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Apalowo OE, Adegoye GA, Obuotor TM. Microbial-Based Bioactive Compounds to Alleviate Inflammation in Obesity. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1810-1831. [PMID: 38534735 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of obesity with several other metabolic disorders, including diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, has reached global pandemic proportions. Lifestyle changes may result in a persistent positive energy balance, hastening the onset of these age-related disorders and consequently leading to a diminished lifespan. Although suggestions have been raised on the possible link between obesity and the gut microbiota, progress has been hampered due to the extensive diversity and complexities of the gut microbiota. Being recognized as a potential biomarker owing to its pivotal role in metabolic activities, the dysregulation of the gut microbiota can give rise to a persistent low-grade inflammatory state associated with chronic diseases during aging. This chronic inflammatory state, also known as inflammaging, induced by the chronic activation of the innate immune system via the macrophage, is controlled by the gut microbiota, which links nutrition, metabolism, and the innate immune response. Here, we present the functional roles of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as bioactive compounds by underscoring their putative contributions to (1) the reduction in gut hyperpermeability due to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inactivation, (2) increased intestinal barrier function as a consequence of the upregulation of tight junction proteins, and (3) inhibition of proinflammatory pathways, overall leading to the alleviation of chronic inflammation in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo Emmanuel Apalowo
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Grace Adeola Adegoye
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
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Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Queathem ED, Fitzgerald M, Welly R, Rowles CC, Schaller K, Bukhary S, Baines CP, Rector RS, Padilla J, Manrique-Acevedo C, Lubahn DB, Vieira-Potter VJ. Suppression of estrogen receptor beta classical genomic activity enhances systemic and adipose-specific response to chronic beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3AR) stimulation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:920675. [PMID: 36213237 PMCID: PMC9534559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.920675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction independently predicts cardiometabolic disease, yet there is a lack of effective adipocyte-targeting therapeutics. B3AR agonists enhance adipocyte mitochondrial function and hold potential in this regard. Based on enhanced sensitivity to B3AR-mediated browning in estrogen receptor (ER)alpha-null mice, we hypothesized that ERβ may enhance the WAT response to the B3AR ligand, CL316,243 (CL). Methods: Male and female wild-type (WT) and ERβ DNA binding domain knock-out (ERβDBDKO) mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity were administered CL (1 mg/kg) daily for 2 weeks. Systemic physiological assessments of body composition (EchoMRI), bioenergetics (metabolic chambers), adipocyte mitochondrial respiration (oroboros) and glucose tolerance were performed, alongside perigonadal (PGAT), subcutaneous (SQAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) protein expression assessment (Western blot). Mechanisms were tested in vitro using primary adipocytes isolated from WT mice, and from Esr2-floxed mice in which ERβ was knocked down. Statistical analyses were performed using 2 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) for main effects of genotype (G) and treatment (T), as well as GxT interactions; t-tests were used to determine differences between in vitro treatment conditions (SPSS V24). Results: There were no genotype differences in HFD-induced obesity or systemic rescue effects of CL, yet ERβDBDKO females were more sensitive to CL-induced increases in energy expenditure and WAT UCP1 induction (GxT, p < 0.05), which coincided with greater WAT B3AR protein content among the KO (G, p < 0.05). Among males, who were more insulin resistant to begin with (no genotype differences before treatment), tended to be more sensitive to CL-mediated reduction in insulin resistance. With sexes combined, basal WAT mitochondrial respiration trended toward being lower in the ERβDBDKO mice, but this was completely rescued by CL (p < 0.05). Confirming prior work, CL increased adipose tissue ERβ protein (T, p < 0.05, all), an effect that was enhanced in WAT and BAT the female KO (GxT, p < 0.01). In vitro experiments indicated that an inhibitor of ERβ genomic function (PHTPP) synergized with CL to further increase UCP1 mRNA (p = 0.043), whereas full ERβ protein was required for UCP1 expression (p = 0.042). Conclusion: Full ERβ activity appears requisite and stimulatory for UCP1 expression via a mechanism involving non-classical ERβ signaling. This novel discovery about the role of ERβ in adipocyte metabolism may have important clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Queathem
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Maggie Fitzgerald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rebecca Welly
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Candace C. Rowles
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kylie Schaller
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shahad Bukhary
