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Xie L, Ma C, Li X, Chen H, Han P, Lin L, Huang W, Xu M, Lu H, Du Z. Efficacy of Glycyrrhetinic Acid in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation. Molecules 2024; 29:2345. [PMID: 38792208 PMCID: PMC11123902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a saponin compound, isolated from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which has been wildly explored for its intriguing pharmacological and medicinal effects. GA is a triterpenoid glycoside displaying an array of pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antiviral and antioxidative properties. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of GA on acne vulgaris through network pharmacology and proteomics. After the intersection of the 154 drug targets and 581 disease targets, 37 therapeutic targets for GA against acne were obtained. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted TNF, IL1B, IL6, ESR1, PPARG, NFKB1, STAT3 and TLR4 as key targets of GA against acne, which is further verified by molecular docking. The experimental results showed that GA inhibited lipid synthesis in vitro and in vivo, improved the histopathological damage of skin, prevented mast cell infiltration and decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. This study indicates that GA may regulate multiple pathways to improve acne symptoms, and the beneficial effects of GA against acne vulgaris might be through the regulation of sebogenesis and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Xie
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.X.); (C.M.); (H.C.)
- Shenzhen Liran Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China (W.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Congwei Ma
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.X.); (C.M.); (H.C.)
- Shenzhen Liran Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China (W.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Xinyu Li
- Shenzhen Liran Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China (W.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Huixiong Chen
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.X.); (C.M.); (H.C.)
- Chemistry of RNA, Nucleosides, Peptides and Heterocycles, CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Cité, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, CEDEX 06, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Ping Han
- Foshan Allan Conney Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528231, China; (P.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Lin
- Foshan Allan Conney Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528231, China; (P.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- Shenzhen Liran Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China (W.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Menglu Xu
- Shenzhen Liran Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China (W.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Hailiang Lu
- Shenzhen Liran Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China (W.H.); (M.X.)
| | - Zhiyun Du
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.X.); (C.M.); (H.C.)
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Sun G, Feng Z, Kuang Y, Fu Z, Wang Y, Zhao X, Wang F, Sun H, Yuan H, Dai L. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of piperazine derivatives as pan-PPARs agonists for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116344. [PMID: 38522113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is commonly occurred in chronic liver diseases, but there is no approved drug for clinical use. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) could not only regulate metabolic homeostasis but also possess anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects, and pan-PPARs agonist was considered as a potential anti-liver fibrosis agent. In this study, a series of novel piperazine pan-PPARs agonists were developed, and the preferred compound 12 displayed potent and well-balanced pan-PPARs agonistic activity. Moreover, compound 12 could dose-dependently stimulate the PPARs target genes expression and showed high selectivity over other related nuclear receptors. Importantly, compound 12 exhibited excellent pharmacokinetic profiles and good anti-liver fibrosis effects in vivo. Collectively, compound 12 holds promise for developing an anti-liver fibrosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhiqi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China
| | - Yufan Kuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhuoxin Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China
| | - Haoliang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Liang Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China.
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3
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Zou Y, Zhan T, Liu J, Tan J, Liu W, Huang S, Cai Y, Huang M, Huang X, Tian X. CXCL6 promotes the progression of NAFLD through regulation of PPARα. Cytokine 2024; 174:156459. [PMID: 38056250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have shown that Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome, but its specific pathogenesis remains unclear. By analyzing GEO database, we found CXCL6 was upregulated in liver tissues of patients with NAFLD. We also confirmed with qPCR that CXCL6 is highly expressed in serum of patients with NAFLD. To identify the underlying impact of CXCL6 on NAFLD, we established animal and cell models of NAFLD. Similarly, we confirmed by qPCR and Western blot that CXCL6 was upregulated in the NAFLD model in vitro and vivo. After transfecting NAFLD cells with siRNA targeting CXCL6 (si-CXCL6), a series of functional experiments were carried out, and these data indicated that the inhibition of CXCL6 reduced intracellular lipid deposition, decreased AST, ALT and TG level, facilitate cell proliferation and suppress their apoptosis. Furthermore, western blot and qPCR analyses displayed that the suppression of CXCL6 could raise the PPARα expression, but PPAR α inhibitor, GW6471 could partially counteract this effect. What's more, Oil Red O staining, biochemical analyzer and TG detection kit revealed that GW6471 could reverse the inhibitory effect of si-CXCL6 on NAFLD. In summary, we provide convincing evidence that CXCL6 is markedly elevated in NAFLD, and the CXCL6/PPARα regulatory network mediates disease progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of WuHan University (WuHan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ting Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of WuHan University (WuHan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of WuHan University (WuHan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of WuHan University (WuHan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of WuHan University (WuHan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yisan Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of WuHan University (WuHan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of WuHan University (WuHan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of WuHan University (WuHan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Xia Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital of WuHan University (WuHan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China.
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Ruppert PMM, Kersten S. Mechanisms of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis during fasting. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:107-124. [PMID: 37940485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Fasting is part of many weight management and health-boosting regimens. Fasting causes substantial metabolic adaptations in the liver that include the stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. The induction of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis during fasting is mainly driven by interrelated changes in plasma levels of various hormones and an increase in plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and is mediated transcriptionally by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, supported by CREB3L3 (cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 like 3). Compared with men, women exhibit higher ketone levels during fasting, likely due to higher NEFA availability, suggesting that the metabolic response to fasting shows sexual dimorphism. Here, we synthesize the current molecular knowledge on the impact of fasting on hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M M Ruppert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 C Odense, Denmark
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Dai CL, Yang HX, Liu QP, Rahman K, Zhang H. CXCL6: A potential therapeutic target for inflammation and cancer. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4413-4427. [PMID: 37612429 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines were originally defined as cytokines that affect the movement of immune cells. In recent years, due to the increasing importance of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), the role of chemokines has changed from a single "chemotactic agent" to a key factor that can regulate TME and affect the tumor phenotype. CXCL6, also known as granulocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (GCP-2), can recruit neutrophils to complete non-specific immunity in the process of inflammation. Cancer-related genes and interleukin family can promote the abnormal secretion of CXCL6, which promotes tumor growth, metastasis, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and angiogenesis in the TME. CXCL6 also has a role in promoting fibrosis and tissue damage repair. In this review, we focus on the regulatory network affecting CXCL6 expression, its role in the progress of inflammation and how it affects tumorigenesis and progression based on the TME, in an attempt to provide a potential target for the treatment of diseases such as inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lan Dai
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Huang Z, Zhou RR. Mechanism for FXR to regulate bile acid and glycolipid metabolism to improve NAFLD. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:797-807. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i19.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease, with liver metabolic disorders as major pathological changes, manifested as abnormal lipid accumulation, liver cell oxidative stress, etc., but its etiology is still unclear. The farnesol X receptor (FXR) is a major bile acid receptor in the "gut-liver axis", via which FXR regulates metabolism and affects the pathophysiological status of various substances through different pathways, thus contributing to the occurrence and development of NAFLD. Therefore, FXR has become a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD. This article reviews the relationship between FXR regulation of bile acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism through the "gut-liver axis" and the occurrence and development of NAFLD, to provide new insights and clues for further research about FXR-based pharmaceutical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
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Fang J, Celton-Morizur S, Desdouets C. NAFLD-Related HCC: Focus on the Latest Relevant Preclinical Models. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3723. [PMID: 37509384 PMCID: PMC10377912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Despite extensive research, the biological mechanisms underlying HCC's development and progression remain only partially understood. Chronic overeating and/or sedentary-lifestyle-associated obesity, which promote Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), have recently emerged as worrying risk factors for HCC. NAFLD is characterized by excessive hepatocellular lipid accumulation (steatosis) and affects one quarter of the world's population. Steatosis progresses in the more severe inflammatory form, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), potentially leading to HCC. The incidence of NASH is expected to increase by up to 56% over the next 10 years. Better diagnoses and the establishment of effective treatments for NAFLD and HCC will require improvements in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the disease's development. This review describes the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the mechanisms underlying the transition from NAFL/NASH to HCC. We also discuss a selection of appropriate preclinical models of NAFLD for research, from cellular models such as liver-on-a-chip models to in vivo models, focusing particularly on mouse models of dietary NAFLD-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
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Kukal S, Bora S, Kanojia N, Singh P, Paul PR, Rawat C, Sagar S, Bhatraju NK, Grewal GK, Singh A, Kukreti S, Satyamoorthy K, Kukreti R. Valproic Acid-Induced Upregulation of Multidrug Efflux Transporter ABCG2/BCRP via PPAR α-Dependent Mechanism in Human Brain Endothelial Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 103:145-157. [PMID: 36414374 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress made in the development of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), poor response to them is a rising concern in epilepsy treatment. Of several hypotheses explaining AED treatment failure, the most promising theory is the overexpression of multidrug transporters belonging to ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family at blood-brain barrier. Previous data show that AEDs themselves can induce these transporters, in turn affecting their own brain bioavailability. Presently, this induction and the underlying regulatory mechanism involved at human blood-brain barrier is not well elucidated. Herein, we sought to explore the effect of most prescribed first- and second-line AEDs on multidrug transporters in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3. Our work demonstrated that exposure of these cells to valproic acid (VPA) induced mRNA, protein, and functional activity of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2). On examining the substrate interaction status of AEDs with BCRP, VPA, phenytoin, and lamotrigine were found to be potential BCRP substrates. Furthermore, we observed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) or use of PPARα antagonist, resulted in attenuation of VPA-induced BCRP expression and transporter activity. VPA was found to increase PPARα expression and trigger its translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. Findings from chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays showed that VPA enhances the binding of PPARα to its response element in the ABCG2 promoter, resulting in elevated ABCG2 transcriptional activity. Taken together, these in vitro findings highlight PPARα as the potential molecular target to prevent VPA-mediated BCRP induction, which may have important implications in VPA pharmacoresistance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Induction of multidrug transporters at blood-brain barrier can largely affect the bioavailability of the substrate antiepileptic drugs in the brains of patients with epilepsy, thus affecting their therapeutic efficacy. The present study reports a mechanistic pathway of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) upregulation by valproic acid in human brain endothelial cells via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha involvement, thereby providing a potential strategy to prevent valproic acid pharmacoresistance in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Shivangi Bora
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Pooja Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Priyanka Rani Paul
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Shakti Sagar
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Naveen Kumar Bhatraju
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Grewal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Anju Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Shrikant Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India (S.K., S.B., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., N.K.B., R.K.); Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India (S.K., N.K., P.S., P.R.P., C.R., S.S., R.K.); Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India (S.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India (G.K.G.); Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (A.S., S.K) and Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India (A.S.); and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (K.S.)
