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Fan L, Wang X, Chang Q, Wang Y, Yang W, Liu L. IL2RA is a prognostic indicator and correlated with immune characteristics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30966. [PMID: 36281157 PMCID: PMC9592409 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive and incurable cancer with a dismal prognosis. In this study, we aimed to explore potential predictors for the prognosis and immunological characteristics of PDAC. Estimation of stromal and immune cells in malignant tumors, using expression data (ESTIMATE) method was applied to calculate the immune and stromal scores of 206 PDAC samples from GSE71729. R package of "limma" was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted for functional exploration. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Univariate Cox analysis were conducted to select key prognostic genes of PDAC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to investigate the roles of IL2RA in PDAC. Single sample GSEA (ssGSEA) was performed to evaluate the immunological characteristics of PDAC samples. Wilcoxon rank sum test was conducted to compare the difference of immunological characteristics of PDAC samples between low IL2RA and high IL2RA. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlations of IL2RA expression and immune checkpoint genes. A total of 747 DEGs were identified between low and high immune/stromal groups. Functional exploration revealed upregulated DEGs were associated with immune-related activities, whereas downregulated DEGs were involved in inflammatory-related activities. IL2RA was selected as the critical gene by overlapping the hub genes in PPI network and prognostic genes. Significantly, IL2RA expression was significantly elevated in PDAC and patients with higher IL2RA expression had worse prognoses. The immunological and oncogenic roles of IL2RA in PDAC were evidenced by GSEA. Furthermore, PDAC samples with high IL2RA expression exhibited increased immune infiltration and better immunotherapy responses. IL2RA expression was positively correlated with PDCD1, CD274, CTLA4, IDO1, TDO2, and TIGT. Higher expression of IL2RA predicts worse survival outcomes and increased immune infiltration in PDAC. PDAC patients with high IL2RA expression might potentially benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Fan
- Department of Radiotherapy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Radiotherapy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- *Correspondence: Linlin Liu, Department of Radiotherapy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (e-mail: )
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Pilanc P, Wojnicki K, Roura AJ, Cyranowski S, Ellert-Miklaszewska A, Ochocka N, Gielniewski B, Grzybowski MM, Błaszczyk R, Stańczak PS, Dobrzański P, Kaminska B. A Novel Oral Arginase 1/2 Inhibitor Enhances the Antitumor Effect of PD-1 Inhibition in Murine Experimental Gliomas by Altering the Immunosuppressive Environment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703465. [PMID: 34504786 PMCID: PMC8422859 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the common and aggressive primary brain tumors that are incurable by conventional therapies. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors is not effective in GBM patients due to the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) restraining the infiltration and activation of cytotoxic T cells. Clinical and experimental studies showed the upregulation of expression of the arginase 1 and 2 (ARG1 and ARG2, respectively) in murine and human GBMs. The elevated arginase activity leads to the depletion of L-arginine, an amino-acid required for the proliferation of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Inhibition of ARG1/2 in the TME may unblock T cell proliferation and activate effective antitumor responses. To explore the antitumor potential of ARG1/2 inhibition, we analyzed bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from human and murine gliomas. We found the upregulation of ARG1/2 expression in GBMs, both in tumor cells and in tumor infiltrating microglia and monocytes/macrophages. We employed selective arginase inhibitors to evaluate if ARG1/2 inhibition in vitro and in vivo exerts the antitumor effects. A novel, selective ARG1/2 inhibitor - OAT-1746 blocked microglia-dependent invasion of U87-MG and LN18 glioma cells in a Matrigel invasion assay better than reference compounds, without affecting the cell viability. OAT-1746 effectively crossed the blood brain barrier in mice and increased arginine levels in the brains of GL261 glioma bearing mice. We evaluated its antitumor efficacy against GL261 intracranial gliomas as a monotherapy and in combination with the PD-1 inhibition. The oral treatment with OAT-1746 did not affect the immune composition of TME, it induced profound transcriptomic changes in CD11b+ cells immunosorted from tumor-bearing brains as demonstrated by RNA sequencing analyses. Treatment with OAT-1746 modified the TME resulting in reduced glioma growth and increased antitumor effects of the anti-PD-1 antibody. Our findings provide the evidence that inhibition of ARG1/2 activity in tumor cells and myeloid cells in the TME unblocks antitumor responses in myeloid cells and NK cells, and improves the efficacy of the PD-1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pilanc
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Wojnicki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adria-Jaume Roura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Salwador Cyranowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Ochocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gielniewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Jiang X, Li X, Zheng S, Du G, Ma J, Zhang L, Wang H, Tian J. Comparison study of different indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase inhibitors from the perspective of pharmacodynamic effects. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 34:2058738420950584. [PMID: 32962460 PMCID: PMC7517983 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420950584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was a potential tumor immunotherapy target. IDO inhibitors showed inconsistent results in clinical trials, but no preclinical comparative study was reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences of representative IDO inhibitors (PCC0208009, INCB024360, NLG919) from the pharmacological perspective. Methods: In vitro experiments included: inhibition effects on IDO activity in cell and enzyme-based assay, effects on IDO expression in HeLa cells, and enhancement of proliferation and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). In vivo experiments included: pharmacokinetics and tumor distribution in CT26-bearing mice, effects on Kyn/Trp and anti-tumor effect and immunological mechanism in CT26 and B16F10 tumor-bearing mice. Results: Compared with INCB024360 and NLG919, PCC0208009 effectively inhibited IDO activity at lower dose 2 nM and longer duration more than 72 h, had higher enhancements on PBMC proliferation and activation, and could inhibit the IDO expression in Hela cells. The pharmacokinetics characteristics of three IDO inhibitors were similar in CT26-bearing mice. In CT26 and B16F10 tumor-bearing mice, PCC0208009 and INCB024360 had similar effects in Kyn/Trp reduction, and more potent than NLG919; three IDO inhibitors had similar effects in tumor suppression, changes of the percentages of CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+ T cells, and activation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, while PCC0208009 had a better tendency than INCB024360 and NLG919. Conclusion: PCC0208009, INCB024360, and NLG919 were all effective IDO inhibitors, but the comprehensive pharmacological activity of PCC0208009 was better than INCB024360 and NLG919, which was basically consistent with the results or progresses of clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Isoindoles/pharmacokinetics
- Isoindoles/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/enzymology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/enzymology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oximes/pharmacokinetics
- Oximes/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Tetrazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guangying Du
- Guangying Du and Jingwei Tian, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, North Campus of Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China. Emails: ;
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Boyero L, Sánchez-Gastaldo A, Alonso M, Noguera-Uclés JF, Molina-Pinelo S, Bernabé-Caro R. Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: Unveiling the Mechanisms Underlying of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3729. [PMID: 33322522 PMCID: PMC7763130 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After several decades without maintained responses or long-term survival of patients with lung cancer, novel therapies have emerged as a hopeful milestone in this research field. The appearance of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, has improved both the overall survival and quality of life of patients, many of whom are diagnosed late when classical treatments are ineffective. Despite these unprecedented results, a high percentage of patients do not respond initially to treatment or relapse after a period of response. This is due to resistance mechanisms, which require understanding in order to prevent them and develop strategies to overcome them and increase the number of patients who can benefit from immunotherapy. This review highlights the current knowledge of the mechanisms and their involvement in resistance to immunotherapy in lung cancer, such as aberrations in tumor neoantigen burden, effector T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME), epigenetic modulation, the transcriptional signature, signaling pathways, T-cell exhaustion, and the microbiome. Further research dissecting intratumor and host heterogeneity is necessary to provide answers regarding the immunotherapy response and develop more effective treatments for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boyero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
| | - Amparo Sánchez-Gastaldo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
| | - Miriam Alonso
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
| | - José Francisco Noguera-Uclés
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
| | - Sonia Molina-Pinelo
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Reyes Bernabé-Caro
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
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5
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García-Martínez E, Pérez-Fidalgo JA. Immunotherapies in ovarian cancer. EJC Suppl 2020; 15:87-95. [PMID: 33240447 PMCID: PMC7573463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death for gynaecological cancer, and new therapies are urgently awaited. Although the presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes has been confirmed to be associated to a better prognosis, immunotherapy is not yet incorporated to the armamentarium in ovarian cancer. This review briefly summarises the strategies that have been tested or are under study for the three different groups of tumours: immune desert, inflamed and immune-excluded ovarian tumours. Finally, a better knowledge of the biology and immune microenvironment is needed for successfully developing new immunotherapy strategies. Immune ovarian cancer subtypes could improve the selection patients for immunotherapy. Very frequently ovarian cancer needs to be converted in an inflamed tumour. Checkpoints inhibitor combinations are well designed and very promising in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martínez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Grupo Español de Investigación en Cáncer de Ovario (GEICO), Murcia, Spain
| | - J Alejandro Pérez-Fidalgo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Grupo Español de Investigación en Cáncer de Ovario (GEICO), Valencia, Spain
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6
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Seledtsov VI, von Delwig A. Clinically feasible and prospective immunotherapeutic interventions in multidirectional comprehensive treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:323-342. [PMID: 32981358 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1828338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune system is able to exert both tumor-destructive and tumor-protective functions. Immunotherapeutic technologies aim to enhance immune-based anti-tumor activity and (or) weaken tumor-protective immunity. AREAS COVERED Cancer vaccination, antibody (Ab)-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-based checkpoint molecule inhibition, Ab-based immunostimulation, cytokine therapy, oncoviral therapy, drug-mediated immunostimulation, exovesicular therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, neurohormonal immunorehabilitation, metabolic therapy, as well as adoptive cell immunotherapy, could be coherently used to synergize and amplify each other in achieving robust anti-cancer responses in cancer patients. Tumor-specific immunotherapy applied at early stages is capable of eliminating remaining tumor cells after surgery, thus preventing the development of minimal residual disease. Patients with advanced disease stages could benefit from combined immunotherapy, which would be aimed at providing tumor cell/mass dormancy. Traditional therapeutic anti-cancer interventions (chemoradiotherapy, hyperthermia, anti-hormonal therapy) could significantly enhance tumor sensitivity to anti-cancer immunotherapy. It is important that lower-dose (metronomic) chemotherapy regimens, which are well-tolerated by normal cells, could advance immune-mediated control over tumor growth. EXPERT OPINION We envisage that combined immunotherapy regimens in the context of traditional treatment could become the mainstream modality for treating cancers in all phases of the tumorigenesis. The effectiveness of the anti-cancer treatment could be monitored by the following blood parameters: C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor I Seledtsov