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Research Service, Truman VA Memorial Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Dennis B. Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Victoria J. Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Yığman M, Tangal S. Effects of body fat components on early renal functions of individuals following kidney donation. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20514158221109411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Obesity stands as a risk factor for the chronic kidney disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between early renal function following kidney donation and the measurements of body fat components. Methods: In total, 86 donors followed up for at least 6 months postoperatively were included. Height and weight measurements and results of laboratory analysis of all donors were recorded retrospectively. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), hepatic fat (HF), pancreatic fat (PF) and splenic fat (SF) measurements were performed, and pancreatic splenic fat fraction difference (P−S) and pancreatic splenic fat fraction ratio (P/S) were calculated by a radiologist using the records of preoperative computed tomography scans of donors. Results: The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum creatinine and spot urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio values of the donors at the sixth month postoperatively were statistically different from those of the preoperative values ( p < 0.001). In addition, the individuals were divided into two categories based on the postoperative eGFR: ⩾ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Age, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level and VAT/SAT ratio were lower in group eGFR: ⩾ 60 ( p < 0.001, p = 0.03, p = 0.007, respectively). Age and VAT/SAT ratio were the parameters found to be affecting the eGFR significantly, and VAT/SAT ratio (0.729, 95% CI: 0.602–0.856, p = 0.007) had higher predictive value in receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Conclusion: Preoperative measurements of body fat components may provide significant information to predict postoperative renal functions of kidney donor candidates. Level of evidence: Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Yığman
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Ridvan Ege Hospital, Ufuk University, Turkey
| | - Semih Tangal
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Ridvan Ege Hospital, Ufuk University, Turkey
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Mohammad Rahimi GR, Hejazi K, Hofmeister M. The effect of exercise interventions on Irisin level: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:524-539. [PMID: 36110558 PMCID: PMC9441678 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a hormone that is offered to be a hopeful remedial target in obesity and type 2 diabetes. It has received striking attention recently, whereas, the interactions between exercise training and irisin are still unclear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the impacts of exercise interventions on circulating irisin in adults. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus up to July 15, 2021. Twenty-four studies, which assessed a total of 921 participants were included and analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate weighted mean differences (MD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Overall, data revealed that exercise training significantly increased circulating irisin (MD: 0.01, 95 % CI: 0.00, 0.01, p = 0.005), and declined insulin (MD: -2.09, 95 % CI: -2.81, -1.37, p < 0.00001), glucose (MD: -12.89, 95 % CI: -16.52, -9.26, p < 0.00001), and insulin resistance (MD: -0.89, 95 % CI: -1.15, -0.62, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis revealed that irisin raised significantly when resistance training (p = 0.04) and combined training (p = 0.002) were applied, and for the type 2 diabetes and prediabetes (p = 0.002 for both) groups. Moreover, subgroup analysis by the type of intervention demonstrated that insulin reduced when aerobic training (p < 0.00001) and combined training (p = 0.0003) were employed, but glucose and HOMA-IR reduced after all three types of exercise training. These findings demonstrate that exercise interventions may produce ameliorations in circulating irisin. Further long-term studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keyvan Hejazi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Keyvan Hejazi, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran; Tel: +98 (51) 344012620, E-mail:
| | - Martin Hofmeister
- Department Food and Nutrition, Consumer Center of the German Federal State of Bavaria, Munich, Germany
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White Adipose Tissue Depots Respond to Chronic Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptor Activation in a Sexually Dimorphic and Depot Divergent Manner. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123453. [PMID: 34943961 PMCID: PMC8700379 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor activation via exercise or CL316,243 (CL) induces white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, improves glucose tolerance, and reduces visceral adiposity. Our aim was to determine if sex or adipose tissue depot differences exist in response to CL. Daily CL injections were administered to diet-induced obese male and female mice for two weeks, creating four groups: male control, male CL, female control, and female CL. These groups were compared to determine the main and interaction effects of sex (S), CL treatment (T), and WAT depot (D). Glucose tolerance, body composition, and energy intake and expenditure were assessed, along with perigonadal (PGAT) and subcutaneous (SQAT) WAT gene and protein expression. CL consistently improved glucose tolerance and body composition. Female PGAT had greater protein expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), while SQAT (S, p < 0.001) was more responsive to CL in increasing UCP1 (S×T, p = 0.011) and the mitochondrial biogenesis induction protein, PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) (S×T, p = 0.026). Females also displayed greater mitochondrial OXPHOS (S, p < 0.05) and adiponectin protein content (S, p < 0.05). On the other hand, male SQAT was more responsive to CL in increasing protein levels of PGC1α (S×T, p = 0.046) and adiponectin (S, p < 0.05). In both depots and in both sexes, CL significantly increased estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and glucose-related protein 75 (GRP75) protein content (T, p < 0.05). Thus, CL improves systemic and adipose tissue-specific metabolism in both sexes; however, sex differences exist in the WAT-specific effects of CL. Furthermore, across sexes and depots, CL affects estrogen signaling by upregulating ERβ.