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9
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Rezvani M, Vallier L, Guillot A. Modeling Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Dish Using Human-Specific Platforms: Strategies and Limitations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:1135-1145. [PMID: 36740045 PMCID: PMC10031472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease affecting multiple cell types of the human liver. The high prevalence of NAFLD and the lack of approved therapies increase the demand for reliable models for the preclinical discovery of drug targets. In the last decade, multiple proof-of-principle studies have demonstrated human-specific NAFLD modeling in the dish. These systems have included technologies based on human induced pluripotent stem cell derivatives, liver tissue section cultures, intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids, and liver-on-a-chip. These platforms differ in functional maturity, multicellularity, scalability, and spatial organization. Identifying an appropriate model for a specific NAFLD-related research question is challenging. Therefore, we review different platforms for their strengths and limitations in modeling NAFLD. To define the fidelity of the current human in vitro NAFLD models in depth, we define disease hallmarks within the NAFLD spectrum that range from steatosis to severe fibroinflammatory tissue injury. We discuss how the most common methods are efficacious in modeling genetic contributions and aspects of the early NAFLD-related tissue response. We also highlight the shortcoming of current models to recapitulate the complexity of inter-organ crosstalk and the chronic process of liver fibrosis-to-cirrhosis that usually takes decades in patients. Importantly, we provide methodological overviews and discuss implementation hurdles (eg, reproducibility or costs) to help choose the most appropriate NAFLD model for the individual research focus: hepatocyte injury, ductular reaction, cellular crosstalk, or other applications. In sum, we highlight current strategies and deficiencies to model NAFLD in the dish and propose a framework for the next generation of human-specific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rezvani
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Clinician-Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Sheng Y, Sun Y, Tang Y, Yu Y, Wang J, Zheng F, Li Y, Sun Y. Catechins: Protective mechanism of antioxidant stress in atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1144878. [PMID: 37033663 PMCID: PMC10080012 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1144878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea has long been valued for its health benefits, especially its potential to prevent and treat atherosclerosis (AS). Abnormal lipid metabolism and oxidative stress are major factors that contribute to the development of AS. Tea, which originated in China, is believed to help prevent AS. Research has shown that tea is rich in catechins, which is considered a potential source of natural antioxidants. Catechins are the most abundant antioxidants in green tea, and are considered to be the main compound responsible for tea's antioxidant activity. The antioxidant properties of catechins are largely dependent on the structure of molecules, and the number and location of hydroxyl groups or their substituents. As an exogenous antioxidant, catechins can effectively eliminate lipid peroxidation products. They can also play an antioxidant role indirectly by activating the endogenous antioxidant system by regulating enzyme activity and signaling pathways. In this review, we summarized the preventive effect of catechin in AS, and emphasized that improving the antioxidant effect and lipid metabolism disorders of catechins is the key to managing AS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yizhuo Sun
- *Correspondence: Fengjie Zheng, ; Yuhang Li, ; Yan Sun,
| | | | | | | | - Fengjie Zheng
- *Correspondence: Fengjie Zheng, ; Yuhang Li, ; Yan Sun,
| | - Yuhang Li
- *Correspondence: Fengjie Zheng, ; Yuhang Li, ; Yan Sun,
| | - Yan Sun
- *Correspondence: Fengjie Zheng, ; Yuhang Li, ; Yan Sun,
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11
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Evans N, Conley JM, Cardon M, Hartig P, Medlock-Kakaley E, Gray LE. In vitro activity of a panel of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), fatty acids, and pharmaceuticals in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, PPAR gamma, and estrogen receptor assays. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116136. [PMID: 35752307 PMCID: PMC9341220 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Data demonstrate numerous per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), however, additional work is needed to characterize PFAS activity on PPAR gamma (PPARγ) and other nuclear receptors. We utilized in vitro assays with either human or rat PPARα or PPARγ ligand binding domains to evaluate 16 PFAS (HFPO-DA, HFPO-DA-AS, NBP2, PFMOAA, PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFOS, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOSA, EtPFOSA, and 4:2, 6:2 and 8:2 FTOH), 3 endogenous fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and octanoic), and 3 pharmaceuticals (WY14643, clofibrate, and the metabolite clofibric acid). We also tested chemicals for human estrogen receptor (hER) transcriptional activation. Nearly all compounds activated both PPARα and PPARγ in both human and rat ligand binding domain assays, except for the FTOH compounds and PFOSA. Receptor activation and relative potencies were evaluated based on effect concentration 20% (EC20), top percent of max fold induction (pmaxtop), and area under the curve (AUC). HFPO-DA and HFPO-DA-AS were the most potent (lowest EC20, highest pmaxtop and AUC) of all PFAS in rat and human PPARα assays, being slightly less potent than oleic and linoleic acid, while NBP2 was the most potent in rat and human PPARγ assays. Only PFHxS, 8:2 and 6:2 FTOH exhibited hER agonism >20% pmax. In vitro measures of human and rat PPARα and PPARγ activity did not correlate with oral doses or serum concentrations of PFAS that induced increases in male rat liver weight from the National Toxicology Program 28-d toxicity studies. Data indicate that both PPARα and PPARγ activation may be molecular initiating events that contribute to the in vivo effects observed for many PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment/Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Justin M Conley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment/Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Mary Cardon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment/Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Phillip Hartig
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment/Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Medlock-Kakaley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment/Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - L Earl Gray
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment/Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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12
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Busato S, Ford HR, Abdelatty AM, Estill CT, Bionaz M. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Activation in Precision-Cut Bovine Liver Slices Reveals Novel Putative PPAR Targets in Periparturient Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:931264. [PMID: 35903133 PMCID: PMC9315222 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.931264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic challenges experienced by dairy cows during the transition between pregnancy and lactation (also known as peripartum), are of considerable interest from a nutrigenomic perspective. The mobilization of large amounts of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) leads to an increase in NEFA uptake in the liver, the excess of which can cause hepatic accumulation of lipids and ultimately fatty liver. Interestingly, peripartum NEFA activate the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR), a transcriptional regulator with known nutrigenomic properties. The study of PPAR activation in the liver of periparturient dairy cows is thus crucial; however, current in vitro models of the bovine liver are inadequate, and the isolation of primary hepatocytes is time consuming, resource intensive, and prone to errors, with the resulting cells losing characteristic phenotypical traits within hours. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the use of precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) from liver biopsies as a model for PPAR activation in periparturient dairy cows. Three primiparous Jersey cows were enrolled in the experiment, and PCLS from each were prepared prepartum (−8.0 ± 3.6 DIM) and postpartum (+7.7± 1.2 DIM) and treated independently with a variety of PPAR agonists and antagonists: the PPARα agonist WY-14643 and antagonist GW-6471; the PPARδ agonist GW-50156 and antagonist GSK-3787; and the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and antagonist GW-9662. Gene expression was assayed through RT-qPCR and RNAseq, and intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration was measured. PCLS obtained from postpartum cows and treated with a PPARγ agonist displayed upregulation of ACADVL and LIPC while those treated with PPARδ agonist had increased expression of LIPC, PPARD, and PDK4. In PCLS from prepartum cows, transcription of LIPC was increased by all PPAR agonists and NEFA. TAG concentration tended to be larger in tissue slices treated with PPARδ agonist compared to CTR. Use of PPAR isotype-specific antagonists in PCLS cultivated in autologous blood serum failed to decrease expression of PPAR targets, except for PDK4, which was confirmed to be a PPARδ target. Transcriptome sequencing revealed considerable differences in response to PPAR agonists at a false discovery rate-adjusted p-value of 0.2, with the most notable effects exerted by the PPARδ and PPARγ agonists. Differentially expressed genes were mainly related to pathways involved with lipid metabolism and the immune response. Among differentially expressed genes, a subset of 91 genes were identified as novel putative PPAR targets in the bovine liver, by cross-referencing our results with a publicly available dataset of predicted PPAR target genes, and supplementing our findings with prior literature. Our results provide important insights on the use of PCLS as a model for assaying PPAR activation in the periparturient dairy cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Hunter R. Ford
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Alzahraa M. Abdelatty
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Charles T. Estill
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Massimo Bionaz
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13
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Role of fatty acid transport protein 4 in metabolic tissues: insights into obesity and fatty liver disease. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231317. [PMID: 35583196 PMCID: PMC9160530 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) metabolism is a series of processes that provide structural substances, signalling molecules and energy. Ample evidence has shown that FA uptake is mediated by plasma membrane transporters including FA transport proteins (FATPs), caveolin-1, fatty-acid translocase (FAT)/CD36, and fatty-acid binding proteins. Unlike other FA transporters, the functions of FATPs have been controversial because they contain both motifs of FA transport and fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS). The widely distributed FATP4 is not a direct FA transporter but plays a predominant function as an ACS. FATP4 deficiency causes ichthyosis premature syndrome in mice and humans associated with suppression of polar lipids but an increase in neutral lipids including triglycerides (TGs). Such a shift has been extensively characterized in enterocyte-, hepatocyte-, and adipocyte-specific Fatp4-deficient mice. The mutants under obese and non-obese fatty livers induced by different diets persistently show an increase in blood non-esterified free fatty acids and glycerol indicating the lipolysis of TGs. This review also focuses on FATP4 role on regulatory networks and factors that modulate FATP4 expression in metabolic tissues including intestine, liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. Metabolic disorders especially regarding blood lipids by FATP4 deficiency in different cell types are herein discussed. Our results may be applicable to not only patients with FATP4 mutations but also represent a model of dysregulated lipid homeostasis, thus providing mechanistic insights into obesity and development of fatty liver disease.
