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Mansouri P, Mansouri P, Behmard E, Najafipour S, Kouhpayeh SA, Farjadfar A. Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD): A promising target for chronic diseases treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134576. [PMID: 39127273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
In 1958, the presence of citrulline in the structure of the proteins was discovered for the first time. Several years later they found that Arginine converted to citrulline during a post-translational modification process by PAD enzyme. Each PAD is expressed in a certain tissue developing a series of diseases such as inflammation and cancers. Among these, PAD2 and PAD4 play a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by producing citrullinated autoantigens and increasing the production of inflammatory cytokines. PAD4 is also associated with the formation of NET structures and thrombosis. In the crystallographic structure, PAD has several calcium binding sites, and the active site of the enzyme consists of different amino acids. Various PAD inhibitors have been developed divided into pan-PAD and selective PAD inhibitors. F-amidine, Cl-amidine, and BB-Cl-amidine are some of pan-PAD inhibitors. AFM-30a and JBI589 are selective for PAD2 and PAD4, respectively. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of existing inhibitors more accurately in the coming years, as well as design and production of novel inhibitors targeting highly specific isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Mansouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Pardis Mansouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Behmard
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Sohrab Najafipour
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Seyed Amin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
| | - Akbar Farjadfar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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2
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Rojas M, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Heuer LS, Zang W, M Monsalve D, Ramírez-Santana C, Anaya JM, M Ridgway W, A Ansari A, Gershwin ME. Antigen-specific T cells and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2024; 148:103303. [PMID: 39141985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) showcase the intricate balance between the immune system's protective functions and its potential for self-inflicted damage. These disorders arise from the immune system's erroneous targeting of the body's tissues, resulting in damage and disease. The ability of T cells to distinguish between self and non-self-antigens is pivotal to averting autoimmune reactions. Perturbations in this process contribute to AD development. Autoreactive T cells that elude thymic elimination are activated by mimics of self-antigens or are erroneously activated by self-antigens can trigger autoimmune responses. Various mechanisms, including molecular mimicry and bystander activation, contribute to AD initiation, with specific triggers and processes varying across the different ADs. In addition, the formation of neo-epitopes could also be implicated in the emergence of autoreactivity. The specificity of T cell responses centers on the antigen recognition sequences expressed by T cell receptors (TCRs), which recognize peptide fragments displayed by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The assortment of TCR gene combinations yields a diverse array of T cell populations, each with distinct affinities for self and non-self antigens. However, new evidence challenges the traditional notion that clonal expansion solely steers the selection of higher-affinity T cells. Lower-affinity T cells also play a substantial role, prompting the "two-hit" hypothesis. High-affinity T cells incite initial responses, while their lower-affinity counterparts perpetuate autoimmunity. Precision treatments that target antigen-specific T cells hold promise for avoiding widespread immunosuppression. Nevertheless, detection of such antigen-specific T cells remains a challenge, and multiple technologies have been developed with different sensitivities while still harboring several drawbacks. In addition, elements such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and validation through animal models are pivotal for advancing these strategies. In brief, this review delves into the intricate mechanisms contributing to ADs, accentuating the pivotal role(s) of antigen-specific T cells in steering immune responses and disease progression, as well as the novel strategies for the identification of antigen-specific cells and their possible future use in humans. Grasping the mechanisms behind ADs paves the way for targeted therapeutic interventions, potentially enhancing treatment choices while minimizing the risk of systemic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rojas
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Luke S Heuer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Weici Zang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Diana M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramírez-Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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3
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Loh TJ, Lim JJ, Jones CM, Dao HT, Tran MT, Baker DG, La Gruta NL, Reid HH, Rossjohn J. The molecular basis underlying T cell specificity towards citrullinated epitopes presented by HLA-DR4. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6201. [PMID: 39043656 PMCID: PMC11266596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells recognising citrullinated self-epitopes presented by HLA-DRB1 bearing the shared susceptibility epitope (SE) are implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the underlying T cell receptor (TCR) determinants of epitope specificity towards distinct citrullinated peptide antigens, including vimentin-64cit59-71 and α-enolase-15cit10-22 remain unclear. Using HLA-DR4-tetramers, we examine the T cell repertoire in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice and observe biased TRAV6 TCR gene usage across these two citrullinated epitopes which matches with TCR bias previously observed towards the fibrinogen β-74cit69-81 epitope. Moreover, shared TRAV26-1 gene usage is evident in four α-enolase-15cit10-22 reactive T cells in three human samples. Crystal structures of mouse TRAV6+ and human TRAV26-1+ TCR-HLA-DR4 complexes presenting vimentin-64cit59-71 and α-enolase-15cit10-22, respectively, show three-way interactions between the TCR, SE, citrulline, and the basis for the biased selection of TRAV genes. Position 2 of the citrullinated epitope is a key determinant underpinning TCR specificity. Accordingly, we provide a molecular basis of TCR specificity towards citrullinated epitopes.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Mice, Transgenic
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Mice
- Animals
- Vimentin/immunology
- Vimentin/metabolism
- Vimentin/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Citrullination
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/immunology
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/genetics
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Citrulline/metabolism
- Citrulline/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Epitopes/immunology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiing Jen Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jia Jia Lim
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hien Thy Dao
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mai T Tran
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Daniel G Baker
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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4
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Sakaguchi W, Saruta J, Yamamoto Y, Shimizu T, Fuchida S, Tsukinoki K. Identification of citrullinated α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) in saliva in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:473-482. [PMID: 38554831 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive joint destruction. Early diagnosis and treatment, before joint deformation or destruction occurs, are crucial. Identifying novel biomarkers for RA in saliva could potentially enable early detection of the disease, prior to its onset. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive proteomic analysis of salivary proteins in a mouse model of RA. Proteins were identified using western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serum, saliva, and ankle joints of DBA/1JJmsSlc mice, a model of RA. Ankle joints and submandibular glands were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunostained, and the results were compared with those of control mice. RESULTS Citrullinated alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT, 46 kDa) was commonly detected in the saliva, serum, and ankle joints of mice with severe RA and was confirmed through proteomic analysis. Western blotting showed a band corresponding to 46 kDa in the serum, saliva, and ankle joints. Immunostaining of the ankle joints with the A1AT antibody showed a strong positive signal in the synovium. CONCLUSIONS In DBA/1JJmsSlc mice, cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and A1AT may be involved in citrullination and contribute to the development and severity of RA, making them valuable treatment targets requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Sakaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Histomorphology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Education Planning, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, Junior College, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2388580, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Implantology and Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 2210835, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Shinya Fuchida
- Department of Education Planning, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Pathology and Histomorphology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
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Perera J, Delrosso CA, Nerviani A, Pitzalis C. Clinical Phenotypes, Serological Biomarkers, and Synovial Features Defining Seropositive and Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Literature Review. Cells 2024; 13:743. [PMID: 38727279 PMCID: PMC11083059 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder which can lead to long-term joint damage and significantly reduced quality of life if not promptly diagnosed and adequately treated. Despite significant advances in treatment, about 40% of patients with RA do not respond to individual pharmacological agents and up to 20% do not respond to any of the available medications. To address this large unmet clinical need, several recent studies have focussed on an in-depth histological and molecular characterisation of the synovial tissue to drive the application of precision medicine to RA. Currently, RA patients are clinically divided into "seropositive" or "seronegative" RA, depending on the presence of routinely checked antibodies. Recent work has suggested that over the last two decades, long-term outcomes have improved significantly in seropositive RA but not in seronegative RA. Here, we present up-to-date differences in epidemiology, clinical features, and serological biomarkers in seronegative versus seropositive RA and discuss how histological and molecular synovial signatures, revealed by recent large synovial biopsy-based clinical trials, may be exploited to refine the classification of RA patients, especially in the seronegative group.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Perera
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Chiara Aurora Delrosso
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale and Maggiore della Carità Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nerviani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University & IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
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6
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Musigk N, Suwalski P, Golpour A, Fairweather D, Klingel K, Martin P, Frustaci A, Cooper LT, Lüscher TF, Landmesser U, Heidecker B. The inflammatory spectrum of cardiomyopathies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1251780. [PMID: 38464847 PMCID: PMC10921946 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1251780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of the myocardium with various cell types, cytokines and chemokines plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies including inflammatory cardiomyopathies and myocarditis. A more comprehensive understanding of the precise immune mechanisms involved in acute and chronic myocarditis is essential to develop novel therapeutic approaches. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the immune landscape in cardiomyopathies based on etiology. It identifies gaps in our knowledge about cardiac inflammation and emphasizes the need for new translational approaches to improve our understanding thus enabling development of novel early detection methods and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Musigk
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phillip Suwalski
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ainoosh Golpour
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology Institute for Pathology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pilar Martin
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Leslie T. Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- GZO-Zurich Regional Health Centre, Wetzikon & Cardioimmunology, Centre for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Heidecker
