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Zhu B, Zhu X, Borland MG, Ralph DH, Chiaro CR, Krausz KW, Ntambi JM, Glick AB, Patterson AD, Perdew GH, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in Keratinocytes by Endogenous Fatty Acids. Biomolecules 2024; 14:606. [PMID: 38927010 PMCID: PMC11201440 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors exist in dynamic equilibrium between transcriptionally active and inactive complexes dependent on interactions with ligands, proteins, and chromatin. The present studies examined the hypothesis that endogenous ligands activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in keratinocytes. The phorbol ester treatment or HRAS infection of primary keratinocytes increased fatty acids that were associated with enhanced PPARβ/δ activity. Fatty acids caused PPARβ/δ-dependent increases in chromatin occupancy and the expression of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4) mRNA. Analyses demonstrated that stearoyl Co-A desaturase 1 (Scd1) mediates an increase in intracellular monounsaturated fatty acids in keratinocytes that act as PPARβ/δ ligands. The activation of PPARβ/δ with palmitoleic or oleic acid causes arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle of HRAS-expressing keratinocytes that is not found in similarly treated HRAS-expressing Pparb/d-null keratinocytes. HRAS-expressing Scd1-null mouse keratinocytes exhibit enhanced cell proliferation, an effect that is mitigated by treatment with palmitoleic or oleic acid. Consistent with these findings, the ligand activation of PPARβ/δ with GW0742 or oleic acid prevented UVB-induced non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis, an effect that required PPARβ/δ. The results from these studies demonstrate that PPARβ/δ has endogenous roles in keratinocytes and can be activated by lipids found in diet and cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokai Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Michael G. Borland
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Douglas H. Ralph
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Christopher R. Chiaro
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
- Department of Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.W.K.); (F.J.G.)
| | - James M. Ntambi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Adam B. Glick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
| | - Gary H. Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.W.K.); (F.J.G.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (B.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.B.); (D.H.R.); (C.R.C.); (A.B.G.); (A.D.P.); (G.H.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Wang K, Shi JH, Gao J, Sun Y, Wang Z, Shi X, Guo W, Jin Y, Zhang S. Arachidonic acid metabolism CYP450 pathway is deregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and associated with microvascular invasion. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:31-45. [PMID: 37655528 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolism plays a crucial role in the development and progression of inflammatory and metabolic liver diseases. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression of key genes involved in the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway in HCC using a combination of bioinformatics, proteomics and immunohistochemistry analyses. Through a comprehensive analysis of publicly available datasets, clinical HCC tissues, and tissue microarrays, we compared the expression of hepatic arachidonic acid metabolic genes. We observed significant downregulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) pathway genes at both the messenger RNA and protein levels in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues. Furthermore, we observed a strong correlation between the deregulation of the arachidonic acid metabolism CYP450 pathway and the pathological features and prognosis of HCC. Specifically, the expression of CYP2C8/9/18/19 was significantly correlated with pathological grade (r = -.484, p < .0001), vascular invasion (r = -.402, p < .0001), aspartate transaminase (r = -.246, p = .025), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (r = -.252, p = .022), alkaline phosphatase (r = -.342, p = .002), alpha-fetoprotein (r = -.311, p = .004) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (r = -.227, p = .047). Moreover, we discovered a significant association between CYP450 pathway activity and vascular invasion in HCC. Collectively, these data indicate that arachidonic acid CYP450 metabolic pathway deregulation is implicated in HCC progression and may be a potential predictive factor for early recurrence in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Diagnosis and Treatment League for Hepatopathy Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
- Open and Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji-Hua Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Diagnosis and Treatment League for Hepatopathy Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
- Open and Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Diagnosis and Treatment League for Hepatopathy Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
- Open and Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohui Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Diagnosis and Treatment League for Hepatopathy Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
- Open and Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Diagnosis and Treatment League for Hepatopathy Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
- Open and Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Diagnosis and Treatment League for Hepatopathy Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
- Open and Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Diagnosis and Treatment League for Hepatopathy Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
- Open and Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Diagnosis and Treatment League for Hepatopathy Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
- Open and Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
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Gomes D, Sobolewski C, Conzelmann S, Schaer T, Lefai E, Alfaiate D, Tseligka ED, Goossens N, Tapparel C, Negro F, Foti M, Clément S. ANGPTL4 is a potential driver of HCV-induced peripheral insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6767. [PMID: 37185283 PMCID: PMC10130097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with the development of metabolic disorders, including both hepatic and extra-hepatic insulin resistance (IR). Here, we aimed at identifying liver-derived factor(s) potentially inducing peripheral IR and uncovering the mechanisms whereby HCV can regulate the action of these factors. We found ANGPTL4 (Angiopoietin Like 4) mRNA expression levels to positively correlate with HCV RNA (r = 0.46, p < 0.03) and HOMA-IR score (r = 0.51, p = 0.01) in liver biopsies of lean CHC patients. Moreover, we observed an upregulation of ANGPTL4 expression in two models recapitulating HCV-induced peripheral IR, i.e. mice expressing core protein of HCV genotype 3a (HCV-3a core) in hepatocytes and hepatoma cells transduced with HCV-3a core. Treatment of differentiated myocytes with recombinant ANGPTL4 reduced insulin-induced Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation. In contrast, conditioned medium from ANGPTL4-KO hepatoma cells prevented muscle cells from HCV-3a core induced IR. Treatment of HCV-3a core expressing HepG2 cells with PPARγ antagonist resulted in a decrease of HCV-core induced ANGPTL4 upregulation. Together, our data identified ANGPTL4 as a potential driver of HCV-induced IR and may provide working hypotheses aimed at understanding the pathogenesis of IR in the setting of other chronic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gomes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, CHU Lille, Inserm, University Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Conzelmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tifany Schaer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Lefai
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dulce Alfaiate
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France
| | - Eirini D Tseligka
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Goossens
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Negro
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinical Pathology Division, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Clément
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Clinical Pathology Division, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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The Role of Transcription Factor PPAR-γ in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis, Skin Cells, and Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179708. [PMID: 36077103 PMCID: PMC9456565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR-γ is one of three PPAR nuclear receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. In immune cells, the skin, and other organs, PPAR-γ regulates lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism. The receptor translates nutritional, pharmacological, and metabolic stimuli into the changes in gene expression. The activation of PPAR-γ promotes cell differentiation, reduces the proliferation rate, and modulates the immune response. In the skin, PPARs also contribute to the functioning of the skin barrier. Since we know that the route from identification to the registration of drugs is long and expensive, PPAR-γ agonists already approved for other diseases may also represent a high interest for psoriasis. In this review, we discuss the role of PPAR-γ in the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of skin and immune cells affected by psoriasis and in contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. We also evaluate whether the agonists of PPAR-γ may become one of the therapeutic options to suppress the inflammatory response in lesional psoriatic skin and decrease the influence of comorbidities associated with psoriasis.
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Morin S, Simard M, Flamand N, Pouliot R. Biological action of docosahexaenoic acid in a 3D tissue-engineered psoriatic skin model: Focus on the PPAR signaling pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159032. [PMID: 34428549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), and in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have many beneficial metabolic effects, including reducing epidermal thickness in patients with psoriasis. The positive impacts of DHA in psoriasis could be mediated by its interactions with the PPAR signaling pathway, as well as by its secretion of anti-inflammatory bioactive metabolites, but the detailed metabolism is still not understood. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of DHA on the main features of psoriasis and its effects on the PPAR signaling pathway, in a psoriatic in vitro skin model. Healthy and psoriatic skin substitutes were produced according to the tissue-engineered self-assembly method, using culture media supplemented with 10 μM of DHA. The presence of DHA led to a reduction in the abnormal cell differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes, seen in the increased expression of filaggrin and keratin 10. DHA was incorporated into the membrane phospholipids of the epidermis and transformed principally into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Furthermore, the addition of DHA into the culture medium led to a decrease in the levels of lipid mediators derived from n-6 PUFAs, mainly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). Finally, DHA supplementation rebalanced the expression of PPAR receptors and caused a decrease in the secretion of TNF-α. Altogether, our results show that DHA possesses the ability to attenuate the psoriatic characteristics of psoriatic skin substitutes, mostly by restoring epidermal cell differentiation and proliferation, as well as by reducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1A4, Canada.
| | - Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1A4, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1A4, Canada.
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Lopes C, Rocha E, Pereira IL, Madureira TV. Deciphering influences of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on lipid metabolism genes using brown trout primary hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 235:105819. [PMID: 33873058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite of physiological and toxicological relevance, the potential of androgens to influence fish lipid metabolism remains poorly explored. Here, brown trout primary hepatocytes were exposed to six concentrations (1 nM to 100 μM) of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T), to assess changes in the mRNA levels of genes covering diverse lipid metabolic pathways. Acsl1, essential for fatty acid activation, was up-regulated by T and DHT, whereas the lipogenic enzymes FAS and ACC were up-regulated by the highest (100 μM) concentration of T and DHT, respectively. ApoA1, the major component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), was down-regulated by both androgens. PPARγ, linked to adipogenesis and peroxisomal β-oxidation, was down-regulated by T and DHT, while Acox1-3I, rate-limiting in peroxisomal β-oxidation, was down-regulated by T. Fabp1, StAR and LPL were not altered. Our findings suggest that androgens may impact on lipid transport, adipogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation and promote lipogenesis in fish liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lopes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês L Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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7
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Loving BA, Tang M, Neal MC, Gorkhali S, Murphy R, Eckel RH, Bruce KD. Lipoprotein Lipase Regulates Microglial Lipid Droplet Accumulation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020198. [PMID: 33498265 PMCID: PMC7909280 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia become increasingly dysfunctional with aging and contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative disease (NDs) through defective phagocytosis, attenuated cholesterol efflux, and excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dysfunctional microglia also accumulate lipid droplets (LDs); however, the mechanism underlying increased LD load is unknown. We have previously shown that microglia lacking lipoprotein lipase (LPL KD) are polarized to a pro-inflammatory state and have impaired lipid uptake and reduced fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Here, we also show that LPL KD microglia show excessive accumulation of LD-like structures. Moreover, LPL KD microglia display a pro-inflammatory lipidomic profile, increased cholesterol ester (CE) content, and reduced cholesterol efflux at baseline. We also show reduced expression of genes within the canonical cholesterol efflux pathway. Importantly, PPAR agonists (rosiglitazone and bezafibrate) rescued the LD-associated phenotype in LPL KD microglia. These data suggest that microglial-LPL is associated with lipid uptake, which may drive PPAR signaling and cholesterol efflux to prevent inflammatory lipid distribution and LD accumulation. Moreover, PPAR agonists can reverse LD accumulation, and therefore may be beneficial in aging and in the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A. Loving
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI 48309, USA;
| | - Maoping Tang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.T.); (M.C.N.); (S.G.); (R.H.E.)