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14
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Erol SA, Anuk AT, Tanaçan A, Semiz H, Keskin HL, Neşelioğlu S, Erel Ö, Moraloğlu Tekin Ö, Şahin D. An evaluation of maternal serum dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis and ischemia modified albumin changes in pregnant women with COVID-19. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 19:21-27. [PMID: 35343216 PMCID: PMC8966320 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2022.72929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is thought that oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species affect the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative status in pregnant patients with COVID-19 infection according to the changes seen in the levels of maternal serum thiol-disulfide and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA). Materials and Methods: A study group was formed of 40 pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection (study group) and a control group of 40 healthy pregnant women with no risk factors determined. In this prospective, case-controlled study, analyses were made of the maternal serum native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, IMA, and disulfide/native thiol concentrations. Results: The maternal serum native thiol and total thiol concentrations in the study group were determined to be statistically significantly lower (p=0.007 and p=0.006, respectively), and the disulfide/native thiol ratio was higher but not to a level of statistical significance (p=0.473). There was no difference between the two groups regarding IMA levels (p=0.731). Conclusion: The thiol-disulfide balance was seen to shift in the oxidant direction in pregnancies with COVID-19, which might support the view that ischemic processes play a role in the etiopathogenesis of this novel disease.
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15
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Su S, Billy LJ, Chang S, Gonzalez FJ, Patterson AD, Peters JM. The role of mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in modulating the hepatic effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in mice. Toxicology 2022; 465:153056. [PMID: 34861291 PMCID: PMC10292111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a stable environmental contaminant that can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). In the present work, the specific role of mouse and human PPARα in mediating the hepatic effects of PFOS was examined in short-term studies using wild type, Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mice. Mice fed 0.006 % PFOS for seven days (∼10 mg/kg/day), or 0.003 % PFOS for twenty-eight days (∼5 mg/kg/day), exhibited higher liver and serum PFOS concentrations compared to controls. Relative liver weights were also higher following exposure to dietary PFOS in all three genotypes as compared vehicle fed control groups. Histopathological examination of liver sections from mice treated for twenty-eight days with 0.003 % PFOS revealed a phenotype consistent with peroxisome proliferation, in wild-type and PPARA-humanized mice that was not observed in Ppara-null mice. With both exposures, expression of the PPARα target genes, Acox1, Cyp4a10, was significantly increased in wild type mice but not in Ppara-null or PPARA-humanized mice. By contrast, expression of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) target gene, Cyp2b10, and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) target gene, Cyp3a11, were higher in response to PFOS administration in all three genotypes compared to controls for both exposure periods. These results indicate that mouse PPARα can be activated in the liver by PFOS causing increased expression of Acox1, Cyp4a10 and histopathological changes in the liver. While histopathological analyses indicated the presence of mouse PPARα-dependent hepatic peroxisome proliferation in wild-type (a response associated with activation of PPARα) and a similar phenotype in PPARA-humanized mice, the lack of increased Acox1 and Cyp4a10 mRNA by PFOS in PPARA-humanized mice indicates that the human PPARα was not as responsive to PFOS as mouse PPARα with this dose regimen. Moreover, results indicate that hepatomegaly caused by PFOS does not require mouse or human PPARα and could be due to effects induced by activation of CAR and/or PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhong Su
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
| | - Laura J Billy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sue Chang
- Corporate Occupational Medicine, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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16
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Li R, Guo C, Lin X, Chan TF, Su M, Zhang Z, Lai KP. Integrative omics analysis reveals the protective role of vitamin C on perfluorooctanoic acid-induced hepatoxicity. J Adv Res 2022; 35:279-294. [PMID: 35024202 PMCID: PMC8721266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a compound used as an industrial surfactant in chemical processes worldwide. Population and cross-sectional studies have demonstrated positive correlations between PFOA levels and human health problems. Objectives Many studies have focused on the hepatotoxicity and liver problems caused by PFOA, with little attention to remediation of these problems. As an antioxidant, vitamin C is frequently utilized as a supplement for hepatic detoxification. Methods In this study, we use a mouse model to study the possible role of vitamin C in reducing PFOA-induced liver damage. Based on comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis, we elucidate the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of vitamin C. Results Our results show that vitamin C supplementation reduces signs of PFOA-induced liver damage including total cholesterol and triglyceride levels increase, liver damage markers aspartate, transaminase, and alanine aminotransferase elevation, and liver enlargement. Further, we show that the protective role of vitamin C is associated with signaling networks control, suppressing linoleic acid metabolism, reducing thiodiglycolic acid, and elevating glutathione in the liver. Conclusion The findings in this study demonstrate, for the first time, the utility of vitamin C for preventing PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guigang City People's Hospital, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guigang, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Min Su
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China
| | | | - Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China
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17
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Yagai T, Nakamura T. Mechanistic insights into the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha as a transcriptional suppressor. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1060244. [PMID: 36507526 PMCID: PMC9732035 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent hepatic disorders that 20-30% of the world population suffers from. The feature of NAFLD is excess lipid accumulation in the liver, exacerbating multiple metabolic syndromes such as hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Approximately 20-30% of NAFLD cases progress to more severe chronic hepatitis, known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), showing deterioration of hepatic functions and liver fibrosis followed by cirrhosis and cancer. Previous studies uncovered that several metabolic regulators had roles in disease progression as key factors. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) has been identified as one of the main players in hepatic lipid homeostasis. PPARα is abundantly expressed in hepatocytes, and is a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor belonging to the NR1C nuclear receptor subfamily, orchestrating lipid/glucose metabolism, inflammation, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. PPARα agonists are expected to be novel prescription drugs for NASH treatment, and some of them (e.g., Lanifibranor) are currently under clinical trials. These potential novel drugs are developed based on the knowledge of PPARα-activating target genes related to NAFLD and NASH. Intriguingly, PPARα is known to suppress the expression of subsets of target genes under agonist treatment; however, the mechanisms of PPARα-mediated gene suppression and functions of these genes are not well understood. In this review, we summarize and discuss the mechanisms of target gene repression by PPARα and the roles of repressed target genes on hepatic lipid metabolism, fibrosis and carcinogenesis related to NALFD and NASH, and provide future perspectives for PPARα pharmaceutical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yagai
- Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahisa Nakamura
- Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Yu H, Hu W, Lin C, Xu L, Liu H, Luo L, Chen R, Huang J, Chen W, Yang C, Kong D, Ding Y. Polymorphisms analysis for association between ADIPO signaling pathway and genetic susceptibility to T2DM in Chinese han population. Adipocyte 2021; 10:463-474. [PMID: 34641739 PMCID: PMC8525967 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1978728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to explored the relationship between ADIPO signalling pathway and T2DM, to provide clues for further study of the pathogenesis of T2DM and to determine the possible drug targets. This study employed a case-control study design. Twenty-three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 13 genes in the selected ADIPO signalling pathway were genotyped by SNPscanTM kit. All statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 25.0, PLINK 1.07, R 2.14.2, Haploview 4.2, SNPstats, and other statistical software packages. In the association analysis based on a single SNPs, rs1044471 had statistical significance in the overdominant model without adjusting covariates. Rs1042531 had statistical significance in the overdominant model. Rs12718444 had statistical significance in the recessive model. There was a linkage disequilibrium between the loci within 9 genes, and the two loci in RXRA gene did not form blocks. Four kernel functions were used for SNPs set analysis based on ADIPO signalling pathway showed that there was no statistical significance whether covariates were added or not, P>0.05.According to our research results, it is found that some single nucleotide polymorphisms (ADIPOR2 rs1044471, PCK1 rs1042531, GLUT1 rs12718444) in the adiponectin signalling pathway may be associated with T2DM
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunwen Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jialu Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiying Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Danli Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanlin Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Romualdo GR, Leroy K, Costa CJS, Prata GB, Vanderborght B, da Silva TC, Barbisan LF, Andraus W, Devisscher L, Câmara NOS, Vinken M, Cogliati B. In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Strategies for Translational Modeling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5583. [PMID: 34771745 PMCID: PMC8582701 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death globally. HCC is a complex multistep disease and usually emerges in the setting of chronic liver diseases. The molecular pathogenesis of HCC varies according to the etiology, mainly caused by chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections, chronic alcohol consumption, aflatoxin-contaminated food, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus. The establishment of HCC models has become essential for both basic and translational research to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology and unravel new molecular drivers of this disease. The ideal model should recapitulate key events observed during hepatocarcinogenesis and HCC progression in view of establishing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to be translated into clinical practice. Despite considerable efforts currently devoted to liver cancer research, only a few anti-HCC drugs are available, and patient prognosis and survival are still poor. The present paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vivo and in vitro models used for translational modeling of HCC with a specific focus on their key molecular hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Kaat Leroy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Cícero Júlio Silva Costa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| | - Gabriel Bacil Prata
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Bart Vanderborght
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Hepatology Research Unit, Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Tereza Cristina da Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
| | - Wellington Andraus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Hepatology Research Unit, Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
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20
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Reardon AJF, Rowan-Carroll A, Ferguson SS, Leingartner K, Gagne R, Kuo B, Williams A, Lorusso L, Bourdon-Lacombe JA, Carrier R, Moffat I, Yauk CL, Atlas E. Potency Ranking of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using High-Throughput Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Liver Spheroids. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:154-169. [PMID: 34453843 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.15.341362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are some of the most prominent organic contaminants in human blood. Although the toxicological implications of human exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are well established, data on lesser-understood PFAS are limited. New approach methodologies (NAMs) that apply bioinformatic tools to high-throughput data are being increasingly considered to inform risk assessment for data-poor chemicals. The aim of this study was to compare the potencies (ie, benchmark concentrations: BMCs) of PFAS in primary human liver microtissues (3D spheroids) using high-throughput transcriptional profiling. Gene expression changes were measured using TempO-seq, a templated, multiplexed RNA-sequencing platform. Spheroids were exposed for 1 or 10 days to increasing concentrations of 23 PFAS in 3 subgroups: carboxylates (PFCAs), sulfonates (PFSAs), and fluorotelomers and sulfonamides. PFCAs and PFSAs exhibited trends toward increased transcriptional potency with carbon chain-length. Specifically, longer-chain compounds (7-10 carbons) were more likely to induce changes in gene expression and have lower transcriptional BMCs. The combined high-throughput transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses support the capability of NAMs to efficiently assess the effects of PFAS in liver microtissues. The data enable potency ranking of PFAS for human liver cell spheroid cytotoxicity and transcriptional changes, and assessment of in vitro transcriptomic points of departure. These data improve our understanding of the possible health effects of PFAS and will be used to inform read-across for human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J F Reardon