- Center for Integral Immunotherapy, Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Immunology, Innovita Research Company, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexei von Delwig
- Department of Immunology, Innovita Research Company, Vilnius, Lithuania
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7
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Kim JH, Kim YM, Choi D, Jo SB, Park HW, Hong SW, Park S, Kim S, Moon S, You G, Kang YW, Park Y, Lee BH, Lee SW. Hybrid Fc-fused interleukin-7 induces an inflamed tumor microenvironment and improves the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1168. [PMID: 32994996 PMCID: PMC7507498 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Emerging oncotherapeutic strategies require the induction of an immunostimulatory tumor microenvironment (TME) containing numerous tumor‐reactive CD8+ T cells. Interleukin‐7 (IL‐7), a T‐cell homeostatic cytokine, induces an antitumor response; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying the contributions of the IL‐7 to TME remain unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the induction of antitumor response by hybrid Fc‐fused long‐acting recombinant human IL‐7 (rhIL‐7‐hyFc) through regulation of both adaptive and innate immune cells in the TME. Methods We evaluated rhIL‐7‐hyFc‐mediated antitumor responses in murine syngeneic tumor models. We analysed the cellular and molecular features of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and changes in the TME after rhIL‐7‐hyFc treatment. Furthermore, we evaluated the antitumor efficacy of rhIL‐7‐hyFc combined with chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). Results Systemic delivery of rhIL‐7‐hyFc induced significant therapeutic benefits by expanding CD8+ T cells with enhanced tumor tropism. In tumors, rhIL‐7‐hyFc increased both tumor‐reactive and bystander CD8+ TILs, all of which displayed enhanced effector functions but less exhausted phenotypes. Moreover, rhIL‐7‐hyFc suppressed the generation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells in the bone marrow of tumor‐bearing mice, resulting in the immunostimulatory TME. Combination therapy with chemotherapy and CPIs, rhIL‐7‐hyFc elicited a strong antitumor response and even under a T lymphopenic condition by restoring CD8+ T cells. When combined with chemotherapy and CPIs, rhIL‐7‐hyFc administration enhanced antitumor response under intact andlymphopenic conditions by restoring CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Taken together, these data demonstrate that rhIL‐7‐hyFc induces antitumor responses by generating T‐cell‐inflamed TME and provide a preclinical proof of concept of immunotherapy with rhIL‐7‐hyFc to enhance therapeutic responses in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hae Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Donghoon Choi
- Research Institute of NeoImmuneTech, Inc. Rockville MD USA
| | - Saet-Byeol Jo
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Han Wook Park
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Hong
- Laboratory of T Cell Biology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Immunology University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Sujeong Park
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Sora Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Sookjin Moon
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Gihoon You
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Yeon-Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Yunji Park
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Byung Ha Lee
- Research Institute of NeoImmuneTech, Inc. Rockville MD USA
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
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8
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Watson GA, Doi J, Hansen AR, Spreafico A. Novel strategies in immune checkpoint inhibitor drug development: How far are we from the paradigm shift? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1753-1768. [PMID: 32394468 PMCID: PMC7444803 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) represents a major milestone in immune-oncology. Over the years these agents have demonstrated efficacy in an increasing array of malignancies. Despite this success however, significant challenges remain. Novel approaches to both drug development and trial design are required to incorporate the unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of ICIs. Further, it has also been established that the benefit of ICIs is limited to only a subset of patients. The molecular interactions between native immune cells and tumorigenesis and progression represent an active area of biomarker research, and elucidating the mechanisms of response and resistance is crucial to develop rational trial designs for the next wave of immune-oncology (IO) clinical trials, particularly in patients with primary and/or acquired resistance. Efforts are now being made to integrate both biological and clinical information using novel multi-omic approaches which are now being developed to further elucidate the molecular signatures associated with IO treatment response and resistance and enable rational drug development and trial design processes. As such, precision IO and the ability to deliver patient-specific choices for ICI monotherapies or combination therapies has become an increasingly tangible goal. We herein describe the current landscape in ICI drug development and discuss the challenges and future directions in this exciting and evolving era in immune-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Alan Watson
- Bras Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer CenterUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | - Jeffrey Doi
- Bras Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer CenterUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | - Aaron Richard Hansen
- Bras Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer CenterUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Bras Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer CenterUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
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9
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Jenkins RW, Fisher DE. Treatment of Advanced Melanoma in 2020 and Beyond. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:23-31. [PMID: 32268150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The melanoma field has seen an unprecedented set of clinical advances over the past decade. Therapeutic efficacy for advanced or metastatic melanoma went from being one of the most poorly responsive to one of the more responsive. Perhaps most strikingly, the advances that transformed management of the disease are based upon modern mechanism-based therapeutic strategies. The targeted approaches that primarily suppress the BRAF oncoprotein pathway have a high predictability of efficacy although less optimal depth or durability of response. Immunotherapy is primarily based on blockade of one or two immune checkpoints and has a lower predictability of response but higher fractions of durable remissions. This article reviews the clinical progress in management of advanced melanoma and also discusses the impact of the same therapies on earlier stage disease, where the agents have shown significant promise in treating resectable but high-risk clinical scenarios. Collectively, the progress in melanoma therapeutics has transformed the standard of care for patients, informed new approaches that are increasingly utilized for treatment of other malignancies, and suggest novel strategies to further boost efficacy for the many patients not yet receiving optimal benefit from these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Jenkins
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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10
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Walk EE, Yohe SL, Beckman A, Schade A, Zutter MM, Pfeifer J, Berry AB. The Cancer Immunotherapy Biomarker Testing Landscape. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:706-724. [PMID: 31714809 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0584-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Cancer immunotherapy provides unprecedented rates of durable clinical benefit to late-stage cancer patients across many tumor types, but there remains a critical need for biomarkers to accurately predict clinical response. Although some cancer immunotherapy tests are associated with approved therapies and considered validated, other biomarkers are still emerging and at various states of clinical and translational exploration. OBJECTIVE.— To provide pathologists with a current and practical update on the evolving field of cancer immunotherapy testing. The scientific background, clinical data, and testing methodology for the following cancer immunotherapy biomarkers are reviewed: programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), mismatch repair, microsatellite instability, tumor mutational burden, polymerase δ and ε mutations, cancer neoantigens, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, transcriptional signatures of immune responsiveness, cancer immunotherapy resistance biomarkers, and the microbiome. DATA SOURCES.— Selected scientific publications and clinical trial data representing the current field of cancer immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS.— The cancer immunotherapy field, including the use of biomarker testing to predict patient response, is still in evolution. PD-L1, mismatch repair, and microsatellite instability testing are helping to guide the use of US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies, but there remains a need for better predictors of response and resistance. Several categories of tumor and patient characteristics underlying immune responsiveness are emerging and may represent the next generation of cancer immunotherapy predictive biomarkers. Pathologists have important roles and responsibilities as the field of cancer immunotherapy continues to develop, including leadership of translational studies, exploration of novel biomarkers, and the accurate and timely implementation of newly approved and validated companion diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Walk
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Sophia L Yohe
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Amy Beckman
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Andrew Schade
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Mary M Zutter
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - John Pfeifer
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
| | - Anna B Berry
- From the Department of Medical & Scientific Affairs, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona (Dr Walk); the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Drs Yohe and Beckman); Diagnostic and Experimental Pathology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Schade); the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Zutter); the Department of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington (Dr Berry); and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Pfeifer)
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11
