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Kruszewski M, Kruszewski A, Tabęcki R, Kuźmicki S, Stec K, Ambroży T, Aksenov MO, Merchelski M, Danielik T. Effectiveness of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on body composition and maximal strength after 15 weeks of resistance training. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:139-146. [PMID: 38428587 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare High Carbohydrates Low Fat (HCLF) and Low Carbohydrate High Fat (LCHF) diets in terms of changes in body composition and maximal strength. PATIENTS/METHODS The study involved 48 men aged 25 ± 2.5, divided into two groups, one of which (n = 23) was following the LCHF diet and the other (n = 25) the HCLF diet. Both groups performed the same resistance training protocol for 15 weeks. Maximal strength in squat, bench press and deadlift was assessed pre- and post-intervention. Measurements of selected body circumferences and tissue parameters were made using the multifunctional, multi-frequency, direct bioelectric impedance InBody 770 analyzer from InBody Co., Ltd (Cerritos, California, USA). The team with the necessary qualifications and experience in research performed all the measurements and maintained participants' oversight throughout the entire length of the study. RESULTS Both nutritional approaches were effective in terms of reducing body fat mass. The HCLF group achieved greater skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Significant decreases in body circumferences, especially in the abdominal area, were observed for both dietary approaches. Maximal strength significantly increased in the HCLF group and decreased in the LCHF group. CONCLUSION Holistic analysis of the results led to the conclusion that both dietary approaches may elicit positive adaptations in body composition. The two approaches constitute useful alternatives for both recreational exercisers and physique athletes with body composition goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kruszewski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Artur Kruszewski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Tabęcki
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kuźmicki
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Stec
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maksim Olegovich Aksenov
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Academic Department of Physical Education, Moscow, Russia; Banzarov Buryat State University, Department of Physical Education Theory, Faculty of Physical Training, Sport and Tourism, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Maciej Merchelski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Danielik
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Eroglu MN, Rodríguez-Longobardo C, Ramírez-Adrados A, Colina-Coca C, Burgos-Postigo S, López-Torres O, Fernández-Elías VE. The Effects of 24-h Fasting on Exercise Performance and Metabolic Parameters in a Pilot Study of Female CrossFit Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4841. [PMID: 38004236 PMCID: PMC10674902 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have tested intermittent fasting (IF) in athletes, but its effects on female CrossFit athletes remain relatively unexplored in the existing literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of 24-h IF on the physical performance of female CrossFit practitioners. Eleven female CrossFit athletes (age: 30.91 ± 3.42, weight: 65.26 ± 7.55 kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.05 m) participated in the study. The study used a crossover design with fasting and eating conditions. Participants completed an exercise test, standing long jump, and handgrip strength assessment. Hydration status, heart rate, blood lactate, blood glucose, rates of perceived exertion, and hunger were measured. Results showed significant differences in blood lactate concentration (F = 5.435, p = 0.042, η2p = 0.352). Resting blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in the fasting trial than in the eating trial (p < 0.001), but post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were higher in the fasting trial than in the eating trial (p < 0.001). No differences were found in performance times (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this pilot study of females suggests that 24-h fasting does not impair exercise performance or negatively affect physiological parameters in CrossFit athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Nur Eroglu
- Coaching Education Department, Sports Science Faculty, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Serdivan 54050, Turkey;
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Longobardo
- Social Sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Leisure Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Ramírez-Adrados
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Clara Colina-Coca
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Silvia Burgos-Postigo
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Olga López-Torres
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Valentín E. Fernández-Elías
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
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Ficarra S, Di Raimondo D, Navarra GA, Izadi M, Amato A, Macaluso FP, Proia P, Musiari G, Buscemi C, Barile AM, Randazzo C, Tuttolomondo A, Buscemi S, Bellafiore M. Effects of Mediterranean Diet Combined with CrossFit Training on Trained Adults’ Performance and Body Composition. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081238. [PMID: 36013187 PMCID: PMC9409826 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CrossFit is a high-intensity training discipline increasingly practiced in recent years. Specific nutritional approaches are usually recommended to maximize performance and improve body composition in high-intensity training regimens; notwithstanding, to date there are no targeted nutritional recommendations for CrossFit athletes. The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is a diet approach with a well-designed proportion of macronutrients, using only available/seasonal food of the Mediterranean area, whose health benefits are well demonstrated. No studies have evaluated this dietary strategy among CrossFit athletes and practitioners; for this reason, we tested the effects of 8 weeks of MD on CrossFit athletes’ performance and body composition. Participants were assigned to two groups: a diet group (DG) in which participants performed CrossFit training plus MD, and a control group (CG) in which participants partook in the CrossFit training, continuing their habitual diet. Participants were tested before and after the 8 weeks of intervention. At the end of the study, no significant difference was noted in participants’ body composition, whereas improvements in anaerobic power, explosive strength of the lower limbs, and CrossFit-specific performance were observed only in the DG. Our results suggest that adopting a MD in CrossFit athletes/practitioners could be a useful strategy to improve specific strength, endurance, and anaerobic capacity while maintaining overall body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ficarra