| | - Mikaela C. Neal
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.T.); (M.C.N.); (S.G.); (R.H.E.)
| | - Sachi Gorkhali
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.T.); (M.C.N.); (S.G.); (R.H.E.)
| | - Robert Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Robert H. Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.T.); (M.C.N.); (S.G.); (R.H.E.)
| | - Kimberley D. Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.T.); (M.C.N.); (S.G.); (R.H.E.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Tian H, Luo J, Shi H, Chen X, Wu J, Liang Y, Li C, Loor JJ. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α on the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids in goat mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5739815. [PMID: 32067038 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A key member of the nuclear receptor superfamily is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) isoform, which in nonruminants is closely associated with fatty acid oxidation. Whether PPARA plays a role in milk fatty acid synthesis in ruminants is unknown. The main objective of the present study was to use primary goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC) to activate PPARA via the agonist WY-14643 (WY) or to silence it via transfection of small-interfering RNA (siRNA). Three copies of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element (PPRE) contained in a luciferase reporter vector were transfected into GMEC followed by incubation with WY at 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, or 100 µM. A dose of 50 µM WY was most effective at activating PPRE without influencing PPARA mRNA abundance. Transfecting siRNA targeting PPARA decreased its mRNA abundance to 20% and protein level to 50% of basal levels. Use of WY upregulated FASN, SCD1, ACSL1, DGAT1, FABP4, and CD36 (1.1-, 1.5-, 2-, 1.4-, 1.5-, and 5-fold, respectively), but downregulated DGAT2 and PGC1A (-20% and -40%, respectively) abundance. In contrast, triacylglycerol concentration decreased and the content and desaturation index of C16:1 and C18:1 increased. Thus, activation of PPARA via WY appeared to channel fatty acids away from esterification. Knockdown of PPARA via siRNA downregulated ACACA, SCD1, AGPAT6, CD36, HSL, and SREBF1 (-43%, -67%, -16%, -56%, -26%, and -29%, respectively), but upregulated ACSL1, DGAT2, FABP3, and PGC1A (2-, 1.4-, 1.3-, and 2.5-fold, respectively) mRNA abundance. A decrease in the content and desaturation index of C16:1 and C18:1 coupled with an increase in triacylglycerol content accompanied those effects at the mRNA level. Overall, data suggest that PPARA could promote the synthesis of MUFA in GMEC through its effects on mRNA abundance of genes related to fatty acid synthesis, oxidation, transport, and triacylglycerol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hengbo Shi
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiao Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Cong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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9
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Borland MG, Yao PL, Kehres EM, Lee C, Pritzlaff AM, Ola E, Wagner AL, Shannon BE, Albrecht PP, Zhu B, Kang BH, Robertson GP, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Editor's Highlight: PPARβ/δ and PPARγ Inhibit Melanoma Tumorigenicity by Modulating Inflammation and Apoptosis. Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:436-448. [PMID: 28962521 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin tumorigenesis results from DNA damage, increased inflammation, and evasion of apoptosis. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) can modulate these mechanisms in non-melanoma skin cancer. However, limited data exists regarding the role of PPARs in melanoma. This study examined the effect of proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) and PPARγ on cell proliferation, anchorage-dependent clonogenicity, and ectopic xenografts in the UACC903 human melanoma cell line. Stable overexpression of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ enhanced ligand-induced expression of a PPARβ/δ/PPARγ target gene in UACC903 cell lines as compared with controls. The induction of target gene expression by ligand activation of PPARγ was not altered by overexpression of PPARβ/δ, or vice versa. Stable overexpression of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ reduced the percentage of cells in the G1 and S phase of the cell cycle, and increased the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in UACC903 cell lines as compared with controls. Ligand activation of PPARβ/δ did not further alter the distribution of cells within each phase of the cell cycle. By contrast, ligand activation of PPARγ enhanced these changes in stable UACC903 cells overexpressing PPARγ compared with controls. Stable overexpression of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ and/or ligand activation of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ inhibited cell proliferation, and anchorage-dependent clonogenicity of UACC903 cell lines as compared with controls. Further, overexpression of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ and/or ligand activation of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ inhibited ectopic xenograft tumorigenicity derived from UACC903 melanoma cells as compared with controls, and this was likely due in part to induction of apoptosis. Results from these studies demonstrate the antitumorigenic effects of both PPARβ/δ and PPARγ and suggest that targeting these receptors may be useful for primary or secondary melanoma chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Borland
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Pei-Li Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Ellen M Kehres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Christina Lee
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Amanda M Pritzlaff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Elizabeth Ola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Ashley L Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Brooke E Shannon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Prajakta P Albrecht
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Boo-Hyon Kang
- Non-clinical Research Institute, Chemon, Yangji-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 17162, Korea
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Departments of Pharmacology, Pathology, Dermatology, Surgery, The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, and The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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10
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Cai Q, Fan Q, Buechlein A, Miller D, Nephew KP, Liu S, Wan J, Xu Y. Changes in mRNA/protein expression and signaling pathways in in vivo passaged mouse ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197404. [PMID: 29927933 PMCID: PMC6013233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cure rate for late stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has not significantly improved over several decades. New and more effective targets and treatment modalities are urgently needed. RNA-seq analyses of a syngeneic EOC cell pair, representing more and less aggressive tumor cells in vivo were conducted. Bioinformatics analyses of the RNA-seq data and biological signaling and function studies have identified new targets, such as ZIP4 in EOC. Many up-regulated tumor promoting signaling pathways have been identified which are mainly grouped into three cellular activities: 1) cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance; 2) cell skeleton and adhesion changes; and 3) carbohydrate metabolic reprograming. Unexpectedly, lipid metabolism has been the major down-regulated signaling pathway in the more aggressive EOC cells. In addition, we found that hypoxic responsive genes were at the center stage of regulation and detected functional changes were related to cancer stem cell-like activities. Moreover, our genetic, cellular, biochemical, and lipidomic analyses indicated that cells grown in 2D vs. 3D, or attached vs. suspended had dramatic changes. The important clinical implications of peritoneal cavity floating tumor cells are supported by the data proved in this work. Overall, the RNA-seq data provide a landscape of gene expression alterations during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Qipeng Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aaron Buechlein
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David Miller
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kenneth P. Nephew
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sheng Liu
- Collaborative Core for Cancer Bioinformatics (C3B), Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jun Wan
- Collaborative Core for Cancer Bioinformatics (C3B), Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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11
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Cai W, Yang T, Liu H, Han L, Zhang K, Hu X, Zhang X, Yin KJ, Gao Y, Bennett MVL, Leak RK, Chen J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ): A master gatekeeper in CNS injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:27-58. [PMID: 29032144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a widely expressed ligand-modulated transcription factor that governs the expression of genes involved in inflammation, redox equilibrium, trophic factor production, insulin sensitivity, and the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Synthetic PPARγ agonists (e.g. thiazolidinediones) are used to treat Type II diabetes and have the potential to limit the risk of developing brain injuries such as stroke by mitigating the influence of comorbidities. If brain injury develops, PPARγ serves as a master gatekeeper of cytoprotective stress responses, improving the chances of cellular survival and recovery of homeostatic equilibrium. In the acute injury phase, PPARγ directly restricts tissue damage by inhibiting the NFκB pathway to mitigate inflammation and stimulating the Nrf2/ARE axis to neutralize oxidative stress. During the chronic phase of acute brain injuries, PPARγ activation in injured cells culminates in the repair of gray and white matter, preservation of the blood-brain barrier, reconstruction of the neurovascular unit, resolution of inflammation, and long-term functional recovery. Thus, PPARγ lies at the apex of cell fate decisions and exerts profound effects on the chronic progression of acute injury conditions. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in stroke and brain trauma and highlight the novel role of PPARγ in long-term tissue repair. We describe its structure and function and identify the genes that it targets. PPARγ regulation of inflammation, metabolism, cell fate (proliferation/differentiation/maturation/survival), and many other processes also has relevance to other neurological diseases. Therefore, PPARγ is an attractive target for therapies against a number of progressive neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lijuan Han
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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12
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de Vera IMS, Zheng J, Novick S, Shang J, Hughes TS, Brust R, Munoz-Tello P, Gardner WJ, Marciano DP, Kong X, Griffin PR, Kojetin DJ. Synergistic Regulation of Coregulator/Nuclear Receptor Interaction by Ligand and DNA. Structure 2017; 25:1506-1518.e4. [PMID: 28890360 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) transcription factors bind various coreceptors, small-molecule ligands, DNA response element sequences, and transcriptional coregulator proteins to affect gene transcription. Small-molecule ligands and DNA are known to influence receptor structure, coregulator protein interaction, and function; however, little is known on the mechanism of synergy between ligand and DNA. Using quantitative biochemical, biophysical, and solution structural methods, including 13C-detected nuclear magnetic resonance and hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry, we show that ligand and DNA cooperatively recruit the intrinsically disordered steroid receptor coactivator-2 (SRC-2/TIF2/GRIP1/NCoA-2) receptor interaction domain to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-retinoid X receptor alpha (PPARγ-RXRα) heterodimer and reveal the binding determinants of the complex. Our data reveal a thermodynamic mechanism by which DNA binding propagates a conformational change in PPARγ-RXRα, stabilizes the receptor ligand binding domain dimer interface, and impacts ligand potency and cooperativity in NR coactivator recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Scott Novick
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jinsai Shang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Travis S Hughes
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Richard Brust
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Paola Munoz-Tello
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - William J Gardner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; TSRI High School Student Summer Internship Program, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - David P Marciano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiangming Kong
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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13
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Lee J, Kim HJ, Yi JY. A secretome analysis reveals that PPARα is upregulated by fractionated-dose γ-irradiation in three-dimensional keratinocyte cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:270-276. [PMID: 27845041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that γ-irradiation induces various biological responses, including oxidative stress and apoptosis, as well as cellular repair and immune system responses. However, most such studies have been performed using traditional two-dimensional cell culture systems, which are limited in their ability to faithfully represent in vivo conditions. A three-dimensional (3D) environment composed of properly interconnected and differentiated cells that allow communication and cooperation among cells via secreted molecules would be expected to more accurately reflect cellular responses. Here, we investigated γ-irradiation-induced changes in the secretome of 3D-cultured keratinocytes. An analysis of keratinocyte secretome profiles following fractionated-dose γ-irradiation revealed changes in genes involved in cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and the immune system. Notably, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) was upregulated in response to fractionated-dose γ-irradiation. This upregulation was associated with an increase in the transcription of known PPARα target genes in secretome, including angiopoietin-like protein 4, dermokine and kallikrein-related peptide 12, which were differentially regulated by fractionated-dose γ-irradiation. Collectively, our data imply a mechanism linking γ-irradiation and secretome changes, and suggest that these changes could play a significant role in the coordinated cellular responses to harmful ionizing radiation, such as those associated with radiation therapy. This extension of our understanding of γ-irradiation-induced secretome changes has the potential to improve radiation therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyong Lee