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Nava-Quiroz KJ, López-Flores LA, Pérez-Rubio G, Rojas-Serrano J, Falfán-Valencia R. Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases in Chronic Diseases: A Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Interstitial Lung Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2829. [PMID: 38132149 PMCID: PMC10741699 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is accomplished by a broad enzyme family named Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases (PADs), which makes this post-translational modification in many proteins that perform physiological and pathologic mechanisms in the body. Due to these modifications, citrullination has become a significant topic in the study of pathological processes. It has been related to some chronic and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), interstitial lung diseases (ILD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and certain types of cancer, among others. Antibody production against different targets, including filaggrin, vimentin, and collagen, results in an immune response if they are citrullinated, which triggers a continuous inflammatory process characteristic of autoimmune and certain chronic diseases. PAD coding genes (PADI1 to PADI4 and PADI6) harbor variations that can be important in these enzymes' folding, activity, function, and half-life. However, few studies have considered these genetic factors in the context of chronic diseases. Exploring PAD pathways and their role in autoimmune and chronic diseases is a major topic in developing new pharmacological targets and valuable biomarkers to improve diagnosis and prevention. The present review addresses and highlights genetic, molecular, biochemical, and physiopathological factors where PAD enzymes perform a major role in autoimmune and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol J. Nava-Quiroz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis A. López-Flores
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Jorge Rojas-Serrano
- Rheumatology Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
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Barasa L, Thompson PR. Protein citrullination: inhibition, identification and insertion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220240. [PMID: 37778377 PMCID: PMC10542963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) that is catalysed by the protein arginine deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. This PTM involves the transformation of an arginine residue into citrulline. Protein citrullination is associated with several physiological processes, including the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, neutrophil extracellular trap formation and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Aberrant protein citrullination is relevant to several autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases and certain forms of cancer. PAD inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy in a range of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus, atherosclerosis and ulcerative colitis. In RA, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies can be detected prior to disease onset and are thus a valuable diagnostic tool for RA. Notably, citrullinated proteins may serve more generally as biomarkers of specific disease states; however, the identification of citrullinated protein residues remains challenging owing to the small 1 Da mass change that occurs upon citrullination. Herein, we highlight the progress made so far in the development of pan-PAD and isozyme selective inhibitors as well as the identification of citrullinated proteins and the site-specific incorporation of citrulline into proteins. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Barasa
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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9
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Avdeeva AS, Cherkasova MV, Nasonov EL. Different Clinical Relevance of Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in RA Patients. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2023; 511:187-194. [PMID: 37833605 PMCID: PMC10739558 DOI: 10.1134/s160767292370031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to find a potential relationship between ACPAs and disease activity, bone destruction, and ACPA responses to various therapeutic regimens. The study included 232 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); 90 patients had early RA, and 142 patients had an advanced stage of the disease. 77 (85.6%) patients with early RA were highly positive for anti-CCP, and 29 (70.7%) patients were highly positive for anti-MCV. A positive correlation was found between anti-MCV and DAS28 (r = 0.4; p = 0.04). As for advanced RA, 78 (80.4%) patients were high-positive for anti-CCP, and 70 (79.5%) were high-positive for anti-MCV. There was a positive correlation between anti-MCV concentration and SDAI (r = 0.4; p = 0.02), as well as CDAI (r = 0.4; p = 0.02). No significant correlations were found between the anti-CCP levels and activity indices, anti-CCP and acute-phase parameters in both early and advanced RA groups. Higher total Sharp scores (96.5 (65.0-122.0)) were found in pts highl-positive for anti-MCV (n = 79), compared to low-positive/negative (n = 27) patients (57.0 (31.0-88.0); p < 0.05). Anti-MCV levels dropped significantly in pts on rituximab and tocilizumab therapy at weeks 12 and 24 after initiation of treatment, while high anti-CCP concentration persisted throughout the treatment. Anti-MCV levels correlated with inflammatory activity and development of bone destruction and decreased in pts on treatment. Anti-CCP was less responsive and showed minor changes during treatment; therefore, its thorough monitoring was not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Avdeeva
- Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M V Cherkasova
- Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E L Nasonov
- Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Professional Education, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Trier NH, Houen G. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:895-911. [PMID: 37578277 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2247986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The serological biomarker anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) may have several functions but is especially important for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) along with clinical symptoms. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of ACPAs, which are useful in RA diagnostics and may improve our understanding of disease etiology. PubMed was searched with combinations of words related to antibodies recognizing epitopes containing the post-translationally modified amino acid citrulline in combination with rheumatoid arthritis; cyclic citrullinated peptide, CCP, anti-CCP, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, ACPA, citrullination, peptide/protein arginine deiminase, PAD, filaggrin, vimentin, keratin, collagen, perinuclear factor, EBNA1, EBNA2, and others. From this search, we made a qualitative extract of publications relevant to the discovery, characterization, and clinical use of these antibodies in relation to RA. We highlight significant findings and identify areas for improvement. EXPERT OPINION ACPAs have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for RA and recognize citrullinated epitopes from several proteins. The best-performing single epitope originates from Epstein-Barr Virus nuclear antigen 2 and contains a central Cit-Gly motif, which is recognized by ACPAS when located in a flexible peptide structure. In addition, ACPAs may also have prognostic value, especially in relation to early treatment, although ACPAs' main function is to aid in the diagnosis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Műzes G, Sipos F. CAR-Based Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases: A Novel Powerful Option. Cells 2023; 12:1534. [PMID: 37296654 PMCID: PMC10252902 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The pervasive application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based cellular therapies in the treatment of oncological diseases has long been recognized. However, CAR T cells can target and eliminate autoreactive cells in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. By doing so, they can contribute to an effective and relatively long-lasting remission. In turn, CAR Treg interventions may have a highly effective and durable immunomodulatory effect via a direct or bystander effect, which may have a positive impact on the course and prognosis of autoimmune diseases. CAR-based cellular techniques have a complex theoretical foundation and are difficult to implement in practice, but they have a remarkable capacity to suppress the destructive functions of the immune system. This article provides an overview of the numerous CAR-based therapeutic options developed for the treatment of immune-mediated and autoimmune diseases. We believe that well-designed, rigorously tested cellular therapies could provide a promising new personalized treatment strategy for a significant number of patients with immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Műzes
- Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;
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12
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Yoshida K, Ito H, Kurosaka D, Ikeda R, Noda K, Saito M, Kurosaka D. Autocitrullination confers monocyte chemotactic properties to peptidylarginine deiminase 4. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7528. [PMID: 37160933 PMCID: PMC10169855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) contributes to the production of citrullinated proteins as autoantigens for anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). PAD4 can also self-deiminate via autocitrullination. However, the role of this process in RA pathogenesis has not been elucidated. This study aimed to clarify PAD4 function before and after autocitrullination and identify citrullinated PAD4 in the synovial fluid of patients with RA. The autocitrullination of recombinant human PAD4 (rhPAD4) was catalyzed in vitro and determined using anti-modified citrulline immunoblotting. Monocyte chemotaxis was evaluated using Boyden chambers, and citrullinated rhPAD4's ability to induce arthritis was assessed in a C57BL/6J mouse model. Citrullinated PAD4 levels were measured in the synovial fluid of patients with RA and osteoarthritis using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chemotactic findings showed that citrullinated rhPAD4 recruited monocytes in vitro, whereas unmodified rhPAD4 did not. Compared to unmodified rhPAD4, citrullinated rhPAD4 induced greater inflammation in mouse joints through monocyte migration. More citrullinated PAD4 was found in the synovial fluid of patients with RA than in those with osteoarthritis. Citrullinated PAD4 was even detected in ACPA-negative patients with RA. The autocitrullination of PAD4 amplified inflammatory arthritis through monocyte recruitment, suggesting an ACPA-independent role of PAD4 in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yoshida
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Haruyasu Ito
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Daisaburo Kurosaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ryo Ikeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kentaro Noda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Daitaro Kurosaka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
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13
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Curran AM, Girgis AA, Jang Y, Crawford JD, Thomas MA, Kawalerski R, Coller J, Bingham CO, Na CH, Darrah E. Citrullination modulates antigen processing and presentation by revealing cryptic epitopes in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1061. [PMID: 36828807 PMCID: PMC9958131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptic peptides, hidden from the immune system under physiologic conditions, are revealed by changes to MHC class II processing and hypothesized to drive the loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens in autoimmunity. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune responses to citrullinated self-antigens, in which arginine residues are converted to citrullines. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that citrullination exposes cryptic peptides by modifying protein structure and proteolytic cleavage. We show that citrullination alters processing and presentation of autoantigens, resulting in the generation of a unique citrullination-dependent repertoire composed primarily of native sequences. This repertoire stimulates T cells from RA patients with anti-citrullinated protein antibodies more robustly than controls. The generation of this unique repertoire is achieved through altered protease cleavage and protein destabilization, rather than direct presentation of citrulline-containing epitopes, suggesting a novel paradigm for the role of protein citrullination in the breach of immune tolerance in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Curran
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander A Girgis
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yura Jang
- Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immunology, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Crawford
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mekha A Thomas
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Kawalerski
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Coller