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Wang Z, Gao X, Li Q, Zhu H, Zhao X, Garcia-Barrio M, Zhang J, Guo Y, Chen YE, Zeng R, Wu JR, Chang L. Inhibition of a Novel CLK1-THRAP3-PPARγ Axis Improves Insulin Sensitivity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:699578. [PMID: 34526909 PMCID: PMC8435799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.699578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing energy expenditure by promoting "browning" in adipose tissues is a promising strategy to prevent obesity and associated diabetes. To uncover potential targets of cold exposure, which induces energy expenditure, we performed phosphoproteomics profiling in brown adipose tissue of mice housed in mild cold environment at 16°C. We identified CDC2-like kinase 1 (CLK1) as one of the kinases that were significantly downregulated by mild cold exposure. In addition, genetic knockout of CLK1 or chemical inhibition in mice ameliorated diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance at 22°C. Through proteomics, we uncovered thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 3 (THRAP3) as an interacting partner of CLK1, further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assays. We further demonstrated that CLK1 phosphorylates THRAP3 at Ser243, which is required for its regulatory interaction with phosphorylated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), resulting in impaired adipose tissue browning and insulin sensitivity. These data suggest that CLK1 plays a critical role in controlling energy expenditure through the CLK1-THRAP3-PPARγ axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingrun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Rui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Effect of Propranolol on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in Brown Adipose Tissue in Children and Young Adults with Neoplastic Diseases. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 23:260-269. [PMID: 33067751 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of propranolol at mitigating FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of pediatric patients with known or suspected malignancies. METHODS PET/CT scans of 3 cohorts of patients treated from 2005 to 2017 were scored for the presence of FDG uptake by BAT at 7 sites: right or left neck/supraclavicular area, right or left axilla, mediastinum, posterior thorax, and abdomen/pelvis. Uptake was scored as follows: 0, none; 1, mild uptake < liver; 2, moderate uptake = liver; and 3, intense uptake > liver. Group 1 consisted of 323 patients (630 scans) who had no specific preparation to mitigate FDG uptake by BAT. Group 2 consisted of 345 patients (705 scans) who underwent only warming in an uptake room with a fixed temperature at 24 °C. Group 3 consisted of 622 patients (1457 scans) who underwent warming. In group 3, patients 8 years and older, 471 patients (1114 scans), were also pre-medicated with oral propranolol 60 min before injection of FDG. Generalized estimation equation, using the logit link method, was used to model the relationship between the incidence of BAT score > 0, in any site, as a function of age, sex, seasonal effect, and body surface area (BSA). RESULTS In patients aged 8 years or older, the incidence of BAT uptake was 35-44 % and declined to 15 % with propranolol. BAT was most frequent in the neck (26 %), axilla (18 %), posterior thorax (18 %), mediastinum (14 %), and abdomen/pelvis (8 %); BAT was less common in warm months (p = 0.001). No substantial benefit was shown with pre-injection warming alone. No significant effect was found for age, sex, or BSA separately. When BAT uptake was present, it was usually intense. CONCLUSION Propranolol preparation minimizes FDG uptake by BAT and should be considered routine for pediatric FDG PET/CT cancer-related protocols in children, adolescents, and young adults.