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Yi
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Zhao S, Kanno Y, Li W, Wakatabi H, Sasaki T, Koike K, Nemoto K, Li H. Picrasidine N Is a Subtype-Selective PPARβ/δ Agonist. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:879-885. [PMID: 27025413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, growing evidence of the pivotal roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ in various physiological functions, including lipid homeostasis, cancer, and inflammation, has raised interest in this receptor. In this study, the naturally occurring dimeric alkaloid picrasidine N (1) from Picrasma quassioides was identified as a novel PPARβ/δ agonist from a library consisting of plant extracts and natural compounds using a mammalian one-hybrid assay, and this compound was characterized. Compound 1 activated PPARβ/δ but did not activate or slightly activated PPARα and PPARγ. Furthermore, a peroxisome proliferator response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated that 1 enhanced PPARβ/δ transcriptional activity. Moreover, 1 selectively induced mRNA expression of ANGPTL4, which is a PPAR target gene. This observation is quite different from previously identified synthetic PPARβ/δ agonists, which can induce the expression of not only ANGPTL4 but also other PPAR target genes, such as ADRP, PDK4, and CPT-1. These results demonstrate that 1 is a potent subtype-selective and gene-selective PPARβ/δ agonist, suggesting its potential as a lead compound for further drug development. This compound would also be a useful chemical tool for elucidating the mechanism of PPARβ/δ-regulated specific gene expression and the biological significance of PPARβ/δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuichiro Kanno
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University , Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University , Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Honami Wakatabi
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University , Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sasaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University , Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University , Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Nemoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University , Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Huicheng Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
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15
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Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, Müller R. Establishing the Role of PPARβ/δ in Carcinogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:595-607. [PMID: 26490384 PMCID: PMC4631629 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in carcinogenesis is controversial because conflicting studies indicate that it both inhibits and promotes tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on recent studies on PPARβ/δ including the significance of increased or decreased PPARβ/δ expression in cancers; a range of opposing mechanisms describing how PPARβ/δ agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists regulate tumorigenesis and/or whether there may be cell context-specific mechanisms; and whether activating or inhibiting PPARβ/δ is feasible for cancer chemoprevention and/or therapy. Research questions that need to be addressed are highlighted to establish whether PPARβ/δ can be effectively targeted for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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16
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Richardson K, Schnitzler GR, Lai CQ, Ordovas JM. Functional Genomics Analysis of Big Data Identifies Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Target Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Showing Association With Cardiometabolic Outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:842-51. [PMID: 26518621 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus represent overlapping diseases where a large portion of the variation attributable to genetics remains unexplained. An important player in their pathogenesis is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) that is involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. We used a functional genomics methodology to interrogate human chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing, genome-wide association studies, and expression quantitative trait locus data to inform selection of candidate functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) falling in PPARγ motifs. METHODS AND RESULTS We derived 27 328 chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing peaks for PPARγ in human adipocytes through meta-analysis of 3 data sets. The PPARγ consensus motif showed greatest enrichment and mapped to 8637 peaks. We identified 146 SNPs in these motifs. This number was significantly less than would be expected by chance, and Inference of Natural Selection from Interspersed Genomically coHerent elemenTs analysis indicated that these motifs are under weak negative selection. A screen of these SNPs against genome-wide association studies for cardiometabolic traits revealed significant enrichment with 16 SNPs. A screen against the MuTHER expression quantitative trait locus data revealed 8 of these were significantly associated with altered gene expression in human adipose, more than would be expected by chance. Several SNPs fall close, or are linked by expression quantitative trait locus to lipid-metabolism loci including CYP26A1. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the use of functional genomics to identify SNPs of potential function. Specifically, that SNPs within PPARγ motifs that bind PPARγ in adipocytes are significantly associated with cardiometabolic disease and with the regulation of transcription in adipose. This method may be used to uncover functional SNPs that do not reach significance thresholds in the agnostic approach of genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Richardson
- From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (K.R., C.-Q.L., J.M.O.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (G.R.S.); Department of Clinical Investigation, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.M.O.); and Department of Nutritional Genomics, Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain (J.M.O).
| | - Gavin R Schnitzler
- From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (K.R., C.-Q.L., J.M.O.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (G.R.S.); Department of Clinical Investigation, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.M.O.); and Department of Nutritional Genomics, Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain (J.M.O)
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (K.R., C.-Q.L., J.M.O.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (G.R.S.); Department of Clinical Investigation, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.M.O.); and Department of Nutritional Genomics, Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain (J.M.O)
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (K.R., C.-Q.L., J.M.O.); Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (G.R.S.); Department of Clinical Investigation, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.M.O.); and Department of Nutritional Genomics, Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain (J.M.O)
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17
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Zolezzi JM, Bastías-Candia S, Santos MJ, Inestrosa NC. Alzheimer's disease: relevant molecular and physiopathological events affecting amyloid-β brain balance and the putative role of PPARs. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:176. [PMID: 25120477 PMCID: PMC4112937 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of age-related dementia. With the expected aging of the human population, the estimated morbidity of AD suggests a critical upcoming health problem. Several lines of research are focused on understanding AD pathophysiology, and although the etiology of the disease remains a matter of intense debate, increased brain levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) appear to be a critical event in triggering a wide range of molecular alterations leading to AD. It has become evident in recent years that an altered balance between production and clearance is responsible for the accumulation of brain Aβ. Moreover, Aβ clearance is a complex event that involves more than neurons and microglia. The status of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and choroid plexus, along with hepatic functionality, should be considered when Aβ balance is addressed. Furthermore, it has been proposed that exposure to sub-toxic concentrations of metals, such as copper, could both directly affect these secondary structures and act as a seeding or nucleation core that facilitates Aβ aggregation. Recently, we have addressed peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)-related mechanisms, including the direct modulation of mitochondrial dynamics through the PPARγ-coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) axis and the crosstalk with critical aging- and neurodegenerative-related cellular pathways. In the present review, we revise the current knowledge regarding the molecular aspects of Aβ production and clearance and provide a physiological context that gives a more complete view of this issue. Additionally, we consider the different structures involved in AD-altered Aβ brain balance, which could be directly or indirectly affected by a nuclear receptor (NR)/PPAR-related mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zolezzi
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá Arica, Chile
| | - Sussy Bastías-Candia
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá Arica, Chile
| | - Manuel J Santos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes Punta Arenas, Chile
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18
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Li Y, Teng C. Angiopoietin-like proteins 3, 4 and 8: regulating lipid metabolism and providing new hope for metabolic syndrome. J Drug Target 2014; 22:679-87. [PMID: 24960069 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.928715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) are a group of eight proteins that share structural similarity to the members of the angiopoietin protein family. ANGPTL3 plays a vital role in the regulation of the plasma levels of triglyceride and cholesterol, mainly via reversible inhibition of the lipoprotein lipase activity. ANGPTL4, which functions as a homo-oligomer different from ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8, not only regulates the plasma levels of triglyceride and prevents the uptake of dietary lipids into adipose tissues but also inhibits intravascular lipolysis. ANGPTL8 (also called betatrophin) has been identified as an important factor in regulating the triglyceride levels and adipose tissue mass as well as in replenishing the adipose tissue triglyceride store. ANGPTL8 acts together with ANGPTL3 to regulate the lipid metabolism, and ANGPTL8 promotes cleavage of ANGPTL3 to augment the activity of ANGPTL3. In addition, ANGPTL8 promotes proliferation of pancreatic β-cells and enhances insulin secretion. The properties of ANGPTLs in regulating the lipid metabolism suggest their application in the target therapy for metabolic syndrome. As ANGPTLs are regulated by several factors and may be involved in certain specific pathways of lipid metabolism, designing drugs that target ANGPTLs or factors regulating ANGPTLs may be an efficient approach to treat metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Li
- Laboratory of Animal Development Biology, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education , Harbin , China
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19
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Analysis of RXR/THR and RXR/PPARG2 heterodimerization by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). PLoS One 2013; 8:e84569. [PMID: 24391967 PMCID: PMC3877338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear receptors (NR) regulate transcription of genes involved in many biological processes such as development, cell proliferation, differentiation and cell death. Amongst them, PPARG2 and THR control tissue glucose and lipid homeostasis which are deregulated in severe pathophysiological conditions such as metabolic syndromes. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we describe a real time BRET approach to monitor heterodimerization between RXR and PPARG2 or THR in vitro or in living cells. The presence of a specific DNA target was required to induce in vitro a BRET shift reflecting heterodimerization of RXR/PPARG2 or RXR/THR. As in electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), the stringency and specificity of the BRET shift assay depended upon assay condition optimization including MgCl2 concentration. For the nuclear receptors, we found by mutagenesis analysis that each heterodimer partner must harbor an intact DNA binding domain to induce BRET and heterodimerization on a DNA target. Moreover the interaction between the PPARG2 ligand binding domain and the RXR DNA binding domain stabilized the heterodimer on its DNA target. BRET microscopy in living cells highlighted the heterodimerization of RXR/PPARG2 within the nucleus clustered in discrete foci that may represent active target gene transcription regulation regions. BRET imaging also suggested that heterodimerization between RXR and PPARG2 required the DNA binding of PPARG2. Conclusions/Significance The BRET approach described here allowed us to study the dynamic interactions which exist between NR in vitro or in living cells and can provide important information on heterodimerization modes, affinity with a given RE and subcellular localization of the heterodimers. This method could be used to study real time changes of NR heterodimers occurring on DNA depending upon cell activation, chromatin state and help to define the mechanisms of ligands or drug action designed to target NRs.
