors. Even though FDA approved drugs are confined mainly to haematological malignancies, the research on HDAC inhibitors in glioblastoma multiforme and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are providing positive results. Thus, several combinations of HDAC inhibitors along with DNA methyl transferase inhibitors and histone methyl transferase inhibitors are in clinical trials. This review focuses on how HDAC inhibitors regulate the expression of coding and non-coding genes with specific emphasis on their anti-cancer potential.