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Hörold-Willkomm C, Herrmann M, Baets D, Sur R. Comparison of measured and predicted herbicide concentrations in surface water catchments in Belgium. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 20:1447-1462. [PMID: 38597786 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In the process of approval of active substances and authorization in the European Union and at the member state level, it must be shown by the applicant that an unacceptable risk for nontarget organisms in the aquatic environment by the active substance can be excluded. To achieve this aim, standardized models, scenarios, and agreed pesticide input parameters have to be used to calculate the exposure as defined by the FOrum for the Co-ordination of pesticide fate models and their Use (FOCUS). During a period of daily surface water sampling lasting 3.5 years, a survey was conducted among farmers in the highly vulnerable catchment of Grote Kemmelbeek in Belgium to collect agronomic data on crops, application dates, and application rates of 12 applied herbicides and one metabolite. Daily surface water concentrations for the same herbicides were measured over 2.5 years for a second, much larger but less vulnerable, catchment of Kleine Aa (KAa). A comparison of realistic worst-case predicted environmental concentrations in surface water (PECsw) according to FOCUS with measured concentrations shows that, in the GKb catchment, the PECsw was never exceeded for six substances, was exceeded on only 1-2 days for five substances, and was exceeded on 9-27 days for two substances. For the KAa catchment, the PECsw was only exceeded on two days for one compound and never for the other 12 compounds. These numbers correspond to a level of protection of the FOCUS PECsw between 100% and 97% and are much higher than the regulatory protection goal of 90%. These two case studies demonstrate the protectiveness of the FOCUS surface water approach. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1447-1462. © 2024 Bayer AG. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Pimentão AR, Cuco AP, Pascoal C, Cássio F, Castro BB. Current trends and mismatches on fungicide use and assessment of the ecological effects in freshwater ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123678. [PMID: 38447649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence of off-site ecological impacts of pesticides and policy efforts worldwide, pesticide use is still far from being ecologically sustainable. Fungicides are among the most sold classes of pesticides and are crucial to ensure global food supply and security. This study aimed to identify potential gaps of knowledge and mismatches between research and usage data of fungicides by: (i) systematizing the current trends in global sales of fungicides, focusing on the European context in particular (where they are proportionally important); (ii) reviewing the scientific literature on the impacts of synthetic fungicides on non-target freshwater organisms. Sales data revealed important global and regional asymmetries in the relative importance of fungicides and the preferred active ingredients. The literature review on the ecological effects of fungicides disclosed a mismatch between the most studied and the most sold substances, as well as a bias towards the use of single species assays with standard test organisms. To ensure a proper evaluation, risk scenarios should focus on a regional scale, and research agendas must highlight sensitive aquatic ecorreceptors and improve the crosstalk between analytical and sales data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pimentão
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Cuco
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno B Castro
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Schemmer A, Wolfram J, Roodt AP, Bub S, Petschick LL, Herrmann LZ, Stehle S, Schulz R. Pesticide Mixtures in Surface Waters of Two Protected Areas in Southwestern Germany. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 112:10. [PMID: 38085362 PMCID: PMC10716062 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides enter non-target surface waters as a result of agricultural activities and may reach water bodies in protected areas. We measured in southwestern Germany pesticide concentrations after heavy rainfalls in streams of a drinking water protection area near Hausen (Freiburg) and in the catchment of the Queich (Landau), which originates from the biosphere reserve Palatinate Forest. On average, 32 (n = 21) and 21 (n = 10) pesticides were detected per sample and event in the area of Hausen (n = 56) and in the Queich catchment (n = 17), respectively. The majority of pesticides detected in > 50% of all samples were fungicides, with fluopyram being detected throughout all samples. Aquatic invertebrates exhibited highest risks with 16.1% of samples exceeding mixture toxicity thresholds, whereas risks were lower for aquatic plants (12.9%) and fish (6.5%). Mixture toxicity threshold exceedances indicate adverse ecological effects to occur at half of sites (50%). This study illustrates the presence of pesticide mixtures and highlights ecological risks for aquatic organisms in surface waters of protected areas in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schemmer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Jakob Wolfram
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Alexis P Roodt
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Sascha Bub
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Lara L Petschick
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Larissa Z Herrmann
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stehle
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany.
- Eusserthal Ecosystem Research Station, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern- Landau, Birkenthalstrasse 13, D-76857, Eusserthal, Germany.