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20
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Martin GG, McIntosh AL, Huang H, Gupta S, Atshaves BP, Landrock KK, Landrock D, Kier AB, Schroeder F. The human liver fatty acid binding protein T94A variant alters the structure, stability, and interaction with fibrates. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9347-57. [PMID: 24299557 PMCID: PMC3930105 DOI: 10.1021/bi401014k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the human liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) T94A variant arises from the most commonly occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism in the entire FABP family, there is a complete lack of understanding regarding the role of this polymorphism in human disease. It has been hypothesized that the T94A substitution results in the complete loss of ligand binding ability and function analogous to that seen with L-FABP gene ablation. This possibility was addressed using the recombinant human wild-type (WT) T94T and T94A variant L-FABP and cultured primary human hepatocytes. Nonconservative replacement of the medium-sized, polar, uncharged T residue with a smaller, nonpolar, aliphatic A residue at position 94 of the human L-FABP significantly increased the L-FABP α-helical structure content at the expense of β-sheet content and concomitantly decreased the thermal stability. T94A did not alter the binding affinities for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist ligands (phytanic acid, fenofibrate, and fenofibric acid). While T94A did not alter the impact of phytanic acid and only slightly altered that of fenofibrate on the human L-FABP secondary structure, the active metabolite fenofibric acid altered the T94A secondary structure much more than that of the WT T94T L-FABP. Finally, in cultured primary human hepatocytes, the T94A variant exhibited a significantly reduced extent of fibrate-mediated induction of PPARα-regulated proteins such as L-FABP, FATP5, and PPARα itself. Thus, while the T94A substitution did not alter the affinity of the human L-FABP for PPARα agonist ligands, it significantly altered the human L-FABP structure, stability, and conformational and functional response to fibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Avery L. McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Shipra Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Barbara P. Atshaves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Kerstin K. Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Ann B. Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC College Station, TX 77843-4466
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21
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Rotman N, Guex N, Gouranton E, Wahli W. PPARβ interprets a chromatin signature of pluripotency to promote embryonic differentiation at gastrulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83300. [PMID: 24367589 PMCID: PMC3867458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic post-transcriptional modifications of histone tails are thought to help in coordinating gene expression during development. An epigenetic signature is set in pluripotent cells and interpreted later at the onset of differentiation. In pluripotent cells, epigenetic marks normally associated with active genes (H3K4me3) and with silent genes (H3K27me3) atypically co-occupy chromatin regions surrounding the promoters of important developmental genes. However, it is unclear how these epigenetic marks are recognized when cell differentiation starts and what precise role they play. Here, we report the essential role of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β (PPARβ, NR1C2) in Xenopus laevis early development. By combining loss-of-function approaches, large throughput transcript expression analysis by the mean of RNA-seq and intensive chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we unveil an important cooperation between epigenetic marks and PPARβ. During Xenopus laevis gastrulation PPARβ recognizes H3K27me3 marks that have been deposited earlier at the pluripotent stage to activate early differentiation genes. Thus, PPARβis the first identified transcription factor that interprets an epigenetic signature of pluripotency, in vivo, during embryonic development. This work paves the way for a better mechanistic understanding of how the activation of hundreds of genes is coordinated during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rotman
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics”, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erwan Gouranton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics”, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics”, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ma JJ, Monsivais D, Dyson MT, Coon JS, Malpani S, Ono M, Zhao H, Xin H, Pavone ME, Kim JJ, Chakravarti D, Bulun SE. Ligand-activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ modulates human endometrial cancer cell survival. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:358-70. [PMID: 23943160 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common malignancy among women and is a major cause of morbidity contributing to approximately 8,200 annual deaths in the USA. Despite advances to the understanding of endometrial cancer, novel interventions for the disease are necessary given that many tumors become refractory to therapy. As a strategy to identify novel therapies for endometrial carcinoma, in this study, we examined the contribution of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) to endometrial cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. We found that when activated with the highly selective PPARβ/δ agonists, GW0742 and GW501516, PPARβ/δ inhibited the proliferation and markedly induced the apoptosis of three endometrial cancer cell lines. The specificity of the PPARβ/δ-induced effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis was demonstrated using PPARβ/δ-selective antagonists and PPARβ/δ small interfering RNA in combination with PPARβ/δ-selective agonists. Furthermore, we showed that PPARβ/δ activation increased phosphatase and tensin homolog expression, which led to protein kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) dephosphorylation, and increased β-catenin phosphorylation associated with its degradation. Overall, our data suggest that the antitumorigenic effect of PPARβ/δ activation in endometrial cancer is mediated through the negative regulation of the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. These findings warrant further investigation of PPARβ/δ as a therapeutic target in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ma
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 250 E. Superior Street, Suite 3-2306, Chicago, IL, 60611-02914, USA
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23
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Bionaz M, Chen S, Khan MJ, Loor JJ. Functional Role of PPARs in Ruminants: Potential Targets for Fine-Tuning Metabolism during Growth and Lactation. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:684159. [PMID: 23737762 PMCID: PMC3657398 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization and biological roles of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isotypes are well known in monogastrics, but not in ruminants. However, a wealth of information has accumulated in little more than a decade on ruminant PPARs including isotype tissue distribution, response to synthetic and natural agonists, gene targets, and factors affecting their expression. Functional characterization demonstrated that, as in monogastrics, the PPAR isotypes control expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory response, development, and growth. Contrary to mouse, however, the PPARγ gene network appears to controls milk fat synthesis in lactating ruminants. As in monogastrics, PPAR isotypes in ruminants are activated by long-chain fatty acids, therefore, making them ideal candidates for fine-tuning metabolism in this species via nutrients. In this regard, using information accumulated in ruminants and monogastrics, we propose a model of PPAR isotype-driven biological functions encompassing key tissues during the peripartal period in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bionaz
- Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Shuowen Chen
- Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Muhammad J. Khan
- Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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25
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Pich C, Teiti I, Rochaix P, Mariamé B, Couderc B, Favre G, Tilkin-Mariamé AF. Statins Reduce Melanoma Development and Metastasis through MICA Overexpression. Front Immunol 2013; 4:62. [PMID: 23493799 PMCID: PMC3595569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of melanoma patients after metastases detection remains short. Several clinical trials have shown moderate efficiency in improving patient survival, and the search for pharmacological agents to enhance the immune response and reduce melanoma metastases is still necessary. Statins block the mevalonate pathway, which leads to decreases in GTPase isoprenylation and activity, particularly those of the Ras superfamily. They are widely used as hypocholesterolemic agents in cardiovascular diseases and several studies have shown that they also have protective effects against cancers. Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that treatment of melanoma cells with inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway, such as statins, favor the development of specific adaptive immune responses against these tumors. In the present study, we tested statin impact on the innate immune response against human metastatic melanoma cells. Our data shows that treatment of two human melanoma cell lines with statins induced a weak but significant increase of MHC class I Chain-related protein A (MICA) membrane expression. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma is involved in this statin-induced MICA overexpression, which is independent of Ras and Rho GTPase signaling pathways. Interestingly, this MICA overexpression makes melanoma cells more sensitive to in vitro lysis by NK cells. The impact of statin treatment on in vivo development of melanoma tumors and metastases was investigated in nude mice, because murine NK cells, which express NKG2D receptors, are able to recognize and kill human tumor cells expressing MICA. The results demonstrated that both local tumor growth and pulmonary metastases were strongly inhibited in nude mice injected with statin-treated melanoma cells. These results suggest that statins could be effective in melanoma immunotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Pich
- INSERM/UPS UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse Toulouse, France ; Institut Claudius Regaud Toulouse, France ; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
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26
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Mandard S, Patsouris D. Nuclear control of the inflammatory response in mammals by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:613864. [PMID: 23577023 PMCID: PMC3614066 DOI: 10.1155/2013/613864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that play pivotal roles in the regulation of a very large number of biological processes including inflammation. Using specific examples, this paper focuses on the interplay between PPARs and innate immunity/inflammation and, when possible, compares it among species. We focus on recent discoveries establishing how inflammation and PPARs interact in the context of obesity-induced inflammation and type 2 diabetes, mostly in mouse and humans. We illustrate that PPAR γ ability to alleviate obesity-associated inflammation raises an interesting pharmacologic potential. In the light of recent findings, the protective role of PPAR α and PPAR β / δ against the hepatic inflammatory response is also addressed. While PPARs agonists are well-established agents that can treat numerous inflammatory issues in rodents and humans, surprisingly very little has been described in other species. We therefore also review the implication of PPARs in inflammatory bowel disease; acute-phase response; and central, cardiac, and endothelial inflammation and compare it along different species (mainly mouse, rat, human, and pig). In the light of the data available in the literature, there is no doubt that more studies concerning the impact of PPAR ligands in livestock should be undertaken because it may finally raise unconsidered health and sanitary benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mandard
- Centre de Recherche INSERM-UMR866 “Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer” Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne 7, Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - David Patsouris
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRA 1235, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69921 Oullins, France