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Zeng Y, Li B, Liang Y, Reeves PM, Qu X, Ran C, Liu Q, Callahan MV, Sluder AE, Gelfand JA, Chen H, Poznansky MC. Dual blockade of CXCL12-CXCR4 and PD-1-PD-L1 pathways prolongs survival of ovarian tumor-bearing mice by prevention of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. FASEB J 2019; 33:6596-6608. [PMID: 30802149 PMCID: PMC6463916 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802067rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of immune-checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 can enhance effector T-cell responses. However, the lack of response in many patients to checkpoint-inhibitor therapies emphasizes the need for combination immunotherapies to pursue maximal antitumor efficacy. We have previously demonstrated that antagonism of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) by plerixafor (AMD3100) can decrease regulatory T (Treg)-cell intratumoral infiltration. Therefore, a combination of these 2 therapies might increase antitumor effects. Here, we evaluated the antitumor efficacy of AMD3100 and anti-PD-1 (αPD-1) antibody alone or in combination in an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model of ovarian cancer. We found that AMD3100, a highly specific CXCR4 antagonist, directly down-regulated the expression of both C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and CXCR4 in vitro and in vivo in tumor cells. AMD3100 and αPD-1 significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice when given as monotherapy. Combination of these 2 agents significantly enhanced antitumor effects compared with single-agent administration. Benefits of tumor control and animal survival were associated with immunomodulation mediated by these 2 agents, which were characterized by increased effector T-cell infiltration, increased effector T-cell function, and increased memory T cells in tumor microenvironment. Intratumoral Treg cells were decreased, and conversion of Treg cells into T helper cells was increased by AMD3100 treatment. Intratumoral myeloid-derived suppressor cells were decreased by the combined treatment, which was associated with decreased IL-10 and IL-6 in the ascites. Also, the combination therapy decreased suppressive leukocytes and facilitated M2-to-M1 macrophage polarization in the tumor. These results suggest that AMD3100 could be used to target the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis to inhibit tumor growth and prevent multifaceted immunosuppression alone or in combination with αPD-1 in ovarian cancer, which could be clinically relevant to patients with this disease.-Zeng, Y., Li, B., Liang, Y., Reeves, P. M., Qu, X., Ran, C., Liu, Q., Callahan, M. V., Sluder, A. E., Gelfand, J. A., Chen, H., Poznansky, M. C. Dual blockade of CXCL12-CXCR4 and PD-1-PD-L1 pathways prolongs survival of ovarian tumor-bearing mice by prevention of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Binghao Li
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yingying Liang
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick M. Reeves
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiying Qu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Qiuyan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael V. Callahan
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann E. Sluder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Gelfand
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Huabiao Chen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA;,Correspondence: Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. E-mail:
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Higenell V, Fajzel R, Batist G, Cheema PK, McArthur HL, Melosky B, Morris D, Petrella TM, Sangha R, Savard MF, Sridhar SS, Stagg J, Stewart DJ, Verma S. A network approach to developing immuno-oncology combinations in Canada. Curr Oncol 2019; 26:73-79. [PMID: 31043804 PMCID: PMC6476440 DOI: 10.3747/co.26.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized care for many cancer indications, with considerable effort now being focused on increasing the rate, depth, and duration of patient response. One strategy is to combine immune strategies (for example, ctla-4 and PD-1/L1-directed agents) to harness additive or synergistic efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Despite encouraging results with such combinations in multiple tumour types, numerous clinical challenges remain, including a lack of biomarkers that reliably predict outcome, the emergence of therapeutic resistance, and optimal management of immune-related toxicities. Furthermore, the selection of ideal combinations from the myriad of immune, systemic, and locoregional therapies has yet to be determined. A longitudinal network-based approach could offer advantages in addressing those critical questions, including long-term follow-up of patients beyond individual trials. The molecular cancer registry Personalize My Treatment, managed by the Networks of Centres of Excellence nonprofit organization Exactis Innovation, is uniquely positioned to accelerate Canadian immuno-oncology (io) research efforts throughout its national network of cancer sites. To gain deeper insight into how a pan-Canadian network could advance research in io combinations, Exactis invited preeminent clinical and scientific advisors from across Canada to a roundtable event in November 2017. The present white paper captures the expert advice provided: leverage longitudinal patient data collection; facilitate network collaboration and assay harmonization; synergize with existing initiatives, networks, and biobanks; and develop an io combination trial based on Canadian discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Higenell
- Exactis Innovation, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - R Fajzel
- Exactis Innovation, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - G Batist
- Exactis Innovation, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
- Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - P K Cheema
- William Osler Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - H L McArthur
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - B Melosky
- Medical Oncology, BC Cancer-Vancouver Centre, Vancouver, BC
| | - D Morris
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB
| | - T M Petrella
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - R Sangha
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB
| | - M F Savard
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB
| | - S S Sridhar
- Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - J Stagg
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC
| | - D J Stewart
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON
| | - S Verma
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB
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13
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Cancel JC, Crozat K, Dalod M, Mattiuz R. Are Conventional Type 1 Dendritic Cells Critical for Protective Antitumor Immunity and How? Front Immunol 2019; 10:9. [PMID: 30809220 PMCID: PMC6379659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are endowed with a unique potency to prime T cells, as well as to orchestrate their expansion, functional polarization and effector activity in non-lymphoid tissues or in their draining lymph nodes. The concept of harnessing DC immunogenicity to induce protective responses in cancer patients was put forward about 25 years ago and has led to a multitude of DC-based vaccine trials. However, until very recently, objective clinical responses were below expectations. Conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1) excel in the activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes including CD8+ T cells (CTLs), natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells, which are all critical effector cell types in antitumor immunity. Efforts to investigate whether cDC1 might orchestrate immune defenses against cancer are ongoing, thanks to the recent blossoming of tools allowing their manipulation in vivo. Here we are reporting on these studies. We discuss the mouse models used to genetically deplete or manipulate cDC1, and their main caveats. We present current knowledge on the role of cDC1 in the spontaneous immune rejection of tumors engrafted in syngeneic mouse recipients, as a surrogate model to cancer immunosurveillance, and how this process is promoted by type I interferon (IFN-I) effects on cDC1. We also discuss cDC1 implication in promoting the protective effects of immunotherapies in mouse preclinical models, especially for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and immune checkpoint blockers (ICB). We elaborate on how to improve this process by in vivo reprogramming of certain cDC1 functions with off-the-shelf compounds. We also summarize and discuss basic research and clinical data supporting the hypothesis that the protective antitumor functions of cDC1 inferred from mouse preclinical models are conserved in humans. This analysis supports potential applicability to cancer patients of the cDC1-targeting adjuvant immunotherapies showing promising results in mouse models. Nonetheless, further investigations on cDC1 and their implications in anti-cancer mechanisms are needed to determine whether they are the missing key that will ultimately help switching cold tumors into therapeutically responsive hot tumors, and how precisely they mediate their protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Cancel
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Crozat
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Mattiuz
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
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14
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Abstract
The recent development of effective immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), first demonstrated in melanoma, has revolutionized cancer treatment. Monoclonal antibodies blocking the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1) have shown substantial clinical benefit in a subset of patients across tumor types and in both the metastatic and adjuvant settings. In this article, we review the interaction between the immune system and solid tumors, and describe modes of immune response failure and the physiologic role of immune checkpoints. We also review the known mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors, focusing on US FDA-approved agents targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1. Within this framework, we classify hypothesized tumor intrinsic and extrinsic predictive markers for response and resistance to ICI, and map them to their putative underlying biological mechanism. Finally, we outline future directions in ICI, including the development of new therapeutic targets, rational combination therapies, integrated predictive models for individual patients to optimize therapy, and expansion into different disease types.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Liu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 7E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Russell W Jenkins
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 7E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 7E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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15
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Tang R, Shen J, Yuan Y. ComPAS: A Bayesian drug combination platform trial design with adaptive shrinkage. Stat Med 2018; 38:1120-1134. [PMID: 30419609 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Combining different treatment regimens provides an effective approach to induce a synergistic treatment effect and overcome resistance to monotherapy. The challenge is that, given the large number of existing monotherapies, the number of possible combinations is huge and new potentially more efficacious compounds may become available any time during drug development. To address this challenge, we propose a flexible Bayesian drug combination platform design with adaptive shrinkage (ComPAS), which allows for dropping futile combinations, graduating effective combinations, and adding new combinations during the course of the trial. A new adaptive shrinkage method is developed to adaptively borrow information across combinations and efficiently identify the efficacious combinations based on Bayesian model selection and hierarchical models. Simulation studies show that ComPAS identifies the effective combinations with higher probability than some existing designs. ComPAS provides an efficient and flexible platform to accelerate drug development in a seamless and timely fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Shire Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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16
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Bedke J, Stühler V, Todenhöfer T, Stenzl A. [Mode of action, new targets and potential biomarkers in modern immunotherapy]. Urologe A 2018; 57:1301-1308. [PMID: 30350128 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-018-0787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have significantly improved the systemic therapy of metastatic disease in genitourinary malignancies. With the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval of the antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab directed against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) as well as the PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab, three agents are available for the treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. This article describes the underlying mode of action of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and other ICIs to activate the immune system for effective tumor rejection. Future therapeutic strategies are focusing on the combination of ICI with targeted therapies to enhance the immune defense, especially in the local tumor microenvironment. A further clinical need exists for the establishment of biomarkers to predict a therapy response under ICI, in particular for the role of the PD-L1 status. Biomarkers for predicting primary or acquired therapy resistance are also of clinical importance to enable good patient selection for ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bedke
- Klinik für Urologie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72070, Tübingen, Deutschland.