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Mendaš G, Milićević T, Fingler S, Drevenkar V, Romanić SH, Popović A, Relić D. Human health risk assessment based on direct and indirect exposure to endocrine disrupting herbicides in drinking, ground, and surface water in Croatia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:106330-106341. [PMID: 37726632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of certain herbicides as endocrine disrupting compounds has raised concerns due to their ability to interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system, which regulates various physiological processes in organisms. The objective of this study was to assess the possible human health risks associated with terbuthylazine and endocrine-disrupting herbicides atrazine, acetochlor, and metolachlor in the drinking, surface, and groundwater of the Zagreb city region, Croatia. We relied on advanced statistical methods and principal component analysis (PCA), which revealed higher levels of atrazine and acetochlor in drinking and groundwater samples and higher presence of metolachlor and terbuthylazine in surface waters. To evaluate the danger to human health, various exposure scenarios have been assessed. The risk of direct human exposure to analyzed herbicides through drinking or bathing with drinking (tap) or groundwater, as well as from recreational activities like swimming in rivers, streams, and lakes, has been quantified. In addition to these direct exposure scenarios, indirect ones based on consumer goods, fruits, and vegetables, treated with surface and groundwater for irrigation, were assessed to investigate the danger to human health. Judging by the reported herbicide levels there was no significant risk of carcinogenic (CR ≤ 1 × 10-6) or non-carcinogenic (HI < 1) diseases, not even when we assessed the so-called "cocktail effect" of combined the herbicide exposure in different waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tijana Milićević
- Environmental Physics Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sanja Fingler
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlasta Drevenkar
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Herceg Romanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Popović
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dubravka Relić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Betz-Koch S, Jacobs B, Oehlmann J, Ratz D, Reutter C, Wick A, Oetken M. Pesticide dynamics in three small agricultural creeks in Hesse, Germany. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15650. [PMID: 37483984 PMCID: PMC10361075 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to their high biodiversity, small water bodies play an important role for freshwater ecosystems. Nonetheless, systematic pesticide monitoring in small creeks with a catchment <30 km2 is rarely conducted. Methods In this study, event-driven water samples were taken from May until November 2017 and March until July 2018 after 20 rain events at three sampling sites with catchment areas of <27 km2 in the Wetterau, a region with intensive agriculture in Southern Hesse, Germany. Additionally, enriched extracts of the native water samples from the campaign in 2018 were used for the Microtox assay to determine baseline toxicity to invertebrates over time and sum of toxic units (STU) were calculated to compare the potential toxicity of the samples. Results Overall, 37 pesticides and 17 transformation products were found, whereby the herbicide metamitron (79 µg/L) showed the highest concentration. Regularly, pesticide concentrations peaked at the time of the highest water level within each sampling event. Within each sampling event maximum pesticide concentration was mostly reached in water samples taken during the first two hours. The sum of the time-weighted mean concentration values of all pesticides was between 2.0 µg/L and 7.2 µg/L, whereby the measured concentrations exceeded their regulatory acceptable concentration (RAC) at 55% of all sampling events for at least one pesticide. The mean EC50 values varied between 28.6 ± 13.1 to 41.3 ± 12.1 REF (relative enrichment factor). The results indicated that several samples caused baseline toxicity, whereby the highest activity was measured at the time of highest water levels and pesticides concentrations, and then steadily decreased in parallel with the water level. Median STUs of invertebrates ranged from -2.10 to -3.91, of algae/aquatic plants from -0.79 to -1.84 and of fish from -2.47 to -4.24. For one of the three sampling sites, a significant linear correlation between baseline toxicity and STUinvertebratewas found (r2 = 0.48). Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that (1) current pesticide monitoring programs underestimate risks posed by the exposure to pesticides for aquatic organisms and (2) pre-authorization regulatory risk assessment schemes are insufficient to protect aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Betz-Koch
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Björn Jacobs
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (BfG), Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Dominik Ratz
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christian Reutter
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (BfG), Koblenz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oetken
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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McGinley J, Healy MG, Ryan PC, O'Driscoll H, Mellander PE, Morrison L, Siggins A. Impact of historical legacy pesticides on achieving legislative goals in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162312. [PMID: 36805066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to optimise food production. However, the movement of pesticides into water bodies negatively impacts aquatic environments. The European Union (EU) aims to make food systems fair, healthy and environmentally friendly through its current Farm to Fork strategy. As part of this strategy, the EU plans to reduce the overall use and risk of chemical pesticides by 50 % by 2030. The attainment of this target may be compromised by the prevalence of legacy pesticides arising from historical applications to land, which can persist in the environment for several decades. The current EU Farm to Fork policy overlooks the potential challenges of legacy pesticides and requirements for their remediation. In this review, the current knowledge regarding pesticide use in Europe, as well as pathways of pesticide movement to waterways, are investigated. The issues of legacy pesticides, including exceedances, are examined, and existing and emerging methods of pesticide remediation, particularly of legacy pesticides, are discussed. The fact that some legacy pesticides can be detected in water samples, more than twenty-five years after they were prohibited, highlights the need for improved EU strategies and policies aimed at targeting legacy pesticides in order to meet future targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McGinley
- Civil Engineering, University of Galway, Ireland; Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - M G Healy
- Civil Engineering, University of Galway, Ireland; Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - P C Ryan
- Discipline of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University College Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harmon O'Driscoll
- Discipline of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - P-E Mellander
- Agricultural Catchments Programme, Teagasc Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - L Morrison
- Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Ireland; Earth and Ocean Sciences, Earth and Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - A Siggins
- Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Ireland; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland.
