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Sun M, Rong J, Zhou M, Liu Y, Sun S, Liu L, Cai D, Liang F, Zhao L. Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk: A Novel Target for the Treatment of Migraine. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1277-1288. [PMID: 37450927 PMCID: PMC11081170 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a pervasive neurologic disease closely related to neurogenic inflammation. The astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system are vital in inducing neurogenic inflammation in migraine. Recently, it has been found that there may be a crosstalk phenomenon between microglia and astrocytes, which plays a crucial part in the pathology and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system diseases closely related to inflammation, thus becoming a novel hotspot in neuroimmune research. However, the role of the crosstalk between microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraine is yet to be discussed. Based on the preliminary literature reports, we have reviewed relevant evidence of the crosstalk between microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of migraine and summarized the crosstalk pathways, thereby hoping to provide novel ideas for future research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Sun
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Rong
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengdi Zhou
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingjun Cai
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Song J. BDNF Signaling in Vascular Dementia and Its Effects on Cerebrovascular Dysfunction, Synaptic Plasticity, and Cholinergic System Abnormality. J Lipid Atheroscler 2024; 13:122-138. [PMID: 38826183 PMCID: PMC11140249 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2024.13.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia and is characterized by memory impairment, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuronal cell loss, glia activation, impaired synaptic plasticity, and cholinergic system abnormalities. To effectively prevent and treat VaD a good understanding of the mechanisms underlying its neuropathology is needed. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important neurotrophic factor with multiple functions in the systemic circulation and the central nervous system and is known to regulate neuronal cell survival, synaptic formation, glia activation, and cognitive decline. Recent studies indicate that when compared with normal subjects, patients with VaD have low serum BDNF levels and that BDNF deficiency in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid is an important indicator of VaD. Here, we review current knowledge on the role of BDNF signaling in the pathology of VaD, such as cerebrovascular dysfunction, synaptic dysfunction, and cholinergic system impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
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Merighi A. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Nociception, and Pain. Biomolecules 2024; 14:539. [PMID: 38785946 PMCID: PMC11118093 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This article examines the involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the control of nociception and pain. BDNF, a neurotrophin known for its essential role in neuronal survival and plasticity, has garnered significant attention for its potential implications as a modulator of synaptic transmission. This comprehensive review aims to provide insights into the multifaceted interactions between BDNF and pain pathways, encompassing both physiological and pathological pain conditions. I delve into the molecular mechanisms underlying BDNF's involvement in pain processing and discuss potential therapeutic applications of BDNF and its mimetics in managing pain. Furthermore, I highlight recent advancements and challenges in translating BDNF-related research into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy
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Süße M, Kloetzer C, Strauß S, Ruhnau J, Overeem LH, Bendig M, Schulze J, Reuter U, Vogelgesang A, Fleischmann R. Increased CX3CL1 in cerebrospinal fluid and ictal serum t-tau elevations in migraine: results from a cross-sectional exploratory case-control study. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:46. [PMID: 38561692 PMCID: PMC10985871 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, migraine is diagnosed exclusively based on clinical criteria, but fluid biomarkers are desirable to gain insight into pathophysiological processes and inform clinical management. We investigated the state-dependent profile of fluid biomarkers for neuroaxonal damage and microglial activation as two potentially relevant aspects in human migraine pathophysiology. METHODS This exploratory study included serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with migraine during the headache phase (ictally) (n = 23), between attacks (interictally) (n = 16), and age/sex-matched controls (n = 19). Total Tau (t-Tau) protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) were measured with the Neurology 4-plex kit on a Single Molecule Array SR-X Analyzer (Simoa® SR-X, Quanterix Corp., Lexington, MA). Markers of microglial activation, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), were assessed using an immunoassay. RESULTS Concentrations of CX3CL1 but not sTREM2 were significantly increased both ictally and interictally in CSF but not in serum in comparison to the control cohort (p = 0.039). ROC curve analysis provided an AUC of 0.699 (95% CI 0.563 to 0.813, p = 0.007). T-Tau in serum but not in CSF was significantly increased in samples from patients taken during the headache phase, but not interictally (effect size: η2 = 0.121, p = 0.038). ROC analysis of t-Tau protein in serum between ictal and interictal collected samples provided an AUC of 0.729 (95% CI 0.558 to 0.861, p = 0.006). The other determined biomarkers for axonal damage were not significantly different between the cohorts in either serum or CSF. DISCUSSION CX3CL1 in CSF is a novel potential fluid biomarker of migraine that is unrelated to the headache status. Serum t-Tau is linked to the headache phase but not interictal migraine. These data need to be confirmed in a larger hypothesis-driven prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Süße
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Christine Kloetzer
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sebastian Strauß
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johanna Ruhnau
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lucas Hendrik Overeem
- Department of Neurology With Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- International Graduate Program Medical Neurosciences, Humboldt Graduate School, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Merle Bendig
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juliane Schulze
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Reuter
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Neurology With Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Vogelgesang
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Fleischmann
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
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Bian N, Yuan Y, Li X. Effects of Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation on Blood Oxygen Metabolism and Brain Rhythms in Nitroglycerin-induced Migraine Mice. Neuromodulation 2024:S1094-7159(24)00030-8. [PMID: 38506766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) on nitroglycerin-induced migraine in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was divided into four groups, namely, the normal saline control group (n = 9), ultrasound stimulation control group (n = 6), nitroglycerin-induced migraine group (n = 9), and ultrasound stimulation group (n = 9). The behavior, blood oxygen metabolism, and brain rhythm distribution of the four groups were analyzed. RESULTS We found that after TUS, the movement time and speed of mice with migraine are modulated to those of the control groups, and the number of head scratching and grooming events is significantly reduced. TUS increased the deoxygenated hemoglobin, and the power of the 4-to-40 Hz frequency band of local field potentials in the cortex of migraine mice. TUS also decreased the expression of plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide and cortical c-Fos protein. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound stimulation can regulate brain rhythm and blood oxygen metabolism and reduce migraine symptoms in mice. The regulatory mechanism may be related to reducing calcitonin gene-related peptide in blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Bian
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
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Zhou Y, Pang M, Ma Y, Lu L, Zhang J, Wang P, Li Q, Yang F. Cellular and Molecular Roles of Immune Cells in the Gut-Brain Axis in Migraine. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1202-1220. [PMID: 37695471 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a complex and multi-system dysfunction. The realization of its pathophysiology and diagnosis is developing rapidly. Migraine has been linked to gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and celiac disease. There is also direct and indirect evidence for a relationship between migraine and the gut-brain axis, but the exact mechanism is not yet explained. Studies have shown that this interaction appears to be influenced by a variety of factors, such as inflammatory mediators, gut microbiota, neuropeptides, and serotonin pathways. Recent studies suggest that immune cells can be the potential tertiary structure between migraine and gut-brain axis. As the hot interdisciplinary subject, the relationship between immunology and gastrointestinal tract is now gradually clear. Inflammatory signals are involved in cellular and molecular responses that link central and peripheral systems. The gastrointestinal symptoms associated with migraine and experiments associated with antibiotics have shown that the intestinal microbiota is abnormal during the attacks. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of migraine and gut-brain axis, and summarize the tertiary structure between immune cells, neural network, and gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaoyi Pang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Sun S, Fan Z, Liu X, Wang L, Ge Z. Microglia TREM1-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to central sensitization via the NF-κB pathway in a chronic migraine model. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:3. [PMID: 38177990 PMCID: PMC10768449 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation, mediated by the activation of microglia, contributes to central sensitization, which is associated with the development of chronic migraine (CM). TREM1 receptors amplify the inflammatory response. However, their relationship to CM is unclear. Thus, this study endeavoured to elucidate the exact role of TREM1 in CM. METHODS Nitroglycerin (NTG) was repeatedly administered intraperitoneally to establish the CM model. Mechanical and thermal sensitivities were assessed using von Frey filaments and hot plate assays. Using Western blotting, TREM1, NF-κB pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome components, and proinflammatory cytokines were all detected. Immunofluorescence was used to examine the cellular distribution of TREM1 and NLRP3, the number of microglia, immunoreactivity, and morphological changes. We examined the effects of TREM1 antagonists (LR12) and NF-κB inhibitors (PDTC) on pain behaviour, as well as the production of c-fos and CGRP. Additionally, we investigated whether LR12 and PDTC affect the activation of microglia and the NLRP3 inflammasome. We synthesized siRNA and TREM1-overexpressing plasmids to transfect BV2 cells treated with LPS and normal BV2 cells and treated TREM1-overexpressing BV2 cells with PDTC. The NF-κB pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome components, and proinflammatory cytokines were quantified using Western blotting. RESULTS Following NTG administration, the expression of TREM1 was significantly upregulated and exclusively localized in microglia in the TNC, and was well co-localized with NLRP3. Furthermore, activation of the classical NF-κB pathway was observed. Pre-treatment with LR12 and PDTC effectively attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity, suppressed the expression of c-fos and CGRP, and inhibited NF-κB activity in CM mice. Additionally, inhibition of TREM1 and NF-κB activity mitigated NTG-induced microglia and NLRP3 activation, as well as proinflammatory cytokines production. In vitro, knockdown of TREM1 resulted in attenuated activation of the NF-κB pathway following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment and reduced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components as well as proinflammatory cytokines. After TREM1 overexpression, the NF-κB pathway was activated, NLRP3 inflammasome components and proinflammatory cytokines were upregulated, and PDTC reversed this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that TREM1 regulates microglia and NLRP3 activation via the NF-κB pathway, thereby contributing to central sensitization and implicating its involvement in chronic migraine pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fan
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Longde Wang
- Expert Workstation of Academician Wang Longde, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhaoming Ge