| | - V Stühler
- Klinik für Urologie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72070, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - T Todenhöfer
- Klinik für Urologie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72070, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - A Stenzl
- Klinik für Urologie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72070, Tübingen, Deutschland
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17
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Netterberg I, Li CC, Molinero L, Budha N, Sukumaran S, Stroh M, Jonsson EN, Friberg LE. A PK/PD Analysis of Circulating Biomarkers and Their Relationship to Tumor Response in Atezolizumab-Treated non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 105:486-495. [PMID: 30058723 PMCID: PMC6704358 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To assess circulating biomarkers as predictors of antitumor response to atezolizumab (anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), Tecentriq) serum pharmacokinetic (PK) and 95 plasma biomarkers were analyzed in 88 patients with relapsed/refractory non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving atezolizumab i.v. q3w (10-20 mg/kg) in the PCD4989g phase I clinical trial. Following exploratory analyses, two plasma biomarkers were chosen for further study and correlation with change in tumor size (the sum of the longest diameter) was assessed in a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) tumor modeling framework. When longitudinal kinetics of biomarkers and tumor size were modeled, tumor shrinkage was found to significantly correlate with area under the curve (AUC), baseline factors (metastatic sites, liver metastases, and smoking status), and relative change in interleukin (IL)-18 level from baseline at day 21 (RCFBIL -18,d21 ). Although AUC was a major predictor of tumor shrinkage, the effect was estimated to dissipate with an average half-life of 80 days, whereas RCFBIL -18,d21 seemed relevant to the duration of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Netterberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Pharmetheus AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chi-Chung Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luciana Molinero
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nageshwar Budha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Siddharth Sukumaran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Stroh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Lena E Friberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Pharmetheus AB, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Ji Y, Jin JY, Hyman DM, Kim G, Suri A. Challenges and Opportunities in Dose Finding in Oncology and Immuno-oncology. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11:345-351. [PMID: 29392871 PMCID: PMC6039198 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ji
- PK SciencesNovartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchEast HanoverNew JerseyUSA
| | - Jin Y. Jin
- Clinical PharmacologyGenentech Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - David M. Hyman
- Early Drug Development ServiceMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Geoffrey Kim
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products (OHOP)U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Ajit Suri
- Quantitative Clinical PharmacologyTakeda International Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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19
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Hammond E, Haynes NM, Cullinane C, Brennan TV, Bampton D, Handley P, Karoli T, Lanksheer F, Lin L, Yang Y, Dredge K. Immunomodulatory activities of pixatimod: emerging nonclinical and clinical data, and its potential utility in combination with PD-1 inhibitors. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:54. [PMID: 29898788 PMCID: PMC6000956 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pixatimod (PG545) is a novel clinical-stage immunomodulatory agent capable of inhibiting the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) yet also stimulate dendritic cells (DCs), leading to activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Preclinically, pixatimod inhibits heparanase (HPSE) which may be associated with its inhibitory effect on TAMs whereas its immunostimulatory activity on DCs is through the MyD88-dependent TLR9 pathway. Pixatimod recently completed a Phase Ia monotherapy trial in advanced cancer patients. METHODS To characterize the safety of pixatimod administered by intravenous (IV) infusion, a one month toxicology study was conducted to support a Phase Ia monotherapy clinical trial. The relative exposure (AUC) of pixatimod across relevant species was determined and the influence of route of administration on the immunomodulatory activity was also evaluated. Finally, the potential utility of pixatimod in combination with PD-1 inhibition was also investigated using the syngeneic 4T1.2 breast cancer model. RESULTS The nonclinical safety profile revealed that the main toxicities associated with pixatimod are elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, APTT, decreased platelets and other changes symptomatic of modulating the immune system such as pyrexia, changes in WBC subsets, inflammatory changes in liver, spleen and kidney. Though adverse events such as fever, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides were reported in the Phase Ia trial, none were considered dose limiting toxicities and the compound was well tolerated up to 100 mg via IV infusion. Exposure (AUC) up to 100 mg was considered proportional with some accumulation upon repeated dosing, a phenomenon also noted in the toxicology study. The immunomodulatory activity of pixatimod was independent of the route of administration and it enhanced the effectiveness of PD-1 inhibition in a poorly immunogenic tumor model. CONCLUSIONS Pixatimod modulates innate immune cells but also enhances T cell infiltration in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy. The safety and PK profile of the compound supports its ongoing development in a Phase Ib study for advanced cancer/pancreatic adenocarcinoma with the checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo®). TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02042781 . First posted: 23 January, 2014 - Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- 0000000403978434grid.1055.1Division of Cancer ResearchPeter MacCallum Cancer Centre 3000 Melbourne VIC Australia
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of Melbourne 3052 Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- 0000000403978434grid.1055.1Division of Cancer ResearchPeter MacCallum Cancer Centre 3000 Melbourne VIC Australia
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of Melbourne 3052 Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Todd V Brennan
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartment of SurgeryDuke University Medical Center 27710 Durham North Carolina USA
| | | | | | - Tomislav Karoli
- Zucero Therapeutics 4076 Brisbane QLD Australia
- Present address: Novasep Kalkstrasse 218 51377 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Fleur Lanksheer
- Progen Pharmaceuticals 4076 Brisbane QLD Australia
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cPresent address: School of Humanities and Social ScienceThe University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Liwen Lin
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartment of SurgeryDuke University Medical Center 27710 Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartments of Medicine and ImmunologyDuke University Medical Center 27710 Durham North Carolina USA
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20
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Iafolla MA, Selby H, Warner K, Ohashi PS, Haibe-Kains B, Siu LL. Rational design and identification of immuno-oncology drug combinations. Eur J Cancer 2018; 95:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Pitroda SP, Stack ME, Liu GF, Song SS, Chen L, Liang H, Parekh AD, Huang X, Roach P, Posner MC, Weichselbaum RR, Khodarev NN. JAK2 Inhibitor SAR302503 Abrogates PD-L1 Expression and Targets Therapy-Resistant Non–small Cell Lung Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:732-739. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Kazaz SN, Öztop İ. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced-Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Turk Thorac J 2018; 18:101-107. [PMID: 29404172 DOI: 10.5152/turkthoracj.2017.17006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
More than half of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are at an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, and they have a poor prognosis. Systemic treatment is the basic treatment approach for advanced-stage NSCLC, and chemotherapy and targeted treatments are commonly used based on the molecular characteristics. Although targeted therapies have led to a significant level of improvement in terms of survival, the results are still unsatisfactory. However, considerable attention has been focused to the immunotherapy with recent positive results reported by studies on this field. In this context, a certain portion of clinical studies have shown dramatic results, and these have involved inhibitors developed particularly against the immune checkpoint protein programmed death receptor-1 and its ligand (programmed death ligand-1). This review aims to present the significance of immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC and to summarize the findings of relevant contemporary clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Nazlı Kazaz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - İlhan Öztop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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23
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Jenkins RW, Barbie DA, Flaherty KT. Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:9-16. [PMID: 29319049 PMCID: PMC5765236 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting CTLA-4 and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown unprecedented clinical activity in several types of cancer and are rapidly transforming the practice of medical oncology. Whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy and small molecule inhibitors (‘targeted therapies’) largely act on cancer cells directly, immune checkpoint inhibitors reinvigorate anti-tumour immune responses by disrupting co-inhibitory T-cell signalling. While resistance routinely develops in patients treated with conventional cancer therapies and targeted therapies, durable responses suggestive of long-lasting immunologic memory are commonly seen in large subsets of patients treated with ICI. However, initial response appears to be a binary event, with most non-responders to single-agent ICI therapy progressing at a rate consistent with the natural history of disease. In addition, late relapses are now emerging with longer follow-up of clinical trial populations, suggesting the emergence of acquired resistance. As robust biomarkers to predict clinical response and/or resistance remain elusive, the mechanisms underlying innate (primary) and acquired (secondary) resistance are largely inferred from pre-clinical studies and correlative clinical data. Improved understanding of molecular and immunologic mechanisms of ICI response (and resistance) may not only identify novel predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers, but also ultimately guide optimal combination/sequencing of ICI therapy in the clinic. Here we review the emerging clinical and pre-clinical data identifying novel mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Jenkins