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Krutyhołowa A, Strzelec K, Dziedzic A, Bereta GP, Łazarz-Bartyzel K, Potempa J, Gawron K. Host and bacterial factors linking periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980805. [PMID: 36091038 PMCID: PMC9453162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Observations from numerous clinical, epidemiological and serological studies link periodontitis with severity and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. The strong association is observed despite totally different aetiology of these two diseases, periodontitis being driven by dysbiotic microbial flora on the tooth surface below the gum line, while rheumatoid arthritis being the autoimmune disease powered by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Here we discuss genetic and environmental risk factors underlying development of both diseases with special emphasis on bacteria implicated in pathogenicity of periodontitis. Individual periodontal pathogens and their virulence factors are argued as potentially contributing to putative causative link between periodontal infection and initiation of a chain of events leading to breakdown of immunotolerance and development of ACPAs. In this respect peptidylarginine deiminase, an enzyme unique among prokaryotes for Porphyromonas gingivalis, is elaborated as a potential mechanistic link between this major periodontal pathogen and initiation of rheumatoid arthritis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krutyhołowa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Strzelec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Dziedzic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz P. Bereta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Łazarz-Bartyzel
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States,*Correspondence: Katarzyna Gawron, ; Jan Potempa,
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland,*Correspondence: Katarzyna Gawron, ; Jan Potempa,
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15
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Nair N. Vascular rejection in cardiac allograft vasculopathy: Impact on graft survival. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:919036. [PMID: 35990962 PMCID: PMC9386065 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.919036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hemon MF, Lambert NC, Roudier J, Auger I. PAD2 immunization induces ACPA in wild-type and HLA-DR4 humanized mice. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1464-1473. [PMID: 35712879 PMCID: PMC9545684 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with HLA‐DRB1 alleles expressing the "shared epitope." RA is usually preceded by the emergence of anti‐citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPAs). ACPAs recognize citrulline residues on numerous proteins. Conversion of arginine into citrulline is performed by enzymes called peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs). We have previously demonstrated that C3H mice immunized with PADs can produce ACPAs by a hapten‐carrier mechanism. Here, we address the influence of HLA‐DR alleles in this model in mice expressing RA‐associated HLA‐DRB1*04:01 (KO/KI*04:01), HLA‐DRB1*04:04 (KO/KI*04:04), or non‐RA‐associated HLA‐DRB1*04:02 (KO/KI*04:02) after murine PAD2 immunization. Immunization with mPAD2 triggers production of ACPAs in wild‐type (WT) and HLA‐DR4 C57BL/6 mice. Both I‐Ab and HLA‐DR are involved in the activation of mPAD2‐specific T lymphocytes. Among HLA‐DR4 mice, mice expressing RA‐associated HLA‐DRB1*04:01 are the best responders to mPAD2 and the best anti‐citrullinated peptide antibody producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie F Hemon
- INSERM UMRs 1097, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Arthritis R&D, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Jean Roudier
- INSERM UMRs 1097, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.,APHM, Rhumatologie, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Auger
- INSERM UMRs 1097, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
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17
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The Role of Exposomes in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases II: Pathogens. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:243-280. [PMID: 35736648 PMCID: PMC9231084 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In our continuing examination of the role of exposomes in autoimmune disease, we use this review to focus on pathogens. Infections are major contributors to the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases through various mechanisms, foremost being molecular mimicry, when the structural similarity between the pathogen and a human tissue antigen leads to autoimmune reactivity and even autoimmune disease. The three best examples of this are oral pathogens, SARS-CoV-2, and the herpesviruses. Oral pathogens reach the gut, disturb the microbiota, increase gut permeability, cause local inflammation, and generate autoantigens, leading to systemic inflammation, multiple autoimmune reactivities, and systemic autoimmunity. The COVID-19 pandemic put the spotlight on SARS-CoV-2, which has been called “the autoimmune virus.” We explore in detail the evidence supporting this. We also describe how viruses, in particular herpesviruses, have a role in the induction of many different autoimmune diseases, detailing the various mechanisms involved. Lastly, we discuss the microbiome and the beneficial microbiota that populate it. We look at the role of the gut microbiome in autoimmune disorders, because of its role in regulating the immune system. Dysbiosis of the microbiota in the gut microbiome can lead to multiple autoimmune disorders. We conclude that understanding the precise roles and relationships shared by all these factors that comprise the exposome and identifying early events and root causes of these disorders can help us to develop more targeted therapeutic protocols for the management of this worldwide epidemic of autoimmunity.
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18
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Hemon MF, Lambert NC, Arnoux F, Roudier J, Auger I. PAD4 Immunization Triggers Anti-Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies in Normal Mice: Analysis With Peptide Arrays. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840035. [PMID: 35432329 PMCID: PMC9008206 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical immunological event in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the production of antibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPAs), ie proteins on which arginines have been transformed into citrullines by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD). In C3H mice, immunization with PAD4 triggers the production of ACPAs. Here, we developed a peptide array to analyze the fine specificity of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and used it to characterize the ACPA response after hPAD4 immunization in mice expressing different H-2 haplotypes. Sera from C3H, DBA/2, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice immunized with human PAD4 (hPAD4) or control-matched mice immunized with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were used to screen peptide arrays containing 169 peptides from collagen, filaggrin, EBNA, proteoglycan, enolase, alpha and beta fibrinogen, histon and vimentin. Human PAD4 immunization induced antibodies directed against numerous citrullinated peptides from fibrinogen, histon 4 and vimentin. Most peptides were recognized under their arginine and citrullinated forms. DBA/2 and BALB/c mice (H-2d) had the lowest anti-citrullinated peptide IgG responses. C3H (H-2k) and BL6 mice (H-2b) had the highest anti-citrullinated peptide IgG responses. The newly developed peptide array allows us to characterize the ACPA production after hPAD4 immunization in mice on the H-2d, H-2k or H-2b backgrounds. This sensitive tool will be useful for further studies on mice for prevention of ACPA production by PAD tolerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie F. Hemon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMRs) 1097, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Arthritis R&D, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Nathalie C. Lambert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMRs) 1097, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Arnoux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMRs) 1097, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Roudier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMRs) 1097, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Rhumatologie, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Auger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMRs) 1097, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Isabelle Auger,
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19
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Chen Y, Weng L, Liu W, Deng C, Xuan J, Ma Y, Li C, Jiang J, Chen J, Ge S. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing Citrulline-Modified Residues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849779. [PMID: 35359951 PMCID: PMC8961739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCitrullination is a post-translational protein modification linked to the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. The detection of citrullinated proteins is predominately based on antibody detection although currently available reagents demonstrate detection bias according to the environmental context of the citrullinated residues. This study aimed to develop improved antibody reagents capable of detecting citrullinated residues in proteins in an unbiased manner.MethodsBALB/c mice were sequentially immunized using citrulline conjugates with different carrier proteins, and specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) identified by primary screening using citrulline-conjugated proteins unrelated to the immunogen. Secondary screening was performed to identify mAbs whose reactivity could be specifically blocked by free citrulline, followed by identification and performance assessment.ResultsTwo mAbs, 22F1 and 30G2, specifically recognizing a single citrulline residue were screened from 22 mAbs reacting with citrulline conjugates. Compared with commercially available anti-citrulline antibodies (AB6464, AB100932 and MABN328), 22F1 and 30G2 demonstrated significantly higher reactivity as well as a broader detection spectrum against different citrullinated proteins. 22F1 and 30G2 also had higher specificity than commercial antibodies and overall better applicability to a range of different immunoassays.ConclusionTwo mAbs specifically recognizing a single citrulline residue were successfully produced, each possessing good specificity against different citrullinated proteins. The improved utility of these reagents is expected to make a strong contribution to protein citrullination-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Weng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenxi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinxiu Xuan
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Cao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinlu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Chen, ; Shengxiang Ge,
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Chen, ; Shengxiang Ge,
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly prevalent autoimmune disease and the most common form of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. Studies of RA pathogenesis have contributed significantly to understanding the basis for complex immune-mediated disease, identified key steps in the development of autoimmune activation and joint damage in RA, and led to the development of targeted therapies that opened up the era biologic therapy. Current studies are linking differences in gene expression to abnormalities in cellular function that will help optimize therapy for individual patients and advance the goal of personalized medicine. Our evolving understanding and current important issues in RA are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Daikh
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States; VA Portland Medical Center, Portland, United States.
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21
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Molecular Dynamics Study of Citrullinated Proteins Associated with the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10010008. [PMID: 35225987 PMCID: PMC8884019 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological activity regulation by protein post-translational modification (PTM) is critical for cell function, development, differentiation, and survival. Dysregulation of PTM proteins is present in various pathological conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects joints, and there are three main types of protein PTMs associated with the development of this disease, namely, glycosylation, citrullination, and carbamylation. Glycosylation is important for the processing and presentation of antigen fragments on the cell surface and can modulate immunoglobulin activity. The citrullination of autoantigens is closely associated with RA, as evidenced by the presence of antibodies specific to citrullinated proteins in the serum of patients. Carbamylation and dysregulation have recently been associated with RA development in humans.In this study, we performed an overview analysis of proteins with post-translational modifications associated with the development of RA adverted in peer-reviewed scientific papers for the past 20 years. As a result of the search, a list of target proteins and corresponding amino acid sequences with PTM in RA was formed. Structural characteristics of the listed modified proteins were extracted from the Protein Data Bank. Then, molecular dynamics experiments of intact protein structures and corresponding structures with PTMs were performed regarding structures in the list announced in the ProtDB service. This study aimed to conduct a molecular dynamics study of intact proteins and proteins, including post-translational modification and protein citrullination, likely associated with RA development. We observed another exhibition of the fundamental physics concept, symmetry, at the submolecular level, unveiled as the autonomous repetitions of outside the protein structural motif performance globule corresponding to those in the whole protein molecule.