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Rocha MJ, Rocha E. Chemical monitoring and risk assessment of 56 pesticides in the Ave River and adjoining Atlantic coastline (Iberian Peninsula, Portugal). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 190:114844. [PMID: 37015172 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Ave basin (North Atlantic Ocean Ecoregion) is highly disturbed by anthropogenic activities. The amounts and distribution patterns of 56 priority pesticides (fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides) dissolved in the aqueous phase (DAP) and suspended particle matter (SPM) were evaluated seasonally along the river, estuary and coastline. Over 83 % of the GC-MS/MS-identified pesticides were quantified in DAP and 91 % in SPM. Pesticides' average annual amounts were ≅316 ng/L and 1.3 μg/g (fungicides), ≅272 ng/L and 2.2 μg/g (herbicides) and ≅1344 ng/L and 6.6 μg/g (insecticides). Invertebrates were the most vulnerable trophic level in the theoretical assessment of pesticide mixture hazards. This hypothesis was strengthened by acute in vivo assays using Artemia salina and Daphnia magna. These data, and the fact that 38 % of pesticides showed concentrations above the maximum established by the European legislation, plus the high concentrations of nitrates, nitrites, ammonia and phosphates, request further depollution actions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Rocha
- Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Team of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Team of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal
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Richardson MJ, Kabiri S, Grimison C, Bowles K, Corish S, Chapman M, McLaughlin MJ. Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Runoff and Leaching from AFFF-Contaminated Soils: a Rainfall Simulation Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16857-16865. [PMID: 36354276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mobilization and transport of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) via surface runoff (runoff) from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-contaminated soils during rainfall, flooding, or irrigation has not been thoroughly evaluated, and the effectiveness of carbonaceous sorbents in limiting PFASs in runoff is similarly unquantified. Here, laboratory-scale rainfall simulations evaluate PFAS losses in runoff and in leaching to groundwater (leachate) from AFFF-contaminated soils varying in texture, PFAS composition and concentration, and remediation treatment. Leaching dominated PFAS losses in soils with a concentration of ∑PFAS = 0.2-2 mg/kg. However, with higher soil PFAS concentrations (∑PFAS = 31 mg/kg), leachate volumes were negligible and runoff dominated losses. The concentration and variety of PFASs were far greater in leachates regardless of the initial concentrations in soil. Losses of PFASs were dependent on the C-chain length for leachates and more on the initial concentration in soil for runoff. Suspended materials did not meaningfully contribute to runoff losses. While concentrations of most PFASs declined significantly after the first rainfall event, desorption and transport in both runoff and leachates persisted over several rainfall events. Finally, results showed that sorption to AC mostly occurred during, not prior to, rainfall events and that 1% w/w AC substantially reduced losses in runoff and leachates from all soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Richardson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia5064, Australia
| | - Shervin Kabiri
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia5064, Australia
| | - Charles Grimison
- Ventia Proprietary Limited, North Sydney,, New South Wales2060, Australia
| | - Karl Bowles
- RPS AAP Consulting Proprietary Limited, Sydney, New South Wales2000, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland4102, Australia
| | - Stephen Corish
- Treo Environment Proprietary Limited, Bondi Junction, Woolloongabba, New South Wales2022, Australia
| | - Mark Chapman
- Aecom Australia, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia5064, Australia
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Ulrich U, Lorenz S, Hörmann G, Stähler M, Neubauer L, Fohrer N. Multiple pesticides in lentic small water bodies: Exposure, ecotoxicological risk, and contamination origin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151504. [PMID: 34785230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lentic small water bodies (LSWB) are a highly valuable landscape element with important ecosystem services and benefits for humans and the environment. However, data about their pesticide contamination dynamic and the associated ecotoxicological effects are scarce. To overcome these knowledge gaps, five LSWBs located in agricultural fields in Northern Germany were studied during the spring pesticide application period (April to July 2018) and the concentrations of 94 pesticides were measured in weekly intervals. The goals of this study were to observe the trends of pesticide contamination during the application period, assess the ecotoxicity of the contamination, and assign the findings to temporal and spatial origins. Samples contained pesticide concentrations between 0.12 and 4.83 μg L-1 as sums. High detection frequencies (81% of samples) and concentrations (max 1.2 μg L-1) were observed for metazachlor transformation products. Contamination from multiple pesticides was detected with up to 25 compounds per sample and a maximum of 37 compounds per LSWB during the entire sampling period. High toxicities for algae and macrophytes were recorded using toxic units (TU) of -0.2 to -3.5. TUs for invertebrates were generally lower than for algae/macrophytes (-2.7 to -5.2) but were also recorded at levels with ecological impacts. Pesticide detections were separated into four categories to assign them to different temporal and spatial origins. Pesticides from the spring (5-11%) and the previous autumn (0-36%) application periods were detected in the LSWB. Some pesticides could be related to the application of the previous crop on the same field (0-39%), but most of the compounds (44-85%) were not related to the crop management in the last two years on the respective LSWB fields. The relevance of different input pathways is still unknown. Particularly, the effect of long-distance transport needs to be clarified to protect aquatic biota in LSWBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Ulrich