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (S.F.); (G.A.N.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (F.P.M.); (P.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Domenico Di Raimondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (C.B.); (A.M.B.); (C.R.); (A.T.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-6552180
| | - Giovanni Angelo Navarra
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (S.F.); (G.A.N.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (F.P.M.); (P.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Mohammad Izadi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (S.F.); (G.A.N.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (F.P.M.); (P.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (S.F.); (G.A.N.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (F.P.M.); (P.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Macaluso
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (S.F.); (G.A.N.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (F.P.M.); (P.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (S.F.); (G.A.N.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (F.P.M.); (P.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Gaia Musiari
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (C.B.); (A.M.B.); (C.R.); (A.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Carola Buscemi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (C.B.); (A.M.B.); (C.R.); (A.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Barile
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (C.B.); (A.M.B.); (C.R.); (A.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Cristiana Randazzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (C.B.); (A.M.B.); (C.R.); (A.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (C.B.); (A.M.B.); (C.R.); (A.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvio Buscemi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (C.B.); (A.M.B.); (C.R.); (A.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (S.F.); (G.A.N.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (F.P.M.); (P.P.); (M.B.)
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Effect of a Four-Week Vegan Diet on Performance, Training Efficiency and Blood Biochemical Indices in CrossFit-Trained Participants. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040894. [PMID: 35215544 PMCID: PMC8878731 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This interventional study examined the effect of a four-week vegan diet (VegD) during a four-week high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on performance, training results and blood biochemical indices in female (n = 12) and male (n = 8) moderate-trained CrossFit participants. The whole study group performed the maximum number of repetitions with a load of 70% one repetition-maximum (1RM) and a modified Fight Gone Bad (FGBMod) test before and after a dietary intervention (the group was divided to follow a VegD or a traditional mixed diet (MixD)) in a randomised and parallel design. Pre-exercise resting blood samples were also analysed. There was a significant improvement in the number of repetitions performed at a load corresponding to 70% of 1RM in the classic squat in the MixD group (p < 0.001), and in the classic deadlift in the VegD group (p = 0.014). Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in the results of the FGBMod performance test after a MixD. Moreover, an improvement in some exercises in the modified FGBMod test (Wall Ball after the VegD and the MixD, and rowing after the MixD) was also observed. However, differences between the MixD and the VegD groups were not clinically relevant. In conclusion, the short-term study conducted here indicated that a VegD in HIFT training positively affects strength endurance in the classic deadlift but is unlikely to be more beneficial in improving performance than a MixD.
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Silva AC, Lüdorf SMA. Dietary supplements and body management of practicers of physical activity in gyms. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:4351-4359. [PMID: 34586284 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021269.06462020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dietary supplements integrates one of the strategies physical activity practicers employ to manage their bodies in contemporary times. This research sought to identify and analyze the multiple uses of dietary supplements done by these practicers and what such uses represent for them with regard to managing their own bodies. A qualitative study was conducted based on the application of online questionnaires to 67 physical activity practicers who frequent gyms. There was also an observation of the groups dynamics in the internet. The resulting empirical material was analyzed using content analysis. Results indicated that part of these practicers believe that dietary supplements aid in gaining muscular mass and improve performance. Furthermore, some of them question the effects of such products on the body although they claim that dietary supplements facilitate diets or should be used only when prescribed by health professionals. In conclusion, there are different ways of using these products, which are often evaluated by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Camargo Silva
- Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 540, Cidade Universitária. 21941-599 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Sílvia Maria Agatti Lüdorf
- Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 540, Cidade Universitária. 21941-599 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