- Division of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - David A Barbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Division of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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24
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Steggerda SM, Bennett MK, Chen J, Emberley E, Huang T, Janes JR, Li W, MacKinnon AL, Makkouk A, Marguier G, Murray PJ, Neou S, Pan A, Parlati F, Rodriguez MLM, Van de Velde LA, Wang T, Works M, Zhang J, Zhang W, Gross MI. Inhibition of arginase by CB-1158 blocks myeloid cell-mediated immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:101. [PMID: 29254508 PMCID: PMC5735564 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myeloid cells are an abundant leukocyte in many types of tumors and contribute to immune evasion. Expression of the enzyme arginase 1 (Arg1) is a defining feature of immunosuppressive myeloid cells and leads to depletion of L-arginine, a nutrient required for T cell and natural killer (NK) cell proliferation. Here we use CB-1158, a potent and orally-bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of arginase, to investigate the role of Arg1 in regulating anti-tumor immunity. Methods CB-1158 was tested for the ability to block myeloid cell-mediated inhibition of T cell proliferation in vitro, and for tumor growth inhibition in syngeneic mouse models of cancer as a single agent and in combination with other therapies. Tumors from animals treated with CB-1158 were profiled for changes in immune cell subsets, expression of immune-related genes, and cytokines. Human tumor tissue microarrays were probed for Arg1 expression by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Cancer patient plasma samples were assessed for Arg1 protein and L-arginine by ELISA and mass spectrometry, respectively. Results CB-1158 blocked myeloid cell-mediated suppression of T cell proliferation in vitro and reduced tumor growth in multiple mouse models of cancer, as a single agent and in combination with checkpoint blockade, adoptive T cell therapy, adoptive NK cell therapy, and the chemotherapy agent gemcitabine. Profiling of the tumor microenvironment revealed that CB-1158 increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and NK cells, inflammatory cytokines, and expression of interferon-inducible genes. Patient tumor samples from multiple histologies expressed an abundance of tumor-infiltrating Arg1+ myeloid cells. Plasma samples from cancer patients exhibited elevated Arg1 and reduced L-arginine compared to healthy volunteers. Conclusions These results demonstrate that Arg1 is a key mediator of immune suppression and that inhibiting Arg1 with CB-1158 shifts the immune landscape toward a pro-inflammatory environment, blunting myeloid cell-mediated immune evasion and reducing tumor growth. Furthermore, our results suggest that arginase blockade by CB-1158 may be an effective therapy in multiple types of cancer and combining CB-1158 with standard-of-care chemotherapy or other immunotherapies may yield improved clinical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Steggerda
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Mark K Bennett
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jason Chen
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ethan Emberley
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tony Huang
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Julie R Janes
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Weiqun Li
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Andrew L MacKinnon
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Amani Makkouk
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Gisele Marguier
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Peter J Murray
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Departments of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Silinda Neou
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Alison Pan
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Francesco Parlati
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Mirna L M Rodriguez
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Van de Velde
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tracy Wang
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Melissa Works
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Winter Zhang
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Matthew I Gross
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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25
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Cho SF, Lin L, Xing L, Yu T, Wen K, Anderson KC, Tai YT. Monoclonal Antibody: A New Treatment Strategy against Multiple Myeloma. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6040018. [PMID: 31548533 PMCID: PMC6698817 DOI: 10.3390/antib6040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2015 was a groundbreaking year for the multiple myeloma community partly due to the breakthrough approval of the first two monoclonal antibodies in the treatment for patients with relapsed and refractory disease. Despite early disappointments, monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38 (daratumumab) and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule F7 (SLAMF7) (elotuzumab) have become available for patients with multiple myeloma in the same year. Specifically, phase 3 clinical trials of combination therapies incorporating daratumumab or elotuzumab indicate both efficacy and a very favorable toxicity profile. These therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for multiple myeloma can kill target cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent phagocytosis, as well as by direct blockade of signaling cascades. In addition, their immunomodulatory effects may simultaneously inhibit the immunosuppressive bone marrow microenvironment and restore the key function of immune effector cells. In this review, we focus on monoclonal antibodies that have shown clinical efficacy or promising preclinical anti-multiple myeloma activities that warrant further clinical development. We summarize mechanisms that account for the in vitro and in vivo anti-myeloma effects of these monoclonal antibodies, as well as relevant preclinical and clinical results. Monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies have already and will continue to transform the treatment landscape in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Cho
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Liang Lin
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Lijie Xing
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China.
| | - Tengteng Yu
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Kenneth Wen
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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26
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Brouwer-Visser J, Cheng WY, Bauer-Mehren A, Maisel D, Lechner K, Andersson E, Dudley JT, Milletti F. Regulatory T-cell Genes Drive Altered Immune Microenvironment in Adult Solid Cancers and Allow for Immune Contextual Patient Subtyping. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 27:103-112. [PMID: 29133367 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The tumor microenvironment is an important factor in cancer immunotherapy response. To further understand how a tumor affects the local immune system, we analyzed immune gene expression differences between matching normal and tumor tissue.Methods: We analyzed public and new gene expression data from solid cancers and isolated immune cell populations. We also determined the correlation between CD8, FoxP3 IHC, and our gene signatures.Results: We observed that regulatory T cells (Tregs) were one of the main drivers of immune gene expression differences between normal and tumor tissue. A tumor-specific CD8 signature was slightly lower in tumor tissue compared with normal of most (12 of 16) cancers, whereas a Treg signature was higher in tumor tissue of all cancers except liver. Clustering by Treg signature found two groups in colorectal cancer datasets. The high Treg cluster had more samples that were consensus molecular subtype 1/4, right-sided, and microsatellite-instable, compared with the low Treg cluster. Finally, we found that the correlation between signature and IHC was low in our small dataset, but samples in the high Treg cluster had significantly more CD8+ and FoxP3+ cells compared with the low Treg cluster.Conclusions: Treg gene expression is highly indicative of the overall tumor immune environment.Impact: In comparison with the consensus molecular subtype and microsatellite status, the Treg signature identifies more colorectal tumors with high immune activation that may benefit from cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(1); 103-12. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan Brouwer-Visser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development - Operations, Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York.
| | - Wei-Yi Cheng
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development - Operations, Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York
| | - Anna Bauer-Mehren
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Maisel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Lechner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Emilia Andersson
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Francesca Milletti
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development - Operations, Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York
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27
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Mandalà M, Tondini C, Merelli B, Massi D. Rationale for New Checkpoint Inhibitor Combinations in Melanoma Therapy. Am J Clin Dermatol 2017; 18:597-611. [PMID: 28432648 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-017-0282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies that block immunologic checkpoints, which mediate adaptive immune resistance, has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma patients. Specifically, targeting single immune suppressive molecules such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expressed on T cells or its primary ligand, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), resulted in pronounced clinical benefit for a subset of melanoma patients. Although single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has demonstrated promising clinical activity in metastatic melanoma patients, there is still a significant proportion of patients who show primary resistance to these therapies. Increased clinical efficacy was reported in phase II and III randomized studies by co-targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 in the treatment of advanced melanoma, indicating the existence of multiple non-redundant immunosuppressive pathways in the tumor microenvironment. Nevertheless, only 50% of patients responded to combined anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 treatment. Additionally, the combination regimen was associated with severe toxicity in >50-60% of patients. In this review we summarize the rationale for new checkpoint inhibitor combinations in melanoma therapy and discuss how biologic-driven stratification enables the design of optimal combination therapies tailored to target different tumor microenvironments.