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22
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Vimentin: Regulation and pathogenesis. Biochimie 2022; 197:96-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li Q, Li Y, Liang B, Xu R, Xu B, Lönnblom E, Feng H, Bai J, Stawikowska R, Ge C, Lu A, Fields GB, Xiao L, Holmdahl R. Rheumatoid arthritis sera antibodies to citrullinated collagen type II bind to joint cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:257. [PMID: 36419093 PMCID: PMC9682822 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence and frequency of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) to cyclic citrullinated type II collagen (COL2) epitope with a capacity to bind joint cartilage. METHODS Luminex immunoassay was used to analyze serum antibody reactivity to 10 COL2-citrullinated peptides (ACC10) and corresponding arginine peptide controls in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and healthy individuals' cohorts. Top ten "promiscuous" sera (cross-reactive with all ACC10) and top ten "private" sera (restrictedly reactive with one ACC10 peptide) from RA and OA cohorts were selected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect response to native COL2. Sera were analyzed with naive and arthritic joints from DBA/1J mice by immunohistochemistry, using monoclonal ACPAs and COL2 reactive antibodies with human Fc as comparison. Staining specificity was confirmed with C1 (a major antibody epitope on COL2) mutated mice and competitive blocking with epitope-specific antibodies. RESULTS All patient sera bound ACC10 compared with control peptides but very few (3/40) bound native triple-helical COL2. Most sera (27/40) specifically bound to arthritic cartilage, whereas only one private RA serum bound to healthy cartilage. Despite very low titers, private sera from both RA and OA showed an epitope-specific response, documented by lack of binding to cartilage from C1-mutated mice and blocking binding to wild-type cartilage with a competitive monoclonal antibody. As a comparison, monoclonal ACPAs visualized typical promiscuous, or private reactivity to joint cartilage and other tissues. CONCLUSION ACPA from RA and OA sera, reactive with citrullinated non-triple-helical COL2 peptides, can bind specifically to arthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Li
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum, Quarter 9D, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Bibo Liang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum, Quarter 9D, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Rui Xu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingze Xu
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum, Quarter 9D, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum, Quarter 9D, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Hui Feng
- grid.440158.c0000 0004 8516 2657Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Changning District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing’an Bai
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Roma Stawikowska
- grid.255951.fDepartment of Chemistry & Biochemistry and I-HEALTH, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Changrong Ge
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum, Quarter 9D, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Aiping Lu
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- grid.255951.fDepartment of Chemistry & Biochemistry and I-HEALTH, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Lianbo Xiao
- grid.440158.c0000 0004 8516 2657Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Changning District, Shanghai, China
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum, Quarter 9D, 171 65 Solna, Sweden ,grid.452672.00000 0004 1757 5804The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), Xi’an, 710004 China
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24
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Impact of Posttranslational Modification in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focusing on Citrullination, Carbamylation, and Acetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910576. [PMID: 34638916 PMCID: PMC8508717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is caused by prolonged periodic interactions between genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination, carbamylation, and acetylation are correlated with the pathogenesis of RA. PTM and cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, NETosis, leukotoxic hypercitrullination (LTH), and necrosis are related to each other and induce autoantigenicity. Certain microbial infections, such as those caused by Porphyromonasgingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella copri, can induce autoantigens in RA. Anti-modified protein antibodies (AMPA) containing anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs), anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies, and anti-acetylated protein antibodies (AAPAs) play a role in pathogenesis as well as in prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. Interestingly, smoking is correlated with both PTMs and AMPAs in the development of RA. However, there is lack of evidence that smoking induces the generation of AMPAs.
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25
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Tran MT, Faridi P, Lim JJ, Ting YT, Onwukwe G, Bhattacharjee P, Jones CM, Tresoldi E, Cameron FJ, La Gruta NL, Purcell AW, Mannering SI, Rossjohn J, Reid HH. T cell receptor recognition of hybrid insulin peptides bound to HLA-DQ8. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5110. [PMID: 34433824 PMCID: PMC8387461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DQ8, a genetic risk factor in type I diabetes (T1D), presents hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) to autoreactive CD4+ T cells. The abundance of spliced peptides binding to HLA-DQ8 and how they are subsequently recognised by the autoreactive T cell repertoire is unknown. Here we report, the HIP (GQVELGGGNAVEVLK), derived from splicing of insulin and islet amyloid polypeptides, generates a preferred peptide-binding motif for HLA-DQ8. HLA-DQ8-HIP tetramer+ T cells from the peripheral blood of a T1D patient are characterised by repeated TRBV5 usage, which matches the TCR bias of CD4+ T cells reactive to the HIP peptide isolated from the pancreatic islets of a patient with T1D. The crystal structure of three TRBV5+ TCR-HLA-DQ8-HIP complexes shows that the TRBV5-encoded TCR β-chain forms a common landing pad on the HLA-DQ8 molecule. The N- and C-termini of the HIP is recognised predominantly by the TCR α-chain and TCR β-chain, respectively, in all three TCR ternary complexes. Accordingly, TRBV5 + TCR recognition of HIP peptides might occur via a 'polarised' mechanism, whereby each chain within the αβTCR heterodimer recognises distinct origins of the spliced peptide presented by HLA-DQ8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai T Tran
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Pouya Faridi
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jia Jia Lim
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi Tian Ting
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Goodluck Onwukwe
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eleonora Tresoldi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Fergus J Cameron
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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26
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Tilvawala R, Nemmara VV, Reyes AC, Sorvillo N, Salinger AJ, Cherpokova D, Fukui S, Gutch S, Wagner D, Thompson PR. The role of SERPIN citrullination in thrombosis. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1728-1739.e5. [PMID: 34352225 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant protein citrullination is associated with many pathologies; however, the specific effects of this modification remain unknown. We have previously demonstrated that serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) are highly citrullinated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. These citrullinated SERPINs include antithrombin, antiplasmin, and t-PAI, which regulate the coagulation and fibrinolysis cascades. Notably, citrullination eliminates their inhibitory activity. Here, we demonstrate that citrullination of antithrombin and t-PAI impairs their binding to their cognate proteases. By contrast, citrullination converts antiplasmin into a substrate. We recapitulate the effects of SERPIN citrullination using in vitro plasma clotting and fibrinolysis assays. Moreover, we show that citrullinated antithrombin and antiplasmin are increased and decreased in a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) model, accounting for how SERPIN citrullination shifts the equilibrium toward thrombus formation. These data provide a direct link between increased citrullination and the risk of thrombosis in autoimmunity and indicate that aberrant SERPIN citrullination promotes pathological thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Venkatesh V Nemmara
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Archie C Reyes
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saeko Fukui
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Gutch
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Denisa Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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27
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Alghamdi MF, Redwan EM. Advances in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases based on citrullinated peptides/proteins. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:685-702. [PMID: 34024239 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1933946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Autoimmune diseases are still one of the hard obstacles associated with humanity. There are many exogenous and endogenous etiological factors behind autoimmune diseases, which may be combined or dispersed to stimulate the autoimmune responses. Protein citrullination represents one of these factors. Harnessing specific citrullinated proteins/peptides could early predict and/or diagnose some of the autoimmune diseases. Many generations of diagnostic tools based on citrullinated peptides with comparable specificity/sensitivity are available worldwide.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the deimination reaction behind the citrullination of most known autoantigens targeted, different generations of diagnostic tools based on citrullinated probes with specificity/sensitivity of each as well as newly developed assays. Furthermore, the most advanced molecular analytical tools to detect the citrullinated residues in the biological fluid and their performance are also evaluated, providing new avenues to early detect autoimmune diseases with high accuracy.Expert opinion: With the current specificity/sensitivity tools available for autoimmune disease detection, emphasis must be placed on developing more advance and effective, early, rapid, and simple diagnostic devices for autoimmune disease monitoring (similar to a portable device for sugar test at home). The molecular analytical devices with dual and/or multiplexe functions should be more simplified and invested in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F Alghamdi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratory Department, University Medical Services Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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28
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Grönwall C, Liljefors L, Bang H, Hensvold AH, Hansson M, Mathsson-Alm L, Israelsson L, Joshua V, Svärd A, Stålesen R, Titcombe PJ, Steen J, Piccoli L, Sherina N, Clavel C, Svenungsson E, Gunnarsson I, Saevarsdottir S, Kastbom A, Serre G, Alfredsson L, Malmström V, Rönnelid J, Catrina AI, Lundberg K, Klareskog L. A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Relationship Between Different IgG and IgA Anti-Modified Protein Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:627986. [PMID: 34093522 PMCID: PMC8173192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.627986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA) with different fine-specificities. Yet, other serum anti-modified protein autoantibodies (AMPA), e.g. anti-carbamylated (Carb), -acetylated (KAc), and malondialdehyde acetaldehyde (MAA) modified protein antibodies, have been described. In this comprehensive study, we analyze 30 different IgG and IgA AMPA reactivities to Cit, Carb, KAc, and MAA antigens detected by ELISA and autoantigen arrays in N=1985 newly diagnosed RA patients. Association with patient characteristics such as smoking and disease activity were explored. Carb and KAc reactivities by different assays were primarily seen in patients also positive for anti-citrulline reactivity. Modified vimentin (mod-Vim) peptides were used for direct comparison of different AMPA reactivities, revealing that IgA AMPA recognizing mod-Vim was mainly detected in subsets of patients with high IgG anti-Cit-Vim levels and a history of smoking. IgG reactivity to acetylation was mainly detected in a subset of patients with Cit and Carb reactivity. Anti-acetylated histone reactivity was RA-specific and associated with high anti-CCP2 IgG levels, multiple ACPA fine-specificities, and smoking status. This reactivity was also found to be present in CCP2+ RA-risk individuals without arthritis. Our data further demonstrate that IgG autoreactivity to MAA was increased in RA compared to controls with highest levels in CCP2+ RA, but was not RA-specific, and showed low correlation with other AMPA. Anti-MAA was instead associated with disease activity and was not significantly increased in CCP2+ individuals at risk of RA. Notably, RA patients could be subdivided into four different subsets based on their AMPA IgG and IgA reactivity profiles. Our serology results were complemented by screening of monoclonal antibodies derived from single B cells from RA patients for the same antigens as the RA cohort. Certain CCP2+ clones had Carb or Carb+KAc+ multireactivity, while such reactivities were not found in CCP2- clones. We conclude that autoantibodies exhibiting different patterns of ACPA fine-specificities as well as Carb and KAc reactivity are present in RA and may be derived from multireactive B-cell clones. Carb and KAc could be considered reactivities within the "Cit-umbrella" similar to ACPA fine-specificities, while MAA reactivity is distinctly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Liljefors