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, MB-24, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Khozoie C, Borland MG, Zhu B, Baek S, John S, Hager GL, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Analysis of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) cistrome reveals novel co-regulatory role of ATF4. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:665. [PMID: 23176727 PMCID: PMC3556323 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study coupled expression profiling with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to examine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ)-dependent regulation of gene expression in mouse keratinocytes, a cell type that expresses PPARβ/δ in high concentration. RESULTS Microarray analysis elucidated eight different types of regulation that modulated PPARβ/δ-dependent gene expression of 612 genes ranging from repression or activation without an exogenous ligand, repression or activation with an exogenous ligand, or a combination of these effects. Bioinformatic analysis of ChIP-seq data demonstrated promoter occupancy of PPARβ/δ for some of these genes, and also identified the presence of other transcription factor binding sites in close proximity to PPARβ/δ bound to chromatin. For some types of regulation, ATF4 is required for ligand-dependent induction of PPARβ/δ target genes. CONCLUSIONS PPARβ/δ regulates constitutive expression of genes in keratinocytes, thus suggesting the presence of one or more endogenous ligands. The diversity in the types of gene regulation carried out by PPARβ/δ is consistent with dynamic binding and interactions with chromatin and indicates the presence of complex regulatory networks in cells expressing high levels of this nuclear receptor such as keratinocytes. Results from these studies are the first to demonstrate that differences in DNA binding of other transcription factors can directly influence the transcriptional activity of PPARβ/δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Combiz Khozoie
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael G Borland
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA, USA
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Songjoon Baek
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sam John
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Present address: Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Present address: Department of Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Regulation of triglyceride metabolism by Angiopoietin-like proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:782-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Intronic cis-regulatory modules mediate tissue-specific and microbial control of angptl4/fiaf transcription. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002585. [PMID: 22479192 PMCID: PMC3315460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota enhances dietary energy harvest leading to increased fat storage in adipose tissues. This effect is caused in part by the microbial suppression of intestinal epithelial expression of a circulating inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase called Angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4/Fiaf). To define the cis-regulatory mechanisms underlying intestine-specific and microbial control of Angptl4 transcription, we utilized the zebrafish system in which host regulatory DNA can be rapidly analyzed in a live, transparent, and gnotobiotic vertebrate. We found that zebrafish angptl4 is transcribed in multiple tissues including the liver, pancreatic islet, and intestinal epithelium, which is similar to its mammalian homologs. Zebrafish angptl4 is also specifically suppressed in the intestinal epithelium upon colonization with a microbiota. In vivo transgenic reporter assays identified discrete tissue-specific regulatory modules within angptl4 intron 3 sufficient to drive expression in the liver, pancreatic islet β-cells, or intestinal enterocytes. Comparative sequence analyses and heterologous functional assays of angptl4 intron 3 sequences from 12 teleost fish species revealed differential evolution of the islet and intestinal regulatory modules. High-resolution functional mapping and site-directed mutagenesis defined the minimal set of regulatory sequences required for intestinal activity. Strikingly, the microbiota suppressed the transcriptional activity of the intestine-specific regulatory module similar to the endogenous angptl4 gene. These results suggest that the microbiota might regulate host intestinal Angptl4 protein expression and peripheral fat storage by suppressing the activity of an intestine-specific transcriptional enhancer. This study provides a useful paradigm for understanding how microbial signals interact with tissue-specific regulatory networks to control the activity and evolution of host gene transcription.
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30
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Rakhshandehroo M, Stienstra R, de Wit NJ, Bragt MCE, Haluzik M, Mensink RP, Müller M, Kersten S. Plasma mannose-binding lectin is stimulated by PPARα in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E595-602. [PMID: 22215653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα) is a major transcriptional regulator of lipid metabolism in liver and represents the molecular target for hypolipidemic fibrate drugs. Effects of PPARα on lipid metabolism are partially mediated by circulating proteins such as FGF21 and ANGPTL4. The present study was undertaken to screen for and identify circulating proteins produced by human liver that are under the control of PPARα. Toward that aim, primary human hepatocytes were treated with the synthetic PPARα agonist Wy-14643 and whole genome expression data selected for secreted proteins. Expression of FGF21, ANGPTL4, and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a soluble mediator of innate immunity and primary component of the lectin branch of the complement system, was markedly upregulated by Wy-14643 in primary human hepatocytes. Mice express two MBL isomers, Mbl1 and Mbl2. Mbl1 mRNA was weakly induced by Wy-14643 in primary mouse hepatocytes and remained unaltered by Wy-14643 in mouse liver. Mbl2 mRNA was unchanged by Wy-14643 in primary mouse hepatocytes and was strongly reduced by Wy-14643 in mouse liver. Remarkably, plasma Mbl1 levels were increased by chronic PPARα activation in lean and obese mice. Importantly, in two independent clinical trials, treatment with the PPARα agonist fenofibrate at 200 mg/day for 6 wk and 3 mo increased plasma MBL levels by 73 (P = 0.0016) and 86% (P = 0.017), respectively. It is concluded that hepatocyte gene expression and plasma levels of MBL are stimulated by PPARα and fenofibrate in humans, linking PPARα to regulation of innate immunity and complement activation in humans and suggesting a possible role of MBL in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rakhshandehroo
- The Netherlands Nutrigenomics Center, Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Bonala S, Lokireddy S, Arigela H, Teng S, Wahli W, Sharma M, McFarlane C, Kambadur R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ induces myogenesis by modulating myostatin activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12935-51. [PMID: 22362769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.319145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) function was thought to be restricted to enhancing adipocyte differentiation and development of adipose-like cells from other lineages. However, recent studies have revealed a critical role for PPARβ/δ during skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Although PPARβ/δ has been implicated in regulating myogenesis, little is presently known about the role and, for that matter, the mechanism(s) of action of PPARβ/δ in regulating postnatal myogenesis. Here we report for the first time, using a PPARβ/δ-specific ligand (L165041) and the PPARβ/δ-null mouse model, that PPARβ/δ enhances postnatal myogenesis through increasing both myoblast proliferation and differentiation. In addition, we have identified Gasp-1 (growth and differentiation factor-associated serum protein-1) as a novel downstream target of PPARβ/δ in skeletal muscle. In agreement, reduced Gasp-1 expression was detected in PPARβ/δ-null mice muscle tissue. We further report that a functional PPAR-responsive element within the 1.5-kb proximal Gasp-1 promoter region is critical for PPARβ/δ regulation of Gasp-1. Gasp-1 has been reported to bind to and inhibit the activity of myostatin; consistent with this, we found that enhanced secretion of Gasp-1, increased Gasp-1 myostatin interaction and significantly reduced myostatin activity upon L165041-mediated activation of PPARβ/δ. Moreover, we analyzed the ability of hGASP-1 to regulate myogenesis independently of PPARβ/δ activation. The results revealed that hGASP-1 protein treatment enhances myoblast proliferation and differentiation, whereas silencing of hGASP-1 results in defective myogenesis. Taken together these data revealed that PPARβ/δ is a positive regulator of skeletal muscle myogenesis, which functions through negatively modulating myostatin activity via a mechanism involving Gasp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeera Bonala
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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32
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John E, Wienecke-Baldacchino A, Liivrand M, Heinäniemi M, Carlberg C, Sinkkonen L. Dataset integration identifies transcriptional regulation of microRNA genes by PPARγ in differentiating mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:4446-60. [PMID: 22319216 PMCID: PMC3378868 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key transcription factor in mammalian adipogenesis. Genome-wide approaches have identified thousands of PPARγ binding sites in mouse adipocytes and PPARγ upregulates hundreds of protein-coding genes during adipogenesis. However, no microRNA (miRNA) genes have been identified as primary PPARγ-targets. By integration of four separate datasets of genome-wide PPARγ binding sites in 3T3-L1 adipocytes we identified 98 miRNA clusters with PPARγ binding within 50 kb from miRNA transcription start sites. Nineteen mature miRNAs were upregulated ≥2-fold during adipogenesis and for six of these miRNA loci the PPARγ binding sites were confirmed by at least three datasets. The upregulation of five miRNA genes miR-103-1 (host gene Pank3), miR-148b (Copz1), miR-182/96/183, miR-205 and miR-378 (Ppargc1b) followed that of Pparg. The PPARγ-dependence of four of these miRNA loci was demonstrated by PPARγ knock-down and the loci of miR-103-1 (Pank3), miR-205 and miR-378 (Ppargc1b) were also responsive to the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis validated in silico predicted PPARγ binding sites at all three loci and H3K27 acetylation was analyzed to confirm the activity of these enhancers. In conclusion, we identified 22 putative PPARγ target miRNA genes, showed the PPARγ dependence of four of these genes and demonstrated three as direct PPARγ target genes in mouse adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth John
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Fei J, Cook C, Gillespie M, Yu B, Fullen K, Santanam N. Atherogenic ω-6 Lipids Modulate PPAR- EGR-1 Crosstalk in Vascular Cells. PPAR Res 2011; 2011:753917. [PMID: 22135674 PMCID: PMC3205716 DOI: 10.1155/2011/753917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherogenic ω-6 lipids are physiological ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and elicit pro- and antiatherogenic responses in vascular cells. The objective of this study was to investigate if ω-6 lipids modulated the early growth response-1 (Egr-1)/PPAR crosstalk thereby altering vascular function. Rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) were exposed to ω-6 lipids, linoleic acid (LA), or its oxidized form, 13-HPODE (OxLA) in the presence or absence of a PPARα antagonist (MK886) or PPARγ antagonist (GW9662) or PPAR-specific siRNA. Our results demonstrate that ω-6 lipids, induced Egr-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA and protein levels at the acute phase (1-4 hrs) when PPARα was downregulated and at subacute phase (4-12 hrs) by modulating PPARγ, thus resulting in altered monocyte adhesion to RASMCs. We provide novel insights into the mechanism of action of ω-6 lipids on Egr-1/PPAR interactions in vascular cells and their potential in altering vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fei
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Carla Cook
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Miriah Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Bangning Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Khyra Fullen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Nalini Santanam
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
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Rosiglitazone Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Differentiated Murine 3T3-L1 and C3H/10T1/2 Adipocytes. PPAR Res 2011; 2011:179454. [PMID: 22013433 PMCID: PMC3195302 DOI: 10.1155/2011/179454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that PPARγ agonists, including rosiglitazone (RSG), induce adipose mitochondrial biogenesis. By systematically analyzing mitochondrial gene expression in two common murine adipocyte models, the current study aimed to further establish the direct role of RSG and capture temporal changes in gene transcription. Microarray profiling revealed that in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 and C3H/10T1/2 adipocytes treated with RSG or DMSO vehicle for 1, 2, 4, 7, 24, and 48 hrs, RSG overwhelmingly increased mitochondrial gene transcripts time dependently. The timing of the increases was consistent with the cascade of organelle biogenesis, that is, initiated by induction of transcription factor(s), followed by increases in the biosynthesis machinery, and then by increases in functional components. The transcriptional increases were further validated by increased mitochondrial staining, citrate synthase activity, and O2 consumption, and were found to be associated with increased adiponectin secretion. The work provided further insight on the mechanism of PPARγ-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in differentiated adipocytes.