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28
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Reinhardt J, Landsberg J, Schmid-Burgk JL, Ramis BB, Bald T, Glodde N, Lopez-Ramos D, Young A, Ngiow SF, Nettersheim D, Schorle H, Quast T, Kolanus W, Schadendorf D, Long GV, Madore J, Scolyer RA, Ribas A, Smyth MJ, Tumeh PC, Tüting T, Hölzel M. MAPK Signaling and Inflammation Link Melanoma Phenotype Switching to Induction of CD73 during Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4697-4709. [PMID: 28652246 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of tumor cell phenotypes promotes heterogeneity and therapy resistance. Here we found that induction of CD73, the enzyme that generates immunosuppressive adenosine, is linked to melanoma phenotype switching. Activating MAPK mutations and growth factors drove CD73 expression, which marked both nascent and full activation of a mesenchymal-like melanoma cell state program. Proinflammatory cytokines like TNFα cooperated with MAPK signaling through the c-Jun/AP-1 transcription factor complex to activate CD73 transcription by binding to an intronic enhancer. In a mouse model of T-cell immunotherapy, CD73 was induced in relapse melanomas, which acquired a mesenchymal-like phenotype. We also detected CD73 upregulation in melanoma patients progressing under adoptive T-cell transfer or immune checkpoint blockade, arguing for an adaptive resistance mechanism. Our work substantiates CD73 as a target to combine with current immunotherapies, but its dynamic regulation suggests limited value of CD73 pretreatment expression as a biomarker to stratify melanoma patients. Cancer Res; 77(17); 4697-709. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reinhardt
- Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Schmid-Burgk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bartomeu Bibiloni Ramis
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bald
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Glodde
- Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dorys Lopez-Ramos
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Arabella Young
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason Madore
- Melanoma Institute Australia and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antoni Ribas
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul C Tumeh
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Cogdill AP, Andrews MC, Wargo JA. Hallmarks of response to immune checkpoint blockade. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1-7. [PMID: 28524159 PMCID: PMC5520201 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented advances have been made in the treatment of cancer through the use of immune checkpoint blockade, with approval of several checkpoint blockade regimens spanning multiple cancer types. However, responses to this form of therapy are not universal, and insights are clearly needed to identify optimal biomarkers of response and to combat mechanisms of therapeutic resistance. A working knowledge of the hallmarks of cancer yields insight into responses to immune checkpoint blockade, although the focus of this is rather tumour-centric and additional factors are pertinent, including host immunity and environmental influences. Herein, we describe the foundation for pillars and hallmarks of response to immune checkpoint blockade, with a discussion of their relevance to immune monitoring and mechanisms of resistance. Evolution of this understanding will ultimately help guide treatment strategies to enhance therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria P Cogdill
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Miles C Andrews
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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30
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Kwan BH, Zhu EF, Tzeng A, Sugito HR, Eltahir AA, Ma B, Delaney MK, Murphy PA, Kauke MJ, Angelini A, Momin N, Mehta NK, Maragh AM, Hynes RO, Dranoff G, Cochran JR, Wittrup KD. Integrin-targeted cancer immunotherapy elicits protective adaptive immune responses. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1679-1690. [PMID: 28473400 PMCID: PMC5460993 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin targeting for cancer has primarily focused on antagonizing integrin function, which has been clinically ineffective to date. In this study, Kwan et al. repurpose integrins as a beacon for recruiting immune effector functions to bolster current cancer immunotherapy approaches. Certain RGD-binding integrins are required for cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation and are overexpressed in most tumors, making them attractive therapeutic targets. However, multiple integrin antagonist drug candidates have failed to show efficacy in cancer clinical trials. In this work, we instead exploit these integrins as a target for antibody Fc effector functions in the context of cancer immunotherapy. By combining administration of an engineered mouse serum albumin/IL-2 fusion with an Fc fusion to an integrin-binding peptide (2.5F-Fc), significant survival improvements are achieved in three syngeneic mouse tumor models, including complete responses with protective immunity. Functional integrin antagonism does not contribute significantly to efficacy; rather, this therapy recruits both an innate and adaptive immune response, as deficiencies in either arm result in reduced tumor control. Administration of this integrin-targeted immunotherapy together with an anti–PD-1 antibody further improves responses and predominantly results in cures. Overall, this well-tolerated therapy achieves tumor specificity by redirecting inflammation to a functional target fundamental to tumorigenic processes but expressed at significantly lower levels in healthy tissues, and it shows promise for translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron H Kwan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Eric F Zhu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alice Tzeng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Harun R Sugito
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ahmed A Eltahir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Botong Ma
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mary K Delaney
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Patrick A Murphy
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Monique J Kauke
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Noor Momin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Naveen K Mehta
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alecia M Maragh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 .,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Rakhmilevich AL, Felder M, Lever L, Slowinski J, Rasmussen K, Hoefges A, Van De Voort TJ, Loibner H, Korman AJ, Gillies SD, Sondel PM. Effective Combination of Innate and Adaptive Immunotherapeutic Approaches in a Mouse Melanoma Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1575-1584. [PMID: 28062694 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Most cancer immunotherapies include activation of either innate or adaptive immune responses. We hypothesized that the combined activation of both innate and adaptive immunity will result in better antitumor efficacy. We have previously shown the synergy of an agonistic anti-CD40 mAb (anti-CD40) and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in activating macrophages to induce tumor cell killing in mice. Separately, we have shown that a direct intratumoral injection of immunocytokine (IC), an anti-GD2 Ab linked to IL-2, can activate T and NK cells resulting in antitumor effects. We hypothesized that activation of macrophages with anti-CD40/CpG, and NK cells with IC, would cause innate tumor destruction, leading to increased presentation of tumor Ags and adaptive T cell activation; the latter could be further augmented by anti-CTLA-4 Ab to achieve tumor eradication and immunological memory. Using the mouse GD2+ B78 melanoma model, we show that anti-CD40/CpG treatment led to upregulation of T cell activation markers in draining lymph nodes. Anti-CD40/CpG + IC/anti-CTLA-4 synergistically induced regression of advanced s.c. tumors, resulting in cure of some mice and development of immunological memory against B78 and wild type B16 tumors. Although the antitumor effect of anti-CD40/CpG did not require T cells, the antitumor effect of IC/anti-CTLA-4 was dependent on T cells. The combined treatment with anti-CD40/CpG + IC/anti-CTLA-4 reduced T regulatory cells in the tumors and was effective against distant solid tumors and lung metastases. We suggest that a combination of anti-CD40/CpG and IC/anti-CTLA-4 should be developed for clinical testing as a potentially effective novel immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705; .,Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Mildred Felder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Lauren Lever
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jacob Slowinski
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Kayla Rasmussen
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Anna Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | | | | | - Alan J Korman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705.,Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
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Ng SSM, Nagy BA, Jensen SM, Hu X, Alicea C, Fox BA, Felber BK, Bergamaschi C, Pavlakis GN. Heterodimeric IL15 Treatment Enhances Tumor Infiltration, Persistence, and Effector Functions of Adoptively Transferred Tumor-specific T Cells in the Absence of Lymphodepletion. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2817-2830. [PMID: 27986749 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a promising immunotherapeutic approach for cancer. Host lymphodepletion is associated with favorable ACT therapy outcomes, but it may cause detrimental effects in humans. We tested the hypothesis that IL15 administration enhances ACT in the absence of lymphodepletion. We previously showed that bioactive IL15 in vivo comprises a stable complex of the IL15 chain with the IL15 receptor alpha chain (IL15Rα), termed heterodimeric IL15 (hetIL15).Experimental Design: We evaluated the effects of the combination regimen ACT + hetIL15 in the absence of lymphodepletion by transferring melanoma-specific Pmel-1 T cells into B16 melanoma-bearing mice.Results: hetIL15 treatment delayed tumor growth by promoting infiltration and persistence of both adoptively transferred Pmel-1 cells and endogenous CD8+ T cells into the tumor. In contrast, persistence of Pmel-1 cells was severely reduced following irradiation in comparison with mice treated with hetIL15. Importantly, we found that hetIL15 treatment led to the preferential enrichment of Pmel-1 cells in B16 tumor sites in an antigen-dependent manner. Upon hetIL15 administration, tumor-infiltrating Pmel-1 cells showed a "nonexhausted" effector phenotype, characterized by increased IFNγ secretion, proliferation, and cytotoxic potential and low level of PD-1. hetIL15 treatment also resulted in an improved ratio of Pmel-1 to Treg in the tumor.Conclusions: hetIL15 administration improves the outcome of ACT in lymphoreplete hosts, a finding with significant implications for improving cell-based cancer immunotherapy strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2817-30. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinnie Sin Man Ng
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Bethany A Nagy
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland.,Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Shawn M Jensen
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xintao Hu
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland.