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Anaerobic Capacity is Associated with Metabolic Contribution and Mechanical Output Measured During the Wingate Test. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:65-75. [PMID: 34400987 PMCID: PMC8336542 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the relationship between anaerobic capacity, mechanical and anaerobic contribution during the 30-s Wingate Anaerobic Test (30sWAnT). After familiarization, fifteen, male recreational mountain biking practitioners underwent the following sequence of tests: 1) a graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake and associated intensity i V ˙ O 2 m a x ; 2 and 3) supramaximal exhaustive effort at 115% of iVO2max and 30sWAnT, performed randomly. The glycolytic and phosphagen pathways measured during the supramaximal effort were significantly correlated with peak power (r = 0.85; p < 0.01 and r = 0.57; p = 0.02, respectively), mean power (r = 0.78; p < 0.01 and r = 0.69; p < 0.01, respectively), and total work (r = 0.78; p < 0.01 and r = 0.69; p< 0.02, respectively) measured during the 30sWAnT. A significant correlation was also found between anaerobic capacity and peak power (r = 0.88; p < 0.01), mean power (r = 0.89; p < 0.01), and total work (r = 0.89; p < 0.01). Additionally, anaerobic capacity estimated during the supramaximal effort and the anaerobic contribution measured during the 30sWAnT were not different (p = 0.44) and presented significant good reliability and association (ICC = 0.84; p = 0.001) and good agreement, evidenced by the mean of differences and 95% limits of agreement near to zero (mean bias = 0.11). The results suggest that glycolytic and phosphagen capacity were associated with mechanical performance in the 30sWAnT. In addition, anaerobic contribution during the 30sWAnT seems to be valid for estimating anaerobic capacity in recreational mountain bike cyclists, as well as to estimate the glycolytic and phosphagen contributions.
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de Lira CAB, Silva ZA, Gentil P, Vieira CA, Campos MH, Vancini RL, Andrade MS, Santana MGD. Presence of exercise physiology or similar coursework in the curricula of Brazilian health science undergraduate programs. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 45:172-177. [PMID: 33661052 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00044.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bolstered by evidence of the health benefits of exercise, health professionals advise their patients about it. Thus these professionals should have a basic knowledge of exercise physiology. In Brazil, a graduate degree is not mandatory, so for many health providers, the only opportunity to receive information on exercise physiology content is during their undergraduate study. Therefore, it is imperative that health science undergraduate programs include content on exercise physiology. The aim of the study was to verify the presence of exercise physiology (or similar coursework) in the curricula of seven health science undergraduate programs (biomedicine, physical education, nursing, physiotherapy, medicine, nutrition, and psychology). The study was divided into three phases: 1) a survey of the total number of undergraduate programs (n = 4,940) through an electronic system of the Brazilian Ministry of Education (e-MEC); 2) a random selection of 10% of the total undergraduate programs (n = 494) for further analysis of the curriculum; and 3) analysis of the curricula of the selected undergraduate programs. Of 494 undergraduate programs, we did not find curricula for 77 of them. Therefore, the final sample consisted of 417 undergraduate programs. In total, 65.9% of the undergraduate programs did not offer coursework in exercise physiology. The chi-square test revealed a significant association between undergraduate curricula in health science and the presence or absence of exercise physiology coursework [X2(6, n = 417) = 293.0, P < 0.0001]. We did not find exercise physiology coursework in most of the analyzed undergraduate programs. Alternatives to solve the lack of exercise physiology coursework would be the inclusion of content related to exercise physiology in professional/graduate education or in continuing education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Zeuxis Assis Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Vieira
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Mário Hebling Campos
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Gonçalves de Santana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
- Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
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Bobos P, Nazari G, Ziebart C, MacDermid JC, Kostopoulos N. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect of Multi-ingredient Preworkout Supplementation on Strength, Exercise Volume, and Anaerobic Capacity in Healthy Resistance-Trained Individuals. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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A Systematic Review of CrossFit® Workouts and Dietary and Supplementation Interventions to Guide Nutritional Strategies and Future Research in CrossFit®. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:187-205. [PMID: 33513565 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CrossFit® is a high-intensity functional training method consisting of daily workouts called "workouts of the day." No nutritional recommendations exist for CrossFit® that are supported by scientific evidence regarding the energetic demands of this type of activity or dietary and supplement interventions. This systematic review performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines aimed to identify studies that determined (a) the physiological and metabolic demands of CrossFit® and (b) the effects of nutritional strategies on CrossFit® performance to guide nutritional recommendations for optimal recovery, adaptations, and performance for CrossFit® athletes and direct future research in this emerging area. Three databases were searched for studies that investigated physiological responses to CrossFit® and dietary or supplementation interventions on CrossFit® performance. Various physiological measures revealed the intense nature of all CrossFit® workouts of the day, reflected in substantial muscle fatigue and damage. Dietary and supplementation studies provided an unclear insight into effective strategies to improve performance and enhance adaptations and recovery due to methodological shortcomings across studies. This systematic review showed that CrossFit® is a high-intensity sport with fairly homogenous anaerobic and aerobic characteristics, resulting in substantial metabolic stress, leading to metabolite accumulation (e.g., lactate and hydrogen ions) and increased markers of muscle damage and muscle fatigue. Limited interventional data exist on dietary and supplementation strategies to optimize CrossFit® performance, and most are moderate to very low quality with some critical methodological limitations, precluding solid conclusions on their efficacy. High-quality work is needed to confirm the ideal dietary and supplemental strategies for optimal performance and recovery for CrossFit® athletes and is an exciting avenue for further research.