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Aase H. Hensvold
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Rheumatology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rheumatology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Hansson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Mathsson-Alm
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Immuno Diagnostics Division, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijay Joshua
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Svärd
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnhild Stålesen
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip J. Titcombe
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Center for Immunology and Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Johanna Steen
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Sherina
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cyril Clavel
- Unité Différenciation Épithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, INSERM - Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rheumatology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rheumatology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saedis Saevarsdottir
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alf Kastbom
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Guy Serre
- Unité Différenciation Épithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, INSERM - Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm Health Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anca I. Catrina
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Rheumatology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rheumatology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Rheumatology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rheumatology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Lim JJ, Jones CM, Loh TJ, Ting YT, Zareie P, Loh KL, Felix NJ, Suri A, McKinnon M, Stevenaert F, Sharma RK, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Baker DG, Purcell AW, Reid HH, La Gruta NL, Rossjohn J. The shared susceptibility epitope of HLA-DR4 binds citrullinated self-antigens and the TCR. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/58/eabe0896. [PMID: 33863750 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Individuals expressing HLA-DR4 bearing the shared susceptibility epitope (SE) have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Posttranslational modification of self-proteins via citrullination leads to the formation of neoantigens that can be presented by HLA-DR4 SE allomorphs. However, in T cell-mediated autoimmunity, the interplay between the HLA molecule, posttranslationally modified epitope(s), and the responding T cell repertoire remains unclear. In HLA-DR4 transgenic mice, we show that immunization with a Fibβ-74cit69-81 peptide led to a population of HLA-DR4Fibβ-74cit69-81 tetramer+ T cells that exhibited biased T cell receptor (TCR) β chain usage, which was attributable to selective clonal expansion from the preimmune repertoire. Crystal structures of pre- and postimmune TCRs showed that the SE of HLA-DR4 represented a main TCR contact zone. Immunization with a double citrullinated epitope (Fibβ-72,74cit69-81) altered the responding HLA-DR4 tetramer+ T cell repertoire, which was due to the P2-citrulline residue interacting with the TCR itself. We show that the SE of HLA-DR4 has dual functionality, namely, presentation and a direct TCR recognition determinant. Analogous biased TCR β chain usage toward the Fibβ-74cit69-81 peptide was observed in healthy HLA-DR4+ individuals and patients with HLA-DR4+ RA, thereby suggesting a link to human RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia Lim
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tiing Jen Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yi Tian Ting
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Pirooz Zareie
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Khai L Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nathan J Felix
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anish Suri
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, BE-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Murray McKinnon
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ravi K Sharma
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel G Baker
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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30
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Evaluation of autoantibodies against vimentin and α-enolase in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Reumatologia 2021; 58:350-356. [PMID: 33456077 PMCID: PMC7792540 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2020.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is categorized as an autoimmune disease with a frequency of 0.2–1% worldwide. It is reported that various autoantibodies are produced in the RA population, particularly against citrullinated peptides. Among various candidate markers for RA diagnosis, the citrullinated proteins have the highest specificity and sensitivity for both diagnosis and prognosis of RA. Anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin and α-enolase constitute a new class of autoantibodies for early detection of RA. Material and methods 45 serum samples and 19 synovial fluid (SF) specimens collected from RA patients were considered for American College of Rheumatology criteria and 20 serum samples and 10 SF specimens were provided from healthy subjects as a control group. To assess the quantity of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin (MCV) and anti-α-enolase in the serum and SF of RA patients were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. For the evaluation of disease activity and joint destruction, we used the Disease Activity Score of 28 joints based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28). Furthermore, to measure the molecular weight of vimentin and α-enolase, electrophoresis on 10% SDS-PAGE was performed as described before. Results The anti-α-enolase level among serum samples from RA patients was significantly higher than in healthy subjects (4.49 ±0.20 ng/ml vs. 0.76 ±0.12 ng/ml) (p < 0.001). There was a direct relation between α-enolase quantity and (rheumatoid factor) RF and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The mean ESR value in positive and negative ACPA patients was 38.2 ±22.6 mm/h and 9.2 ±5.8 mm/h respectively (p < 0.0001). The mean DAS28-ESR was 3.3. The level of anti-MCV in the serum of RA patients (244.6 ±53.3 U/ml) was higher than in serum of the healthy group (148.73 ±71.8) (p < 0.0001). The level of anti-MCV in the SF of patients was 687.5 ±148.4 U/ml. Conclusions In conclusion, both autoantibodies against MCV and α-enolase are two important markers that increase in serum and SF of RA patients and are specific for diagnosis of RA disease.
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Becart S, Whittington KB, Prislovsky A, Rao NL, Rosloniec EF. The role of posttranslational modifications in generating neo-epitopes that bind to rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DR alleles and promote autoimmune T cell responses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245541. [PMID: 33465118 PMCID: PMC7815092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While antibodies to citrullinated proteins have become a diagnostic hallmark in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we still do not understand how the autoimmune T cell response is influenced by these citrullinated proteins. To investigate the role of citrullinated antigens in HLA-DR1- and DR4-restricted T cell responses, we utilized mouse models that express these MHC-II alleles to determine the relationship between citrullinated peptide affinity for these DR molecules and the ability of these peptides to induce a T cell response. Using a set of peptides from proteins thought to be targeted by the autoimmune T cell responses in RA, aggrecan, vimentin, fibrinogen, and type II collagen, we found that while citrullination can enhance the binding affinity for these DR alleles, it does not always do so, even when in the critical P4 position. Moreover, if peptide citrullination does enhance HLA-DR binding affinity, it does not necessarily predict the generation of a T cell response. Conversely, citrullinated peptides can stimulate T cells without changing the peptide binding affinity for HLA-DR1 or DR4. Furthermore, citrullination of an autoantigen, type II collagen, which enhances binding affinity to HLA-DR1 did not enhance the severity of autoimmune arthritis in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice. Additional analysis of clonal T cell populations stimulated by these peptides indicated cross recognition of citrullinated and wild type peptides can occur in some instances, while in others cases the citrullination generates a novel T cell epitope. Finally, cytokine profiles of the wild type and citrullinated peptide stimulated T cells unveiled a significant disconnect between proliferation and cytokine production. Altogether, these data demonstrate the lack of support for a simplified model with universal correlation between affinity for HLA-DR alleles, immunogenicity and arthritogenicity of citrullinated peptides. Additionally they highlight the complexity of both T cell receptor recognition of citrulline as well as its potential conformational effects on the peptide:HLA-DR complex as recognized by a self-reactive cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Becart
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Amanda Prislovsky
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Navin L. Rao
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edward F. Rosloniec
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ercan A. Sex effect on the correlation of immunoglobulin G glycosylation with rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Turk J Biol 2020; 44:406-416. [PMID: 33402867 PMCID: PMC7759195 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease which affects females more than males with a presence of autoantibodies. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) produced by adaptive arm has 2 functional domains, Fc and Fab. The Fc domain binds Fc gamma receptors and C1q proteins of the innate arm. Therefore, the IgG Fc domain serves as a bridge between the innate and adaptive arms and is regulated by an evolutionarily conserved N-glycosylation with variable structures. These glycans are classified as agalactosylated G0, monogalactosylated G1, and digalactosylated G2, which are further modified by core-fucosylation (F) and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (B) moieties such as G0F and G0FB. Interestingly, proinflammatory G0F is shown to be regulated by estrogen in vivo. Here, it is hypothesized that the regulation of G0F by estrogen contributes to sex dichotomy in RA by setting up the level of IgG-dependent inflammation and therefore, RA disease activity (Das28-CRP3). To investigate this hypothesis, IgG glycosylation was characterized in serum samples from active RA patients (n = 232) and healthy controls (n = 232) by serum N-glycan analysis using the high performance liquid chromatography. According to the results, the IgG Fc glycan phenotype originates predominantly from the structure of G0F, and both G0F and G0FB correlate with Das28-CRP3 in females, but not in males. In conclusion, IgG G0F-dependent inflammation differs in males and females, and these differences point to the differential regulation of inflammation by sex hormone estrogen via IgG glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altan Ercan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri Turkey
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Reijm S, Kissel T, Toes R. Checkpoints controlling the induction of B cell mediated autoimmunity in human autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1885-1894. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - T. Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - R.E.M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
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Briot J, Simon M, Méchin MC. Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8746. [PMID: 33228136 PMCID: PMC7699402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a calcium-dependent enzyme family of five peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is involved in physiological processes (cell differentiation, embryogenesis, innate and adaptive immunity, etc.) and in autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus), cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Intermediate filaments (IF) and associated proteins (IFAP) are major substrates of PADs. Here, we focus on the effects of deimination on the polymerization and solubility properties of IF proteins and on the proteolysis and cross-linking of IFAP, to finally expose some features of interest and some limitations of citrullinomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.S.)