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Gansu Provincial Neurology Clinical Medical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Expert Workstation of Academician Wang Longde, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Luo Y, Qiu Y, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Ji X, Liu Z, Li R, Zhang Y, Yang F, Hou J, Zhang S, Wang T, Song H, Tao X. Shaoyao Gancao decoction alleviates the central hyperalgesia of recurrent NTG-induced migraine in rats by regulating the NGF/TRPV1/COX-2 signal pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116781. [PMID: 37315643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shaoyao Gancao Decoction (SGD) is well known as an effective prescription for analgesia composed of two herbs, and is noted as traditional Chinese medicine morphine. It is widely used in various conditions causing pain, including migraine. However, there is currently no research exploring the mechanism of action in the treatment of migraines. AIM OF THE STUDY The current research was devised to determine the underlying regulatory mechanism of SGD, by verifying its role in the NGF/TRPV1/COX-2 signal pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The active components in SGD were identified by UHPLC-MS. A migraine model was prepared by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of nitroglycerin (NTG) into the neck to detect migraine-like behavior, orbital hyperalgesia threshold changes, and the therapeutic effect of SGD. The mechanism of SGD in remedying migraine was studied through transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), which was further validated utilizing Elisa, Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting (WB) experiments. RESULTS In the SGD chemical composition analysis, 45 components were identified including gallic acid, paeoniflorin and albiforin. In the behavioral experiments, SGD treatment significantly decreased the score of migraine-like head scratching in the NTG-induced migraine model (Mod) rats, while the hyperalgesia threshold increased outstandingly on days 10, 12, and 14 (P < 0.01, P < 0.001 or P < 0.0001). In migraine biomarkers experiment, compared with the Mod group, the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) contents were outstandingly enhanced by SGD treatment, while nitric oxide (NO) contents were markedly declined (P < 0.01). In the RNA-seq test, the down-regulated genes of SGD inhibiting hyperalgesia migraine included the neurotrophic factor (NGF) and transient receptor potential vanillic acid subfamily protein 1 receptor (TRPV1). The down-regulation pathway is the inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels. In gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), SGD decreased the over-expression of protooncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC) and TRPV1 in this pathway, and the two genes clustered at its lower end, with similar functions. PPI network results show that NGF interacts with TRPV1. Further verification shows that when compared with Mod group, the plasma cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) protein expression levels and the dura mater calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p-ERK, SRC and NGF protein expression levels in the SGD group were remarkably decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.001 or P < 0.0001), and the expression level of TRPV1 protein showed a downward trend (P = 0.06). The expression levels of COX-2, NO, CGRP, TRPV1, SRC and NGF mRNA in the dura mater was overtly down-regulated (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SGD has a significant inhibitory effect on the NGF/TRPV1/COX-2 signaling pathway that mediates central hyperalgesia migraine, thus suggesting the molecular mechanism of SGD in improving the symptoms of migraine may be related to the central hyperalgesia neurotransmitter that regulates the pathogenesis of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Luo
- Bejing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuehua Qiu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Ranran Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuenian Ji
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Zijian Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Ran Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianchen Hou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Shujing Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Bejing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Haochong Song
- College of Special Education, Beijing Union University, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaohua Tao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China; Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Literature, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China.
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Biringer RG. Migraine signaling pathways: purine metabolites that regulate migraine and predispose migraineurs to headache. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2813-2848. [PMID: 36947357 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating disorder that afflicts over 1 billion people worldwide, involving attacks that result in a throbbing and pulsating headache. Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular event associated with vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and neuronal activation. Understanding signaling in migraine pathology is central to the development of therapeutics for migraine prophylaxis and for mitigation of migraine in the prodrome phase before pain sets in. The fact that both vasoactivity and neural sensitization are involved in migraine indicates that agonists which promote these phenomena may very well be involved in migraine pathology. One such group of agonists is the purines, in particular, adenosine phosphates and their metabolites. This manuscript explores what is known about the relationship between these metabolites and migraine pathology and explores the potential for such relationships through their known signaling pathways. Reported receptor involvement in vasoaction and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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10
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Fila M, Pawlowska E, Szczepanska J, Blasiak J. Autophagy may protect the brain against prolonged consequences of headache attacks: A narrative/hypothesis review. Headache 2023; 63:1154-1166. [PMID: 37638395 DOI: 10.1111/head.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the potential of autophagy in migraine pathogenesis. BACKGROUND The interplay between neurons and microglial cells is important in migraine pathogenesis. Migraine-related effects, such as cortical spreading depolarization and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide, may initiate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-mediating pro-nociceptive signaling in the meninges causing headaches. Such signaling may be induced by the interaction of ATP with purinergic receptor P2X 7 (P2X7R) on microglial cells leading to a Ca2+ -mediated pH increase in lysosomes and release of autolysosome-like vehicles from microglial cells indicating autophagy impairment. METHODS A search in PubMed was conducted with the use of the terms "migraine," "autophagy," "microglia," and "degradation" in different combinations. RESULTS Impaired autophagy in microglia may activate secretory autophagy and release of specific proteins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which can be also released through the pores induced by P2X7R activation in microglial cells. BDNF may be likewise released from microglial cells upon ATP- and Ca2+ -mediated activation of another purinergic receptor, P2X4R. BDNF released from microglia might induce autophagy in neurons to clear cellular debris produced by oxidative stress, which is induced in the brain as the response to migraine-related energy deficit. Therefore, migraine-related signaling may impair degradative autophagy, stimulate secretory autophagy in microglia, and degradative autophagy in neurons. These effects are mediated by purinergic receptors P2X4R and P2X7R, BDNF, ATP, and Ca2+ . CONCLUSION Different effects of migraine-related events on degradative autophagy in microglia and neurons may prevent prolonged changes in the brain related to headache attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fila
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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11
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He W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou J. The status of knowledge on migraines: The role of microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578118. [PMID: 37295033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Migraines are a considerable social problem and economic burden worldwide. Current acute treatments are based on inhibiting meningeal neurogenic inflammation which has poor results in some patients, whereas the site of action of prophylactic medicines are unknown; therefore, exploring new treatment mechanisms and methods is increasingly needed. Recent evidence suggests that microglia and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation are important in migraine pathogenesis. In the cortical spreading depression (CSD) migraine model, microglia were activated after multiple CSD stimulations, suggesting that microglial activation may be associated with recurrent attacks of migraine with aura. In the nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine model, the microglial response to extracellular stimuli leads to the activation of surface purine receptors P2X4、P2X7、P2Y12, which mediate signal transduction through intracellular signalling cascades, such as the BDNF/TrkB, NLRP3/IL-1β and RhoA/ROCK signalling pathways, and release inflammatory mediators and cytokines that enhance pain by increasing the excitability of nearby neurons. Inhibition of the expression or function of these microglial receptors and pathways inhibits the abnormal excitability of TNC (trigeminal nucleus caudalis) neurons and intracranial as well as extracranial hyperalgesia in migraine animal models. These findings suggest that microglia may be central in migraine recurrent attacks and a potential target for the treatment of chronic headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Vila-Pueyo M, Gliga O, Gallardo VJ, Pozo-Rosich P. The Role of Glial Cells in Different Phases of Migraine: Lessons from Preclinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12553. [PMID: 37628733 PMCID: PMC10454125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex and debilitating neurological disease that affects 15% of the population worldwide. It is defined by the presence of recurrent severe attacks of disabling headache accompanied by other debilitating neurological symptoms. Important advancements have linked the trigeminovascular system and the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide to migraine pathophysiology, but the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and chronification remain unknown. Glial cells are essential for the correct development and functioning of the nervous system and, due to its implication in neurological diseases, have been hypothesised to have a role in migraine. Here we provide a narrative review of the role of glia in different phases of migraine through the analysis of preclinical studies. Current evidence shows that astrocytes and microglia are involved in the initiation and propagation of cortical spreading depolarization, the neurophysiological correlate of migraine aura. Furthermore, satellite glial cells within the trigeminal ganglia are implicated in the initiation and maintenance of orofacial pain, suggesting a role in the headache phase of migraine. Moreover, microglia in the trigeminocervical complex are involved in central sensitization, suggesting a role in chronic migraine. Taken altogether, glial cells have emerged as key players in migraine pathogenesis and chronification and future therapeutic strategies could be focused on targeting them to reduce the burden of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vila-Pueyo
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 119-129 Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Otilia Gliga
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 119-129 Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor José Gallardo
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 119-129 Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Pozo-Rosich
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 119-129 Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang S, Azubuine J, Schmeer C. A systematic literature review on the role of glial cells in the pathomechanisms of migraine. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1219574. [PMID: 37456527 PMCID: PMC10347403 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1219574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathomechanisms underlying migraine are intricate and remain largely unclear. Initially regarded as a neuronal disorder, migraine research primarily concentrated on understanding the pathophysiological changes within neurons. However, recent advances have revealed the significant involvement of neuroinflammation and the neuro-glio-vascular interplay in migraine pathogenesis. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from their inception until November 2022. The retrieved results underwent a screening process based on title and abstract, and the full texts of the remaining papers were thoroughly assessed for eligibility. Only studies that met the predetermined inclusion criteria were included in the review. Results Fifty-nine studies, consisting of 6 human studies and 53 animal studies, met the inclusion criteria. Among the 6 human studies, 2 focused on genetic analyses, while the remaining studies employed functional imaging, serum analyses and clinical trials. Regarding the 53 animal studies investigating glial cells in migraine, 19 of them explored the role of satellite glial cells and/or Schwann cells in the trigeminal ganglion and/or trigeminal nerve. Additionally, 17 studies highlighted the significance of microglia and/or astrocytes in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, particularly in relation to central sensitization during migraine chronification. Furthermore, 17 studies examined the involvement of astrocytes and/or microglia in the cortex. Conclusion Glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, satellite glial cells and Schwann cells in the central and peripheral nervous system, participate both in the development as well as chronic progression of migraine in disease-associated regions such as the trigeminovascular system, trigeminal nucleus caudalis and cortex, among other brain regions.