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Perera A, Ton SH, Moorthy M, Palanisamy UD. The insulin-sensitising properties of the ellagitannin geraniin and its metabolites from Nephelium lappaceum rind in 3T3-L1 cells. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 71:940-953. [PMID: 32319838 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1754348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the insulin-like and insulin sensitising effects of the ellagitannins geraniin, corilagin, ellagic acid, gallic acid and Nephelium lappaceum rind extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was investigated. It was observed that non-toxic concentrations of geraniin and its metabolites (0.2-20 μM) and N. lappaceum extract (0.2-20 μg/mL) exhibited insulin-like properties in the absence of insulin and insulin-sensitising properties in the presence of insulin particularly with regards to glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The compounds were further able to promote adipocyte differentiation and may be involved in the inhibition of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the presence of insulin. However further study into the molecular mechanisms of action of these compounds need to be carried out to better understand the potential of these compounds/extracts to act as therapeutic agents for hyperglycaemia associated with diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiri Perera
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - So Ha Ton
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohanambal Moorthy
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Uma Devi Palanisamy
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Rogal J, Binder C, Kromidas E, Roosz J, Probst C, Schneider S, Schenke-Layland K, Loskill P. WAT-on-a-chip integrating human mature white adipocytes for mechanistic research and pharmaceutical applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6666. [PMID: 32313039 PMCID: PMC7170869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its numerous adverse health consequences have taken on global, pandemic proportions. White adipose tissue (WAT) - a key contributor in many metabolic diseases - contributes about one fourth of a healthy human's body mass. Despite its significance, many WAT-related pathophysiogical mechanisms in humans are still not understood, largely due to the reliance on non-human animal models. In recent years, Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms have developed into promising alternatives for animal models; these systems integrate engineered human tissues into physiological microenvironment supplied by a vasculature-like microfluidic perfusion. Here, we report the development of a novel OoC that integrates functional mature human white adipocytes. The WAT-on-a-chip is a multilayer device that features tissue chambers tailored specifically for the maintenance of 3D tissues based on human primary adipocytes, with supporting nourishment provided through perfused media channels. The platform's capability to maintain long-term viability and functionality of white adipocytes was confirmed by real-time monitoring of fatty acid uptake, by quantification of metabolite release into the effluent media as well as by an intact responsiveness to a therapeutic compound. The novel system provides a promising tool for wide-ranging applications in mechanistic research of WAT-related biology, in studying of pathophysiological mechanisms in obesity and diabetes, and in R&D of pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rogal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carina Binder
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elena Kromidas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Roosz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christopher Probst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL 3645, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Loskill
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Wong KK, Sedig LK, Bloom DA, Hutchinson RJ, Shulkin BL. 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake in white adipose tissue on pediatric oncologic positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:524-533. [PMID: 31776602 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered biodistribution of [F-18]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) is sometimes encountered in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy for lymphoma on post-induction positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. A characteristic pattern of increased FDG uptake in white adipose tissue can be seen, particularly in the buccal regions, body wall and gluteal regions, with a shift of radiotracer away from the blood pool and liver. This altered biodistribution has been attributed to effects of corticosteroids in pediatric and adult patients and is important to recognize because of its potential for limiting the diagnostic quality of the PET scan and interfering with therapeutic response assessment. OBJECTIVE In contrast to the well-known metabolically active brown fat seen on up to one-third of pediatric PET scans, white fat is usually non-metabolically active. We sought to determine the incidence of altered distribution of FDG in subcutaneous white adipose tissue in pediatric patients undergoing PET imaging and to assess the association with corticosteroid use. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records and imaging for four children in whom altered biodistribution in white adipose tissue was present on post-induction FDG PET/CT, identified during routine clinical practice. All four were receiving corticosteroids as part of their chemotherapy. We then retrospectively reviewed oncology FDG PET/CT scans over a 2-year period (1,361 scans in 689 patients) to determine the incidence of uptake in white fat by qualitative visual assessment. In the children identified with altered biodistribution, we measured maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) and mean standard uptake value (SUVmean) in areas of subcutaneous white fat, the buccal regions, body wall or gluteal soft-tissue regions, liver and blood pool. We reviewed all medical records, including medication lists. We summarize the relevant clinical and imaging findings of 13 pediatric patients, including the 4 index patients. RESULTS We determined the incidence of FDG uptake in white fat to be rare, found in 9 of 1,361 (0.6%) PET scans performed for pediatric cancer evaluation. FDG uptake was increased in subcutaneous adipose tissue, particularly in the buccal regions, body wall and gluteal regions, with a shift of radiotracer away from the blood pool and liver. The degree of increased uptake in peripheral white fat varied from marked to mild, and the biodistribution was distinct from that of brown adipose tissue. Children with this altered biodistribution were uniformly receiving corticosteroids as part of induction treatment for their cancer, and these findings were only identified on post-induction PET/CT. Follow-up PET/CT documented resolution of this effect after treatment with corticosteroids ceased. CONCLUSION Our findings support the current understanding that characteristic uptake of FDG in white adipose tissue is mediated by corticosteroid effect. Although this altered biodistribution is rare (<1% of PET scans) it could impair the diagnostic quality of the scan, affecting image interpretation, and should be recognized when present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Kit Wong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Health System, B1G505 University Hospital SPC 5028, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5028, USA.