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Improved classification of rheumatoid arthritis with a score including anti-acetylated ornithine antibodies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19263. [PMID: 33159095 PMCID: PMC7648756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) autoantibodies contributes to the current rheumatoid arthritis (RA) classification criteria. These criteria involve stratification on antibody levels, which limits reproducibility, and underperform in the RA patients without RF and anti-CCP. Here, we have explored if two anti-acetylated peptide antibodies (AAPA), anti-acetylated lysine (AcLys) and anti-acetylated ornithine (AcOrn), could improve the performance of the current criteria. The analysis was done in 1062 prospectively-followed early arthritis (EA) patients. The anti-AcOrn were more informative than the anti-AcLys, the conventional RA antibodies and the anti-carbamylated protein antibodies. The anti-AcOrn produced a classification that did not require antibody levels and showed improved specificity (77.6% vs. 72.6%, p = 0.003) and accuracy (79.0% vs. 75.8%, p = 0.002) over the current criteria. These improvements were obtained with a scoring system that values concordance between anti-AcOrn, RF and anti-CCP. No significant gain was obtained in sensitivity (80.2% vs. 78.8%, p = 0.25) or in improving the classification of the RA patients lacking RF and anti-CCP, although the anti-AcOrn ranked first among the analysed new antibodies. Therefore, the anti-AcOrn antibodies could contribute to the improvement of RA classification criteria by exploiting antibody concordance.
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Ozawa T, Ouhara K, Tsuda R, Munenaga S, Kurihara H, Kohno H, Hamana H, Kobayashi E, Taki H, Tobe K, Sugiyama E, Muraguchi A, Kishi H. Physiologic Target, Molecular Evolution, and Pathogenic Functions of a Monoclonal Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody Obtained From a Patient With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:2040-2049. [PMID: 32621659 DOI: 10.1002/art.41426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In plasma from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we previously isolated a human monoclonal anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA), CCP-Ab1, that recognizes various citrullinated antigens. In this study, we aimed to explore the physiologic target of CCP-Ab1 and the role of molecular evolution, through affinity maturation, of this ACPA in the onset and the exacerbation of RA. METHODS The target protein of CCP-Ab1 was identified in the plasma of a patient with RA and purified under native conditions. Germline-reverted (GL-rev) CCP-Ab1 was generated, and its reactivity was compared to that of mature CCP-Ab1. The functions of CCP-Ab1 and GL-rev CCP-Ab1 in the onset or exacerbation of autoimmune arthritis were analyzed using autoimmune arthritis-prone SKG mice. RESULTS CCP-Ab1 bound citrullinated fibrinogen under native conditions. In cultures with GL-rev CCP-Ab1, the binding affinity to citrullinated fibrinogen was drastically reduced (P < 0.05). The elements implicated in GL-rev CCP-Ab1 binding to a citrullinated peptide, cfc1-cyc, were almost identical to those implicated in CCP-Ab1 binding. In arthritis-prone SKG mice, CCP-Ab1, but not GL-rev CCP-Ab1, induced significant exacerbation of experimental arthritis (P < 0.05). Increased production of interleukin-6, both in the joint tissue and in the serum, was observed in SKG mice treated with CCP-Ab1 compared to those treated with GL-rev CCP-Ab1 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the immune complex formed by CCP-Ab1 and fibrinogen was detected at higher concentrations in the synovial tissue of SKG mice administered CCP-Ab1 (P < 0.05 versus control treatment groups). CONCLUSION These data show that germline-encoded CCP-Ab1, which binds weakly to citrullinated fibrinogen, undergoes hypermutation through the activation of naive B cells by citrullinated peptides/proteins, thereby stimulating high reactivity to citrullinated fibrinogen. These findings deepen our understanding of the role of molecular evolution of ACPAs in the onset and exacerbation of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- University of Toyama, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical & Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Reina Tsuda
- University of Toyama, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Toyama, Japan
| | - Syuichi Munenaga
- Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical & Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical & Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Hamana
- University of Toyama, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Toyama, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- University of Toyama, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Taki
- University of Toyama, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- University of Toyama, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- University of Toyama, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- University of Toyama, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Toyama, Japan
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Hamamoto Y, Ouhara K, Munenaga S, Shoji M, Ozawa T, Hisatsune J, Kado I, Kajiya M, Matsuda S, Kawai T, Mizuno N, Fujita T, Hirata S, Tanimoto K, Nakayama K, Kishi H, Sugiyama E, Kurihara H. Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on gut dysbiosis and resultant arthritis exacerbation in mouse model. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:249. [PMID: 33076980 PMCID: PMC7574451 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection causes periodontal disease and exacerbates rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is reported that inoculation of periodontopathogenic bacteria (i.e., Pg) can alter gut microbiota composition in the animal models. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in human has shown strong associations with systemic diseases, including RA, diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, this study investigated dysbiosis-mediated arthritis by Pg oral inoculation in an experimental arthritis model mouse. METHODS Pg inoculation in the oral cavity twice a week for 6 weeks was performed to induce periodontitis in SKG mice. Concomitantly, a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of laminarin (LA) was administered to induce experimental arthritis (Pg-LA mouse). Citrullinated protein (CP) and IL-6 levels in serum as well as periodontal, intestinal, and joint tissues were measured by ELISA. Gut microbiota composition was determined by pyrosequencing the 16 s ribosomal RNA genes after DNA purification of mouse feces. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed by transferring Pg-LA-derived feces to normal SKG mice. The effects of Pg peptidylarginine deiminase (PgPAD) on the level of citrullinated proteins and arthritis progression were determined using a PgPAD knockout mutant. RESULTS Periodontal alveolar bone loss and IL-6 in gingival tissue were induced by Pg oral infection, as well as severe joint destruction, increased arthritis scores (AS), and both IL-6 and CP productions in serum, joint, and intestinal tissues. Distribution of Deferribacteres and S24-7 was decreased, while CP was significantly increased in gingiva, joint, and intestinal tissues of Pg-inoculated experimental arthritis mice compared to experimental arthritis mice without Pg inoculation. Further, FMT from Pg-inoculated experimental arthritis mice reproduced donor gut microbiota and resulted in severe joint destruction with increased IL-6 and CP production in joint and intestinal tissues. The average AS of FMT from Pg-inoculated experimental arthritis was much higher than that of donor mouse. However, inoculation of the PgPAD knockout mutant inhibited the elevation of arthritis scores and ACPA level in serum and reduced CP amount in gingival, joint, and intestinal tissues compared to Pg wild-type inoculation. CONCLUSION Pg oral infection affected gut microbiota dysbiosis and joint destruction via increased CP generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hamamoto
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Syuichi Munenaga
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jyunzo Hisatsune
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Isamu Kado
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Periodontology, Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hirata
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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Zhang B, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Sun J, Liu L, Huang D, Hu J, Wang M, Li S, Song W, Chen H, Zhou D, Zhang X. In vitro elimination of autoreactive B cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients by universal chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 80:176-184. [PMID: 32998865 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoreactive B cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and B cell-depleting therapies using an antibodies, such as rituximab, have been suggested to be effective in RA treatment. However, transient B cell depletion with rituximab is associated with significant safety challenges related to global suppression of the immune system and thus increases the risks of infection and cancer development. To address selective and persistent issues associated with RA therapy, we developed a customised therapeutic strategy employing universal antifluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) combined with FITC-labelled antigenic peptide epitopes to eliminate autoreactive B cell subsets recognising these antigens in RA. METHODS For a proof-of-concept study, four citrullinated peptide epitopes derived from citrullinated autoantigens, namely, citrullinated vimentin, citrullinated type II collagen, citrullinated fibrinogen and tenascin-C, and a cyclocitrulline peptide-1 were selected as ligands for targeting autoreactive B cells; Engineered T cells expressing a fixed anti-FITC CAR were constructed and applied as a universal CAR-T cell system to specifically eliminate these protein-specific autoreactive B cells via recognition of the aforementioned FITC-labelled autoantigenic peptide epitopes. RESULTS We demonstrated that anti-FITC CAR-T cells could be specifically redirected and kill hybridoma cells generated by immunisation with antigenic peptides, and autoreactive B cell subsets from RA patients via recognition of corresponding FITC-labelled citrullinated peptide epitopes. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the CAR-T cells was dependent on the presence of the peptides and occurred in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The approach described here provides a direction for precise, customised approaches to treat RA and can likely be applied to other systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Clinical Immunology Center& Epigenetics Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of MedicalSciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yeshuang Yuan
- Clinical Immunology Center& Epigenetics Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of MedicalSciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Clinical Immunology Center& Epigenetics Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of MedicalSciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Clinical Immunology Center& Epigenetics Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of MedicalSciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Clinical Immunology Center& Epigenetics Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of MedicalSciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China .,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Proteins succumb to numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs). These relate to enzymatic or non-enzymatic reactions taking place in either the intracellular or extracellular compartment. While intracellular oxidative changes are mainly due to redox stress, extracellular PTMs may be induced in an inflammatory micro milieu that is rich in reactive species. The increasing recognition of oxidative modifications as a causing agent or side-effect of pathophysiological states and diseases puts oxidative PTMS (oxPTMs) into the spotlight of inflammation research. Pathological hyper-modification of proteins can lead to accumulation, aggregation, cell stress, altered antigenic peptides, and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-like recognition by host immunity. Such processes are linked to cardiovascular disease and autoinflammation. At the same time, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms governing inflammatory responses to oxPTMs may capitalize on new therapeutic routes for enhancing adaptive immune responses as needed, for instance, in oncology. We here summarize some of the latest developments of oxPTMs in disease diagnosis and therapy. Potential target proteins and upcoming technologies, such as gas plasmas, are outlined for future research that may aid in identifying the molecular basis of immunogenic vs. tolerogenic oxPTMs.