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Rancoule C, Vallard A, Espenel S, Guy JB, Xia Y, El Meddeb Hamrouni A, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Chargari C, Deutsch E, Magné N. Immunotherapy in head and neck cancer: Harnessing profit on a system disruption. Oral Oncol 2016; 62:153-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Seledtsova G, Shishkov A, Kaschenko E, Seledtsov V. Xenogeneic cell-based vaccine therapy for colorectal cancer: Safety, association of clinical effects with vaccine-induced immune responses. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:1247-1252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Malignant melanoma—The cradle of anti-neoplastic immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 106:25-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Borch TH, Engell-Noerregaard L, Zeeberg Iversen T, Ellebaek E, Met Ö, Hansen M, Andersen MH, Thor Straten P, Svane IM. mRNA-transfected dendritic cell vaccine in combination with metronomic cyclophosphamide as treatment for patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1207842. [PMID: 27757300 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1207842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) has generally not fulfilled its promise in cancer immunotherapy due to ineffective translation of immune responses into clinical responses. A proposed reason for this is intrinsic immune regulatory mechanisms, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs). A metronomic regimen of cyclophosphamide (mCy) has been shown to selectively deplete Tregs. To test this in a clinical setting, we conducted a phase I trial to evaluate the feasibility and safety of vaccination with DCs transfected with mRNA in combination with mCy in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (MM). In addition, clinical and immunological effect of the treatment was evaluated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-two patients were enrolled and treated with six cycles of cyclophosphamide 50 mg orally bi-daily for a week every second week (day 1-7). During the six cycles patients received at least 5 × 106 autologous DCs administered by intradermal (i.d.) injection in the week without chemotherapy. Patients were evaluated 12 and 27 weeks and every 3rd mo thereafter with CT scans according to RECIST 1.0. Blood samples for immune monitoring were collected at baseline, at the time of 4th and 6th vaccines. Immune monitoring consisted of IFNγ ELISpot assay, proliferation assay, and flow cytometry for enumeration of immune cell subsets. RESULTS Toxicity was manageable. Eighteen patients were evaluable after six cycles. Of these, nine patients had progressive disease as best response and nine patients achieved stable disease. In three patients minor tumor regression was observed. By IFNγ ELISpot and proliferation assay immune responses were seen in 6/17 and 4/17 patients, respectively; however, no correlation with clinical response was found. The percentage of Tregs was unchanged during treatment. CONCLUSION Treatment with autologous DCs transfected with mRNA in combination with mCy was feasible and safe. Importantly, mCy did not alter the percentage of Tregs in our patient cohort. There was an indication of clinical benefit; however, more knowledge is needed in order for DCs to be exploited as a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Holz Borch
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lotte Engell-Noerregaard
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Trine Zeeberg Iversen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Eva Ellebaek
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Hansen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per Thor Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Economopoulou P, Agelaki S, Perisanidis C, Giotakis EI, Psyrri A. The promise of immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1675-85. [PMID: 27380958 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell cancers of the head and neck (HNSCC) comprise a diverse group of malignancies that includes tobacco-related tumors in addition to an increasing number of human papillomavirus-associated cancers. Independently of cause, there is a growing body of evidence supporting that the immune system plays a pivotal role in HNSCC development, as tumor cells evade immunosurveillance by exploiting inhibitory checkpoint pathways that suppress anti-tumor T-cell responses. HNSCC cells have the ability to manipulate the immune system through a variety of different mechanisms, forcing it to promote tumor growth and spread. Over the last decade, discoveries in immunologic research resulted in increased understanding of complex interactions between HNSCC and the host immune system as well as T-cell regulatory mechanisms, promoting the development of a variety of novel immunotherapies. Following the availability of novel immunotherapeutic strategies, the challenge for clinicians is to understand how and in which clinical setting to use these agents in order to provide greater clinical benefit for patients. Combination of immunotherapies with standard treatment approaches also represents an evolving field of research. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of immune escape mechanisms in HNSCC, as well as current immunotherapy approaches under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Economopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens
| | - S Agelaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion Laboratory of Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - C Perisanidis
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E I Giotakis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Psyrri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens
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Economopoulou P, Perisanidis C, Giotakis EI, Psyrri A. The emerging role of immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): anti-tumor immunity and clinical applications. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:173. [PMID: 27275486 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.03.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) carries a poor prognosis, with low survival rates for advanced stage tumors and minimal improvement in survival trends through the past decades. It is becoming increasingly clear that HNSCC oncogenesis and evolution is characterized by profound immune defects, as cancer cells evade immunosurveillance due to accumulation of genetic mutations and tumor heterogeneity. Improved understanding of the role of the immune system in cancer has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets, which are being investigated for their potential to provide durable responses. In this review, we will summarize the role of the immune system in HNSCC, the rationale behind immunotherapy strategies and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Economopoulou
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Haidari, Athens, Greece ; 2 Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria ; 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christos Perisanidis
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Haidari, Athens, Greece ; 2 Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria ; 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Evaggelos I Giotakis
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Haidari, Athens, Greece ; 2 Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria ; 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Haidari, Athens, Greece ; 2 Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria ; 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Allan KJ, Stojdl DF, Swift SL. High-throughput screening to enhance oncolytic virus immunotherapy. Oncolytic Virother 2016; 5:15-25. [PMID: 27579293 PMCID: PMC4996253 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screens can rapidly scan and capture large amounts of information across multiple biological parameters. Although many screens have been designed to uncover potential new therapeutic targets capable of crippling viruses that cause disease, there have been relatively few directed at improving the efficacy of viruses that are used to treat disease. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are biotherapeutic agents with an inherent specificity for treating malignant disease. Certain OV platforms – including those based on herpes simplex virus, reovirus, and vaccinia virus – have shown success against solid tumors in advanced clinical trials. Yet, many of these OVs have only undergone minimal engineering to solidify tumor specificity, with few extra modifications to manipulate additional factors. Several aspects of the interaction between an OV and a tumor-bearing host have clear value as targets to improve therapeutic outcomes. At the virus level, these include delivery to the tumor, infectivity, productivity, oncolysis, bystander killing, spread, and persistence. At the host level, these include engaging the immune system and manipulating the tumor microenvironment. Here, we review the chemical- and genome-based high-throughput screens that have been performed to manipulate such parameters during OV infection and analyze their impact on therapeutic efficacy. We further explore emerging themes that represent key areas of focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Allan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute; Department of Biology, Microbiology and Immunology
| | - David F Stojdl
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute; Department of Biology, Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S L Swift
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute
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Morrissey KM, Yuraszeck TM, Li C, Zhang Y, Kasichayanula S. Immunotherapy and Novel Combinations in Oncology: Current Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities. Clin Transl Sci 2016; 9:89-104. [PMID: 26924066 PMCID: PMC5351311 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- KM Morrissey
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyGenentech IncSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - TM Yuraszeck
- Clinical PharmacologyModeling and Simulation, Amgen IncThousand OaksCaliforniaUSA
| | - C‐C Li
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyGenentech IncSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Y Zhang
- Clinical PharmacologyModeling and Simulation, Amgen IncThousand OaksCaliforniaUSA
| | - S Kasichayanula
- Clinical PharmacologyModeling and Simulation, Amgen IncThousand OaksCaliforniaUSA