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Zeng X, Niu Y, Qin G, Zhang D, Chen L. Dysfunction of inhibitory interneurons contributes to synaptic plasticity via GABABR-pNR2B signaling in a chronic migraine rat model. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1142072. [PMID: 37324588 PMCID: PMC10265202 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1142072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background According to our previous study, the loss of inhibitory interneuron function contributes to central sensitization in chronic migraine (CM). Synaptic plasticity is a vital basis for the occurrence of central sensitization. However, whether the decline in interneuron-mediated inhibition promotes central sensitization by regulating synaptic plasticity in CM remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of interneuron-mediated inhibition in the development of synaptic plasticity in CM. Methods A CM model was established in rats by repeated dural infusion of inflammatory soup (IS) for 7 days, and the function of inhibitory interneurons was then evaluated. After intraventricular injection of baclofen [a gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor (GABABR) agonist] or H89 [a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor), behavioral tests were performed. The changes in synaptic plasticity were investigated by determining the levels of the synapse-associated proteins postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), synaptophysin (Syp) and synaptophysin-1(Syt-1)]; evaluating the synaptic ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); and determining the density of synaptic spines via Golgi-Cox staining. Central sensitization was evaluated by measuring calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-Fos and substance P (SP) levels. Finally, the PKA/Fyn kinase (Fyn)/tyrosine-phosphorylated NR2B (pNR2B) pathway and downstream calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII)/c-AMP-responsive element binding protein (pCREB) signaling were assessed. Results We observed dysfunction of inhibitory interneurons, and found that activation of GABABR ameliorated CM-induced hyperalgesia, repressed the CM-evoked elevation of synapse-associated protein levels and enhancement of synaptic transmission, alleviated the CM-triggered increases in the levels of central sensitization-related proteins, and inhibited CaMKII/pCREB signaling via the PKA/Fyn/pNR2B pathway. The inhibition of PKA suppressed the CM-induced activation of Fyn/pNR2B signaling. Conclusion These data reveal that the dysfunction of inhibitory interneurons contributes to central sensitization by regulating synaptic plasticity through the GABABR/PKA/Fyn/pNR2B pathway in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) of CM rats. Blockade of GABABR-pNR2B signaling might have a positive influence on the effects of CM therapy by modulating synaptic plasticity in central sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Niu
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dunke Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Shi Y, Gong C, Nan W, Zhou W, Lei Z, Zhou K, Wang L, Zhao G, Zhang H. Intrathecal administration of botulinum toxin type a antagonizes neuropathic pain by countering increased vesicular nucleotide transporter expression in the spinal cord of chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve rats. Neuropeptides 2023; 100:102346. [PMID: 37178626 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) induces direct analgesic effects in neuropathic pain by inhibiting the release of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and glutamate. Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) was responsible for the storage and release of ATP in vivo, and one of the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain is VNUT-dependent release of extracellular ATP from dorsal horn neurons. However, the analgesic effect of BoNT/A by affecting the expression of VNUT remained largely unknown. Thus, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the antinociceptive potency and analgesic mechanism of BoNT/A in chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) induced neuropathic pain. Our results showed that a single intrathecal injection of 0.1 U BoNT/A seven days after CCI surgery produced significant analgesic activity and decreased the expression of VNUT in the spinal cord of CCI rats. Similarly, BoNT/A inhibited the CCI-induced increase in ATP content in the rat spinal cord. Overexpression of VNUT in the spinal cord of CCI-induced rats markedly reversed the antinociceptive effect of BoNT/A. Furthermore, 33 U/mL BoNT/A dramatically reduced the expression of VNUT in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells but overexpressing SNAP-25 increased VNUT expression in PC12 cells. Our current study is the first to demonstrate that BoNT/A is involved in neuropathic pain by regulating the expression of VNUT in the spinal cord in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaoyang Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenming Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zeyuan Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaisheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linna Wang
- Lanzhou Biotechnique Development Co.LTD, China
| | - Guanghai Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Haihong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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Arévalo JC, Deogracias R. Mechanisms Controlling the Expression and Secretion of BDNF. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050789. [PMID: 37238659 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived nerve factor (BDNF), through TrkB receptor activation, is an important modulator for many different physiological and pathological functions in the nervous system. Among them, BDNF plays a crucial role in the development and correct maintenance of brain circuits and synaptic plasticity as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. The proper functioning of the central nervous system depends on the available BDNF concentrations, which are tightly regulated at transcriptional and translational levels but also by its regulated secretion. In this review we summarize the new advances regarding the molecular players involved in BDNF release. In addition, we will address how changes of their levels or function in these proteins have a great impact in those functions modulated by BDNF under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Arévalo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castille and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén Deogracias
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castille and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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17
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Qiu T, Zhou Y, Hu L, Shan Z, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Huang W, Zhang L, Fan S, Xiao Z. 2-Deoxyglucose alleviates migraine-related behaviors by modulating microglial inflammatory factors in experimental model of migraine. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1115318. [PMID: 37090989 PMCID: PMC10117646 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1115318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTargeting metabolic pathways has emerged as a new migraine treatment strategy as researchers realize the critical role metabolism plays in migraine. Activated inflammatory cells undergo metabolic reprogramming and rely on glycolysis to function. The objective of this study was to investigate the glycolysis changes in the experimental model of migraine and the effect of glycolysis inhibitor 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in the pathophysiology of migraine.MethodsWe used a rat model of migraine that triggered migraine attacks by applying inflammatory soup (IS) to the dura and examined changes in glycolysis. 2-DG was used to inhibit glycolysis, and the effects of 2-DG on mechanical ectopic pain, microglial cell activation, calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP), c-Fos, and inflammatory factors induced by inflammatory soup were observed. LPS stimulated BV2 cells to establish a model in vitro to observe the effects of 2-DG on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after microglia activation.ResultsIn the experimental model of migraine, key enzymes involved in glycolysis such as phosphofructokinase platelet (PFKP), hexokinase (HK2), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PKM2) were expressed in the medullary dorsal horn. While the expression of electronic respiratory transport chain complex IV (COXIV) decreased. There were no significant changes in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a key enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway. The glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG alleviated migraine-like symptoms in an experimental model of migraine, reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines caused by microglia activation, and decreased the expression of CGRP and c-Fos. Further experiments in vitro demonstrated that glycolysis inhibition can reduce the release of Iba-1/proBDNF/BDNF and inhibit the activation of microglia.ConclusionThe migraine rat model showed enhanced glycolysis. This study suggests that glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG is an effective strategy for alleviating migraine-like symptoms. Glycolysis inhibition may be a new target for migraine treatment.
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18
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Zhou M, Pang F, Liao D, He X, Yang Y, Tang C. Electroacupuncture at Fengchi(GB20) and Yanglingquan(GB34) Ameliorates Paralgesia through Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in a Rat Model of Migraine. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040541. [PMID: 37190506 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple studies have suggested that paralgesia (hyperalgesia and cutaneous allodynia) in migraine reflects the activation and sensitisation of the trigeminovascular system (TGVS). In particular, it reflects the second-order and higher nerve centre sensitisation, which is caused and maintained by neuroinflammation. Microglia activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines involved in inflammatory responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that electroacupuncture (EA) is effective in ameliorating paralgesia, but the underlying mechanisms of EA in migraine attacks caused by microglia and microglia-mediated inflammatory responses are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore whether EA could ameliorate the dysregulation of pain sensation by suppressing microglial activation and the resulting neuroinflammatory response, and to evaluate whether this response was regulated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in a rat model of migraine. Methods: Repeated Inflammatory Soup (IS) was infused into the dura for seven sessions to establish a recurrent migraine-like rat model, and EA treatment was administered at Fengchi (GB20) and Yanglingquan (GB34) after daily IS infusion. Facial mechanical withdrawal thresholds were measured to evaluate the change in pain perception, and plasma samples and the TNC tissues of rats were collected to examine the changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the Ibal-1-labelled microglial activation, and the resulting inflammatory response, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and their regulatory molecules TLR4/NF-κB, via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot analysis. Results: Repeated IS injections into the dura induced facial mechanical paralgesia, which is the manifestation of migraine attacks, and increased the expression of CGRP, Ibal-1, microglial mediated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), and regulatory molecules TLR4/NF-κB. EA at GB20/34 significantly attenuated repetitive IS-induced pain hypersensitivity. This effect was consistent with decreased levels of CGRP and inflammatory cytokines in the plasma and the TNC via the inhibition of microglia activation, and this response may be regulated by TLR4/NF-κB. Conclusions: EA ameliorated paralgesia in repetitive IS-induced migraine-like rats, which was mainly mediated by a reduction in microglial activation and microglial-mediated inflammatory responses that could be regulated by TLR4/NF-κB.