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lorenz
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kuehn Institute, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Hörmann
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Stähler
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kuehn Institute, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lydia Neubauer
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicola Fohrer
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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la Cecilia D, Dax A, Ehmann H, Koster M, Singer H, Stamm C. Continuous high-frequency pesticide monitoring to observe the unexpected and the overlooked. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 13:100125. [PMID: 34816114 PMCID: PMC8593654 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic Plant Protection Products (PPPs) are a key element for a large part of today's global food systems. However, the transport of PPPs and their transformation products (TPs) to water bodies has serious negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. Small streams in agricultural catchments may experience pronounced concentration peaks given the proximity to fields and poor dilution capacity. Traditional sampling approaches often prevent a comprehensive understanding of PPPs and TPs concentration patterns being limited by trade-offs between temporal resolution and duration of the observation period. These limitations result in a knowledge gap for accurate ecotoxicological risk assessment and the achievement of optimal monitoring strategies for risk mitigation. We present here high-frequency PPPs and TPs concentration time-series measured with the autonomous MS2Field platform that combines continuous sampling and on-site measurements with a high-resolution mass spectrometer, which allows for overcoming temporal trade-offs. In a small agricultural catchment, we continuously measured 60 compounds at 20 minutes resolution for 41 days during the growing season. This observation period included 8 large and 15 small rain events and provided 2560 concentration values per compound. To identify similarities and differences among the compound-specific concentration time-series, we analysed the entire dataset with positive matrix factorisation. Six factors sufficiently captured the overall complexity in concentration dynamics. While one factor reflected dilution during rainfall, five factors identified PPPs groups that seemed to share a common history of recent applications. The investigation per event of the concentration time-series revealed a surprising complexity of dynamic patterns; physico-chemical properties of the compounds did not influence the (dis)similarity of chemographs. Some PPPs concentration peaks led while others lagged by several hours the water level peaks during large events. During small events, water level peaks always preceded concentration peaks, which were generally only observed when the water levels had almost receded to pre-event levels. Thus, monitoring schemes relying on rainfall or water level as proxies for triggering sampling may lead to systematic biases. The high temporal resolution revealed that the Swiss national monitoring integrating over 3.5 days underestimated critical concentration peaks by a factor of eight to more than 32, captured 3 out of 11 exceedances of legal acute quality standards (the relevant values in the Swiss Water Protection Law) and recorded 1 out of 9 exceedances of regulatory acceptable concentrations (the relevant values for the PPPs registration process). MS2Field allowed for observing unexpected and overlooked pesticide dynamics with consequences for further research but also for monitoring. The large variability in timing of concentration peaks relative to water level calls for more in-depth analyses regarding the respective transport mechanisms. To perform these analyses, spatially distributed sampling and time-series of geo-referenced PPPs application data are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. la Cecilia
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A. Dax
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - H. Ehmann
- Cantonal Office for the Environment, Thurgau 8510, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - M. Koster
- Cantonal Office for the Environment, Thurgau 8510, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - H. Singer
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - C. Stamm
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Weisner O, Frische T, Liebmann L, Reemtsma T, Roß-Nickoll M, Schäfer RB, Schäffer A, Scholz-Starke B, Vormeier P, Knillmann S, Liess M. Risk from pesticide mixtures - The gap between risk assessment and reality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149017. [PMID: 34328899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide applications in agricultural crops often comprise a mixture of plant protection products (PPP), and single fields face multiple applications per year leading to complex pesticide mixtures in the environment. Restricted to single PPP, the current European Union PPP regulation, however, disregards the ecological risks of pesticide mixtures. To quantify this additional risk, we evaluated the contribution of single pesticide active ingredients to the additive mixture risk for aquatic risk indicators (invertebrates and algae) in 464 different PPP used, 3446 applications sprayed and 830 water samples collected in Central Europe, Germany. We identified an average number of 1.3 different pesticides