| | - Laura K Sedig
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A Bloom
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Raymond J Hutchinson
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barry L Shulkin
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Orozco CC, Atkinson K, Ryu S, Chang G, Keefer C, Lin J, Riccardi K, Mongillo RK, Tess D, Filipski KJ, Kalgutkar AS, Litchfield J, Scott D, Di L. Structural attributes influencing unbound tissue distribution. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Ribeiro Filho HV, Bernardi Videira N, Bridi AV, Tittanegro TH, Helena Batista FA, de Carvalho Pereira JG, de Oliveira PSL, Bajgelman MC, Le Maire A, Figueira ACM. Screening for PPAR Non-Agonist Ligands Followed by Characterization of a Hit, AM-879, with Additional No-Adipogenic and cdk5-Mediated Phosphorylation Inhibition Properties. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:11. [PMID: 29449830 PMCID: PMC5799700 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a member of a nuclear receptor superfamily and acts as a ligand-dependent transcription factor, playing key roles in maintenance of adipose tissue and in regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis. This receptor is the target of thiazolidinediones, a class of antidiabetic drugs, which improve insulin sensitization and regulate glycemia in type 2 diabetes. Despite the beneficial effects of drugs, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, their use is associated with several side effects, including weight gain, heart failure, and liver disease, since these drugs induce full activation of the receptor. By contrast, a promising activation-independent mechanism that involves the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)-mediated PPARγ phosphorylation has been related to the insulin-sensitizing effects induced by these drugs. Thus, we aimed to identify novel PPARγ ligands that do not possess agonist properties by conducting a mini-trial with 80 compounds using the sequential steps of thermal shift assay, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence quenching, and a cell-based transactivation assay. We identified two non-agonist PPARγ ligands, AM-879 and P11, and one partial-agonist, R32. Using fluorescence anisotropy, we show that AM-879 does not dissociate the NCOR corepressor in vitro, and it has only a small effect on TRAP coactivator recruitment. In cells, AM-879 could not induce adipocyte differentiation or positively regulate the expression of genes associated with adipogenesis. In addition, AM-879 inhibited CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ in vitro. Taken together, these findings supported an interaction between AM-879 and PPARγ; this interaction was identified by the analysis of the crystal structure of the PPARγ:AM-879 complex and evidenced by AM-879's mechanism of action as a putative PPARγ non-agonist with antidiabetic properties. Moreover, we present an optimized assay pipeline capable of detecting ligands that physically bind to PPARγ but do not cause its activation as a new strategy to identify ligands for this nuclear receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Veras Ribeiro Filho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália Bernardi Videira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aline Villanova Bridi
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thais Helena Tittanegro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - José Geraldo de Carvalho Pereira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Lopes de Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcio Chaim Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Albane Le Maire
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Carolina Migliorini Figueira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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14
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Weger M, Diotel N, Dorsemans AC, Dickmeis T, Weger BD. Stem cells and the circadian clock. Dev Biol 2017; 431:111-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hajavi J, Momtazi AA, Johnston TP, Banach M, Majeed M, Sahebkar A. Curcumin: A Naturally Occurring Modulator of Adipokines in Diabetes. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4170-4182. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Hajavi
- Immunology Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi
- Student Research Committee, Nanotechnology Research CenterDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Thomas P. Johnston
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of PharmacyUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas CityKansas CityMissouri
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in LodzMedical University of LodzZeromskiego 113LodzPoland
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhad9177948564Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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16