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Leingartner
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Remi Gagne
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luigi Lorusso
- Chemicals and Environmental Health Management Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie A Bourdon-Lacombe
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Carrier
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivy Moffat
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Modelling human liver fibrosis in the context of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis using a microphysiological system. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1080. [PMID: 34526653 PMCID: PMC8443589 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common form of chronic liver disease characterised by lipid accumulation, infiltration of immune cells, hepatocellular ballooning, collagen deposition and liver fibrosis. There is a high unmet need to develop treatments for NASH. We have investigated how liver fibrosis and features of advanced clinical disease can be modelled using an in vitro microphysiological system (MPS). The NASH MPS model comprises a co-culture of primary human liver cells, which were cultured in a variety of conditions including+/- excess sugar, fat, exogenous TGFβ or LPS. The transcriptomic, inflammatory and fibrotic phenotype of the model was characterised and compared using a system biology approach to identify conditions that mimic more advanced clinical disease. The transcriptomic profile of the model was shown to closely correlate with the profile of patient samples and the model displayed a quantifiable fibrotic phenotype. The effects of Obeticholic acid and Elafibranor, were evaluated in the model, as wells as the effects of dietary intervention, with all able to significantly reduce inflammatory and fibrosis markers. Overall, we demonstrate how the MPS NASH model can be used to model different aspects of clinical NASH but importantly demonstrate its ability to model advanced disease with a quantifiable fibrosis phenotype.
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22
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Rowan-Carroll A, Reardon A, Leingartner K, Gagné R, Williams A, Meier MJ, Kuo B, Bourdon-Lacombe J, Moffat I, Carrier R, Nong A, Lorusso L, Ferguson SS, Atlas E, Yauk C. High-Throughput Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Primary Hepatocyte Spheroids Exposed to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances as a Platform for Relative Potency Characterization. Toxicol Sci 2021; 181:199-214. [PMID: 33772556 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely found in the environment because of their extensive use and persistence. Although several PFAS are well studied, most lack toxicity data to inform human health hazard and risk assessment. This study focused on 4 model PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 8 carbon), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS; 4 carbon), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; 8 carbon), and perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS; 10 carbon). Human primary liver cell spheroids (pooled from 10 donors) were exposed to 10 concentrations of each PFAS and analyzed at 4 time points. The approach aimed to: (1) identify gene expression changes mediated by the PFAS, (2) identify similarities in biological responses, (3) compare PFAS potency through benchmark concentration analysis, and (4) derive bioactivity exposure ratios (ratio of the concentration at which biological responses occur, relative to daily human exposure). All PFAS induced transcriptional changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism pathways, and predicted PPARα activation. PFOS exhibited the most transcriptional activity and had a highly similar gene expression profile to PFDS. PFBS induced the least transcriptional changes and the highest benchmark concentration (ie, was the least potent). The data indicate that these PFAS may have common molecular targets and toxicities, but that PFOS and PFDS are the most similar. The transcriptomic bioactivity exposure ratios derived here for PFOA and PFOS were comparable to those derived using rodent apical endpoints in risk assessments. These data provide a baseline level of toxicity for comparison with other known PFAS using this testing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anthony Reardon
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Karen Leingartner
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Remi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Matthew J Meier
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Julie Bourdon-Lacombe
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ivy Moffat
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Richard Carrier
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Andy Nong
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Luigi Lorusso
- Chemicals and Environmental Health Management Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Carole Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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23
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Mechanism of Huo-Xue-Qu-Yu Formula in Treating Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis by Regulating Lipid Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6026319. [PMID: 34007294 PMCID: PMC8102110 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6026319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Huo-Xue-Qu-Yu formula (HXQYF) is a prescription consisting of Ginkgo biloba leaf and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. for treating hyperlipidemia and NAFLD in China. Here, we investigated the hepatic and renal function, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism, and potential mechanisms of HXQYF on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rat models. NAFLD rat models were induced with high-fat diet (HFD) and 10% fructose water for 18 weeks and orally administered with or without HXQYF simultaneously. The results showed that HXQYF (22.5, 45, 90 mg/kg) significantly improved blood lipid levels via reducing serum TC, TG, LDL-C, and APOB values and elevating HDL-C and APOA1 levels in NAFLD rats. The higher levels of ALT, AST, CR, and BUN in serum induced by HFD were reduced by HXQYF. HE staining showed that HXQYF (90 mg/kg) reduced the accumulation of fat droplets and alleviated inflammatory response in liver cells. Three doses of HXQYF exhibited notable antioxidant effects by elevating SOD, GSH, and CAT activities and decreasing MDA and OH-1 levels in the liver. Furthermore, abnormal lipid metabolism caused by HFD was alleviated by HXQYF, which was associated with the upregulation of PPAR-α, AdipoR2, and CPT1 mRNAs as well as the downregulation of CYP2E1 and SREBP-1c mRNAs in liver tissue. In conclusion, our work verified that HXQYF could reduce the degree of hepatic steatosis, suppress oxidative stress, and attenuate lipid metabolism, thus preventing NAFLD.
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Fragki S, Dirven H, Fletcher T, Grasl-Kraupp B, Bjerve Gützkow K, Hoogenboom R, Kersten S, Lindeman B, Louisse J, Peijnenburg A, Piersma AH, Princen HMG, Uhl M, Westerhout J, Zeilmaker MJ, Luijten M. Systemic PFOS and PFOA exposure and disturbed lipid homeostasis in humans: what do we know and what not? Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:141-164. [PMID: 33853480 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1888073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and increased blood lipids have been repeatedly observed in humans, but a causal relation has been debated. Rodent studies show reverse effects, i.e. decreased blood cholesterol and triglycerides, occurring however at PFAS serum levels at least 100-fold higher than those in humans. This paper aims to present the main issues regarding the modulation of lipid homeostasis by the two most common PFASs, PFOS and PFOA, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms relevant for humans. Overall, the apparent contrast between human and animal data may be an artifact of dose, with different molecular pathways coming into play upon exposure to PFASs at very low versus high levels. Altogether, the interpretation of existing rodent data on PFOS/PFOA-induced lipid perturbations with respect to the human situation is complex. From a mechanistic perspective, research on human liver cells shows that PFOS/PFOA activate the PPARα pathway, whereas studies on the involvement of other nuclear receptors, like PXR, are less conclusive. Other data indicate that suppression of the nuclear receptor HNF4α signaling pathway, as well as perturbations of bile acid metabolism and transport might be important cellular events that require further investigation. Future studies with human-relevant test systems would help to obtain more insight into the mechanistic pathways pertinent for humans. These studies shall be designed with a careful consideration of appropriate dosing and toxicokinetics, so as to enable biologically plausible quantitative extrapolations. Such research will increase the understanding of possible perturbed lipid homeostasis related to PFOS/ PFOA exposure and the potential implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tony Fletcher
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, UK
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joost Westerhout
- Risk Analysis for Products In Development, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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25
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Su H, Fan J, Ma D, Zhu H. Identification and Characterization of Osmoregulation Related MicroRNAs in Gills of Hybrid Tilapia Under Three Types of Osmotic Stress. Front Genet 2021; 12:526277. [PMID: 33889171 PMCID: PMC8056028 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.526277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have increasingly suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and protein translation in organs and respond to abiotic and biotic stressors. To understand the function of miRNAs in osmotic stress regulation of the gills of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ♀ × Oreochromis urolepis hornorum ♂), high-throughput Illumina deep sequencing technology was used to investigate the expression profiles of miRNAs under salinity stress (S, 25‰), alkalinity stress (A, 4‰) and salinity-alkalinity stress (SA, S: 15‰, A: 4‰) challenges. The results showed that 31, 41, and 27 upregulated and 33, 42, and 40 downregulated miRNAs (P < 0.05) were identified in the salt stress, alkali stress, and saline-alkali stress group, respectively, which were compared with those in the control group (C). Fourteen significantly differently expressed miRNAs were selected randomly and then validated by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. On the basis of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, genes related to osmoregulation and biosynthesis were enriched in the three types of osmotic stress. In addition, three miRNAs and three predicted target genes were chosen to conduct a quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the hybrid tilapia and its parents during 96-h osmotic stress. Differential expression patterns of miRNAs provided the basis for research data to further investigate the miRNA-modulating networks in osmoregulation of teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Wu Y, Li X, Tan F, Zhou X, Mu J, Zhao X. Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC07 attenuates obesity, inflammation and dyslipidemia by modulating the antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2021; 18:5. [PMID: 33531053 PMCID: PMC7852154 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-021-00272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is an epidemic disease in the world, the treatment and prevention of obesity methods have gained great attention. Lactobacillus is the main member of probiotics, and the physiological activity of it is specific to different strains. This study systematically explored the anti-obesity effect and possible mechanism of Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC07 (LF-CQPC07), which was isolated from pickled vegetables. Results LF-CQPC07 effectively controlled the weight gain of mice caused by a high-fat diet. The results of pathological sections indicated that LF-CQPC07 alleviated hepatocyte damage and fat accumulation in adipocytes. The detection of biochemical indictors revealed that LF-CQPC07 decreased the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), and increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Additionally, LF-CQPC07 caused the decrease in the amounts of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and the increase in the amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4. LF-CQPC07 also decreased the amounts of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Confirmed by qPCR, LF-CQPC07 enhanced the mRNA expression of catalase (CAT), gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase 1 (GSH1), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). It also increased the mRNA expression levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and decreased that of PPAR-γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP-α) in the liver of mice. Conclusion This research confirmed that LF-CQPC07 is capable of ameliorating obesity, improving hyperlipemia, and alleviating chronic low-grade inflammation and liver injury accompanied with obesity. Its mechanism may be the regulation of antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism. Therefore, LF-CQPC07 has enormous potential to serve as a potential probiotic for the prevention or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Xueya Li
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, 659 Yunan Avenue, Longzhouwan Street, Banan District, Chongqing, 401320, China
| | - Fang Tan
- Department of Public Health, Our Lady of Fatima University, 838, Valenzuela, Philippines
| | - Xianrong Zhou
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Mu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China. .,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China. .,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Xuefu Main Street 9 Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.