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Wu S, Ning K, Wang Y, Zhang L, Liu J. Up-regulation of BDNF/TrkB signaling by δ opioid receptor agonist SNC80 modulates depressive-like behaviors in chronic restraint-stressed mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 942:175532. [PMID: 36708979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Depressive disorder is a psychiatric disease characterized by its main symptoms of low mood and anhedonia. Due to its complex etiology, current clinical treatments for depressive disorder are limited. In this study, we assessed the role of the δ opioid receptor (δOR) system in the development of chronic-restraint-stressed (CRS)-induced depressive behaviors. We employed a 21-day CRS model and detected the c-fos activation and protein levels' changes in enkephalin (ENK)/δOR. It was found that the hippocampus and amygdala were involved in CRS-induced depression. The expression of pro-enkephalin (PENK), the precursors of the endogenous ligand for δOR, was significantly decreased in the hippocampus and amygdala following CRS. We then treated the mice with SNC80, a specific δOR agonist, to examine its anti-depressant effects in the tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), and sucrose preference test (SPT). SNC80 administration significantly reversed depressive-like behaviors, and this antidepressant effect could be blocked by a TrkB inhibitor: ANA-12. Although ANA-12 treatment had no significant effect on the expression of ENK/δOR, it blocked the promoting effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tyrosine kinase B(TrkB) signaling by SNC80 in the hippocampus and amygdala. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that SNC80 exerts anti-depressant effects by up-regulating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in the hippocampus and amygdala in CRS-induced depression and provides evidence that δOR's agonists may be potential anti-depressant therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kuan Ning
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Lesha Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Jinggen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
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20
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Microglia secrete distinct sets of neurotoxins in a stimulus-dependent manner. Brain Res 2023; 1807:148315. [PMID: 36878343 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain which regulate both the innate and adaptive neuroimmune responses in health and disease. In response to specific endogenous and exogenous stimuli, microglia transition to one of their reactive states characterized by altered morphology and function, including their secretory profile. A component of the microglial secretome is cytotoxic molecules capable of causing damage and death to nearby host cells, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Indirect evidence from secretome studies and measurements of mRNA expression using diverse microglial cell types suggest different stimuli may induce microglia to secrete distinct subsets of cytotoxins. We demonstrate the accuracy of this hypothesis directly by challenging murine BV-2 microglia-like cells with eight different immune stimuli and assessing secretion of four potentially cytotoxic molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and glutamate. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a combination of interferon (IFN)-γ plus LPS induced secretion of all toxins studied. IFN-β, IFN-γ, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), and zymosan A upregulated secretion of subsets of these four cytotoxins. LPS and IFN-γ, alone or in combination, as well as IFN-β induced toxicity of BV-2 cells towards murine NSC-34 neuronal cells, while ATP, N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) did not affect any parameters studied. Our observations contribute to a growing body of knowledge on the regulation of the microglial secretome, which may inform future development of novel therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases, where dysregulated microglia are key contributors to pathogenesis.
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21
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Zou Y, Yang R, Li L, Xu X, Liang S. Purinergic signaling: a potential therapeutic target for depression and chronic pain. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:163-172. [PMID: 34338957 PMCID: PMC9984625 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The comorbid mechanism of depression and chronic pain has been a research hotspot in recent years. Until now, the role of purinergic signals in the comorbid mechanism of depression and chronic pain has not been fully understood. This review mainly summarizes the research results published in PubMed during the past 5 years and concludes that purinergic signaling is a potential therapeutic target for comorbid depression and chronic pain, and the purinergic receptors A1, A2A, P2X3, P2X4, and P2X7and P2Y6, P2Y1, and P2Y12 may be important factors. The main potential pathways are as follows: A1 receptor-related G protein-dependent activation of introverted K+ channels (GIRKs), A2A receptor-related effects on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and MAPK/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, P2X3 receptor-related effects on dorsal root ganglia (DRG) excitability, P2X4 receptor-related effects on proinflammatory cytokines and inflammasome activation, P2X7 receptor-related effects on ion channels, the NLRP3 inflammasome and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and P2Y receptor-related effects on the phospholipase C (PLC)/inositol triphosphate (IP3)/Ca2+ signaling pathway. We hope that the conclusions of this review will provide key ideas for future research on the role of purinergic signaling in the comorbid mechanism of depression and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zou
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Runan Yang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Sudershan A, Younis M, Sudershan S, Kumar P. Migraine as an inflammatory disorder with microglial activation as a prime candidate. Neurol Res 2023; 45:200-215. [PMID: 36197286 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2129774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower threshold of neuronal hyperexcitability has been correlated with migraines for decades but as technology has progressed, it has now become conceivable to learn more about the migraine disease. Apart from the "cortical spreading depression" and "activation of the trigeminovascular system", inflammation has been increasingly recognized as a possible pathogenic process that may have the possibility to regulate the disease severity. Microglial cells, the prime candidate of the innate immune cells of central nervous tissue, has been associated with numerous diseases; including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory disorders. AIM In this review, we have attempted to link the dot of various microglial activation signaling pathways to enlighten the correlation between microglial involvement and the progression of migraine conditions. METHOD A structured survey of research articles and review of the literature was done in the electronic databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, and Elsevier until 31 December 2021. RESULT & CONCLUSION Of 1136 articles found initially and screening of 1047 records, 47 studies were included for the final review. This review concluded that inflammation and microglial overexpression as the prime candidate, plays an important role in the modulation of migraine and are responsible for the progression toward chronification. Therefore, this increases the possibility of preventing migraine development and chronification by blocking microglia overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Sudershan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180006, India
| | - Mohd Younis
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathair University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Srishty Sudershan
- Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
| | - Parvinder Kumar
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180006, India.,Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
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Liu JP, Liu SC, Hu SQ, Lu JF, Wu CL, Hu DX, Zhang WJ. ATP ion channel P2X purinergic receptors in inflammation response. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114205. [PMID: 36916431 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies have confirmed that P2X purinergic receptors play a key role in inflammation. Activation of P2X purinergic receptors can release inflammatory cytokines and participate in the progression of inflammatory diseases. In an inflammatory microenvironment, cells can release a large amount of ATP to activate P2X receptors, open non-selective cation channels, activate multiple intracellular signaling, release multiple inflammatory cytokines, amplify inflammatory response. While P2X4 and P2X7 receptors play an important role in the process of inflammation. P2X4 receptor can mediate the activation of microglia involved in neuroinflammation, and P2X7 receptor can mediate different inflammatory cells to mediate the progression of tissue-wide inflammation. At present, the role of P2X receptors in inflammatory response has been widely recognized and affirmed. Therefore, in this paper, we discussed the role of P2X receptors-mediated inflammation. Moreover, we also described the effects of some antagonists (such as A-438079, 5-BDBD, A-804598, A-839977, and A-740003) on inflammation relief by antagonizing the activities of P2X receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Peng Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Si-Cheng Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Shi-Qi Hu
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Jia-Feng Lu
- Basic medical school, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Chang-Lei Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
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Machado da Silva MC, Iglesias LP, Candelario-Jalil E, Khoshbouei H, Moreira FA, de Oliveira ACP. Role of Microglia in Psychostimulant Addiction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:235-259. [PMID: 36503452 PMCID: PMC10190137 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221208142151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of psychostimulant drugs can modify brain function by inducing changes in the reward system, mainly due to alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmissions in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. However, the etiopathogenesis of addiction is a much more complex process. Previous data have suggested that microglia and other immune cells are involved in events associated with neuroplasticity and memory, which are phenomena that also occur in addiction. Nevertheless, how dependent is the development of addiction on the activity of these cells? Although the mechanisms are not known, some pathways may be involved. Recent data have shown psychoactive substances may act directly on immune cells, alter their functions and induce various inflammatory mediators that modulate synaptic activity. These could, in turn, be involved in the pathological alterations that occur in substance use disorder. Here, we extensively review the studies demonstrating how cocaine and amphetamines modulate microglial number, morphology, and function. We also describe the effect of these substances in the production of inflammatory mediators and a possible involvement of some molecular signaling pathways, such as the toll-like receptor 4. Although the literature in this field is scarce, this review compiles the knowledge on the neuroimmune axis that is involved in the pathogenesis of addiction, and suggests some pharmacological targets for the development of pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Machado da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lia Parada Iglesias