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Dos Santos Quaresma MVL, Guazzelli Marques C, Nakamoto FP. Effects of diet interventions, dietary supplements, and performance-enhancing substances on the performance of CrossFit-trained individuals: A systematic review of clinical studies. Nutrition 2020; 82:110994. [PMID: 33051114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CrossFit (CF) is characterized as a constantly varied, high-intensity, functional movement training program, performed with little or no rest between bouts, combining strength and endurance exercises, such as running, cycling, rowing, Olympic weightlifting, power weightlifting, and gymnastic-type exercises. Several nutritional strategies are used to improve sports performance of CF practitioners; however, most of them are empirical and lack scientific evidence. Thus, the aim of this review was to determine the effects of diet intervention, dietary supplements, and performance-enhancing substances on exercise-performance parameters of CF practitioners. MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO, and Scopus databases were searched using specific Medical Subject Headings and keywords for clinical studies that enrolled CF athletes in an intervention using diet, dietary supplements, or performance-enhancing substances. Athletic performance was considered as the primary outcome. No other filters were applied. Including grey literature search, 219 studies were identified; however only 14 studies met the eligibility criteria. Two studies evaluated the effects of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance; five studies evaluated high- or low-carbohydrate effects on performance and other parameters. One study verified the effects of multi-ingredient supplementation on CF-specific performance and body composition. One study compared the intake of protein supplements on performance and body composition. Two studies assessed the effect of green tea and (-)-epicatechin on performance and other parameters. One study evaluated the effects of nitrate supplementation on exercise performance. One study investigated the effect of betaine supplementation on body composition and muscle performance. Finally, one study examined the effects of sodium bicarbonate (SB) ingestion on exercise performance and aerobic capacity. Only SB supplementation improved CF performance. These outcomes may have been obtained due to methodological limitations such as small sample size, lack of control over influencing variables, short period of exercise intervention. Despite the popularity and growing evidence about CF, little is known about the relationship between performance-enhancing substances or dietary interventions and CF performance. Given the lack of scientific evidence, new studies with potential ergogenic supplements, a better methodological model, and practical application are required.
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Hoyle AS, Menezes ACB, Nelson MA, Swanson KC, Vonnahme KA, Berg EP, Ward AK. Fetal expression of genes related to metabolic function is impacted by supplementation of ground beef and sucrose during gestation in a swine model. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa232. [PMID: 32687162 PMCID: PMC7431213 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of maternal supplementation on the mRNA abundance of genes associated with metabolic function in fetal muscle and liver, pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; initial body weight (BW) 221.58 ± 33.26 kg; n = 21) fed a complete gestation diet (corn-soybean meal based diet, CSM) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 isocaloric supplementation treatments: control (CON, 378 g/d CSM, n = 5), sucrose (SUGAR, 255 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), cooked ground beef (BEEF, 330 g/d n = 6), or BEEF + SUGAR (B+S, 165 g/d cooked ground beef and 129 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), from days 40 to 110 of gestation. Sows were euthanized on day 111 of gestation. Two male and 2 female fetuses of median BW were selected from each litter, and samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle and liver were collected. Relative transcript level was quantified via qPCR with HPRT1 as the reference gene for both muscle and liver samples. The following genes were selected and analyzed in the muscle: IGF1R, IGF2, IGF2R, GYS-1, IRS-1, INSR, SREBP-1C, and LEPR; while the following were analyzed in the liver: IGF2, IGF2R, FBFase, G6PC, PC, PCK1, FGF21, and LIPC. No effect of fetal sex by maternal treatment interaction was observed in mRNA abundance of any of the genes evaluated (P > 0.11). In muscle, the maternal nutritional treatment influenced (P = 0.02) IGF2 mRNA abundance, with B+S and SUGAR fetuses having lower abundance than CON, which was not different from BEEF. Additionally, SREBP-1 mRNA abundance was greater (P < 0.01) for B+S compared with CON, BEEF, or SUGAR fetuses; and females tended (P = 0.06) to have an increased abundance of SREBP-1 than males. In fetal liver, IGF2R mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.01) for CON and BEEF than SUGAR and B+S; while FBPase mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.03) for B+S compared with the other groups. In addition, maternal nutritional tended (P = 0.06) to influence LIPC mRNA abundance, with increased abundance in CON compared with SUGAR and B+S. These data indicate limited changes in transcript abundance due to substitution of supplemental sugar by ground beef during mid to late gestation. However, the differential expression of FBPase and SREBP-1c in response to the simultaneous supplementation of sucrose and ground beef warrants further investigations, since these genes may play important roles in determining the offspring susceptibility to metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Hoyle