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35
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Pereira F, Barbáchano A, Silva J, Bonilla F, Campbell MJ, Muñoz A, Larriba MJ. KDM6B/JMJD3 histone demethylase is induced by vitamin D and modulates its effects in colon cancer cells. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4655-65. [PMID: 21890490 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KDM6B/JMJD3 is a histone H3 lysine demethylase with an important gene regulatory role in development and physiology. Here, we show that human JMJD3 expression is induced by the active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) and that JMJD3 modulates the gene regulatory action of this hormone. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) activates the JMJD3 gene promoter and increases the level of JMJD3 RNA in human cancer cells. JMJD3 upregulation was strictly dependent on vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression and was abolished by cycloheximide. In SW480-ADH colon cancer cells, JMJD3 knockdown or expression of an inactive mutant JMJD3 fragment decreased the induction by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) of several target genes and of an epithelial adhesive phenotype. Moreover, JMJD3 knockdown upregulated the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inducers SNAIL1 and ZEB1 and the mesenchymal markers fibronectin and LEF1, while it downregulated the epithelial proteins E-cadherin, Claudin-1 and Claudin-7. Additionally, JMJD3 knockdown abolished the nuclear export of β-catenin and the inhibition of β-catenin transcriptional activity caused by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Importantly, the expression of JMJD3 correlated directly with that of VDR and inversely with that of SNAI1 in a series of 96 human colon tumours. Our results indicate for the first time that an epigenetic gene coding for a histone demethylase such as JMJD3 is a VDR co-target that partially mediates the effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on human colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Pereira
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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36
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Screening for PPAR Responsive Regulatory Modules in Cancer. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:749073. [PMID: 18551184 PMCID: PMC2422871 DOI: 10.1155/2008/749073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have via their large set of target genes a critical impact on numerous diseases including cancer. Cancer development involves numerous regulatory cascades that drive the progression of the malignancy of the cells. On a genomic level, these pathways converge on regulatory modules, some of which contain colocalizing PPAR binding sites (PPREs). We developed an in silico screening method that incorporates experiment- and informatics-derived evidence for a more reliable prediction of PPREs and PPAR target genes. This method is based on DNA-binding data of PPAR subtypes to a panel of DR1-type PPREs and tracking the enrichment of binding sites from multiple species. The ability of PPARγ to induce cellular differentiation and the existence of FDA-approved PPARγ agonists encourage the exploration of possibilities to activate or inactivate PPRE containing modules to arrest cancer progression. Recent advances in genomic techniques combined with computational analysis of binding modules are discussed in the review with the example of our recent screen for PPREs on human chromosome 19.
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37
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Fine metabolic regulation in ruminants via nutrient–gene interactions: saturated long-chain fatty acids increase expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and immune response partly through PPAR-α activation. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:179-91. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Madin–Darby Bovine Kidney cells cultured with 150 μm of Wy-14 643 (WY, PPARα agonist) or twelve long-chain fatty acids (LCFA; 16 : 0, 18 : 0, cis-9–18 : 1, trans-10–18 : 1, trans-11–18 : 1, 18 : 2n-6, 18 : 3n-3, cis-9, trans-11–18 : 2, trans-10, cis-12–18 : 2, 20 : 0, 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3) were used to uncover PPAR-α target genes and determine the effects of LCFA on expression of thirty genes with key functions in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Among fifteen known PPAR-α targets in non-ruminants, ten had greater expression with WY, suggesting that they are bovine PPAR-α targets. The expression of SPP1 and LPIN3 was increased by WY, with no evidence of a similar effect in the published literature, suggesting that both represent bovine-specific PPAR-α targets. We observed the strongest effect on the expression of PPAR-α targets with 16 : 0, 18 : 0 and 20 : 5n-3.When considering the overall effect on expression of the thirty selected genes 20 : 5n-3, 16 : 0 and 18 : 0 had the greatest effect followed by 20 : 0 and c9t11–18 : 2. Gene network analysis indicated an overall increase in lipid metabolism by WY and all LCFA with a central role of PPAR-α but also additional putative transcription factors. A greater increase in the expression of inflammatory genes was observed with 16 : 0 and 18 : 0. Among LCFA, 20 : 5n-3, 16 : 0 and 18 : 0 were the most potent PPAR-α agonists. They also affected the expression of non-PPAR-α targets, eliciting an overall increase in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, signalling and inflammatory response. Data appear to highlight a teleological evolutionary adaptation of PPAR in ruminants to cope with the greater availability of saturated rather than unsaturated LCFA.
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38
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Deng T, Sieglaff DH, Zhang A, Lyon CJ, Ayers SD, Cvoro A, Gupte AA, Xia X, Baxter JD, Webb P, Hsueh WA. A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)/PPARgamma coactivator 1beta autoregulatory loop in adipocyte mitochondrial function. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30723-30731. [PMID: 21719705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.251926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation induces adipogenesis and also enhances lipogenesis, mitochondrial activity, and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. Whereas some studies implicate PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in the mitochondrial effect, the mechanisms involved in PPARγ regulation of adipocyte mitochondrial function are not resolved. PPARγ-activating ligands (thiazolidinediones (TZDs)) are important insulin sensitizers and were recently shown to indirectly induce PGC-1β transcription in osteoclasts. Here, we asked whether similar effects occur in adipocytes and show that TZDs also strongly induce PGC-1β in cultured 3T3-L1 cells. This effect, however, differs from the indirect effect proposed for bone and is rapid and direct and involves PPARγ interactions with an intronic PPARγ response element cluster in the PGC-1β locus. TZD treatment of cultured adipocytes results in up-regulation of mitochondrial marker genes, and increased mitochondrial activity and use of short interfering RNA confirms that these effects require PGC-1β. PGC-1β did not participate in PPARγ effects on adipogenesis or lipogenesis, and PGC-1β knockdown did not alter insulin-responsive glucose uptake into 3T3-L1 cells. Similar effects on PGC-1β and mitochondrial gene expression are seen in vivo; fractionation of obese mouse adipose tissue reveals that PPARγ and PGC-1β, but not PGC-1α, are coordinately up-regulated in adipocytes relative to preadipocytes and that TZD treatment induces PGC-1β and mitochondrial marker genes in adipose tissue of obese mice. We propose that PPARγ directly induces PGC-1β expression in adipocytes and that this effect regulates adipocyte mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Deng
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Douglas H Sieglaff
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Christopher J Lyon
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Steven D Ayers
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Aleksandra Cvoro
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Anisha A Gupte
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - John D Baxter
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Paul Webb
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Willa A Hsueh
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030.