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Conley JM, Lambright CS, Evans N, McCord J, Strynar MJ, Hill D, Medlock-Kakaley E, Wilson VS, Gray LE. Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) alters maternal and fetal glucose and lipid metabolism and produces neonatal mortality, low birthweight, and hepatomegaly in the Sprague-Dawley rat. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106204. [PMID: 33126064 PMCID: PMC7775906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) is an industrial replacement for the straight-chain perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Previously we reported maternal, fetal, and postnatal effects from gestation day (GD) 14-18 oral dosing in Sprague-Dawley rats. Here, we further evaluated the perinatal toxicity of HFPO-DA by orally dosing rat dams with 1-125 mg/kg/d (n = 4 litters per dose) from GD16-20 and with 10-250 mg/kg/d (n = 5) from GD8 - postnatal day (PND) 2. Effects of GD16-20 dosing were similar to those previously reported for GD14-18 dosing and included increased maternal liver weight, altered maternal serum lipid and thyroid hormone concentrations, and altered expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway genes in maternal and fetal livers. Dosing from GD8-PND2 produced similar effects as well as dose-responsive decreased pup birth weight (≥30 mg/kg), increased neonatal mortality (≥62.5 mg/kg), and increased pup liver weight (≥10 mg/kg). Histopathological evaluation of newborn pup livers indicated a marked reduction in glycogen stores and pups were hypoglycemic at birth. Quantitative gene expression analyses of F1 livers revealed significant alterations in genes related to glucose metabolism at birth and on GD20. Maternal serum and liver HFPO-DA concentrations were similar between dosing intervals, indicating rapid clearance, however dams dosed GD8 - PND2 had greater liver weight and gestational weight gain effects at lower doses than GD16-20 dosing, indicating the importance of exposure duration. Comparison of neonatal mortality dose-response curves between HFPO-DA and previously published perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) data indicated that, based on serum concentration, the potency of these two PFAS are similar in the rat. Overall, HFPO-DA is a developmental toxicant in the rat and the spectrum of adverse effects is consistent with prior PFAS toxicity evaluations, such as PFOS and PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Conley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Christy S Lambright
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - James McCord
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Mark J Strynar
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Donna Hill
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Medlock-Kakaley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Vickie S Wilson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - L Earl Gray
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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28
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Wu Y, Sun H, Yi R, Tan F, Zhao X. Anti‐obesity effect of Liupao tea extract by modulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese mice. J Food Sci 2020; 86:215-227. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Hailan Sun
- Department of Nutrition Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children Chongqing 400021 China
| | - Ruokun Yi
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Fang Tan
- Department of Public Health Our Lady of Fatima University Valenzuela 838 Philippines
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
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29
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Chen F, Wang D, Li X, Wang H. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Bioinformatics Analysis and In Vivo Validation. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e927476. [PMID: 33290384 PMCID: PMC7733309 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious clinical complication. This study aimed to explore the hub genes and pathways of intestinal I/R injury. Material/Methods GSE96733 from the GEO website was extracted to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of intestinal I/R injured and sham-operated mice at 3 h and 6 h after surgery. The DAVID and STRING databases were used to construct functional enrichment analyses of DEGs and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. In Cytoscape software, cytoHubba was used to identify hub genes, and MCODE was used for module analysis. Testing by qRT-PCR detected the expression of hub genes in intestinal I/R injury. Western blot analysis detected the key proteins involved with the important pathways of intestinal I/R injury. Results IL-6, IL-10, CXCL1, CXCL2, and IL-1β were identified as critical upregulated genes, while IRF7, IFIT3, IFIT1, Herc6, and Oasl2 were identified as hub genes among the downregulated genes. The qRT-PCR testing showed the expression of critical upregulated genes was significantly increased in intestinal I/R injury (P<0.05), while the expression of hub downregulated genes was notably reduced (P<0.05). The proteins of CXCL1 and CXCR2 were upregulated following intestinal I/R injury (P<0.05) and the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis was involved with intestinal I/R injury. Conclusions The results of the present study identified IL-6, IL-10, CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-1β, IRF7, IFIT3, IFIT1, Herc6, and Oasl2 as hub genes in intestinal I/R injury and identified the involvement of the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - He Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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30
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Selmi-Ruby S, Marín-Sáez J, Fildier A, Buleté A, Abdallah M, Garcia J, Deverchère J, Spinner L, Giroud B, Ibanez S, Granjon T, Bardel C, Puisieux A, Fervers B, Vulliet E, Payen L, Vigneron AM. In Vivo Characterization of the Toxicological Properties of DPhP, One of the Main Degradation Products of Aryl Phosphate Esters. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:127006. [PMID: 33296241 PMCID: PMC7725437 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aryl phosphate esters (APEs) are widely used and commonly present in the environment. Health hazards associated with these compounds remain largely unknown and the effects of diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), one of their most frequent derivatives, are poorly characterized. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate whether DPhP per se may represent a more relevant marker of exposure to APEs than direct assessment of their concentration and determine its potential deleterious biological effects in chronically exposed mice. METHODS Conventional animals (FVB mice) were acutely or chronically exposed to relevant doses of DPhP or to triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), one of its main precursors. Both molecules were measured in blood and other tissues by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Effects of chronic DPhP exposure were addressed through liver multi-omics analysis to determine the corresponding metabolic profile. Deep statistical exploration was performed to extract correlated information, guiding further physiological analyses. RESULTS Multi-omics analysis confirmed the existence of biological effects of DPhP, even at a very low dose of 0.1mg/mL in drinking water. Chemical structural homology and pathway mapping demonstrated a clear reduction of the fatty acid catabolic processes centered on acylcarnitine and mitochondrial β-oxidation in mice exposed to DPhP in comparison with those treated with vehicle. An interesting finding was that in mice exposed to DPhP, mRNA, expression of genes involved in lipid catabolic processes and regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) was lower than that in vehicle-treated mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a specific down-regulation of HMGCS2, a kernel target gene of PPARα. Overall, DPhP absorption disrupted body weight-gain processes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that in mice, the effects of chronic exposure to DPhP, even at a low dose, are not negligible. Fatty acid metabolism in the liver is essential for controlling fast and feast periods, with adverse consequences on the overall physiology. Therefore, the impact of DPhP on circulating fat, cardiovascular pathologies and metabolic disease incidence deserves, in light of our results, further investigations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6826.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Selmi-Ruby
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jesús Marín-Sáez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almería, Spain
| | - Aurélie Fildier
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Audrey Buleté
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Myriam Abdallah
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jessica Garcia
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon–Sud, Biochemistry, Pharmacotoxicology, and Molecular Biology Department, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Julie Deverchère
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Loïc Spinner
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Barbara Giroud
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Ibanez
- CNRS, Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute ICBMS UMR 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Granjon
- CNRS, Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute ICBMS UMR 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Bardel
- Department of Biostatistics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Léa Payen
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon–Sud, Biochemistry, Pharmacotoxicology, and Molecular Biology Department, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Arnaud M. Vigneron
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Siddappa M, Wani SA, Long MD, Leach DA, Mathé EA, Bevan CL, Campbell MJ. Identification of transcription factor co-regulators that drive prostate cancer progression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20332. [PMID: 33230156 PMCID: PMC7683598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer (PCa), and many other hormone-dependent cancers, there is clear evidence for distorted transcriptional control as disease driver mechanisms. Defining which transcription factor (TF) and coregulators are altered and combine to become oncogenic drivers remains a challenge, in part because of the multitude of TFs and coregulators and the diverse genomic space on which they function. The current study was undertaken to identify which TFs and coregulators are commonly altered in PCa. We generated unique lists of TFs (n = 2662), coactivators (COA; n = 766); corepressors (COR; n = 599); mixed function coregulators (MIXED; n = 511), and to address the challenge of defining how these genes are altered we tested how expression, copy number alterations and mutation status varied across seven prostate cancer (PCa) cohorts (three of localized and four advanced disease). Testing of significant changes was undertaken by bootstrapping approaches and the most significant changes were identified. For one commonly and significantly altered gene were stably knocked-down expression and undertook cell biology experiments and RNA-Seq to identify differentially altered gene networks and their association with PCa progression risks. COAS, CORS, MIXED and TFs all displayed significant down-regulated expression (q.value < 0.1) and correlated with protein expression (r 0.4-0.55). In localized PCa, stringent expression filtering identified commonly altered TFs and coregulator genes, including well-established (e.g. ERG) and underexplored (e.g. PPARGC1A, encodes PGC1α). Reduced PPARGC1A expression significantly associated with worse disease-free survival in two cohorts of localized PCa. Stable PGC1α knockdown in LNCaP cells increased growth rates and invasiveness and RNA-Seq revealed a profound basal impact on gene expression (~ 2300 genes; FDR < 0.05, logFC > 1.5), but only modestly impacted PPARγ responses. GSEA analyses of the PGC1α transcriptome revealed that it significantly altered the AR-dependent transcriptome, and was enriched for epigenetic modifiers. PGC1α-dependent genes were overlapped with PGC1α-ChIP-Seq genes and significantly associated in TCGA with higher grade tumors and worse disease-free survival. These methods and data demonstrate an approach to identify cancer-driver coregulators in cancer, and that PGC1α expression is clinically significant yet underexplored coregulator in aggressive early stage PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Siddappa