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Megan A Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Eric P Berg
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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12
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Gogojewicz A, Śliwicka E, Durkalec-Michalski K. Assessment of Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status in CrossFit-Trained Individuals: A Descriptive Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134772. [PMID: 32630749 PMCID: PMC7369802 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CrossFit is a discipline with high training and nutritional requirements. To date, there is only scarce data evaluating nutrition among CrossFit training and they mostly focus on selected nutritional interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive study was the assessment of dietary intake and nutritional status in a selected group of CrossFit-trained participants. The study consisted of 62 CrossFit athletes (31 men and 31 women, aged 31.0 ± 5.2 and 30.0 ± 4.3 years, respectively). Body composition was analyzed by electrical bioimpedance. Dietary intake was assessed using a standardized 3-day food record. Body fat percentage for females and males was 20.3 ± 4.3% and 13.7 ± 3.3% respectively. The energy intake in the diet was lower (~1700 kcal in women and ~2300 kcal in men) than the recommended demand. Moreover, low consumption of carbohydrates was stated, as well as an inadequate intake of folate, vitamin E (in women), and minerals, such as Fe and Ca (in women). The energy, carbohydrate, iron, and calcium intake in the CrossFit participants' diet was too low in comparison to recommendations. It seems justified to educate athletes and coaches about nutritional habits, and individual energy and nutrients requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gogojewicz
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (A.G.); (K.D.-M.)
| | - Ewa Śliwicka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-83-55-180
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (A.G.); (K.D.-M.)
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
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13
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Fogaça LJ, Santos SL, Soares RC, Gentil P, Naves JP, dos Santos WD, Pimentel GD, Bottaro M, Mota JF. Effect of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance, power, markers of muscle damage, and perceived exertion in trained CrossFit men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:181-188. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Isenmann E, Blume F, Bizjak DA, Hundsdörfer V, Pagano S, Schibrowski S, Simon W, Schmandra L, Diel P. Comparison of Pro-Regenerative Effects of Carbohydrates and Protein Administrated by Shake and Non-Macro-Nutrient Matched Food Items on the Skeletal Muscle after Acute Endurance Exercise. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040744. [PMID: 30935010 PMCID: PMC6521324 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical performance and regeneration after exercise is enhanced by the ingestion of proteins and carbohydrates. These nutrients are generally consumed by athletes via whey protein and glucose-based shakes. In this study, effects of protein and carbohydrate on skeletal muscle regeneration, given either by shake or by a meal, were compared. 35 subjects performed a 10 km run. After exercise, they ingested nothing (control), a protein/glucose shake (shake) or a combination of white bread and sour milk cheese (food) in a randomized cross over design. Serum glucose (n = 35), serum insulin (n = 35), serum creatine kinase (n = 15) and myoglobin (n = 15), hematologic parameters, cortisol (n = 35), inflammation markers (n = 27) and leg strength (n = 15) as a functional marker were measured. Insulin secretion was significantly stimulated by shake and food. In contrast, only shake resulted in an increase of blood glucose. Food resulted in a decrease of pro, and stimulation of anti-inflammatory serum markers. The exercise induced skeletal muscle damage, indicated by serum creatine kinase and myoglobin, and exercise induced loss of leg strength was decreased by shake and food. Our data indicate that uptake of protein and carbohydrate by shake or food reduces exercise induced skeletal muscle damage and has pro-regenerative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Isenmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50333 Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST-University of Applied Sciences, 40233 Dusseldorf, Germany.
| | - Franziska Blume
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50333 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel A Bizjak
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50333 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Vera Hundsdörfer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50333 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sarah Pagano
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50333 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Werner Simon
- Rheinische Fachhochschule Cologne, 50676 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schmandra
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50333 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Patrick Diel
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50333 Cologne, Germany.