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fabrício Araujo Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Hu Z, Yu X, Chen P, Jin K, Zhou J, Wang G, Yu J, Wu T, Wang Y, Lin F, Zhang T, Wang Y, Zhao X. BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway-mediated microglial activation induces neuronal KCC2 downregulation contributing to dynamic allodynia following spared nerve injury. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231185439. [PMID: 37321969 PMCID: PMC10402286 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231185439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical allodynia can be evoked by punctate pressure contact with the skin (punctate mechanical allodynia) and dynamic contact stimulation induced by gentle touching of the skin (dynamic mechanical allodynia). Dynamic allodynia is insensitive to morphine treatment and is transmitted through the spinal dorsal horn by a specific neuronal pathway, which is different from that for punctate allodynia, leading to difficulties in clinical treatment. K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 (KCC2) is one of the major determinants of inhibitory efficiency, and the inhibitory system in the spinal cord is important in the regulation of neuropathic pain. The aim of the current study was to determine whether neuronal KCC2 is involved in the induction of dynamic allodynia and to identify underlying spinal mechanisms involved in this process. Dynamic and punctate allodynia were assessed using either von Frey filaments or a paint brush in a spared nerve injury (SNI) mouse model. Our study discovered that the downregulated neuronal membrane KCC2 (mKCC2) in the spinal dorsal horn of SNI mice is closely associated with SNI-induced dynamic allodynia, as the prevention of KCC2 downregulation significantly suppressed the induction of dynamic allodynia. The over activation of microglia in the spinal dorsal horn after SNI was at least one of the triggers in SNI-induced mKCC2 reduction and dynamic allodynia, as these effects were blocked by the inhibition of microglial activation. Finally, the BDNF-TrkB pathway mediated by activated microglial affected SNI-induced dynamic allodynia through neuronal KCC2 downregulation. Overall, our findings revealed that activation of microglia through the BDNF-TrkB pathway affected neuronal KCC2 downregulation, contributing to dynamic allodynia induction in an SNI mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinren Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Rehabilitation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangning Yu
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Rehabilitation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuqing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Chou TM, Lee ZF, Wang SJ, Lien CC, Chen SP. CGRP-dependent sensitization of PKC-δ positive neurons in central amygdala mediates chronic migraine. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:157. [PMID: 36510143 PMCID: PMC9746101 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate specific brain regions and neural circuits that are responsible for migraine chronification. METHODS We established a mouse model of chronic migraine with intermittent injections of clinically-relevant dose of nitroglycerin (0.1 mg/kg for 9 days) and validated the model with cephalic and extracephalic mechanical sensitivity, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in trigeminal ganglion, and responsiveness to sumatriptan or central CGRP blockade. We explored the neurons that were sensitized along with migraine chronification and investigated their roles on migraine phenotypes with chemogenetics. RESULTS After repetitive nitroglycerin injections, mice displayed sustained supraorbital and hind paw mechanical hyperalgesia, which lasted beyond discontinuation of nitroglycerin infusion and could be transiently reversed by sumatriptan. The CGRP expression in trigeminal ganglion was also upregulated. We found the pERK positive cells were significantly increased in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and these sensitized cells in the CeA were predominantly protein kinase C-delta (PKC-δ) positive neurons co-expressing CGRP receptors. Remarkably, blockade of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN)-CeA CGRP neurotransmission by CGRP8-37 microinjection to the CeA attenuated the sustained cephalic and extracephalic mechanical hyperalgesia. Furthermore, chemogenetic silencing of the sensitized CeA PKC-δ positive neurons reversed the mechanical hyperalgesia and CGRP expression in the trigeminal ganglion. In contrast, repetitive chemogenetic activation of the CeA PKC-δ positive neurons recapitulated chronic migraine-like phenotypes in naïve mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that CeA PKC-δ positive neurons innervated by PBN CGRP positive neurons might contribute to the chronification of migraine, which may serve as future therapeutic targets for chronic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Ming Chou
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Zhung-Fu Lee
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDevelopment, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Shuu-Jiun Wang
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017College of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.278247.c0000 0004 0604 5314Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chang Lien
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017College of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.278247.c0000 0004 0604 5314Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.278247.c0000 0004 0604 5314Division of Translational Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
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Filippone A, Scuderi SA, Basilotta R, Lanza M, Casili G, Bova V, Paterniti I, Esposito E. BAY-117082-driven NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition resolves nitro-glycerine (NTG) neuronal damage in in vivo model of migraine. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Toti KS, Verma R, McGonnigle MJ, Gamiotea Turro D, Wen Z, Lewicki SA, Liang BT, Jacobson KA. Structure-Activity Relationship and Neuroprotective Activity of 1,5-Dihydro-2 H-naphtho[1,2- b][1,4]diazepine-2,4(3 H)-diones as P2X4 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13967-13987. [PMID: 36150180 PMCID: PMC9653265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the P2X4 receptor structure-activity relationship of a known antagonist 5, a 1,5-dihydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]diazepine-2,4(3H)-dione. Following extensive modification of the reported synthetic route, 4-pyridyl 21u (MRS4719) and 6-methyl 22c (MRS4596) analogues were most potent at human (h) P2X4R (IC50 0.503 and 1.38 μM, respectively, and selective versus hP2X1R, hP2X2/3R, hP2X3R). Thus, the naphthalene 6-, but not 7-position was amenable to substitution, and an N-phenyl ring aza-scan identified 21u with 3-fold higher activity than 5. Compounds 21u and 22c showed neuroprotective and learning- and memory-enhancing activities in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke, with potency of 21u > 22c. 21u dose-dependently reduced infarct volume and reduced brain atrophy at 3 and 35 days post-stroke, respectively. Relevant to clinical implication, 21u also reduced ATP-induced [Ca2+]i influx in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. This study indicates the translational potential of P2X4R antagonists for treating ischemic stroke, including in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Toti
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Michael J McGonnigle
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Daylin Gamiotea Turro
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Sarah A Lewicki
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Bruce T Liang
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
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Wu S, Ren X, Zhu C, Wang W, Zhang K, Li Z, Liu X, Wang Y. A c-Fos activation map in nitroglycerin/levcromakalim-induced models of migraine. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:128. [PMID: 36180824 PMCID: PMC9524028 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic migraine is a common and highly disabling disorder. Functional MRI has indicated that abnormal brain region activation is linked with chronic migraine. Drugs targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor have been reported to be efficient for treating chronic migraine. The CGRP signaling was also shared in two types of chronic migraine models (CMMs). However, it remains unclear whether the activation of specific brain regions could contribute to persistent behavioral sensitization, and CGRP receptor antagonists relieve migraine-like pain in CMMs by altering specific brain region activation. Therefore, it’s of great interest to investigate brain activation pattern and the effect of olcegepant (a CGRP receptor-specific antagonist) treatment on alleviating hyperalgesia by altering brain activation in two CMMs, and provide a reference for future research on neural circuits. Methods Repeated administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) or levcromakalim (LEV) was conducted to stimulate human migraine-like pain and establish two types of CMMs in mice. Mechanical hypersensitivity was evaluated by using the von Frey filament test. Then, we evaluated the activation of different brain regions with c-Fos and NeuN staining. Olcegepant was administered to explore its effect on mechanical hyperalgesia and brain region activation. Results In two CMMs, acute and basal mechanical hyperalgesia was observed, and olcegepant alleviated mechanical hyperalgesia. In the NTG-induced CMM, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5c) showed a significant increase of c-Fos expression in the NTG group (p < 0.05), while pre-treatment with olcegepant reduced c-Fos expression compared with NTG group (p < 0.05). No significant difference of c-Fos expression was found in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) between the vehicle control and NTG group (p > 0.05). In the LEV-induced CMM, mPFC, PVT, and Sp5c showed a significant increase of c-Fos expression between vehicle control and LEV group, and olcegepant reduced c-Fos expression (p < 0.05). No significant difference in c-Fos expression was found in vlPAG and ACC (p > 0.05). Conclusions Our study demonstrated the activation of mPFC and Sp5c in two CMMs. Olcegepant may alleviate hyperalgesia of the hind paw and periorbital area by attenuating brain activation in CMMs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10194-022-01496-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Cuiying Gate, No. 82Linxia Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiao Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Chenlu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Cuiying Gate, No. 82Linxia Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, FengtaiDistrict, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Kaibo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Cuiying Gate, No. 82Linxia Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhilei Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Cuiying Gate, No. 82Linxia Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Cuiying Gate, No. 82Linxia Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Cuiying Gate, No. 82Linxia Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China. .,Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, FengtaiDistrict, Beijing, 100070, China.
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Antagonism of CGRP Receptor: Central and Peripheral Mechanisms and Mediators in an Animal Model of Chronic Migraine. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193092. [PMID: 36231054 PMCID: PMC9562879 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a key role in migraine pathophysiology and more specifically in the mechanisms underlying peripheral and central sensitization. Here, we explored the interaction of CGRP with other pain mediators relevant for neuronal sensitization in an animal model of chronic migraine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to nitroglycerin (NTG, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle co-administered with the CGRP receptor antagonist olcegepant (2 mg/kg i.p.), or its vehicle, every other day over a 9-day period. Twenty-four hours after the last injection of NTG (or vehicle), behavioral test and ex vivo analysis were performed. Olcegepant attenuated NTG-induced trigeminal hyperalgesia in the second phase of the orofacial formalin test. Interestingly, it also reduced gene expression and protein levels of CGRP, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory-associated miRNAs (miR-155-5p, miR-382-5p, and miR-34a-5p), and transient receptor potential ankyrin channels in the medulla-pons area, cervical spinal cord, and trigeminal ganglia. Similarly, olcegepant reduced the NTG-induced increase in CGRP and inflammatory cytokines in serum. The findings show that the activation of the CGRP pathway in a migraine animal model was associated to the persistent activation of inflammatory pathways, which was paralleled by a condition of hyperalgesia. These molecular events are relevant for informing us about the mechanisms underlying chronic migraine.