in a single PPP, 3.1 for complete applications often involving multiple PPP and 30 in stream water samples. Under realistic worst-case conditions, the estimated stream water pesticide risk based on additive effects was 3.2 times higher than predicted from single PPP. We found that in streams, however, the majority of regulatory threshold exceedances was caused by single pesticides alone (69% for algae, 81% for invertebrates). Both in PPP applications and in stream samples, pesticide exposure occurred in repeated pulses each driven by one to few alternating pesticides. The time intervals between pulses were shorter than the 8 weeks considered for ecological recovery in environmental risk assessment in 88% of spray series and 53% of streams. We conclude that pesticide risk assessment should consider an additional assessment factor to account for the additive, but also potential synergistic simultaneous pesticide mixture risk. Additionally, future research and risk assessment need to address the risk from the frequent sequential pesticide exposure observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Weisner
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany.
| | - Tobias Frische
- German Federal Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Liana Liebmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Department Evolutionary Ecology & Environmental Toxicology (E3T), Institute of Ecology, Diversity and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Scholz-Starke
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; darwin statistics, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Vormeier
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia Knillmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Federal Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Matthias Liess
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Negatu B, Dugassa S, Mekonnen Y. Environmental and Health Risks of Pesticide Use in Ethiopia. J Health Pollut 2021; 11:210601. [PMID: 34267988 PMCID: PMC8276724 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.30.210601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are frequent reports of unsafe pesticide use in many parts of Africa. Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa with around 80% of the population still depending on agriculture which intensively uses pesticides. A number of studies have examined pesticide-related health and environmental risks in Ethiopia. However, most of these studies have been small in scale and it is therefore challenging to get a general overview of the extent of health risks and level of environmental contamination in the country. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to synthesize and summarize contemporary knowledge on pesticide-related risks and relevant gaps in Ethiopia. METHODS An electronic database search and gathering of grey literature were done to collect information on the risks of pesticide use in Ethiopia. The electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE (via PubMed) without any publication date or language specifications. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was used as guide in the creation of this review. DISCUSSION A synthesis of the reviewed studies showed evidence of health risks due to occupational pesticide exposure, surface water pollution with pesticides that could cause chronic health risks to the public, evidence of pesticide contamination of the environment (e.g., soil organisms, fish, bee colonies and wildlife) and local as well as international consumer risks due to pesticide residues in food items. In addition, there have been frequent reports of health and environmental hazards in association with cut-flower farms. There is also evidence of direct use of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) on food crops and detection of DDT residues in surface water, soil and human breast milk. Those reported risks might be due to lack of knowledge among farm workers, negligence of farm owners, absence of post-registration monitoring systems and poor implementation of both national and international regulations in Ethiopia due to poor institutional capacity. CONCLUSIONS The health and environmental risks of inappropriate use of pesticides requires action by all concerned bodies. Improved institutional arrangements for enforcement of regulations, awareness and further intervention studies could lessen the high risks of pesticide misuse. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyene Negatu
- Pesticide Registration and Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Dugassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yalemtshay Mekonnen
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
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13
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Schulz R, Bub S, Petschick LL, Stehle S, Wolfram J. Applied pesticide toxicity shifts toward plants and invertebrates, even in GM crops. Science 2021; 372:81-84. [PMID: 33795455 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide impacts are usually discussed in the context of applied amounts while disregarding the large but environmentally relevant variations in substance-specific toxicity. Here, we systemically interpret changes in the use of 381 pesticides over 25 years by considering 1591 substance-specific acute toxicity threshold values for eight nontarget species groups. We find that the toxicity of applied insecticides to aquatic invertebrates and pollinators has increased considerably-in sharp contrast to the applied amount-and that this increase has been driven by highly toxic pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, respectively. We also report increasing applied toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and pollinators in genetically modified (GM) corn and to terrestrial plants in herbicide-tolerant soybeans since approximately 2010. Our results challenge the claims of a decrease in the environmental impacts of pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany.