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Rodrigues DB, Stauffer PR, Colebeck E, Hood AZ, Salahi S, Maccarini PF, Topsakal E. Dielectric properties measurements of brown and white adipose tissue in rats from 0.5 to 10 GHz. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016; 2:025005. [PMID: 29354288 PMCID: PMC5773071 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/2/025005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in whole body metabolism and with appropriate stimulus could potentially mediate weight gain and insulin sensitivity. Although imaging techniques are available to detect subsurface BAT, there are currently no viable methods for continuous acquisition of BAT energy expenditure. Microwave (MW) radiometry is an emerging technology that allows the quantification of tissue temperature variations at depths of several centimeters. Such temperature differentials may be correlated with variations in metabolic rate, thus providing a quantitative approach to monitor BAT metabolism. In order to optimize MW radiometry, numerical and experimental phantoms with accurate dielectric properties are required to develop and calibrate radiometric sensors. Thus, we present for the first time, the characterization of relative permittivity and electrical conductivity of brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissues in rats across the MW range 0.5-10GHz. Measurements were carried out in situ and post mortem in six female rats of approximately 200g. A Cole-Cole model was used to fit the experimental data into a parametric model that describes the variation of dielectric properties as a function of frequency. Measurements confirm that the dielectric properties of BAT (εr = 14.0-19.4, σ = 0.3-3.3S/m) are significantly higher than those of WAT (εr = 9.1-11.9, σ = 0.1-1.9S/m), in accordance with the higher water content of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Rodrigues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - P R Stauffer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - E Colebeck
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - A Z Hood
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | | | - P F Maccarini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - E Topsakal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Franssens BT, Eikendal AL, Leiner T, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FLJ, Hoogduin JM. Reliability and agreement of adipose tissue fat fraction measurements with water-fat MRI in patients with manifest cardiovascular disease. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:48-56. [PMID: 26620447 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The supraclavicular fat depot is known for brown adipose tissue presence. To unravel adipose tissue physiology and metabolism, high quality and reproducible imaging is required. In this study we quantified the reliability and agreement of MRI fat fraction measurements in supraclavicular and subcutaneous adipose tissue of 25 adult patients with clinically manifest cardiovascular disease. MRI fat fraction measurements were made under ambient temperature conditions using a vendor supplied mDixon chemical-shift water-fat multi-echo pulse sequence at 1.5 T field strength. Supraclavicular fat fraction reliability (intraclass correlation coefficientagreement , ICCagreement ) was 0.97 for test-retest, 0.95 for intra-observer and 0.56 for inter-observer measurements, which increased to 0.88 when ICCconsistency was estimated. Supraclavicular fat fraction agreement displayed mean differences of 0.5% (limit of agreement (LoA) -1.7 to 2.6) for test-retest, -0.5% (LoA -2.9 to 2.0) for intra-observer and 5.6% (LoA 0.4 to 10.8) for inter-observer measurements. Median fat fraction in supraclavicular adipose tissue was 82.5% (interquartile range (IQR) 78.6-84.0) and 89.7% (IQR 87.2-91.5) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, water-fat MRI has good reliability and agreement to measure adipose tissue fat fraction in patients with manifest cardiovascular disease. These findings enable research on determinants of fat fraction and enable longitudinal monitoring of fat fraction within adipose tissue depots. Interestingly, even in adult patients with manifest cardiovascular disease, supraclavicular adipose tissue has a lower fat fraction compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue, suggestive of distinct morphologic characteristics, such as brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas T Franssens
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk L Eikendal
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Leiner
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda van der Graaf
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L J Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J M Hoogduin
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Effects and mechanisms of auricular vagus nerve stimulation on high-fat-diet—induced obese rats. Nutrition 2015; 31:1416-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rice DR, White AG, Leevy WM, Smith BD. Fluorescence Imaging of Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue in Living Mice. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1979-1989. [PMID: 26015867 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01914h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a key role in energy expenditure and heat generation and is a promising target for diagnosing and treating obesity, diabetes and related metabolism disorders. While several nuclear and magnetic resonance imaging methods are established for detecting human BAT, there are no convenient protocols for high throughput imaging of BAT in small animal models. Here we disclose a simple but effective method for non-invasive optical imaging of interscapular BAT in mice using a micellar formulation of the commercially available deep-red fluorescent probe, SRFluor680. Whole-body fluorescence imaging of living mice shows extensive accumulation of the fluorescent probe in the interscapular BAT and ex vivo analysis shows 3.5-fold selectivity for interscapular BAT over interscapular WAT. Additional imaging studies indicate that SRFluor680 uptake is independent of mouse species and BAT metabolic state. The results are consistent with an unusual pharmacokinetic process that involves irreversible translocation of the lipophilic SRFluor680 from the micelle nanocarrier into the adipocytes within the BAT. Multimodal PET/CT and planar fluorescence/X-ray imaging of the same living animal shows co-localization of BAT mass signal reported by the fluorescent probe and BAT metabolism signal reported by the PET agent, 18F-FDG. The results indicate a path towards a new, dual probe molecular imaging paradigm that allows separate and independent non-invasive visualization of BAT mass and BAT metabolism in a living subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA
| | - Alexander G White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA
| | - W Matthew Leevy
- Department of Biological Science, Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA
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20
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Abstract
This paper tries to emphasize two relevant concepts: the first is that type 2 diabetes is a chronic diseases characterized by both a dysmetabolism and a chronic oxidative stress. A variety of orthodox drugs are somewhat able to correct the metabolic alterations, but do not deal with the chronic inflammation. Consequently, as the validity of precisely treating blood with therapeutic ozone concentrations in restoring a redox homeostasis has been now demonstrated, the integration of ozone therapy appears essential for a rational treatment of type 2 diabetes. Such a combination may be able to reduce the diabetic epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Zanardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Valter Travagli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Gerhard GS, Styer AM, Strodel WE, Roesch SL, Yavorek A, Carey DJ, Wood GC, Petrick AT, Gabrielsen J, Ibele A, Benotti P, Rolston DD, Still CD, Argyropoulos G. Gene expression profiling in subcutaneous, visceral and epigastric adipose tissues of patients with extreme obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:371-8. [PMID: 23949615 PMCID: PMC3925764 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective The goal of the present study was to identify differences in gene expression between SAT, VAT, and EAT depots in Class III severely obese individuals. Design Human subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues exhibit differential gene expression profiles. There is little information, however, about the other proximal white adipose tissue, epigastric (EAT) in terms of its function and contribution to metabolism. Subjects and Methods Using RNA from adipose biospecimens obtained from Class III severely obese patients undergoing open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, we compared gene expression profiles between SAT, VAT, and EAT, using microarrays validated by real time quantitative PCR. Results The three depots were found to share 1,907 genes. VAT had the greatest number of genes [66] expressed exclusively in this depot, followed by SAT [23], and then EAT [14]. Moreover, VAT shared more genes with EAT [65] than with SAT [38]. Further analyses using ratios of SAT/EAT, VAT/EAT, and SAT/VAT, identified specific as well as overlapping networks and pathways of genes representing dermatological diseases, inflammation, cell cycle and growth, cancer, and development. Targeted analysis of genes playing a role in adipose tissue development and function, revealed that Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) that regulates the precursor of the hormone Irisin (FNCD5), were abundantly expressed in all three fat depots, along with fibroblast growth factors (FGF) FGF1, FGF7, and FGF10, whereas, FGF19 and FGF21 were undetectable. Conclusions These data indicate that EAT has more in common with VAT suggesting similar metabolic potential. The human epigastric adipose depot could play a significant functional role in metabolic diseases and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Gerhard
- 1] Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - A M Styer
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - W E Strodel
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - S L Roesch
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A Yavorek
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - D J Carey
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - G C Wood
- Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A T Petrick
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - J Gabrielsen
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A Ibele
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - P Benotti
- Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - D D Rolston
- Department of General and Internal Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - C D Still
- 1] Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA [2] Department of Gastroenterology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - G Argyropoulos
- 1] Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA [2] Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
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