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Singh J, Thapliyal S, Kumar A, Paul P, Kumar N, Bisht M, Naithani M, Rao S, Handu SS. Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats. Cureus 2022; 14:e28818. [PMID: 36225395 PMCID: PMC9536397 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paclitaxel (PTX)-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) is nonresponsive to the currently available analgesics. Previous studies have shown the role of oxidative stress and central sensitization in the development of peripheral neuropathy. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) acts as a nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator with neuroprotective benefits and is approved for use in multiple sclerosis. Materials and methods In the current research, we evaluated the efficacy of DMF on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats. Every alternate day for one week, paclitaxel 2 mg/kg dose was injected to establish a rat model of PIPN. Animals were treated with 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of DMF. All the animals were assessed for thermal hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, and mechanical allodynia once a week. The gene expression of Nrf2 and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1β) were quantified in the sciatic nerves of these rats. The levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were quantified in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Results DMF significantly attenuated paclitaxel-induced thermal hyperalgesia and cold/mechanical allodynia. A significant decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines with the levels of p38 MAPK and BDNF was observed in the DMF-treated animals. DMF treatment significantly upregulated the gene expression of Nrf2 in the sciatic nerve. Conclusion These findings suggest that DMF prevented the development of PIPN in rats through the activation of Nrf2 and the inhibition of p38 MAPK and BDNF.
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Tang HY, Chen XQ, Wang H, Chu HR, Zhu CF, Huang S, Zhang MT, Shen GM. Acupuncture relieves the visceral pain of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats by regulating P2X4 expression. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:5563-5573. [PMID: 36105029 PMCID: PMC9452363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We researched the effect and mechanism of acupuncture treatment for visceral pain in rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). METHODS We set up a rat model of IBS-D with chemical and chronic- and acute-pressure stimulations. Then, the IBS-D rats were treated with acupuncture or 5-BDBD, and the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture in IBS-D rats was assessed by means of the Bristol scale, diarrhea index, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score, mast cell count and histologic staining. RESULTS Acupuncture significantly decreased clinical symptoms in IBS-D rats after a 14 day-treatment. Furthermore, significant down-regulation of P2X4, OX42, BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and IRF-5 (interferon regulatory factor 5) expressions were observed in the IBS-D rats, along with the decreased inflammatory factors [interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)], chemokines [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1)], and neurotransmitters [substance P (SP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)]. 5-BDBD treatment had a similar effect on IBS-D rats. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture can effectively alleviate abdominal pain by decreasing visceral hypersensitivity and controlling the expression of P2X4 and spinal microglial inflammation in IBS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Yong Tang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Xi-Qiuyu Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Hao-Ran Chu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Cai-Feng Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Shun Huang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zhang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefei 230012, Anhui, China
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Zhou Y, Zhang L, Hao Y, Yang L, Fan S, Xiao Z. FKN/CX3CR1 axis facilitates migraine-Like behaviour by activating thalamic-cortical network microglia in status epilepticus model rats. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:42. [PMID: 35382731 PMCID: PMC8981829 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The incidence of migraines is higher among individuals with epilepsy than in healthy individuals, and these two diseases are thought to shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Excitation/inhibition imbalance plays an essential role in the comorbidity of epilepsy and migraine. Microglial activation is crucial for abnormal neuronal signal transmission. However, it remains unclear whether and how microglia are activated and their role in comorbidities after being activated. This study aimed to explore the characteristics and mechanism of microglial activation after seizures and their effect on migraine.
Methods
Model rats of status epilepticus (SE) induced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride (LiCl)-pilocarpine and migraine induced by repeated dural injections of inflammatory soup (IS) were generated, and molecular and histopathologic evidence of the microglial activation targets of fractalkine (FKN) signalling were examined. HT22-BV2 transwell coculture assays were used to explore the interaction between neurons and microglia. LPS (a microglial agonist) and FKN stimulation of BV2 microglial cells were used to evaluate changes in BDNF levels after microglial activation.
Results
Microglia were specifically hyperplastic and activated in the temporal lobe cortex, thalamus, and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (sp5c), accompanied by the upregulation of FKN and CX3CR1 four days after seizures. Moreover, SE-induced increases in nociceptive behaviour and FKN/CX3CR1 axis expression in migraine model rats. AZD8797 (a CX3CR1 inhibitor) prevented the worsening of hyperalgesia and microglial activation in migraine model rats after seizures, while FKN infusion in migraine model rats exacerbated hyperalgesia and microglial activation associated with BDNF-Trkb signalling. Furthermore, in neuron-microglia cocultures, microglial activation and FKN/CX3CR1/BDNF/iba1 expression were increased compared with those in microglial cultures alone. Activating microglia with LPS and FKN increased BDNF synthesis in BV2 microglia.
Conclusions
Our results indicated that epilepsy facilitated migraine through FKN/CX3CR1 axis-mediated microglial activation in the cortex/thalamus/sp5c, which was accompanied by BDNF release. Blocking the FKN/CX3CR1 axis and microglial activation are potential therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating migraine in patients with epilepsy.
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Pan Q, Wang Y, Tian R, Wen Q, Qin G, Zhang D, Chen L, Zhang Y, Zhou J. Sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1 contributes to central sensitization in recurrent nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine model. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:25. [PMID: 35144528 PMCID: PMC8903593 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central sensitization is an important pathophysiological mechanism of chronic migraine (CM), and microglia activation in trigeminocervical complex (TCC) contributes to the development of central sensitization. Emerging evidence implicates that blocking sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) can relieve the development of chronic pain and inhibit the activation of microglia. However, it is unclear whether S1PR1 is involved in the central sensitization of CM. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the role of S1PR1 and its downstream signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in the CM, mainly in inflammation. METHODS Chronic intermittent intraperitoneal injection of nitroglycerin (NTG) established a mouse model of CM. First, we observed the changes and subcellular localization of S1PR1 in the trigeminocervical complex (TCC). Then, W146, a S1PR1 antagonist; SEW2871, a S1PR1 agonist; AG490, a STAT3 inhibitor were applied by intraperitoneal injection to investigate the related molecular mechanism. The changes in the number of microglia and the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and c-fos in the TCC site were explored by immunofluorescence. In addition, we studied the effect of S1PR1 inhibitors on STAT3 in lipopolysaccharide-treated BV-2 microglia. RESULTS Our results showed that the expression of S1PR1 was increased after NTG injection and S1PR1 was colocalized with in neurons and glial cells in the TCC. The S1PR1 antagonist W146 alleviated NTG-induced hyperalgesia and suppressed the upregulation of CGRP, c-fos and pSTAT3 in the TCC. Importantly, blocking S1PR1 reduced activation of microglia. In addition, we found that inhibiting STAT3 signal also attenuated NTG-induced basal mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that inhibiting S1PR1 signal could alleviate central sensitization and inhibit microglia activity caused by chronic NTG administration via STAT3 signal pathway, which provide a new clue for the clinical treatment of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ruimin Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qianwen Wen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dunke Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Role of P2X4/NLRP3 Pathway-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:6355805. [PMID: 35153623 PMCID: PMC8825560 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6355805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation is the key to perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND); however, the specific mechanism postsurgery and anesthesia has not yet been fully clarified. The present study is aimed at exploring the effects of P2X4/NLRP3 signaling pathway in neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment after surgery. 12–14-month-old male C57BL/6 mice undergoing open tibial fracture surgery by sevoflurane anesthesia were administered P2X4R inhibitor 5-BDBD or saline was intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days after surgery. Then, the animals were subjected to Morris water maze test or sacrificed to collect the hippocampus. The level of P2X4R and NLRP3 was estimated by Western blot, the activation of microglia was detected via immunohistochemistry, and the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results indicated that tibial surgery caused cognitive impairment, increased the expression of P2X4R and NLRP3, and aggravated the neuroinflammation and microglia activation. However, intraperitoneal injection of 5-BDBD attenuated these effects. In conclusion, these findings indicated that the P2X4/NLRP3 pathway might be involved in the pathophysiology of PND.