- Eusserthal Ecosystem Research Station, University Koblenz-Landau, 76857 Eusserthal, Germany
| | - Sascha Bub
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Lara L Petschick
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stehle
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
- Eusserthal Ecosystem Research Station, University Koblenz-Landau, 76857 Eusserthal, Germany
| | - Jakob Wolfram
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
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14
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Arlos MJ, Focks A, Hollender J, Stamm C. Improving Risk Assessment by Predicting the Survival of Field Gammarids Exposed to Dynamic Pesticide Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12383-12392. [PMID: 32900191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment of pesticides has substantially improved over time, with methods that now include a combination of advanced analytical techniques and fate/transport models to evaluate their spatiotemporal distribution. However, the current regulatory environmental risk assessment considers thresholds from laboratory studies completed under standardized conditions that do not reflect environmental dynamics. Using the General Unified Threshold model for Survival (GUTS) model framework, we predicted the impact of time-varying pesticide exposures on the survival of gammarids in a small agricultural stream. The LP50 values were used as an additional metric for assessing risks (defined in GUTS as a multiplication factor applied to the concentration time series to induce 50% mortality by the end of exposure). Although real-case exposures to individual pesticides were predicted to produce little to no impact on survival, the LP50 values indicate acute (LP50 ≤ 100) and/or chronic (LP50 ≤ 10) toxicities for azoxystrobin, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and imidacloprid, while risk to propiconazole exposure was considered very low (LP50 ≫ 100). Finally, the model was extended to reflect mixture toxicity via concentration addition. It predicted risks under acute and chronic exposures to organophosphates and neonicotinoids. Given that gammarids are simultaneously exposed to multiple chemicals and other stressors throughout their lifetime, a decline in survival probabilities due to chemical stress can likely influence their overall fitness. We recognize that some assumptions require validation, but our work included a level of realism that can assist risk managers when evaluating the cumulative consequences of chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricor J Arlos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St. NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Focks
- Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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15
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Sybertz A, Ottermanns R, Schäffer A, Scholz-Starke B, Daniels B, Frische T, Bär S, Ullrich C, Roß-Nickoll M. Simulating spray series of pesticides in agricultural practice reveals evidence for accumulation of environmental risk in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:135004. [PMID: 31911253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sybertz
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Chair Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Chair Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Chair Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Björn Scholz-Starke
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Chair Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Daniels
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Chair Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Frische
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Susanne Bär
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | | | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Chair Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Aachen, Germany.