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, 500 West 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sajad A Wani
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, 500 West 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mark D Long
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Damien A Leach
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ewy A Mathé
- Biomedical Informatics Department, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Moray J Campbell
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, 500 West 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,The James, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Guan CY, Tian S, Cao JL, Wang XQ, Ma X, Xia HF. Down-Regulated miR-21 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Placenta Induces PPAR-α to Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Infiltration. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3009-3034. [PMID: 32943895 PMCID: PMC7455759 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s253920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-21 expression in the reduction of placental function in GDM patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS qRT-PCR was used to detect the differential expression of miR-21 in the serum of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal pregnant women, and to verify the functional target gene PPAR-α of miR-21 by double fluorescence experiments. Cellular experiments were performed to verify the effect of PPAR-α on cell function. RESULTS miR-21 is down-regulated in the serum and placenta of GDM patients compared to normal pregnant women. In the case of insulin resistance, miR-21-5p knockdown promoted glucose uptake, but no significant effect was found under physiological condition. Functional studies have shown that reduced PPAR-α expression can restore miR-21 knockdown-mediated cell growth and metastasis inhibition. Additionally, decreased expression of miR-21 but increased expression of -PPAR-α was observed in patients with GDM and GDM rats. CONCLUSION The expression of the placental miR-21-5p, which inhibits cell growth and infiltration by up-regulating PPAR-α, is downregulated in pregnant GDM patients, which in turn may affect the placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Guan
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing100081, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Province100005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi Tian
- Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Li Cao
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing100081, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Province100005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qin Wang
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing100081, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Province100005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Ma
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing100081, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Province100005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fei Xia
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing100081, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Province100005, People’s Republic of China
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Heinecke F, Mazzucco MB, Fornes D, Roberti S, Jawerbaum A, White V. The offspring from rats fed a fatty diet display impairments in the activation of liver peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha and features of fatty liver disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 511:110818. [PMID: 32298755 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity programs liver derangements similar to those of NAFLD. Our main goal was to evaluate whether these liver anomalies were related to aberrant PPARα function. Obesity was induced in female Albino-Wistar rats by a fatty diet (FD rats). Several parameters related to NAFLD were evaluated in both plasma and livers from fetuses of 21 days of gestation and 140-day-old offspring. FD fetuses and offspring developed increased levels of AST and ALT, signs of inflammation and oxidative and nitrative stress-related damage. FD offspring showed dysregulation of Plin2, CD36, Cyp4A, Aco, Cpt-1, Hadha and Acaa2 mRNA levels, genes involved in lipid metabolism and no catabolic effect of the PPARα agonist clofibrate. These results suggest that the FD offspring is prone to develop fatty liver, a susceptibility that can be linked to PPARα dysfunction, and that this could in turn be related to the liver impairments programmed by maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Heinecke
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET), School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Mazzucco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET), School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Fornes
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET), School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Roberti
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET), School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET), School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica White
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET), School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ikpa PT, Meijsen KF, Nieuwenhuijze ND, Dulla K, de Jonge HR, Bijvelds MJ. Transcriptome analysis of the distal small intestine of Cftr null mice. Genomics 2020; 112:1139-1150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kostrzewski T, Maraver P, Ouro-Gnao L, Levi A, Snow S, Miedzik A, Rombouts K, Hughes D. A Microphysiological System for Studying Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2019; 4:77-91. [PMID: 31909357 PMCID: PMC6939502 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which to date has no approved drug treatments. There is an urgent need for better understanding of the genetic and molecular pathways that underlie NAFLD/NASH, and currently available preclinical models, be they in vivo or in vitro, do not fully represent key aspects of the human disease state. We have developed a human in vitro co‐culture NASH model using primary human hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, which are cultured together as microtissues in a perfused three‐dimensional microphysiological system (MPS). The microtissues were cultured in medium containing free fatty acids for at least 2 weeks, to induce a NASH‐like phenotype. The co‐culture microtissues within the MPS display a NASH‐like phenotype, showing key features of the disease including hepatic fat accumulation, the production of an inflammatory milieu, and the expression of profibrotic markers. Addition of lipopolysaccharide resulted in a more pro‐inflammatory milieu. In the model, obeticholic acid ameliorated the NASH phenotype. Microtissues were formed from both wild‐type and patatin‐like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) I148M mutant hepatic stellate cells. Stellate cells carrying the mutation enhanced the overall disease state of the model and in particular produced a more pro‐inflammatory milieu. Conclusion: The MPS model displays a phenotype akin to advanced NAFLD or NASH and has utility as a tool for exploring mechanisms underlying the disease. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in co‐culture the PNPLA3 I148M mutation alone can cause hepatic stellate cells to enhance the overall NASH disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paloma Maraver
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Ouro-Gnao
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Ana Levi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Royal Free University College London United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Snow
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Alina Miedzik
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Royal Free University College London United Kingdom
| | - David Hughes
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
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Harvey TN, Sandve SR, Jin Y, Vik JO, Torgersen JS. Liver slice culture as a model for lipid metabolism in fish. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7732. [PMID: 31576253 PMCID: PMC6753922 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipid metabolism is traditionally investigated in vitro using hepatocyte monocultures lacking the complex three-dimensional structure and interacting cell types essential liver function. Precision cut liver slice (PCLS) culture represents an alternative in vitro system, which benefits from retention of tissue architecture. Here, we present the first comprehensive evaluation of the PCLS method in fish (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.) and validate it in the context of lipid metabolism using feeding trials, extensive transcriptomic data, and fatty acid measurements. We observe an initial period of post-slicing global transcriptome adjustment, which plateaued after 3 days in major metabolic pathways and stabilized through 9 days. PCLS fed alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and insulin responded in a liver-like manner, increasing lipid biosynthesis gene expression. We identify interactions between insulin and ALA, where two PUFA biosynthesis genes that were induced by insulin or ALA alone, were highly down-regulated when insulin and ALA were combined. We also find that transcriptomic profiles of liver slices are exceedingly more similar to whole liver than hepatocyte monocultures, both for lipid metabolism and liver marker genes. PCLS culture opens new avenues for high throughput experimentation on the effect of “novel feed composition” and represent a promising new strategy for studying genotype-specific molecular features of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Harvey
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Simen R Sandve
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yang Jin
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jon Olav Vik
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Disease Progression and Pharmacological Intervention in a Nutrient-Deficient Rat Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1238-1256. [PMID: 30511198 PMCID: PMC6548202 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a marked need for improved animal models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to facilitate the development of more efficacious drug therapies for the disease. METHODS Here, we investigated the development of fibrotic NASH in male Wistar rats fed a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet with or without cholesterol supplementation for subsequent assessment of drug treatment efficacy in NASH biopsy-confirmed rats. The metabolic profile and liver histopathology were evaluated after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of dieting. Subsequently, rats with biopsy-confirmed NASH were selected for pharmacological intervention with vehicle, elafibranor (30 mg/kg/day) or obeticholic acid (OCA, 30 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. RESULTS The CDAA diet led to marked hepatomegaly and fibrosis already after 4 weeks of feeding, with further progression of collagen deposition and fibrogenesis-associated gene expression during the 12-week feeding period. Cholesterol supplementation enhanced the stimulatory effect of CDAA on gene transcripts associated with fibrogenesis without significantly increasing collagen deposition. Pharmacological intervention with elafibranor, but not OCA, significantly reduced steatohepatitis scores, and fibrosis-associated gene expression, however, was unable to prevent progression in fibrosis scores. CONCLUSION CDAA-fed rats develop early-onset progressive NASH, which offers the opportunity to probe anti-NASH compounds with potential disease-modifying properties.