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Chamouton J, Hansmannel F, Bonzo JA, Clémencet MC, Chevillard G, Battle M, Martin P, Pineau T, Duncan S, Gonzalez FJ, Latruffe N, Mandard S, Nicolas-Francès V. The Peroxisomal 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase B Gene Expression Is under the Dual Control of PPARα and HNF4α in the Liver. PPAR Res 2011; 2010:352957. [PMID: 21437216 PMCID: PMC3061263 DOI: 10.1155/2010/352957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARα and HNF4α are nuclear receptors that control gene transcription by direct binding to specific nucleotide sequences. Using transgenic mice deficient for either PPARα or HNF4α, we show that the expression of the peroxisomal 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase B (Thb) is under the dependence of these two transcription factors. Transactivation and gel shift experiments identified a novel PPAR response element within intron 3 of the Thb gene, by which PPARα but not HNF4α transactivates. Intriguingly, we found that HNF4α enhanced PPARα/RXRα transactivation from TB PPRE3 in a DNA-binding independent manner. Coimmunoprecipitation assays supported the hypothesis that HNF4α was physically interacting with RXRα. RT-PCR performed with RNA from liver-specific HNF4α-null mice confirmed the involvement of HNF4α in the PPARα-regulated induction of Thb by Wy14,643. Overall, we conclude that HNF4α enhances the PPARα-mediated activation of Thb gene expression in part through interaction with the obligate PPARα partner, RXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Chamouton
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - F. Hansmannel
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM U744, Laboratoire d'Épidémiologie et Santé Publique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - J. A. Bonzo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M. C. Clémencet
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - G. Chevillard
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - M. Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA
| | - P. Martin
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, UR66, INRA, 31931, Toulouse, France
| | - T. Pineau
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, UR66, INRA, 31931, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Duncan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA
| | - F. J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - N. Latruffe
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - S. Mandard
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - V. Nicolas-Francès
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
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40
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Abstract
Normally macrophages localized in the arterial vessel wall perform the "reverse transfer" of cholesterol, which includes endocytosis of low density lipoproteins (LDL), cholesterol transfer to newly formed high density lipoprotein particles, and their following elimination by the liver. The homeostatic function of macrophages for cholesterol involves a system of lipid sensors. Oxysterol sensors LXRs, oxysterol and cholesterol sensors INSIG and SCAP acting through controlled transcription factors SREBP, as well as sensors for oxidized fatty acids and their derivatives, PPAR, are the best studied. Activation of LXR and PPAR is also accompanied by inhibition of macrophage functions related to inflammation. Accumulation of oxidized and otherwise modified LDL in the subendothelial space induced by endothelium injury, infection, or other pathogenic factors instead of stimulation of the homeostatic functions of macrophages leads to their weakening with a concurrent increase in the inflammatory potential of these cells. These shifts seem to drive the transformation of macrophages into foam cells, which form the core of sclerotic plaques. The intervention of another lipid sensor, TLR4, can trigger such a radical change in the functional activity of macrophages. The interaction of modified LDL with this signaling receptor results in inhibition of the homeostatic oxysterol signaling, induction of additional LDL transporters, and activation of the phagocytic function of macrophages. The re-establishment of cholesterol homeostasis under these circumstances can be achieved by administration of LXR and PPARgamma agonists. Therefore, it is urgent to design ligands with reduced side effects.
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41
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D'Argenio G, Petillo O, Margarucci S, Torpedine A, Calarco A, Koverech A, Boccia A, Paolella G, Peluso G. Colon OCTN2 gene expression is up-regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in humans and mice and contributes to local and systemic carnitine homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27078-27087. [PMID: 20558736 PMCID: PMC2930707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the large intestine organic cation transporter type-2 (OCTN2) is recognized as a transporter of compounds such as carnitine and colony sporulation factor, promoting health of the colon intestinal epithelium. Recent reports suggest that OCTN2 expression in small intestine is under control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha). However, PPARalpha contribution to colonic OCTN2 expression remains controversial. Here we examined the transcriptional regulation of colon OCTN2 gene by PPARgamma. To exclude any additional modulation of other PPAR to OCTN2 expression, we used both in vivo and in vitro PPAR-null models and specific PPAR inhibitors. The PPARgamma agonists thiazolidinediones increased both OCTN2 mRNA and protein expression in colonic epithelial cell lines independently by PPARalpha expression. The induction was blocked only by PPARgamma antagonists or by gammaORF4, a PPARgamma isoform with dominant negative activity, suggesting a PPARgamma-dependent mechanism. A conserved noncanonical PPAR-responsive element was found by computational analysis in the first intron of human OCTN2 gene and validated by EMSA assay. Promoter-reporter assays further confirmed transcriptional functionality of the putative PPAR response element, whereas selective mutation caused complete loss of responsiveness to PPARgamma activation. Finally, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of constitutively active PPARgamma mutant increased colon OCTN2 expression in PPARalpha(-/-) mice. Interestingly, animals overexpressing colon PPARgamma showed a significant increase in plasma carnitine, thus demonstrating the functional contribution of large intestine to systemic carnitine homeostasis. This study reveals a PPARgamma-dependent absorption machinery in colon that is likely involved in the health of colon epithelium, in the microbiota-host interactions and in the absorption of nutraceuticals and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Argenio
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Orsolina Petillo
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Margarucci
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Torpedine
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Calarco
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Boccia
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Federico II University, CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Federico II University, CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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42
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Matilainen JM, Husso T, Toropainen S, Seuter S, Turunen MP, Gynther P, Ylä-Herttuala S, Carlberg C, Väisänen S. Primary effect of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ on IL-10 expression in monocytes is short-term down-regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:1276-86. [PMID: 20691220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The biologically most active vitamin D compound, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1α,25(OH)₂D₃), influences the status of inflammation by modulating the expression of several cytokine genes. In this study, we have examined the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of interleukin 10 (IL-10) by 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human monocytes (THP-1). Quantitative PCR showed that IL-10 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated (2.8-fold) during the first 8h of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment, while after 48 h it was up-regulated (3-fold). Gel shift and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds in a cyclical fashion to a promoter region 1500-1700 bp upstream of the IL-10 transcription start site (TSS) containing two conserved VDR binding sites. Targeting of VDR binding sites by enhancer specific duplex RNAs revealed that only the more distal element is functional and chromosome conformation capture analysis suggested that this region loops 1α,25(OH)₂D₃-dependently to the TSS. Quantitative ChIP and micrococcal nuclease assays also revealed 1α,25(OH)₂D₃-dependent cyclical epigenetic changes and nucleosome remodeling at this promoter region. In conclusion, in LPS-treated THP-1 cells the primary effect of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ on IL-10 expression is down-regulation, which is achieved via a cyclical recruitment of VDR to the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M Matilainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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43
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Kaddatz K, Adhikary T, Finkernagel F, Meissner W, Müller-Brüsselbach S, Müller R. Transcriptional profiling identifies functional interactions of TGF β and PPAR β/δ signaling: synergistic induction of ANGPTL4 transcription. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29469-79. [PMID: 20595396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.142018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) not only play a key role in regulating metabolic pathways but also modulate inflammatory processes, pointing to a functional interaction between PPAR and cytokine signaling pathways. In this study, we show by genome-wide transcriptional profiling that PPARβ/δ and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathways functionally interact in human myofibroblasts and that a subset of these genes is cooperatively activated by TGFβ and PPARβ/δ. Using the angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) gene as a model, we demonstrate that two enhancer regions cooperate to mediate the observed synergistic response. A TGFβ-responsive enhancer located ∼8 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site is regulated by a mechanism involving SMAD3, ETS1, RUNX, and AP-1 transcription factors that interact with multiple contiguous binding sites. A second enhancer (PPAR-E) consisting of three juxtaposed PPAR response elements is located in the third intron ∼3.5 kb downstream of the transcriptional start site. The PPAR-E is strongly activated by all three PPAR subtypes, with a novel type of PPAR response element motif playing a central role. Although the PPAR-E is not regulated by TGFβ, it interacts with SMAD3, ETS1, RUNX2, and AP-1 in vivo, providing a possible mechanistic explanation for the observed synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kaddatz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps-University, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Georgiadi A, Lichtenstein L, Degenhardt T, Boekschoten MV, van Bilsen M, Desvergne B, Müller M, Kersten S. Induction of Cardiac Angptl4 by Dietary Fatty Acids Is Mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ and Protects Against Fatty Acid–Induced Oxidative Stress. Circ Res 2010; 106:1712-21. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.217380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rationale
:
Although dietary fatty acids are a major fuel for the heart, little is known about the direct effects of dietary fatty acids on gene regulation in the intact heart.
Objective
:
To study the effect of dietary fatty acids on cardiac gene expression and explore the functional consequences.
Methods and Results
:
Oral administration of synthetic triglycerides composed of one single fatty acid altered cardiac expression of numerous genes, many of which are involved in the oxidative stress response. The gene most significantly and consistently upregulated by dietary fatty acids encoded Angiopoietin-like protein (Angptl)4, a circulating inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase expressed by cardiomyocytes. Induction of Angptl4 by the fatty acid linolenic acid was specifically abolished in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ
−/−
and not PPARα
−/−
mice and was blunted on siRNA-mediated PPARβ/δ knockdown in cultured cardiomyocytes. Consistent with these data, linolenic acid stimulated binding of PPARβ/δ but not PPARα to the Angptl4 gene. Upregulation of Angptl4 resulted in decreased cardiac uptake of plasma triglyceride-derived fatty acids and decreased fatty acid-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In contrast, Angptl4 deletion led to enhanced oxidative stress in the heart, both after an acute oral fat load and after prolonged high fat feeding.