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Seledtsov VI, Goncharov AG, Seledtsova GV. Clinically feasible approaches to potentiating cancer cell-based immunotherapies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:851-69. [PMID: 25933181 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1009814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system exerts both tumor-destructive and tumor-protective functions. Mature dendritic cells (DCs), classically activated macrophages (M1), granulocytes, B lymphocytes, aβ and ɣδ T lymphocytes, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells may be implicated in antitumor immunoprotection. Conversely, tolerogenic DCs, alternatively activated macrophages (M2), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T (Tregs) and B cells (Bregs) are capable of suppressing antitumor immune responses. Anti-cancer vaccination is a useful strategy to elicit antitumor immune responses, while overcoming immunosuppressive mechanisms. Whole tumor cells or lysates derived thereof hold more promise as cancer vaccines than individual tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), because vaccinal cells can elicit immune responses to multiple TAAs. Cancer cell-based vaccines can be autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic. Clinical use of xenogeneic vaccines is advantageous in that they can be most effective in breaking the preexisting immune tolerance to TAAs. To potentiate immunotherapy, vaccinations can be combined with other modalities that target different immune pathways. These modalities include 1) genetic or chemical modification of cell-based vaccines; 2) cross-priming TAAs to T cells by engaging dendritic cells; 3) T-cell adoptive therapy; 4) stimulation of cytotoxic inflammation by non-specific immunomodulators, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, chemokines or hormones; 5) reduction of immunosuppression and/or stimulation of antitumor effector cells using antibodies, small molecules; and 6) various cytoreductive modalities. The authors envisage that combined immunotherapeutic strategies will allow for substantial improvements in clinical outcomes in the near future.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ab, antibodies
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CTA, cancer/testis antigen
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4
- DC, dendritic cell
- DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
- HIFU, high-intensity focused ultrasound
- IDO, indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LAK, lymphokine-activated killer
- M, macrophage
- M1, classically activated macrophage
- M2, alternatively activated macrophage, MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NK, natural killer (cell)
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RFA, radiofrequency ablation
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Th, T-helper cell
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- antitumor immunoprotection
- cancer cell-based vaccines
- combined immunotherapy
- immunosuppression
- reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Seledtsov
- a lmmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University ; Kaliningrad , Russia
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Regan D, Dow S. Manipulation of Innate Immunity for Cancer Therapy in Dogs. Vet Sci 2015; 2:423-439. [PMID: 29061951 PMCID: PMC5644648 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last one to two decades, the field of cancer immunotherapy has rapidly progressed from early preclinical studies to a successful clinical reality and fourth major pillar of human cancer therapy. While current excitement in the field of immunotherapy is being driven by several major breakthroughs including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, these advances stem from a foundation of pivotal studies demonstrating the immune systems role in tumor control and eradication. The following will be a succinct review on veterinary cancer immunotherapy as it pertains to manipulation of the innate immune system to control tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, we will provide an update on recent progress in our understanding of the innate immune system in veterinary tumor immunology, and how these gains may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of cancer in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Regan
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
- The Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| | - Steven Dow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
- The Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
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Multiple-purpose immunotherapy for cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 76:24-9. [PMID: 26653546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer vaccination is a useful strategy to elicit antitumor immune responses, while overcoming immunosuppressive mechanisms. Whole tumor cells or lysates derived thereof hold more promise as cancer vaccines than individual tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), because vaccinal cells can elicit immune responses to multiple TAAs. Cancer cell-based vaccines can be autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic. Clinical use of xenogeneic vaccines is advantageous in that they can be most effective in breaking the preexisting immune tolerance to TAAs. An attractive protocol would be to combine vaccinations with immunostimulating and/or immunosuppression-blocking modalities. It is reasonable to anticipate that combined immunotherapeutic strategies will allow for substantial improvements in clinical outcomes in the near future.
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Kalinski P, Gingrich JR. Toward improved effectiveness of bladder cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1039-42. [PMID: 26507359 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kalinski
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Bioengineering, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion Suite 1.46, 5117 Center Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Gingrich
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion Suite 1.46, 5117 Center Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Borch TH, Donia M, Andersen MH, Svane IM. Reorienting the immune system in the treatment of cancer by using anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Denileukin Diftitox (Ontak) as Maintenance Therapy for Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas: Three Cases with Sustained Remission. Case Rep Oncol Med 2015; 2015:123756. [PMID: 26240767 PMCID: PMC4512602 DOI: 10.1155/2015/123756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are rare but markedly aggressive forms of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). They carry a poor prognosis, with current therapeutic approach being generally ineffective. The most employed first-line treatment is CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone), which still results in high rates of relapses. Denileukin diftitox is a fusion protein combining the cytotoxic portion of the diphtheria toxin and the receptor-binding domain of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) molecule, thereby targeting cells expressing the IL-2 receptor, including both T-cell and B-cell lymphomas. It has been approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, and it has documented activity in PTCL both as a single agent and as part of combination therapy. This report documents three cases of PTCL where denileukin diftitox has been used as long-term maintenance therapy after complete remission was achieved. While the overall survival rate of patients with advanced stage, refractory PTCL is generally poor (with median overall survival of 5.5 months), the three patients described in this report are all experiencing an ongoing complete remission for more than four years.
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Immunotherapeutic approaches to ovarian cancer treatment. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:7. [PMID: 25806106 PMCID: PMC4372273 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in combinatorial chemotherapy regimens and the advent of intraperitoneal chemotherapy administration, current therapeutic options for ovarian cancer patients are inadequate. Immunotherapy offers a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for treating ovarian tumors. Following the demonstration of the immunogenicity of ovarian tumors, multiple immunotherapeutic modalities have been developed. Antibody-based therapies, immune checkpoint blockade, cancer vaccines, and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells have demonstrated preclinical success and entered clinical testing. In this review, we discuss these promising immunotherapeutic approaches and emphasize the importance of combinatorial treatment strategies and biomarker discovery.
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Luke JJ, Ott PA. PD-1 pathway inhibitors: the next generation of immunotherapy for advanced melanoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:3479-92. [PMID: 25682878 PMCID: PMC4414130 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors are revolutionizing treatment options and expectations for patients with melanoma. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), was the first approved checkpoint inhibitor. Emerging long-term data indicate that approximately 20% of ipilimumab-treated patients achieve long-term survival. The first programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma; nivolumab was previously approved in Japan. PD-1 inhibitors are also poised to become standard of care treatment for other cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibition is a different treatment approach to chemotherapy and targeted agents: instead of directly acting on the tumor to induce tumor cell death, checkpoint inhibitors enhance or de novo stimulate antitumor immune responses to eliminate cancer cells. Initial data suggest that objective anti-tumor response rates may be higher with anti-PD-1 agents compared with ipilimumab and the safety profile may be more tolerable. This review explores the development and next steps for PD-1 pathway inhibitors, including discussion of their novel mechanism of action and clinical data to-date, with a focus on melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Luke
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick A. Ott
- Melanoma Disease Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Biomarkers for glioma immunotherapy: the next generation. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:359-72. [PMID: 25724916 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term "biomarker" historically refers to a single parameter, such as the expression level of a gene or a radiographic pattern, used to indicate a broader biological state. Molecular indicators have been applied to several aspects of cancer therapy: to describe the genotypic and phenotypic state of neoplastic tissue for prognosis, to predict susceptibility to anti-proliferative agents, to validate the presence of specific drug targets, and to evaluate responsiveness to therapy. For glioblastoma (GBM), immunohistochemical and radiographic biomarkers accessible to the clinical lab have informed traditional regimens, but while immunotherapies have emerged as potentially disruptive weapons against this diffusely infiltrating, heterogeneous tumor, biomarkers with strong predictive power have not been fully established. The cancer immunotherapy field, through the recently accelerated expansion of trials, is currently leveraging this wealth of clinical and biological data to define and revise the use of biomarkers for improving prognostic accuracy, personalization of therapy, and evaluation of responses across the wide variety of tumors. Technological advancements in DNA sequencing, cytometry, and microscopy have facilitated the exploration of more integrated, high-dimensional profiling of the disease system-incorporating both immune and tumor parameters-rather than single metrics, as biomarkers for therapeutic sensitivity. Here we discuss the utility of traditional GBM biomarkers in immunotherapy and how the impending transformation of the biomarker paradigm-from single markers to integrated profiles-may offer the key to bringing predictive, personalized immunotherapy to GBM patients.
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