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15
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Cadegiani FA, Kater CE, Gazola M. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and overtraining syndrome: findings from the EROS study (The EROS-HIFT). J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1296-1307. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1555912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio A. Cadegiani
- Adrenal and Hypertension Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio E. Kater
- Adrenal and Hypertension Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Gazola
- Adrenal and Hypertension Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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The Multimodal Nature of High-Intensity Functional Training: Potential Applications to Improve Sport Performance. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020033. [PMID: 30699906 PMCID: PMC6409553 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Training for sports performance requires the development of multiple fitness components within the same program. In this context, training strategies that have the potential to concomitantly enhance metabolic and musculoskeletal fitness are of great value for athletes and coaches. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current studies on high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and to assess how HIFT could be utilized in order to improve sport-specific performance. Studies on untrained and recreationally-active participants have led to positive results on aerobic power and anaerobic capacity, and muscular endurance, while results on muscular strength and power are less clear. Still, HIFT sessions can elicit high levels of metabolic stress and resistance training exercises are prescribed with parameters that can lead to improvements in muscular endurance, hypertrophy, strength, and power. As similar training interventions have been shown to be effective in the athletic population, it is possible that HIFT could be a time-efficient training intervention that can positively impact athletes’ performances. While the potential for improvements in fitness and performance with HIFT is promising, there is a clear need for controlled studies that employ this training strategy in athletes in order to assess its effectiveness in this population.
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17
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The Effects of Whey vs. Pea Protein on Physical Adaptations Following 8-Weeks of High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT): A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7010012. [PMID: 30621129 PMCID: PMC6358922 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of whey and pea protein supplementation on physiological adaptations following 8-weeks of high-intensity functional training (HIFT). Fifteen HIFT men (n = 8; 38.6 ± 12.7 y, 1.8 ± 0.1 m, 87.7 ± 15.8 kg) and women (n = 7; 38.9 ± 10.9 y, 1.7 ± 0.10 m, 73.3 ± 10.5 kg) participated in this study. Participants completed an 8-week HIFT program consisting of 4 training sessions per week. Participants consumed 24 g of either whey (n = 8) or pea (n = 7) protein before and after exercise on training days, and in-between meals on non-training days. Before and after training, participants underwent ultrasonography muscle thickness measurement, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), two benchmark WODs (workout of the day), 1-Repetition Maximum (1RM) squat and deadlift testing, and Isometric Mid-thigh Pull (IMTP) performance. Separate analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed on all measures collected at POST. Both groups experienced increased strength for 1RM back squat (p = 0.006) and deadlift (p = 0.008). No training effect (p > 0.05) was found for body composition, muscle thickness, IMTP peak force, IMTP rate of force development, or performance in either WOD. Using PRE values as the covariate, there were no group differences for any measured variable. We conclude that ingestion of whey and pea protein produce similar outcomes in measurements of body composition, muscle thickness, force production, WOD performance and strength following 8-weeks of HIFT.
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18
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Feito Y, Giardina MJ, Butcher S, Mangine GT. Repeated anaerobic tests predict performance among a group of advanced CrossFit-trained athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:727-735. [PMID: 30500263 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity functional training (HIFT) (i.e., CrossFit (CF) training) uses a combination of movements and self-selected time periods of work and rest. However, little is known about the physiological responses to an acute bout of HIFT exercise or about the physical parameters that distinguish performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses in advanced CF athletes to consecutive Wingate trials with short, active recovery periods. Twenty-nine advanced-level CF-trained athletes volunteered for this study. The participants were required to complete 4 consecutive Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnTs) and a 15-min CF-style workout. Across the 4 WAnT trials, significant (p < 0.001) changes were observed in oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate. Significant (p ≤ 0.001) differences among WAnT trials were observed in all anaerobic performance measures. Compared with all other trials, greater peak power (p < 0.04), relative peak power (p < 0.02), average power (p < 0.001), relative average power (p < 0.001), and total work (p < 0.001), together with a lower fatigue index (p < 0.01), were observed during WAnT 1. Overall, the 4 consecutive WAnT trials resulted in a significant (F = 177.0, p < 0.001) increase in blood lactate response. Stepwise regression revealed that the ability to predict total repetitions completed during the 15-min trial to complete as many repetitions as possible improved as the participants progressed from the first to the third WAnT trial. Our data suggest that, combined with the ability to better maintain performance across high-intensity exercise bouts, the ability to quickly recover between bouts is the most important factor in CF performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Feito