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16
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Vonk JA, Kraak MHS. Herbicide Exposure and Toxicity to Aquatic Primary Producers. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 250:119-171. [PMID: 32945954 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present review was to give an overview of the current state of science concerning herbicide exposure and toxicity to aquatic primary producers. To this end we assessed the open literature, revealing the widespread presence of (mixtures of) herbicides, inevitably leading to the exposure of non-target primary producers. Yet, herbicide concentrations show strong temporal and spatial variations. Concerning herbicide toxicity, it was concluded that the most sensitive as well as the least sensitive species differed per herbicide and that the observed effect concentrations for some herbicides were rather independent from the exposure time. More extensive ecotoxicity testing is required, especially considering macrophytes and marine herbicide toxicity. Hence, it was concluded that the largest knowledge gap concerns the effects of sediment-associated herbicides on primary producers in the marine/estuarine environment. Generally, there is no actual risk of waterborne herbicides to aquatic primary producers. Still, median concentrations of atrazine and especially of diuron measured in China, the USA and Europe represented moderate risks for primary producers. Maximum concentrations due to misuse and accidents may even cause the exceedance of almost 60% of the effect concentrations plotted in SSDs. Using bioassays to determine the effect of contaminated water and sediment and to identify the herbicides of concern is a promising addition to chemical analysis, especially for the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides using photosynthesis as endpoint in the bioassays. This review concluded that to come to a reliable herbicide hazard and risk assessment, an extensive catch-up must be made concerning macrophytes, the marine environment and especially sediment as overlooked and understudied environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arie Vonk
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michiel H S Kraak
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Climent MJ, Herrero-Hernández E, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Rodríguez-Cruz MS, Pedreros P, Urrutia R. Residues of pesticides and some metabolites in dissolved and particulate phase in surface stream water of Cachapoal River basin, central Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:90-101. [PMID: 31071637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last twenty years, pesticide use in Chile has increased more than 160%, generating a greater risk of water resources pollution. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of 22 pesticides and 12 degradation products in surface water samples from the Cachapoal River basin, Central Chile, an area characterized by intense agricultural activity. Pesticide concentrations in the dissolved phase (DP) and particulate phase (PP) in samples collected in the dry season and after precipitation events was assessed. The solid-phase extraction technique was used to preconcentrate the samples and GC/MS and LC/MS were used to detect pesticides. The results present spatio-temporal variations in the proportion and concentration of pesticides and their degradation products in both the DP and PP for each site and sampling period. The most ubiquitous compounds in the dissolved phase were atrazine, atrazine-2-hydroxy (HA), cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole, while in the particulate phase HA, imidacloprid, diazinon and pyrimidinol were detected. The results presented in this study make up the first record of pesticides in the dissolved and particulate phases in surface water in Chile. They show that the problem of pesticide contamination undoubtedly affects the quality of bodies of water in agricultural areas in Chile and support the need for a proper assessment of the water quality of the Cachapoal River in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Climent
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences & EULA Center, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Center for Water Resources for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 1295, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eliseo Herrero-Hernández
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA-CSIC, c/ Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA-CSIC, c/ Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA-CSIC, c/ Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Pedreros
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences & EULA Center, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Center for Water Resources for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 1295, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto Urrutia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences & EULA Center, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Center for Water Resources for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 1295, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
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18
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Incorporating Rainfall-Runoff Events into Nitrate-Nitrogen and Phosphorus Load Assessments for Small Tile-Drained Catchments. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9090712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Pereira AS, Cerejeira MJ, Daam MA. Toxicity of environmentally realistic concentrations of chlorpyrifos and terbuthylazine in indoor microcosms. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:348-355. [PMID: 28505576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted into the evaluation of environmentally realistic pesticide mixtures using model ecosystems. In the present study, the effects of single and combined environmentally realistic concentrations of the herbicide terbuthylazine and the insecticide chlorpyrifos were evaluated using laboratory microcosms. Direct toxic effects of chlorpyrifos were noted on copepod nauplii and cladocerans and the recovery of the latter was likely related with the decrease observed in rotifer abundances. Terbuthylazine potentiated the effect of chlorpyrifos on feeding rates of Daphnia magna, presumably by triggering the transformation of chlorpyrifos to more toxic oxon-analogs. Possible food-web interactions resulting from multiple chemical (and other) stressors likely to be present in edge-of-field water bodies need to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santos Pereira
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria José Cerejeira
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michiel A Daam
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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20