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Sahlström P, Hansson M, Steen J, Amara K, Titcombe PJ, Forsström B, Stålesen R, Israelsson L, Piccoli L, Lundberg K, Klareskog L, Mueller DL, Catrina AI, Skriner K, Malmström V, Grönwall C. Different Hierarchies of Anti–Modified Protein Autoantibody Reactivities in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1643-1657. [DOI: 10.1002/art.41385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sahlström
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Monika Hansson
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johanna Steen
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Khaled Amara
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Philip J. Titcombe
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, and University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis
| | | | - Ragnhild Stålesen
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine Università della Svizzera italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Anca I. Catrina
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Caroline Grönwall
- Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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41
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Hefton A, Liang SY, Ni K, Carter V, Ukadike K, Lood C, Mustelin T. Autoantibodies against citrullinated serum albumin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 2:100023. [PMID: 32743509 PMCID: PMC7388351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, potentially debilitating, inflammatory disease that primarily affects synovial joints. While the etiology of RA remains incompletely understood, it is clear that the disease is autoimmune in nature. A hallmark of RA is that the specific epitopes on self-antigens that are targeted by the immune system are often modified by arginine deimination, also referred to as citrullination. In fact, anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA) at high enough titers are diagnostic of RA and appear to have many different targets. Here, we report that RA patients have IgG autoantibodies that react with human serum albumin (HSA) when it had been citrullinated by protein arginine deiminase (PAD) 4, but not by PAD2. Unmodified albumin was not recognized by autoantibodies. In a cohort of 79 RA patients, 38% had anti-citrullinated HSA (anti-cit-HSA) reactivity above the cut-off of the average plus two standard deviations in a healthy subject cohort (n = 16). The titers of these autoantibodies correlated with ACPA status and seropositivity. There was also a trend toward correlation with the presence of radiographic joint erosions, but this did not reach statistical significance. Finally, patients with anti-cit-HSA were more frequently treated with biologics and combination regimens than patients without these autoantibodies. We conclude that ACPA directed against citrullinated albumin exist in a subset of RA patients. Because of the abundance of albumin, its modification by citrullination, as well as autoantibodies binding to it, may have deleterious consequences for the health of affected RA patients. Novel autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis: citrullinated serum albumin. Anti-citrullinated albumin IgG autoantibodies correlate with clinical parameters. Even a low stoichiometry citrullination of the very abundant albumin may have health consequences. Use of poly(Gly, Lys, Tyr) for blocking to detect citrullinated proteins without high background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hefton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicines, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, United States
| | - Shu Ying Liang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicines, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, United States
| | - Kathryn Ni
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicines, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, United States
| | - Victoria Carter
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicines, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, United States
| | - Kennedy Ukadike
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicines, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, United States
| | - Christian Lood
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicines, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, United States
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicines, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, United States
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Reed E, Hedström AK, Hansson M, Mathsson-Alm L, Brynedal B, Saevarsdottir S, Cornillet M, Jakobsson PJ, Holmdahl R, Skriner K, Serre G, Alfredsson L, Rönnelid J, Lundberg K. Presence of autoantibodies in "seronegative" rheumatoid arthritis associates with classical risk factors and high disease activity. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:170. [PMID: 32678001 PMCID: PMC7364538 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is classified as seropositive or seronegative, depending on the presence/absence of rheumatoid factor (RF), primarily IgM RF, and/or anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), commonly detected using anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) assays. Known risk factors associate with the more severe seropositive form of RA; less is known about seronegative RA. Here, we examine risk factors and clinical phenotypes in relation to presence of autoantibodies in the RA subset that is traditionally defined as seronegative. METHODS Anti-CCP2 IgG, 19 ACPA fine-specificities, IgM/IgG/IgA RF, anti-carbamylated-protein (CarP) antibodies, and 17 other autoantibodies, were analysed in 2755 RA patients and 370 controls. Antibody prevalence, levels, and co-occurrence were examined, and associations with risk factors and disease activity during 5 years were investigated for different antibody-defined RA subsets. RESULTS Autoantibodies were detected in a substantial proportion of the traditionally defined seronegative RA subset, with ACPA fine-specificities found in 30%, IgA/IgG RF in 9.4%, and anti-CarP antibodies in 16%, with a 9.6% co-occurrence of at least two types of RA-associated autoantibodies. HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) associated with the presence of ACPA in anti-CCP2-negative RA; in anti-CCP2-positive RA, the SE association was defined by six ACPA fine-specificities with high co-occurrence. Smoking associated with RF, but not with ACPA, in anti-CCP2-negative RA. Presence of ACPA and RF, but not anti-CarP antibodies, in conventionally defined "seronegative" RA, associated with worse clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS "Seronegative" RA is not truly a seronegative disease subset. Additional screening for ACPA fine-specificities and IgA/IgG RF defines a group of patients that resembles seropositive patients with respect to risk factors and clinical picture and may contribute to earlier diagnosis for a subset of anti-CCP2-/IgM RF- patients with a high need for active treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Reed
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Karin Hedström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Hansson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Mathsson-Alm
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Boel Brynedal
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saedis Saevarsdottir
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Université de Toulouse-INSERM UMR 1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Skriner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guy Serre
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Université de Toulouse-INSERM UMR 1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ramos I, Stamatakis K, Oeste CL, Pérez-Sala D. Vimentin as a Multifaceted Player and Potential Therapeutic Target in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4675. [PMID: 32630064 PMCID: PMC7370124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that plays key roles in integration of cytoskeletal functions, and therefore in basic cellular processes such as cell division and migration. Consequently, vimentin has complex implications in pathophysiology. Vimentin is required for a proper immune response, but it can also act as an autoantigen in autoimmune diseases or as a damage signal. Although vimentin is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein, it can also appear at extracellular locations, either in a secreted form or at the surface of numerous cell types, often in relation to cell activation, inflammation, injury or senescence. Cell surface targeting of vimentin appears to associate with the occurrence of certain posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation and/or oxidative damage. At the cell surface, vimentin can act as a receptor for bacterial and viral pathogens. Indeed, vimentin has been shown to play important roles in virus attachment and entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), dengue and encephalitis viruses, among others. Moreover, the presence of vimentin in specific virus-targeted cells and its induction by proinflammatory cytokines and tissue damage contribute to its implication in viral infection. Here, we recapitulate some of the pathophysiological implications of vimentin, including the involvement of cell surface vimentin in interaction with pathogens, with a special focus on its role as a cellular receptor or co-receptor for viruses. In addition, we provide a perspective on approaches to target vimentin, including antibodies or chemical agents that could modulate these interactions to potentially interfere with viral pathogenesis, which could be useful when multi-target antiviral strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos
- Department of Neurology and Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Konstantinos Stamatakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, UAM-CSIC. Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.S.); (C.L.O.)
| | - Clara L. Oeste
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, UAM-CSIC. Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.S.); (C.L.O.)