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Singh AB, Dong B, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Liu J. Identification of a novel function of hepatic long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-1 (ACSL1) in bile acid synthesis and its regulation by bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:358-371. [PMID: 30580099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) plays a pivotal role in fatty acid β‑oxidation in heart, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. However, key functions of ACSL1 in the liver remain largely unknown. We investigated acute effects of hepatic ACSL1 deficiency on lipid metabolism in adult mice under hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic conditions. We knocked down hepatic ACSL1 expression using adenovirus expressing a ACSL1 shRNA (Ad-shAcsl1) in mice fed a high-fat diet or a normal chow diet. Hepatic ACSL1 depletion generated a hypercholesterolemic phenotype in mice fed both diets with marked elevations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and free cholesterol in circulation and accumulations of cholesterol in the liver. Furthermore, SREBP2 pathway in ACSL1 depleted livers was severely repressed with a 50% reduction of LDL receptor protein levels. In contrast to the dysregulated cholesterol metabolism, serum triglycerides, free fatty acid and phospholipid levels were unaffected. Mechanistic investigations of genome-wide gene expression profiling and pathway analysis revealed that ACSL1 depletion repressed expressions of several key enzymes for bile acid biosynthesis, consequently leading to reduced liver bile acid levels and altered bile acid compositions. These results are the first demonstration of a requisite role of ACSL1 in bile acid biosynthetic pathway in liver tissue. Furthermore, we discovered that Acsl1 is a novel molecular target of the bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Activation of FXR by agonist obeticholic acid repressed the expression of ACSL1 protein and mRNA in the liver of FXR wild-type mice but not in FXR knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Bahadur Singh
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States of America
| | - Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States of America
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States of America
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States of America
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States of America.
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Hirao-Suzuki M, Takeda S, Watanabe K, Takiguchi M, Aramaki H. Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol upregulates fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) via PPARα induction: A possible evidence for the cancellation of PPARβ/δ-mediated inhibition of PPARα in MDA-MB-231 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 662:219-225. [PMID: 30553767 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, with three characterized subtypes: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. The biological correlation between the two PPAR subtypes PPARα and γ and carcinogenesis is well-characterized; however, substantially less is known about the biological functions of PPARβ/δ. PPARβ/δ has been reported to repress transcription when PPARβ/δ and PPARα or PPARγ are simultaneously expressed in some cells, and MDA-MB-231 cells express functional levels of PPARβ/δ. We have previously reported that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a major cannabinoid component of the drug-type cannabis plant, can stimulate the expression of fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) via upregulation of PPARα expression in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Although the possibility of an inhibitory interaction between PPARα and PPARβ/δ has not been demonstrated in MDA-MB-231 cells, we reasoned if this interaction were to exist, Δ9-THC should make PPARα free to achieve FA2H induction. Here, we show that a PPARβ/δ-mediated suppression of PPARα function, but not of PPARγ, exists in MDA-MB-231 cells and Δ9-THC causes FA2H induction via mechanisms underlying the cancellation of PPARβ/δ-mediated inhibition of PPARα, in addition to the upregulation of PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Hirao-Suzuki
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
| | - Shuso Takeda
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Kazuhito Watanabe
- Center for Supporting Pharmaceutical Education, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Masufumi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
| | - Hironori Aramaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
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Maas R, Mieth M, Titze SI, Hübner S, Fromm MF, Kielstein JT, Schmid M, Köttgen A, Kronenberg F, Krane V, Hausknecht B, Eckardt KU, Schneider MP. Drugs linked to plasma homoarginine in chronic kidney disease patients—a cross-sectional analysis of the German Chronic Kidney Disease cohort. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 35:1187-1195. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Elevated plasma concentrations of symmetric and asymmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA and ADMA, respectively) and a lower plasma concentration of the structurally related homoarginine are commonly observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and independently predict total mortality as well as progression of renal disease. We aimed to identify drugs that may alter this adverse metabolite pattern in a favourable fashion.
Methods
Plasma ADMA, SDMA, homoarginine and l-arginine were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in 4756 CKD patients ages 18–74 years with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or an eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and overt proteinuria who were enrolled in the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study. Associations between laboratory, clinical and medication data were assessed.
Results
Intake of several commonly used drugs was independently associated with plasma concentrations of homoarginine and/or related metabolites. Among these, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) agonist fenofibrate was associated with the most profound differences in ADMA, SDMA and homoarginine plasma concentrations: 66 patients taking fenofibrate had a multivariable adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 5.83 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.82–12.03, P < 0.001] to have a plasma homoarginine concentration above the median. The median homoarginine plasma concentration in patients taking fenofibrate was 2.30 µmol/L versus 1.55 in patients not taking the drug (P < 0.001). In addition, fibrates were significantly associated with lower plasma SDMA and higher l-arginine concentrations. In contrast, glucocorticoids were associated with lower plasma homoarginine, with adjusted ORs of 0.52 (95% CI 0.40–0.67, P < 0.001) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.31–0.90, P = 0.018) for prednisolone and methylprednisolone, respectively.
Conclusions
In a large cohort of CKD patients, intake of fenofibrate and glucocorticoids were independently associated with higher and lower plasma homoarginine concentrations, respectively. Effects on plasma homoarginine and methylarginines warrant further investigation as potential mechanisms mediating beneficial or adverse drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Maas
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maren Mieth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie I Titze
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silvia Hübner
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan T Kielstein
- Divison of Nephrology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Medical Clinic V Nephrology Rheumatology Blood Purification, Klinikum Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vera Krane
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Hausknecht
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus P Schneider
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Bougarne N, Weyers B, Desmet SJ, Deckers J, Ray DW, Staels B, De Bosscher K. Molecular Actions of PPARα in Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:760-802. [PMID: 30020428 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor of clinical interest as a drug target in various metabolic disorders. PPARα also exhibits marked anti-inflammatory capacities. The first-generation PPARα agonists, the fibrates, have however been hampered by drug-drug interaction issues, statin drop-in, and ill-designed cardiovascular intervention trials. Notwithstanding, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PPARα works will enable control of its activities as a drug target for metabolic diseases with an underlying inflammatory component. Given its role in reshaping the immune system, the full potential of this nuclear receptor subtype as a versatile drug target with high plasticity becomes increasingly clear, and a novel generation of agonists may pave the way for novel fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bougarne
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Basiel Weyers
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie J Desmet
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - David W Ray
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- INSERM, U1011, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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Régnier M, Polizzi A, Lippi Y, Fouché E, Michel G, Lukowicz C, Smati S, Marrot A, Lasserre F, Naylies C, Batut A, Viars F, Bertrand-Michel J, Postic C, Loiseau N, Wahli W, Guillou H, Montagner A. Insights into the role of hepatocyte PPARα activity in response to fasting. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:75-88. [PMID: 28774777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism. Hepatocytes are highly sensitive to nutrients and hormones that drive extensive transcriptional responses. Nuclear hormone receptors are key transcription factors involved in this process. Among these factors, PPARα is a critical regulator of hepatic lipid catabolism during fasting. This study aimed to analyse the wide array of hepatic PPARα-dependent transcriptional responses during fasting. We compared gene expression in male mice with a hepatocyte specific deletion of PPARα and their wild-type littermates in the fed (ad libitum) and 24-h fasted states. Liver samples were acquired, and transcriptome and lipidome analyses were performed. Our data extended and confirmed the critical role of hepatocyte PPARα as a central for regulator of gene expression during starvation. Interestingly, we identified novel PPARα-sensitive genes, including Cxcl-10, Rab30, and Krt23. We also found that liver phospholipid remodelling was a novel fasting-sensitive pathway regulated by PPARα. These results may contribute to investigations on transcriptional control in hepatic physiology and underscore the clinical relevance of drugs that target PPARα in liver pathologies, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Régnier
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Edwin Fouché
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Michel
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarra Smati
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Marrot
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lasserre
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Batut
- Metatoul-Lipidomic Facility, MetaboHUB, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Fanny Viars
- Metatoul-Lipidomic Facility, MetaboHUB, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- Metatoul-Lipidomic Facility, MetaboHUB, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Postic
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore; Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France.
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.