- a Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Michael J Giardina
- a Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA.,b Keck School of Medicine, Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Scotty Butcher
- c School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Gerald T Mangine
- a Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
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19
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Efficacy of Carbohydrate Ingestion on CrossFit Exercise Performance. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5030061. [PMID: 29910421 PMCID: PMC5968949 DOI: 10.3390/sports5030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during high-intensity strength and conditioning type exercise has yield mixed results. However, little is known about shorter duration high-intensity exercise such as CrossFit. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance impact of CHO ingestion during high-intensity exercise sessions lasting approximately 30 min. Eight healthy males participated in a total of four trials; two familiarizations, a CHO trial, and a similarly flavored, non-caloric placebo (PLA) trial. CrossFit's "Fight Gone Bad Five" (FGBF) workout of the day was the exercise model which incorporated five rounds of maximal repetition exercises, wall throw, box jump, sumo deadlift high pull, push press, and rowing, followed by one minute of rest. Total repetitions and calories expended were summated from each round to quantify total work (FGBF score). No difference was found for the total work between CHO (321 ± 51) or PLA (314 ± 52) trials (p = 0.38). There were also no main effects (p > 0.05) for treatment comparing exercise performance across rounds. Based on the findings of this study, it does not appear that ingestion of CHO during short duration, high-intensity CrossFit exercise will provide a beneficial performance effect.
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20
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Kramer SJ, Baur DA, Spicer MT, Vukovich MD, Ormsbee MJ. The effect of six days of dietary nitrate supplementation on performance in trained CrossFit athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:39. [PMID: 27822169 PMCID: PMC5093951 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is well established that dietary nitrate reduces the metabolic cost of exercise, recent evidence suggests this effect is maintained 24 h following the final nitrate dose when plasma nitrite levels have returned to baseline. In addition, acute dietary nitrate was recently reported to enhance peak power production. Our purpose was to examine whether chronic dietary nitrate supplementation enhanced peak power 24 h following the final dose and if this impacted performance in a heavily power-dependent sport. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, maximal aerobic capacity, body composition, strength, maximal power (30 s Wingate), endurance (2 km rowing time trial), and CrossFit performance (Grace protocol) were assessed before and after six days of supplementation with nitrate (NO) (8 mmol·potassium nitrate·d-1) or a non-caloric placebo (PL). A 10-day washout period divided treatment conditions. Paired t-tests were utilized to assess changes over time and to compare changes between treatments. RESULTS Peak Wingate power increased significantly over time with NO (889.17 ± 179.69 W to 948.08 ± 186.80 W; p = 0.01) but not PL (898.08 ± 183.24 W to 905.00 ± 157.23 W; p = 0.75). However, CrossFit performance was unchanged, and there were no changes in any other performance parameters. CONCLUSION Consuming dietary nitrate in the potassium nitrate salt form improved peak power during a Wingate test, but did not improve elements of strength or endurance in male CrossFit athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Kramer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Daniel A Baur
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Maria T Spicer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Matthew D Vukovich
- Department of Health & Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA ; Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise, and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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21
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ESCOBAR KURTA, MORALES JACOBO, VANDUSSELDORP TRISHAA. The Effect of a Moderately Low and High Carbohydrate Intake on Crossfit Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2016; 9:460-470. [PMID: 27766133 PMCID: PMC5065325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CrossFit is a metabolically demanding strength and conditioning method which performance may benefit from a carbohydrate (CHO)-rich diet. This study investigated the effect of three consecutive days of high CHO intake on CrossFit performance and corresponding metabolically -related variables in strength trained individuals. Eighteen subjects with a CHO intake of <6 g/kg/day were randomly assigned into a CHO (n = 9) or control (C) group (n =9) and underwent a 9-day training protocol. During days 1, 5, and 9, performance was measured as repetitions completed during a 12 minute CrossFit workout. Oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate (BL) were also measured. Days 6-8, the CHO group increased CHO intake from <6 g/kg/day to 6-8 g/kg/day; the C group maintained their current intake of <6 g/kg/day. On days 6 and 7 both groups performed CrossFit workouts followed by a day of rest prior to day 9. There was a significant increase in repetitions completed in both groups in day 9 (vs. means score of day 1 + 5) (p = 0.002), but no differences between C and CHO groups (p = 0.111). However, the CHO group displayed a 15.2 repetition increase (+10.9%) in day 9, compared to 5.7 (+4.2%) by the C group. VO2, RER, and BL were not influenced by the experimental intervention. Our results suggest that the CrossFit-embraced practice of moderately-low CHO diets may be adequate in CHO during short periods of training, however, given the noted trend, extended training periods may be effected.