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Madaan P, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Yadav S, Kaur S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Abdellatif AAH, Ashraf GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Dailah HG, Anwer MK, Bungau S. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Purinergic and Orexinergic Receptors in Alcoholic Neuropathy. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:646-669. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang L, Lu C, Kang L, Li Y, Tang W, Zhao D, Yu S, Liu R. Temporal characteristics of astrocytic activation in the TNC in a mice model of pain induced by recurrent dural infusion of inflammatory soup. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:8. [PMID: 35033010 PMCID: PMC8903672 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytic activation might play a significant role in the central sensitization of chronic migraine (CM). However, the temporal characteristics of the astrocytic activation in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and the molecular mechanism under the process remain not fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the duration and levels change of astrocytic activation and to explore the correlation between astrocytic activation and the levels change of cytokines release. Methods We used a mice model induced by recurrent dural infusion of inflammatory soup (IS). The variation with time of IS-induced mechanical thresholds in the periorbital and hind paw plantar regions were evaluated using the von Frey filaments test. We detected the expression profile of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the TNC through immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay. We also investigated the variation with time of the transcriptional levels of GFAP and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) through RNAscope in situ hybridization analysis. Then, we detected the variation with time of cytokines levels in the TNC tissue extraction and serum, including c-c motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), c-c motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), c-c motif chemokine ligand 7 (CCL7), c-c motif chemokine ligand 12 (CCL12), c-x-c motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), c-x-c motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 17A (IL-17A). Results Recurrent IS infusion resulted in cutaneous allodynia in both the periorbital region and hind paw plantar, ranging from 5 d (after the second IS infusion) to 47 d (28 d after the last infusion) and 5 d to 26 d (7 d after the last infusion), respectively. The protein levels of GFAP and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of GFAP and Iba1 significantly increased and sustained from 20 d to 47 d (1 d to 28 d after the last infusion), which was associated with the temporal characteristics of astrocytic activation in the TNC. The CCL7 levels in the TNC decreased from 20 d to 47 d. But the CCL7 levels in serum only decreased on 20 d (1 d after the last infusion). The CCL12 levels in the TNC decreased on 22 d (3 d after the last infusion) and 33 d (14 d after the last infusion). In serum, the CCL12 levels only decreased on 22 d. The IL-10 levels in the TNC increased on 20 d. Conclusions Our results indicate that the astrocytic activation generated and sustained in the IS-induced mice model from 1 d to 28 d after the last infusion and may contribute to the pathology through modulating CCL7, CCL12, and IL-10 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Lu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Kang
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingji Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengfa Zhao
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruozhuo Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
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Chen H, Tang X, Li J, Hu B, Yang W, Zhan M, Ma T, Xu S. IL-17 crosses the blood-brain barrier to trigger neuroinflammation: a novel mechanism in nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:1. [PMID: 34979902 PMCID: PMC8903553 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic migraine places a disabling burden on patients, which is extensively modeled by the nitroglycerin (NTG)-treated animal model. Although the NF-κB pathway is involved in an increase in CGRP levels and activation of the trigeminal system in the NTG model, the relationship between NTG and neuroinflammation remains unclear. This study aimed to optimize a chronic NTG rat model with hyperalgesia and the ethological capacity for estimating migraine therapies and to further explore the underlying mechanism of NTG-induced migraine. Methods Rats were administered different doses of NTG s.c. daily or every 2 d; 30 min and 2 h later, the mechanical threshold was tested. After 9 d, the rats were injected with EB or Cy5.5 for the permeability assay. The other animals were sacrificed, and then, brainstem and caudal trigeminal ganglion were removed to test CGRP, c-Fos and NOS activity; Cytokines levels in the tissue and serum were measured by ELISA; and NF-κB pathway and blood–brain barrier (BBB)-related indicators were analyzed using western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe microglial polarization and IL-17A+ T cell migration in the medulla oblongata. Results NTG (10 mg/kg, s.c., every 2 d for a total of 5 injections) was the optimal condition, resulting in progressive hyperalgesia and migraine behavior. TNC neuroinflammation with increases in cytokines, CGRP and c-Fos and activation of the NF-κB pathway was observed, and these changes were alleviated by ibuprofen. Furthermore, NTG administration increased BBB permeability by altering the levels functional proteins (RAGE, LRP1, AQP4 and MFSD2A) and structural proteins (ZO-1, Occludin and VE-cadherin-2) to increase peripheral IL-17A permeation into the medulla oblongata, activating microglia and neuroinflammation, and eventually causing hyperalgesia and migraine attack. Conclusions This study confirmed that NTG (10 mg/kg, s.c., every 2 d for a total of 5 injections) was the optimal condition to provoke migraine, resulting in mechanical hyperalgesia and observable migraine-like behavior. Furthermore, IL-17A crossed the blood–brain barrier into the medulla oblongata, triggering TNC activation through microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. This process was a novel mechanism in NTG-induced chronic migraine, suggesting that IL-17A might be a novel target in the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengyun Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China.
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Sudershan A, Mahajan K, Singh K, Dhar MK, Kumar P. The Complexities of Migraine: A Debate Among Migraine Researchers: A Review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 214:107136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Crawford J, Liu S, Tao F. Gut microbiota and migraine. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2022; 11:100090. [PMID: 35464185 PMCID: PMC9018445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2022.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a leading cause of disability among the adult population and is a significant burden on the economies of the world. Studies into the underlying causes of migraine have spanned centuries but its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. In recent years, accumulating evidence implicates that microbiota-mediated gut-brain crosstalk may contribute to the pathogenesis of migraine. This review provides a brief account of the history of migraine theories and summarizes the recent studies showing how gut microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology of migraine. Future research perspectives for better understanding the role of the gut microbiota in migraine are also discussed.
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Wen Q, Wang Y, Pan Q, Tian R, Zhang D, Qin G, Zhou J, Chen L. MicroRNA-155-5p promotes neuroinflammation and central sensitization via inhibiting SIRT1 in a nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:287. [PMID: 34893074 PMCID: PMC8665643 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have confirmed that the microglial activation and subsequent inflammatory responses in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) are involved in the central sensitization of chronic migraine (CM). MicroRNA-155-5p has been shown to modulate the polarization of microglia and participate in inflammatory processes in a variety of neurological diseases. However, its role in CM remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the precise role of miR-155-5p in CM. Methods A model of CM in C57BL/6 mice was established by recurrent intraperitoneal injection of nitroglycerin (NTG). Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated by Von Frey filaments and radiant heat. The expression of miR-155-5p was examined by qRT-PCR, and the mRNA and protein levels of silent information regulator 1(SIRT1) were measured by qRT-PCR, Western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF) analysis. The miR-155-5p antagomir, miR-155-5p agomir, SRT1720 (a SIRT1 activator) and EX527 (a SIRT1 inhibitor) were administered to confirm the effects of miR-155-5p and SIRT1 on neuroinflammation and the central sensitization of CM. ELISA, WB and IF assays were applied to evaluate the expression of TNF-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL-10, p-ERK, p-CREB, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), c-Fos and microglial activation. The cellular localization of SIRT1 was illustrated by IF. Results After the NTG-induced mouse model of CM was established, the expression of miR-155-5p was increased. The level of SIRT1 was decreased, and partly colocalized with Iba1 in the TNC. The miR-155-5p antagomir and SRT1720 downregulated the expression of p-ERK, p-CREB, CGRP, and c-Fos, alleviating microglial activation and decreasing inflammatory substances (TNF-α, MPO). The administration of miR-155-5p agomir or EX527 exacerbated neuroinflammation and central sensitization. Importantly, the miR-155-5p agomir elevated CGRP and c-Fos expression and microglial activation, which could subsequently be alleviated by SRT1720. Conclusions These data demonstrate that upregulated miR-155-5p in the TNC participates in the central sensitization of CM. Inhibiting miR-155-5p alleviates neuroinflammation by activating SIRT1 in the TNC of CM mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Wen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruimin Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dunke Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Pourrahimi AM, Abbasnejad M, Raoof M, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Kooshki R. The involvement of orexin 1 and cannabinoid 1 receptors within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter in the modulation of migraine-induced anxiety and social behavior deficits of rats. Peptides 2021; 146:170651. [PMID: 34560171 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Orexin 1 receptors (Orx1R) and cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1R) are implicated in migraine pathophysiology. This study evaluated the potential involvement of Orx1R and CB1R within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior and social interaction of migraineurs rats. A rat model of migraine induced by recurrent administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) (5 mg/kg/i.p.). The groups of rats (n = 6) were then subjected to intra-vlPAG microinjection of orexin-A (25, 50 pM), and Orx1R antagonist SB334867 (20, 40 nM) or AM 251 (2, 4 μg) as a CB1R antagonist. Behavioral responses were evaluated in elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF) and three-chambered social test apparatus. NTG produced a marked anxiety like behaviors, in both EPM and OF tasks. It did also decrease social performance. NTG-related anxiety and social conflicts were attenuated by orexin-A (25, 50 pM). However, NTG effects were exacerbated by SB334867 (40 nM) and AM251 (2, 4 μg). The orexin-A-mediated suppression of NTG-induced anxiety and social conflicts were prevented by either SB334867 (20 nM) or AM251 (2 μg). The findings suggest roles for Orx1R and CB1R signaling within vlPAG in the modulation of migraine-induced anxiety-like behavior and social dysfunction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammad Pourrahimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Raoof
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Razieh Kooshki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Mann GE. Mechanisms underlying unidirectional laminar shear stress-mediated Nrf2 activation in endothelial cells: Amplification of low shear stress signaling by primary cilia. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102103. [PMID: 34425388 PMCID: PMC8379703 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are sensitive to mechanical stress and respond differently to oscillatory flow versus unidirectional flow. This review highlights the mechanisms by which a wide range of unidirectional laminar shear stress induces activation of the redox sensitive antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cultured endothelial cells. We propose that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) are potential Nrf2 activators induced by laminar shear stress. Shear stress-dependent secretion of FGF-2 and its receptor-mediated signaling is tightly controlled, requiring neutrophil elastase released by shear stress, αvβ3 integrin and the cell surface glycocalyx. We speculate that primary cilia respond to low laminar shear stress (<10 dyn/cm2), resulting in secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which facilitates αvβ3 integrin-dependent FGF-2 secretion. Shear stress induces generation of heparan-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which contributes to FGF-2 secretion and gene expression. Furthermore, HB-EGF signaling modulates FGF-2-mediated NADPH oxidase 1 activation that favors casein kinase 2 (CK2)-mediated phosphorylation/activation of Nrf2 associated with caveolin 1 in caveolae. Higher shear stress (>15 dyn/cm2) induces vesicular exocytosis of BDNF from endothelial cells, and we propose that BDNF via the p75NTR receptor could induce CK2-mediated Nrf2 activation. Unidirectional laminar shear stress upregulates gene expression of FGF-2 and BDNF and generation of 15d-PGJ2, which cooperate in sustaining Nrf2 activation to protect endothelial cells against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Eiji Warabi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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44