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Bradu C, Magureanu M, Parvulescu VI. Degradation of the chlorophenoxyacetic herbicide 2,4-D by plasma-ozonation system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 336:52-56. [PMID: 28472708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel advanced oxidation process based on the combination of ozonation with non-thermal plasma generated in a pulsed corona discharge was developed for the oxidative degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants in water. The pulsed corona discharge in contact with liquid, operated in oxygen, produced 3.5mgL-1 ozone, which was subsequently introduced in the ozonation reactor. The solution to be treated was continuously circulated between the plasma reactor and the ozonation reactor. The system was tested for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and considerably improved performance as compared to ozonation alone, both with respect to the removal of the target compound and to mineralization. The apparent reaction rate constant for 2,4-D removal was 0.195min-1, more than two times higher than the value obtained in ozonation experiments. The mineralization reached more than 90% after 60min treatment and the chlorine balance confirms the absence of quantifiable amounts of chlorinated by-products. The energy efficiency was considerably enhanced by shortening the duration of the discharge pulses, which opens the way for further optimization of the electrical circuit design.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bradu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Department of Systems Ecology and Sustainability, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Magureanu
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Department of Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion, Atomistilor Str. 409, P.O. Box MG-36, 077125, Magurele, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - V I Parvulescu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Bd. Regina Elisabeta 4-12, 030016, Bucharest, Romania
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21
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Szöcs E, Brinke M, Karaoglan B, Schäfer RB. Large Scale Risks from Agricultural Pesticides in Small Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7378-7385. [PMID: 28594168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Small streams are important refuges for biodiversity. In agricultural areas, they may be at risk from pesticide pollution. However, most related studies have been limited to a few streams on the regional level, hampering extrapolation to larger scales. We quantified risks as exceedances of regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) and used German monitoring data to quantify the drivers thereof and to assess current risks in small streams on a large scale. The data set was comprised of 1 766 104 measurements of 478 pesticides (including metabolites) related to 24 743 samples from 2301 sampling sites. We investigated the influence of agricultural land use, catchment size, as well as precipitation and seasonal dynamics on pesticide risk taking also concentrations below the limit of quantification into account. The exceedances of risk thresholds dropped 3.7-fold at sites with no agriculture. Precipitation increased detection probability by 43%, and concentrations were the highest from April to June. Overall, this indicates that agricultural land use is a major contributor of pesticides in streams. RACs were exceeded in 26% of streams, with the highest exceedances found for neonicotinoid insecticides. We conclude that pesticides from agricultural land use are a major threat to small streams and their biodiversity. To reflect peak concentrations, current pesticide monitoring needs refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Szöcs
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Marvin Brinke
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Ralf B Schäfer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
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22
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Pereira AS, Daam MA, Cerejeira MJ. Evaluation of FOCUS surface water pesticide concentration predictions and risk assessment of field-measured pesticide mixtures-a crop-based approach under Mediterranean conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17394-17406. [PMID: 28589283 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
FOCUS models are used in the European regulatory risk assessment (RA) to predict individual pesticide concentrations in edge-of-field surface waters. The scenarios used in higher tier FOCUS simulations were mainly based on Central/North European, and work is needed to underpin the validity of simulated exposure profiles for Mediterranean agroecosystems. In addition, the RA of chemicals are traditionally evaluated on the basis of single substances although freshwater life is generally exposed to a multitude of pesticides. In the present study, we monitored 19 pesticides in surface waters of five locations in the Portuguese 'Lezíria do Tejo' agricultural area. FOCUS step 3 simulations were performed for the South European scenarios to estimate predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). We verified that 44% of the PECs underestimated the measured environmental concentrations (MEC) of the pesticides, showing a non-compliance with the field data. Risk was assessed by comparing the environmental quality standards (EQS) and regulatory acceptable concentrations with their respective MECs. Risk of mixtures was demonstrated in 100% of the samples with insecticides accounting for 60% of the total risk identified. The overall link between the RA and the actual situation in the field must be considerably strengthened, and field studies on pesticide exposure and effects should be carried out to assist the improvement of predictive approaches used for regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santos Pereira
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria José Cerejeira
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
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Baciak M, Sikorski Ł, Piotrowicz-Cieślak AI, Adomas B. Content of biogenic amines in Lemna minor (common duckweed) growing in medium contaminated with tetracycline. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 180:95-102. [PMID: 27684602 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic plants are continuously exposed to a variety of stress factors. No data on the impact of antibiotics on the biogenic amines in duckweed (Lemna minor) have been available so far, and such data could be significant, considering the ecological role of this plant in animal food chains. In the tissues of control (non-stressed) nine-day-old duckweed, the following biogenic amines were identified: tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine. Based on the tetracycline contents and the computed EC values, the predicted toxicity units have been calculated. The obtained results demonstrated phytoxicity caused by tetracycline in relation to duckweed growth rate, yield and the contents of chlorophylls a and b. The carotenoid content was not modified by tetracycline. It was found that tetracycline as a water pollutant was a stress factor triggering an increase in the synthesis of amines. Tetracycline at 19, 39 and 78μM concentrations increased biogenic amine synthesis by 3.5 times. Although the content of tyramine increased fourteen times with the highest concentration of the drug (and of spermidine - only three-fold) the increase of spermidine was numerically the highest. Among the biogenic amines the most responsive to tetracycline were spermine and tyramine, while the least affected were putrescine and spermidine. Despite putrescine and spermidine being the least sensitive, their sum of contents increased five-fold compared to the control. These studies suggest that tetracycline in water reservoirs is taken up by L. minor as the antibiotic clearly modifies the metabolism of this plant and it may likely pose a risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Baciak
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sikorski
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka I Piotrowicz-Cieślak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetic and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Adomas
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
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