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Jang B, Kim M, Lee Y, Ishigami A, Kim Y, Choi E. Vimentin citrullination probed by a novel monoclonal antibody serves as a specific indicator for reactive astrocytes in neurodegeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:751-769. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - M.J. Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology Graduate School of Hallym University Chuncheon Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Y.J. Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - A. Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Itabashi‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Y.S. Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology College of Medicine Hallym University Chuncheon Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
| | - E.K. Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology Graduate School of Hallym University Chuncheon Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
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Curran AM, Naik P, Giles JT, Darrah E. PAD enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenic effectors and autoimmune targets. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:301-315. [PMID: 32341463 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) have an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) owing to their ability to generate citrullinated proteins - the hallmark autoantigens of RA. Of the five PAD enzyme isoforms, PAD2 and PAD4 are the most strongly implicated in RA at both genetic and cellular levels, and PAD inhibitors have shown therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. PAD2 and PAD4 are additionally targeted by autoantibodies in distinct clinical subsets of patients with RA, suggesting anti-PAD antibodies as possible biomarkers for RA diagnosis and prognosis. This Review weighs the evidence that supports a pathogenic role for PAD enzymes in RA as both promoters and targets of the autoimmune response, as well as discussing the mechanistic and therapeutic implications of these findings in the wider context of RA pathogenesis. Understanding the origin and consequences of dysregulated PAD enzyme activity and immune responses against PAD enzymes will be important to fully comprehend the pathogenic mechanisms involved in this disease and for the development of novel strategies to treat and prevent RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Curran
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pooja Naik
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jon T Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Auger I, Balandraud N, Massy E, Hemon MF, Peen E, Arnoux F, Mariot C, Martin M, Lafforgue P, Busnel JM, Roudier J. Peptidylarginine Deiminase Autoimmunity and the Development of Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Hapten-Carrier Model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:903-911. [PMID: 31820586 PMCID: PMC7317357 DOI: 10.1002/art.41189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective The presence of autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPAs) often precedes the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Citrullines are arginine residues that have been modified by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). PAD4 is the target of autoantibodies in RA. ACPAs could arise because PAD4 is recognized by T cells, which facilitate the production of autoantibodies to proteins bound by PAD4. We previously found evidence for this hapten–carrier model in mice. This study was undertaken to investigate whether there is evidence for this model in humans. Methods We analyzed antibody response to PAD4 and T cell proliferation in response to PAD4 in 41 RA patients and 36 controls. We tested binding of 65 PAD4 peptides to 5 HLA–DR alleles (DRB1*04:01, *04:02, *04:04, *01:01, and *07:01) and selected 11 PAD4 peptides for proliferation studies using samples from 22 RA patients and 27 controls. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from an additional 10 RA patients and 7 healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry for CD3, CD4, CD154, and tumor necrosis factor expression after PAD4 stimulation. Results Only patients with RA had both antibodies and T cell responses to PAD4. T cell response to peptide 8, a PAD4 peptide, was associated with RA (P = 0.02), anti‐PAD4 antibodies (P = 0.057), and the shared epitope (P = 0.05). Conclusion ACPA immunity is associated with antibodies to PAD4 and T cell responses to PAD4 and PAD4 peptides. These findings are consistent with a hapten–carrier model in which PAD4 is the carrier and citrullinated proteins are the haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Auger
- INSERM UMRs 1097 and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Balandraud
- INSERM UMRs 1097, Aix-Marseille University, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Massy
- INSERM UMRs 1097, Aix-Marseille University, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Marie F Hemon
- INSERM UMRs 1097 and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Elisa Peen
- INSERM UMRs 1097 and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Arnoux
- INSERM UMRs 1097 and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Mariot
- INSERM UMRs 1097 and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marielle Martin
- INSERM UMRs 1097 and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Jean Roudier
- INSERM UMRs 1097, Aix-Marseille University, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
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Liang B, Ge C, Lönnblom E, Lin X, Feng H, Xiao L, Bai J, Ayoglu B, Nilsson P, Nandakumar KS, Zhao M, Holmdahl R. The autoantibody response to cyclic citrullinated collagen type II peptides in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:1623-1633. [PMID: 30892636 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The detection of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPAs) is a serological hallmark of RA. Autoantibodies reactive with collagen type II (CII) are present in RA sera and synovial fluid and are potentially pathogenic. Here, we investigate the prevalence and specificity of the autoantibody responses to defined citrullinated cyclic peptides derived from CII in a China RA cohort. METHODS Using bead-based multiplex assay, we examined the presence of autoantibodies binding to 54 cyclic 17-mer citrullinated CII peptides, encompassing all citrullinate epitopes in CII, and the corresponding unmodified peptides in 415 RA patients, in addition to 304 patients with OA. Furthermore, the autoantibody responses to a selected set of 10 cyclic citrullinated peptides were also examined in 203 healthy individuals. RESULTS Autoantibody responses to cyclic citrullinated CII peptides were higher in RA patients as compared with OA patients or healthy individuals, whereas little or negligible antibody responses to cyclic unmodified CII peptides were observed. Interestingly, several novel citrullinated CII epitopes were identified. Antibodies to these novel citrullinated CII epitopes showed not only substantial overlapping reactivities but also had unique specificities. CONCLUSION We found a high prevalence of autoantibodies against cyclic citrullinated CII in the sera of patients in a China RA cohort. The present study revealed heterogeneous binding patterns against novel citrullinated CII epitopes, which may help to stratify RA patients into different subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changrong Ge
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyin Lin
- Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Hui Feng
- Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Changning District, Shanghai
| | - Lianbo Xiao
- Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Changning District, Shanghai
| | - Jing'an Bai
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Burcu Ayoglu
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
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Kissel T, Reijm S, Slot LM, Cavallari M, Wortel CM, Vergroesen RD, Stoeken-Rijsbergen G, Kwekkeboom JC, Kampstra A, Levarht E, Drijfhout JW, Bang H, Bonger KM, Janssen G, van Veelen PA, Huizinga T, Scherer HU, Reth M, Toes R. Antibodies and B cells recognising citrullinated proteins display a broad cross-reactivity towards other post-translational modifications. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79:472-480. [PMID: 32041746 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies against antigens carrying distinct post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as citrulline, homocitrulline or acetyllysine, are hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The relation between these anti-modified protein antibody (AMPA)-classes is poorly understood as is the ability of different PTM-antigens to activate B-cell receptors (BCRs) directed against citrullinated proteins (CP). Insights into the nature of PTMs able to activate such B cells are pivotal to understand the 'evolution' of the autoimmune response conceivable underlying the disease. Here, we investigated the cross-reactivity of monoclonal AMPA and the ability of different types of PTM-antigens to activate CP-reactive BCRs. METHODS BCR sequences from B cells isolated using citrullinated or acetylated antigens were used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAb) followed by a detailed analysis of their cross-reactivity towards PTM-antigens. Ramos B-cell transfectants expressing CP-reactive IgG BCRs were generated and their activation on stimulation with PTM-antigens investigated. RESULTS Most mAbs were highly cross-reactive towards multiple PTMs, while no reactivity was observed to the unmodified controls. B cells carrying CP-reactive BCRs showed activation on stimulation with various types of PTM-antigens. CONCLUSIONS Our study illustrates that AMPA exhibit a high cross-reactivity towards at least two PTMs indicating that their recognition pattern is not confined to one type of modification. Furthermore, our data show that CP-reactive B cells are not only activated by citrullinated, but also by carbamylated and/or acetylated antigens. These data are vital for the understanding of the breach of B-cell tolerance against PTM-antigens and the possible contribution of these antigens to RA-pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L M Slot
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Cavallari
- Department of Biology III (Molecular Immunology), Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C M Wortel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R D Vergroesen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Stoeken-Rijsbergen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J C Kwekkeboom
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Asb Kampstra
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ewn Levarht
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Bang
- Orgentec Diagnostika, Mainz, Germany
| | - K M Bonger
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gmc Janssen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P A van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Twj Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H U Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Reth
- Department of Biology III (Molecular Immunology), Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rem Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Finckh A, Courvoisier D, Lamacchia C. Measuring ACPA in the general population or primary care: is it useful? RMD Open 2020; 6:e001085. [PMID: 32079664 PMCID: PMC7046970 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with a significant disease burden and high costs for society. Because the disease has identifiable preclinical stages, screening and prevention have become a possibility in RA. Anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPAs) are arguably the most likely candidate biomarker to screen for RA. This paper reviews the evidence for the use of ACPAs as a screening test in the broader general population, to identify individuals at high risk of subsequent onset of RA. We will review the diagnostic properties of the test and its positive and negative predictive value in different settings. We will discuss how ACPA testing could effectively be integrated in a broader screening strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Finckh
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Celine Lamacchia
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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50
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van Delft MAM, Huizinga TWJ. An overview of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2020; 110:102392. [PMID: 31911013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic auto-immune disease principally effecting synovial joints. RA is characterized by immune cell infiltration in the joint. The presence of autoantibodies is a hallmark for the disease, among these are rheumatoid factor and antibodies against post-translational modified proteins like citrullination (ACPA) and carbamylation (anti-CarP antibodies). These autoantibodies may form immune complexes in the joint, leading to the attraction of immune cells. Based on the presence of these autoantibodies, RA patients can be subdivided in autoantibody positive and negative disease. Both subsets can be associated with genetic and environmental risk factors for RA, like the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele and smoking. Autoantibodies can already be detected years before disease onset in a subgroup of patients and at symptom onset a broad isotype spectrum is observed. This suggests that various events occur prior to the development of RA in which the first autoantibodies develop in predisposed individuals. Therefore, the presence of these autoantibodies can be useful in predicting future RA patients. Research on the characteristics and effector function of these autoantibodies is ongoing and will give more knowledge in the inflammatory responses underlying RA. This will give insight in the pathogenic role of autoantibodies in RA. Recent data are suggestive of a role for mucosal surfaces in the development of auto-immune responses associated with (the development of) RA. In conclusion, investigating the potential pathogenic effector functions of autoantibody isotypes and their molecular- and physicochemical-compositions might improve understanding of the disease origin and its underlying immunological processes. This may lead to the development of new therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe A M van Delft
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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