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Prowse N, Hayley S. Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:135-163. [PMID: 34537262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on trophic properties of microglia. Recent studies do suggest that microglia can modulate neuronal plasticity, possibly through brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is particularly important given the link between BDNF and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative pathology. We posit that certain activated states of microglia play a role in maintaining the delicate balance of BDNF release onto neuronal synapses. This focused review will address how different "activators" influence the expression and release of microglial BDNF and address the question of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression on microglia. We will then assess sex-based differences in microglial function and BDNF expression, and how microglia are involved in the stress response and related disorders such as depression. Drawing on research from a variety of other disorders, we will highlight challenges and opportunities for modulators that can shift microglia to a "trophic" phenotype with a view to potential therapeutics relevant for stressor-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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45
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Gölöncsér F, Baranyi M, Iring A, Hricisák L, Otrokocsi L, Benyó Z, Sperlágh B. Involvement of P2Y 12 receptors in an NTG-induced model of migraine in male mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4626-4645. [PMID: 34363208 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12 Rs) are known to regulate different forms of pain and inflammation. In this study we investigated the participation of P2Y12 Rs in an animal model of migraine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We tested the effect of the centrally administered selective P2Y12 R antagonist PSB-0739, and P2Y12 R gene deficiency in acute nitroglycerin (NTG)-treated mice. Additionally, platelet depletion was used to investigate the role of platelet P2Y12 Rs during migraine-like pain. KEY RESULTS NTG induced sensory hypersensitivity of C57BL/6 wild-type (P2ry12+/+ ) mice, accompanied by an increase in c-fos and CGRP expression in the upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C2) and trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Similar changes were also observed in P2Y12 R gene-deficient (P2ry12-/- ) mice. Prophylactic intrathecal application of PSB-0739 reversed thermal hyperalgesia and head grooming time in wild-type mice but had no effect in P2ry12-/- mice; furthermore, it was also effective when applied as a post-treatment. PSB-0739 administration suppressed the expression of c-fos in C1-C2 and TNC, and decrease C1-C2 levels of dopamine and serotonin in wild-type mice. NTG treatment itself did not change adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet activation measured by CD62P upregulation in wild-type mice. Platelet depletion by anti-mouse CD41 antibody and clopidogrel attenuated NTG-induced thermal hypersensitivity and head grooming time in mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our findings show that acute inhibition of P2Y12 Rs alleviates migraine-like pain in mice, by modulating the expression of c-fos, and platelet P2Y12 Rs might contribute to this effect. Hence, it is suggested that the blockade of P2Y12 Rs may have therapeutic potential against migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flóra Gölöncsér
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Iring
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hricisák
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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46
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Lu J, Guo X, Yan M, Yuan X, Chen S, Wang Y, Zhu J, Huang S, Shen H, Li H, Xue Q, Fang Q, Ni J, Gan L, Zhao H, Lu H, Chen G. P2X4R Contributes to Central Disinhibition Via TNF-α/TNFR1/GABAaR Pathway in Post-stroke Pain Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:968-980. [PMID: 33677111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a disabling condition in stroke patients. It is a type of neuropathic pain for which the mechanism and relevant drug pathways remain unknown. Inflammatory response and central disinhibition have been suggested recently. Our previous research has shown targeting P2X4 receptors (P2X4R) may be effective in the treatment of CPSP, but the downstream pathway of the P2X4R has not been studied. In this study, we found the increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level and endocytosis of surface gamma-aminobutyric acid a receptors (GABAaR) in CPSP, and these effects were inhibited by blocking P2X4R. Furthermore, antagonizing TNF-α can increase surface GABAaR expression and mechanical pain threshold. Meanwhile, knocking down TNFR1 but not TNFR2 reversed the endocytosis of surface GABAaR and alleviated mechanical allodynia. Thus, the neuropathic pain was mediated, in part, through P2X4R/TNF-α/TNFR1/GABAaR signaling, which was induced after stroke. PERSPECTIVE: P2X4R regulates the pathophysiological mechanism of CPSP through central disinhibition mediated by TNF-α/TNFR1. Our results suggest that modulation of P2X4R-TNF-α/TNFR1-GABAaR signaling could provide a new therapeutic strategy to treat CPSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoning Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manyun Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaqing Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shujun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juehua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shicun Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianqiang Ni
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Gan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haifeng Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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47
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Khir NAM, Noh ASM, Shafin N, Ismail CAN. Contribution of P2X4 receptor in pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:201-213. [PMID: 33594635 PMCID: PMC8155137 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is the most common symptom reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) even after the resolution of chronic joint inflammation. It is believed that RA-associated pain is not solely due to inflammation, but could also be attributed to aberrant modifications to the central nervous system. The P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is an ATP-activated purinergic receptor that plays a significant role in the transmission of information in the nervous system and pain. The involvement of P2X4R during the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain is well-established. The attenuation of this receptor alleviates disease pathogenesis and related symptoms, including hyperalgesia and allodynia. Although some studies have revealed the contribution of P2X4R in promoting joint inflammation in RA, how it implicates pain associated with RA at peripheral and central nervous systems is still lacking. In this review, the possible contributions of P2X4R in the nervous system and how it implicates pain transmission and responses were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Ajilah Mohamed Khir
- International Medical School, Management and Science University, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Ain’ Sabreena Mohd Noh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Nazlahshaniza Shafin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
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48
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Pietrowski MJ, Gabr AA, Kozlov S, Blum D, Halle A, Carvalho K. Glial Purinergic Signaling in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654850. [PMID: 34054698 PMCID: PMC8160300 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling regulates neuronal and glial cell functions in the healthy CNS. In neurodegenerative diseases, purinergic signaling becomes dysregulated and can affect disease-associated phenotypes of glial cells. In this review, we discuss how cell-specific expression patterns of purinergic signaling components change in neurodegeneration and how dysregulated glial purinergic signaling and crosstalk may contribute to disease pathophysiology, thus bearing promising potential for the development of new therapeutical options for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Pietrowski
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Amr Ahmed Gabr
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Stanislav Kozlov
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Labex DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Annett Halle
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Carvalho
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Labex DISTALZ, Lille, France
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49
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Sokolov AY, Volynsky MA, Zaytsev VV, Osipchuk AV, Kamshilin AA. Advantages of imaging photoplethysmography for migraine modeling: new optical markers of trigemino-vascular activation in rats. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:18. [PMID: 33794769 PMCID: PMC8015037 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existent animal models of migraine are not without drawbacks and limitations. The aim of our study was to evaluate imaging photoplethysmography (PPG) as a method of assessing intracranial blood flow in rats and its changes in response to electrical stimulation of dural trigeminal afferents. Methods Experiments were carried out with 32 anesthetized adult male Wistar rats. Trigeminovascular system (TVS) was activated by means of electrical stimulation of dural afferents through a closed cranial window (CCW). Parameters of meningeal blood flow were monitored using a PPG imaging system under green illumination with synchronous recording of an electrocardiogram (ECG) and systemic arterial blood pressure (ABP). Two indicators related to blood-flow parameters were assessed: intrinsic optical signals (OIS) and the amplitude of pulsatile component (APC) of the PPG waveform. Moreover, we carried out pharmacological validation of these indicators by determining their sensitivity to anti-migraine drugs: valproic acid and sumatriptan. For statistical analysis the non-parametric tests with post-hoc Bonferroni correction was used. Results Significant increase of both APC and OIS was observed due to CCW electrical stimulation. Compared to saline (n = 11), intravenous administration of both the sumatriptan (n = 11) and valproate (n = 10) by using a cumulative infusion regimen (three steps performed 30 min apart) lead to significant inhibitory effect on the APC response to the stimulation. In contrast, intravenous infusion of any substance or saline did not affect the OIS response to the stimulation. It was found that infusion of either sumatriptan or valproate did not affect the response of ABP or heart rate to the stimulation. Conclusions Imaging PPG can be used in an animal migraine model as a method for contactless assessment of intracranial blood flow. We have identified two new markers of TVS activation, one of which (APC) was pharmacologically confirmed to be associated with migraine. Monitoring of changes in APC caused by CCW electrical stimulation (controlling efficiency of stimulation by OIS) can be considered as a new way to assess the peripheral mechanism of action of anti-migraine interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Y Sokolov
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim A Volynsky
- Faculty of Applied Optics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valery V Zaytsev
- Faculty of Applied Optics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Research Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiia V Osipchuk
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexei A Kamshilin
- Research Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia. .,Laboratory of New Functional Materials for Photonics, Institute of Automation and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia.
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50
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Magni G, Ceruti S. Purines in Pain as a Gliopathy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:649807. [PMID: 33790798 PMCID: PMC8006436 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.649807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Magni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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