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Affiliation(s)
- KURT A. ESCOBAR
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - JACOBO MORALES
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, California, USA
| | - TRISHA A. VANDUSSELDORP
- Department of Exercise Science & Sports Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, USA
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22
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Andre TL, Gann JJ, McKinley-Barnard SK, Song JJ, Willoughby DS. Eight Weeks of Phosphatidic Acid Supplementation in Conjunction with Resistance Training Does Not Differentially Affect Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Resistance-Trained Men. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15:532-539. [PMID: 27803633 PMCID: PMC4974867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study attempted to determine the effects of eight weeks of resistance training (RT) combined with phosphatidic acid (PA) supplementation at a dose of either 250 mg or 375 mg on body composition and muscle size and strength. Twenty-eight resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to ingest 375 mg [PA375 (n = 9)] or 250 mg [PA250 (n = 9)] of PA or 375 mg of placebo [PLC (n = 10)] daily for eight weeks with RT. Supplements were ingested 60 minutes prior to RT and in the morning on non-RT days. Participants' body composition, muscle size, and lower-body muscle strength were determined before and after training/supplementation. Separate group x time ANOVAs for each criterion variable were used employing an alpha level of ≤ 0.05. Magnitude- based inferences were utilized to determine the likely or unlikely impact of PA on each criterion variable. A significant main effect for time was observed for improvements in total body mass (p = 0.003), lean mass (p = 0.008), rectus femoris cross-sectional area [RF CSA (p = 0.011)], and lower-body strength (p < 0.001), but no significant interactions were present (p > 0.05). Collectively, magnitude-based inferences determined both doses of PA to have a likely impact of increasing body mass (74.2%), lean mass (71.3%), RF CSA (92.2%), and very likely impact on increasing lower-body strength (98.1% beneficial). When combined with RT, it appears that PA has a more than likely impact on improving lower-body strength, whereas a likely impact exists for increasing muscle size and lean mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Andre
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory; Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco, TX, USA
| | - Joshua J Gann
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory; Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sarah K McKinley-Barnard
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory; Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco, TX, USA
| | - Joon J Song
- Department of Statistical Science, Baylor University , Waco, TX, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory; Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco, TX, USA
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Butcher SJ, Neyedly TJ, Horvey KJ, Benko CR. Do physiological measures predict selected CrossFit(®) benchmark performance? Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:241-7. [PMID: 26261428 PMCID: PMC4527742 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s88265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose CrossFit® is a new but extremely popular method of exercise training and competition that involves constantly varied functional movements performed at high intensity. Despite the popularity of this training method, the physiological determinants of CrossFit performance have not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine whether physiological and/or muscle strength measures could predict performance on three common CrossFit “Workouts of the Day” (WODs). Materials and methods Fourteen CrossFit Open or Regional athletes completed, on separate days, the WODs “Grace” (30 clean and jerks for time), “Fran” (three rounds of thrusters and pull-ups for 21, 15, and nine repetitions), and “Cindy” (20 minutes of rounds of five pull-ups, ten push-ups, and 15 bodyweight squats), as well as the “CrossFit Total” (1 repetition max [1RM] back squat, overhead press, and deadlift), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and Wingate anaerobic power/capacity testing. Results Performance of Grace and Fran was related to whole-body strength (CrossFit Total) (r=−0.88 and −0.65, respectively) and anaerobic threshold (r=−0.61 and −0.53, respectively); however, whole-body strength was the only variable to survive the prediction regression for both of these WODs (R2=0.77 and 0.42, respectively). There were no significant associations or predictors for Cindy. Conclusion CrossFit benchmark WOD performance cannot be predicted by VO2max, Wingate power/capacity, or either respiratory compensation or anaerobic thresholds. Of the data measured, only whole-body strength can partially explain performance on Grace and Fran, although anaerobic threshold also exhibited association with performance. Along with their typical training, CrossFit athletes should likely ensure an adequate level of strength and aerobic endurance to optimize performance on at least some benchmark WODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scotty J Butcher
- Physical Therapy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada ; BOSS Strength Institute, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tyler J Neyedly
- Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Karla J Horvey
- Physical Therapy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Chad R Benko
- BOSS Strength Institute, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada ; Synergy Strength and Conditioning, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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