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de la Rosa Rodriguez MA, Sugahara G, Hooiveld GJEJ, Ishida Y, Tateno C, Kersten S. The whole transcriptome effects of the PPARα agonist fenofibrate on livers of hepatocyte humanized mice. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:443. [PMID: 29879903 PMCID: PMC5991453 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of PPARα in gene regulation in mouse liver is well characterized. However, less is known about the role of PPARα in human liver. The aim of the present study was to better characterize the impact of PPARα activation on gene regulation in human liver. To that end, chimeric mice containing hepatocyte humanized livers were given an oral dose of 300 mg/kg fenofibrate daily for 4 days. Livers were collected and analyzed by hematoxilin and eosin staining, qPCR, and transcriptomics. Transcriptomics data were compared with existing datasets on PPARα activation in normal mouse liver, human primary hepatocytes, and human precision cut liver slices. Results Of the different human liver models, the gene expression profile of hepatocyte humanized livers most closely resembled actual human liver. In the hepatocyte humanized mouse livers, the human hepatocytes exhibited excessive lipid accumulation. Fenofibrate increased the size of the mouse but not human hepatocytes, and tended to reduce steatosis in the human hepatocytes. Quantitative PCR indicated that induction of PPARα targets by fenofibrate was less pronounced in the human hepatocytes than in the residual mouse hepatocytes. Transcriptomics analysis indicated that, after filtering, a total of 282 genes was significantly different between fenofibrate- and control-treated mice (P < 0.01). 123 genes were significantly lower and 159 genes significantly higher in the fenofibrate-treated mice, including many established PPARα targets such as FABP1, HADHB, HADHA, VNN1, PLIN2, ACADVL and HMGCS2. According to gene set enrichment analysis, fenofibrate upregulated interferon/cytokine signaling-related pathways in hepatocyte humanized liver, but downregulated these pathways in normal mouse liver. Also, fenofibrate downregulated pathways related to DNA synthesis in hepatocyte humanized liver but not in normal mouse liver. Conclusion The results support the major role of PPARα in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, and underscore the more modest effect of PPARα activation on gene regulation in human liver compared to mouse liver. The data suggest that PPARα may have a suppressive effect on DNA synthesis in human liver, and a stimulatory effect on interferon/cytokine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat A de la Rosa Rodriguez
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Go Sugahara
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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44
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Wu X, Roberto JB, Knupp A, Kenerson HL, Truong CD, Yuen SY, Brempelis KJ, Tuefferd M, Chen A, Horton H, Yeung RS, Crispe IN. Precision-cut human liver slice cultures as an immunological platform. J Immunol Methods 2018; 455:71-79. [PMID: 29408707 PMCID: PMC6689534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ in the human body, and also plays an essential role in innate and adaptive immunity. While mouse models offer significant insights into immune-inflammatory liver disease, human immunology differs in important respects. It is not easy to address those differences experimentally. Therefore, to improve the understanding of human liver immunobiology and pathology, we have established precision-cut human liver slices to study innate immunity in human tissue. Human liver slices collected from resected livers could be maintained in ex vivo culture over a two-week period. Although an acute inflammatory response accompanied by signs of tissue repair was observed in liver tissue following slicing, the expression of many immune genes stabilized after day 4 and remained stable until day 15. Remarkably, histological evidence of pre-existing liver diseases was preserved in the slices for up to 7 days. Following 7 days of culture, exposure of liver slices to the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, TLR3 ligand Poly-I:C and TLR4 ligand LPS, resulted in a robust activation of acute inflammation and cytokine genes. Moreover, Poly-I:C treatment induced a marked antiviral response including increases of interferons IFNB, IL-28B and a group of interferon-stimulated genes. Therefore, precision-cut liver slices emerge as a valuable tool to study human innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jessica B Roberto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Camtu D Truong
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sebastian Y Yuen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Marianne Tuefferd
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Antony Chen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Helen Horton
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian N Crispe
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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45
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Dijk W, Schutte S, Aarts EO, Janssen IMC, Afman L, Kersten S. Regulation of angiopoietin-like 4 and lipoprotein lipase in human adipose tissue. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:773-783. [PMID: 29555209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma triglycerides are increasingly viewed as a causal risk factor for coronary artery disease. One protein that raises plasma triglyceride levels and that has emerged as a modulator of coronary artery disease risk is angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4). ANGPTL4 raises plasma triglyceride levels by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of circulating triglycerides on the capillary endothelium. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to assess the association between ANGPTL4 and LPL in human adipose tissue, and to examine the influence of nutritional status on ANGPTL4 expression. METHODS We determined ANGPTL4 and LPL mRNA and protein levels in different adipose tissue depots in a large number of severely obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Furthermore, in 72 abdominally obese subjects, we measured ANGPTL4 and LPL mRNA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue in the fasted and postprandial state. RESULTS ANGPTL4 mRNA levels were highest in subcutaneous adipose tissue, whereas LPL mRNA levels were highest in mesenteric adipose tissue. ANGPTL4 and LPL mRNA levels were strongly positively correlated in the omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. In contrast, ANGPTL4 and LPL protein levels were negatively correlated in subcutaneous adipose tissue, suggesting a suppressive effect of ANGPTL4 on LPL protein abundance in subcutaneous adipose tissue. ANGPTL4 mRNA levels were 38% higher in the fasted compared to the postprandial state. CONCLUSION Our data provide valuable insights into the relationship between ANGPTL4 and LPL in human adipose tissue, as well as the physiological function and regulation of ANGPTL4 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Schutte
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo O Aarts
- Rijnstate Hospital and Vitalys Clinics, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lydia Afman
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Guo XY, Sun F, Chen JN, Wang YQ, Pan Q, Fan JG. circRNA_0046366 inhibits hepatocellular steatosis by normalization of PPAR signaling. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:323-337. [PMID: 29391755 PMCID: PMC5776394 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i3.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate micro (mi)R-34a-antagonizing circular (circ)RNA that underlies hepatocellular steatosis.
METHODS The effect of circRNA on miR-34a was recognized by the miRNA response element (MRE), and validated by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Its association with hepatocellular steatosis was investigated in HepG2-based hepatocellular steatosis induced by free fatty acids (FFAs; 2:1 oleate:palmitate) stimulation. After normalization of the steatosis-related circRNA by expression vector, analysis of miR-34a activity, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α level, and expression of downstream genes were carried out so as to reveal its impact on the miR-34a/PPARα regulatory system. Both triglyceride (TG) assessment and cytopathological manifestations uncovered the role of circRNA in miR-34a-dependent hepatosteatogenesis.
RESULTS Bioinformatic and functional analysis verified circRNA_0046366 to antagonize the activity of miR-34a via MRE-based complementation. In contrast to its lowered level during FFA-induced hepatocellular steatosis, circRNA_0046366 up-regulation abolished the miR-34a-dependent inhibition of PPARα that played a critical role in metabolic signaling pathways. PPARα restoration exerted transcriptional improvement to multiple genes responsible for lipid metabolism. TG-specific lipolytic genes [carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and solute-carrier family 27A (SLC27A)] among these showed significant increase in their expression levels. The circRNA_0046366-related rebalancing of lipid homeostasis led to dramatic reduction of TG content, and resulted in the ameliorated phenotype of hepatocellular steatosis.
CONCLUSION Dysregulation of circRNA_0046366/miR-34a/PPARα signaling may be a novel epigenetic mechanism underlying hepatocellular steatosis. circRNA_0046366 serves as a potential target for the treatment of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ya Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian-Neng Chen
- Department of Hepatology, Zhengxing Hospital, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yu-Qin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Digestion and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
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Oseini AM, Cole BK, Issa D, Feaver RE, Sanyal AJ. Translating scientific discovery: the need for preclinical models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Int 2018; 12:6-16. [PMID: 29299759 PMCID: PMC5815925 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-017-9838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world, affecting about 1/3 of the US general population and remaining as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The hallmark of the disease is the excessive accumulation of fat within the liver cells (hepatocytes), which eventually paves the way to cellular stress, injury and apoptosis. NAFLD is strongly associated with components of the metabolic syndrome and is fast emerging as a leading cause of liver transplant in the USA. Based on clinico-pathologic classification, NAFLD may present as isolated lipid collection (steatosis) within the hepatocytes (referred to as non-alcoholic fatty liver; NAFL); or as the more aggressive phenotype (known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NASH). There are currently no regulatory agency- approved medication for NAFLD, despite the enormous work and resources that have gone into the study of this condition. Therefore, there remains a huge unmet need in developing and utilizing pre-clinical models that will recapitulate the disease condition in humans. In line with progress being made in developing appropriate disease models, this review highlights the cutting-edge preclinical in vitro and animal models that try to recapitulate the human disease pathophysiology and/or clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul M. Oseini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA
| | - Banumathi K. Cole
- HemoShear Therapeutics, 501 Locust Ave, Suite 301, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Danny Issa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA
| | - Ryan E. Feaver
- HemoShear Therapeutics, 501 Locust Ave, Suite 301, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA
- Physiology and Molecular Pathology, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA
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Cole BK, Feaver RE, Wamhoff BR, Dash A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) models in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:193-205. [PMID: 29190166 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1410135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The progressive disease spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a rapidly emerging public health crisis with no approved therapy. The diversity of various therapies under development highlights the lack of consensus around the most effective target, underscoring the need for better translatable preclinical models to study the complex progressive disease and effective therapies. Areas covered: This article reviews published literature of various mouse models of NASH used in preclinical studies, as well as complex organotypic in vitro and ex vivo liver models being developed. It discusses translational challenges associated with both kinds of models, and describes some of the studies that validate their application in NAFLD. Expert opinion: Animal models offer advantages of understanding drug distribution and effects in a whole body context, but are limited by important species differences. Human organotypic in vitro and ex vivo models with physiological relevance and translatability need to be used in a tiered manner with simpler screens. Leveraging newer technologies, like metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics, and the future development of validated disease biomarkers will allow us to fully utilize the value of these models to understand disease and evaluate novel drugs in isolation or combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ajit Dash
- b Early Development Safety , Genentech Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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de la Rosa Rodriguez MA, Kersten S. Regulation of lipid droplet-associated proteins by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1212-1220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Cichocki JA, Furuya S, Luo YS, Iwata Y, Konganti K, Chiu WA, Threadgill DW, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is a Susceptibility Factor for Perchloroethylene-Induced Liver Effects in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:102-113. [PMID: 28903486 PMCID: PMC5837635 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent pathological liver condition in developed countries. NAFLD results in severe alterations in liver function, including xenobiotic metabolism. Perchloroethylene (PERC) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, a known hepatotoxicant in rodents, and a probable human carcinogen. It is known that PERC disposition and metabolism are affected by NAFLD in mice; here, we examined how NAFLD changes PERC-associated liver effects. Male C57Bl6/J mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), or methionine/folate/choline-deficient diet (MCD) to model a healthy liver, or mild and severe forms of NAFLD, respectively. After 8 weeks on diets, mice were orally administered PERC (300 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (5% aqueous Alkamuls-EL620) for 5 days. PERC-induced liver effects were exacerbated in both NAFLD groups. PERC exposure was associated with up-regulation of genes involved in xenobiotic, lipid, and glutathione metabolism, and down-regulation of the complement and coagulation cascades, regardless of the diet. Interestingly, HFD-fed mice, not MCD-fed mice, were generally more sensitive to PERC-induced liver effects. This was indicated by histopathology and transcriptional responses, where induction of genes associated with cell cycle and inflammation were prominent. Liver effects positively correlated with diet-specific differences in liver concentrations of PERC. We conclude that NAFLD alters the toxicodynamics of PERC and that NAFLD is a susceptibility factor that should be considered in future risk management decisions for PERC and other chlorinated solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Cichocki
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Shinji Furuya
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yasuhiro Iwata
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Igor P. Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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