Conclusions
:
Stimulation of cardiac Angptl4 gene expression by dietary fatty acids and via PPARβ/δ is part of a feedback mechanism aimed at protecting the heart against lipid overload and consequently fatty acid–induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Georgiadi
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group (A.G., L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University. The Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium (L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry (T.D.), University of Kuopio, Finland; Department of Physiology (M.v.B.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Centre Intégrative Génomique (B.D.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laeticia Lichtenstein
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group (A.G., L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University. The Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium (L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry (T.D.), University of Kuopio, Finland; Department of Physiology (M.v.B.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Centre Intégrative Génomique (B.D.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Degenhardt
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group (A.G., L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University. The Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium (L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry (T.D.), University of Kuopio, Finland; Department of Physiology (M.v.B.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Centre Intégrative Génomique (B.D.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark V. Boekschoten
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group (A.G., L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University. The Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium (L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry (T.D.), University of Kuopio, Finland; Department of Physiology (M.v.B.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Centre Intégrative Génomique (B.D.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc van Bilsen
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group (A.G., L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University. The Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium (L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry (T.D.), University of Kuopio, Finland; Department of Physiology (M.v.B.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Centre Intégrative Génomique (B.D.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Desvergne
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group (A.G., L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University. The Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium (L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry (T.D.), University of Kuopio, Finland; Department of Physiology (M.v.B.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Centre Intégrative Génomique (B.D.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Müller
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group (A.G., L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University. The Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium (L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry (T.D.), University of Kuopio, Finland; Department of Physiology (M.v.B.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Centre Intégrative Génomique (B.D.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sander Kersten
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group (A.G., L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University. The Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium (L.L., M.V.B., M.M., S.K.), TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry (T.D.), University of Kuopio, Finland; Department of Physiology (M.v.B.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Centre Intégrative Génomique (B.D.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Palkar PS, Borland MG, Naruhn S, Ferry CH, Lee C, Sk UH, Sharma AK, Amin S, Murray IA, Anderson CR, Perdew GH, Gonzalez FJ, Müller R, Peters JM. Cellular and pharmacological selectivity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta antagonist GSK3787. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:419-30. [PMID: 20516370 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.065508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of high-affinity agonists for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) has led to significant advances in our understanding of the functional role of PPARbeta/delta. In this study, a new PPARbeta/delta antagonist, 4-chloro-N-(2-{[5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyl]sulfonyl}ethyl)benzamide (GSK3787), was characterized using in vivo and in vitro models. Orally administered GSK3787 caused antagonism of 4-[2-(3-fluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4-methyl-thiazol-5-ylmethylsulfanyl]-2-methyl-phenoxy}-acetic acid (GW0742)-induced up-regulation of Angptl4 and Adrp mRNA expression in wild-type mouse colon but not in Pparbeta/delta-null mouse colon. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis indicates that this correlated with reduced promoter occupancy of PPARbeta/delta on the Angptl4 and Adrp genes. Reporter assays demonstrated antagonism of PPARbeta/delta activity and weak antagonism and agonism of PPARgamma activity but no effect on PPARalpha activity. Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays confirmed the ability of GSK3787 to modulate the association of both PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma coregulator peptides in response to ligand activation, consistent with reporter assays. In vivo and in vitro analysis indicates that the efficacy of GSK3787 to modulate PPARgamma activity is markedly lower than the efficacy of GSK3787 to act as a PPARbeta/delta antagonist. GSK3787 antagonized GW0742-induced expression of Angptl4 in mouse fibroblasts, mouse keratinocytes, and human cancer cell lines. Cell proliferation was unchanged in response to either GW0742 or GSK3787 in human cancer cell lines. Results from these studies demonstrate that GSK3787 can antagonize PPARbeta/delta in vivo, thus providing a new strategy to delineate the functional role of a receptor with great potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta S Palkar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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46
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van der Meer DLM, Degenhardt T, Väisänen S, de Groot PJ, Heinäniemi M, de Vries SC, Müller M, Carlberg C, Kersten S. Profiling of promoter occupancy by PPARalpha in human hepatoma cells via ChIP-chip analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:2839-50. [PMID: 20110263 PMCID: PMC2875002 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is an important regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism. While PPARalpha is known to activate transcription of numerous genes, no comprehensive picture of PPARalpha binding to endogenous genes has yet been reported. To fill this gap, we performed Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-chip in combination with transcriptional profiling on HepG2 human hepatoma cells treated with the PPARalpha agonist GW7647. We found that GW7647 increased PPARalpha binding to 4220 binding regions. GW7647-induced binding regions showed a bias around the transcription start site and most contained a predicted PPAR binding motif. Several genes known to be regulated by PPARalpha, such as ACOX1, SULT2A1, ACADL, CD36, IGFBP1 and G0S2, showed GW7647-induced PPARalpha binding to their promoter. A GW7647-induced PPARalpha-binding region was also assigned to SREBP-targets HMGCS1, HMGCR, FDFT1, SC4MOL, and LPIN1, expression of which was induced by GW7647, suggesting cross-talk between PPARalpha and SREBP signaling. Our data furthermore demonstrate interaction between PPARalpha and STAT transcription factors in PPARalpha-mediated transcriptional repression, and suggest interaction between PPARalpha and TBP, and PPARalpha and C/EBPalpha in PPARalpha-mediated transcriptional activation. Overall, our analysis leads to important new insights into the mechanisms and impact of transcriptional regulation by PPARalpha in human liver and highlight the importance of cross-talk with other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L M van der Meer
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Lichtenstein L, Kersten S. Modulation of plasma TG lipolysis by Angiopoietin-like proteins and GPIHBP1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:415-20. [PMID: 20056168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that elevated plasma triglycerides (TG) serve as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. Plasma TG levels are determined by the balance between the rate of production of chylomicrons and VLDL in intestine and liver, respectively, and their rate of clearance in peripheral tissues. Lipolytic processing of TG-rich lipoproteins is mediated by the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which is tethered to the capillary endothelium via heparin sulphate proteoglycans. In recent years the Angiopoietin-like proteins ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 have emerged as novel modulators of LPL activity. Studies in transgenic animals supported by in vitro experiments have demonstrated that ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 impair plasma TG clearance by inhibiting LPL activity. In humans, genetic variation within the ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 genes contributes to variation in plasma TG and HDL levels, thereby validating the importance of ANGPTLs in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism in humans. Combined with the discovery of GPIHBP1 as a likely LPL anchor, these findings have led to a readjustment of the mechanism of LPL function. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the role and regulation of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and GPIHBP1, and places the newly acquired knowledge in the context of the established function and mechanism of LPL-mediated lipolysis.
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48
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Shin J, Li B, Davis ME, Suh Y, Lee K. Comparative analysis of fatty acid-binding protein 4 promoters: Conservation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor binding sites1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:3923-34. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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49
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Foreman JE, Sorg JM, McGinnis KS, Rigas B, Williams JL, Clapper ML, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta by the APC/beta-CATENIN pathway and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:942-52. [PMID: 19415698 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies indicate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPAR beta/delta) can either attenuate or potentiate colon cancer. One hypothesis suggests that PPAR beta/delta is upregulated by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/beta-CATENIN pathway and a related hypothesis suggests that PPAR beta/delta is downregulated by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The present study examined these possibilities using in vivo and in vitro models. While APC/beta-CATENIN-dependent expression of CYCLIN D1 was observed in vivo and in vitro, expression of PPAR beta/delta was not different in colon or intestinal polyps from wild-type or Apc(min) heterozygous mice or in human colon cancer cell lines with mutations in APC and/or beta-CATENIN. No difference in the level of PPAR beta/delta was found in colon from wild-type or Apc(min) heterozygous mice following treatment with NO-donating aspirin (NO-ASA). NSAIDs inhibited cell growth in RKO (wild-type APC) and DLD1 (mutant APC) human colon cancer cell lines but expression of PPAR beta/delta was not downregulated in these cell lines in response to a broad concentration range of celecoxib, indomethacin, NS-398, or nimesulide. However, indomethacin caused an increase in PPAR beta/delta mRNA and protein that was accompanied with increased expression of a known PPAR beta/delta target gene. Interestingly, expression of PPAR alpha was also increased in the human colon cancer cell lines by several NSAIDs at the highest concentration examined. Results from these studies provide additional evidence indicating that PPAR beta/delta is not upregulated by the APC/beta-CATENIN pathway. Further, these studies suggest that increased PPAR beta/delta and/or PPAR alpha by NSAIDs in human colon cancer cell lines could contribute to the mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive effects of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Foreman
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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50
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) but not PPARalpha serves as a plasma free fatty acid sensor in liver. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:6257-67. [PMID: 19805517 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00370-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is an important transcription factor in liver that can be activated physiologically by fasting or pharmacologically by using high-affinity synthetic agonists. Here we initially set out to elucidate the similarities in gene induction between Wy14643 and fasting. Numerous genes were commonly regulated in liver between the two treatments, including many classical PPARalpha target genes, such as Aldh3a2 and Cpt2. Remarkably, several genes induced by Wy14643 were upregulated by fasting independently of PPARalpha, including Lpin2 and St3gal5, suggesting involvement of another transcription factor. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, Lpin2 and St3gal5 were shown to be direct targets of PPARbeta/delta during fasting, whereas Aldh3a2 and Cpt2 were exclusive targets of PPARalpha. Binding of PPARbeta/delta to the Lpin2 and St3gal5 genes followed the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, consistent with activation of PPARbeta/delta by plasma FFAs. Subsequent experiments using transgenic and knockout mice for Angptl4, a potent stimulant of adipose tissue lipolysis, confirmed the stimulatory effect of plasma FFAs on Lpin2 and St3gal5 expression levels via PPARbeta/delta. In contrast, the data did not support activation of PPARalpha by plasma FFAs. The results identify Lpin2 and St3gal5 as novel PPARbeta/delta target genes and show that upregulation of gene expression by PPARbeta/delta is sensitive to plasma FFA levels. In contrast, this is not the case for PPARalpha, revealing a novel mechanism for functional differentiation between PPARs.
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