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Machado KLDG, Faria DV, Duarte MBS, Silva LAS, de Oliveira TDR, Falcão TCA, Batista DS, Costa MGC, Santa-Catarina C, Silveira V, Romanel E, Otoni WC, Nogueira FTS. Plant age-dependent dynamics of annatto pigment (bixin) biosynthesis in Bixa orellana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1390-1406. [PMID: 37975812 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Age affects the production of secondary metabolites, but how developmental cues regulate secondary metabolism remains poorly understood. The achiote tree (Bixa orellana L.) is a source of bixin, an apocarotenoid used in diverse industries worldwide. Understanding how age-dependent mechanisms control bixin biosynthesis is of great interest for plant biology and for economic reasons. Here we overexpressed miRNA156 (miR156) in B. orellana to comprehensively study the effects of the miR156-SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) module on age-dependent bixin biosynthesis in leaves. Overexpression of miR156 in annatto plants (miR156ox) reduced BoSPL transcript levels, impacted leaf ontogeny, lessened bixin production, and increased abscisic acid levels. Modulation of expression of BoCCD4-4 and BoCCD1, key genes in carotenoid biosynthesis, was associated with diverting the carbon flux from bixin to abscisic acid in miR156ox leaves. Proteomic analyses revealed an overall low accumulation of most secondary metabolite-related enzymes in miR156ox leaves, suggesting that miR156-targeted BoSPLs may be required to activate several secondary metabolic pathways. Our findings suggest that the conserved BomiR156-BoSPL module is deployed to regulate leaf dynamics of bixin biosynthesis, and may create novel opportunities to fine-tune bixin output in B. orellana breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleiton Lima de Godoy Machado
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniele Vidal Faria
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bruno Silva Duarte
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lázara Aline Simões Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Dos Reis de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thais Castilho Arruda Falcão
- Laboratório de Genômica de Plantas e Bioenergia (PGEMBL), Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 12602-810, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Silva Batista
- Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus III, 58220-000, Bananeiras, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Claudete Santa-Catarina
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia (LBT), CBB-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisson Romanel
- Laboratório de Genômica de Plantas e Bioenergia (PGEMBL), Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 12602-810, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Shadisvaaran S, Chin KY, Mohd-Said S, Leong XF. Therapeutic potential of bixin on inflammation: a mini review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1209248. [PMID: 37781110 PMCID: PMC10534043 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1209248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is the underlying mechanism for many diseases. Thus, inflammatory signaling pathways are valuable targets for new treatment modalities. Natural products have gained interest as a potential source of bioactive compounds which provide health benefits in combating inflammatory-related diseases. Recent reports have linked the medicinal values of Bixa orellana L. with its anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, this review aims to examine the therapeutic potential of bixin, a major bioactive constituent found in the seeds of B. orellana, on inflammatory-related diseases based on existing in vitro and in vivo evidence. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of bixin via signaling pathways is explored and possible toxic effects are addressed. The findings suggest that bixin may ameliorate inflammation via inhibition of toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and thioredoxin-interacting protein/NOD-like receptor protein 3 (TXNIP/NLRP3) inflammasome mechanisms. More well-planned clinical studies should be performed to verify its effectiveness and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saminathan Shadisvaaran
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Shahida Mohd-Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xin-Fang Leong
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Moreira VS, de Souza VC, Soares VLF, Sousa AO, de Nascimento KTDS, de Santana MR, Rebouças TNH, Leitão CAE, Goliatt PVZC, Faria DV, Otoni WC, Costa MGC. Dynamics of annatto pigment synthesis and accumulation in seeds of Bixa orellana L. revealed by integrated chemical, anatomical, and RNA-Seq analyses. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1207-1219. [PMID: 36787048 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bixin is a commercially valuable apocarotenoid pigment found in the seed aril of Bixa orellana. The dynamics and regulation of its biosynthesis and accumulation during seed development remain largely unknown. Here, we combined chemical, anatomical, and transcriptomic data to provide stage-specific resolution of the cellular and molecular events occurring during B. orellana seed development. Seeds at five developmental stages (S1-S5) were used for analysis of bixin content and seed anatomy, and three of them (S1, S3, and S4) were selected for Illumina HiSeq sequencing. Bixin accumulated in large quantities in seeds compared with other tissues analyzed, particularly during the S2 stage, peaking at the S4 stage, and then decreasing slightly in the S5 stage. Anatomical analysis revealed that bixin accumulated in the large central vacuole of specialized cells, which were scattered throughout the developing mesotesta at the S2 stage, but enlarged progressively at later stages, until they occupied most of the parenchyma in the aril. A total of 13 million reads were generated and assembled into 73,381 protein-encoding contigs, from which 312 were identified as containing 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (DOXP/MEP), carotenoid, and bixin pathways genes. Differential transcriptome expression analysis of these genes revealed that 50 of them were sequentially and differentially expressed through the seed developmental stages analyzed, including seven carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, eight aldehyde dehydrogenases, and 22 methyltransferases. Taken together, these results show that bixin synthesis and accumulation in seeds of B. orellana are a developmentally regulated process involving the coordinated expression of DOXP/MEP, carotenoid, and bixin biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Santos Moreira
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência E Tecnologia da Bahia, Euclides da Cunha, Bahia, 48500-000, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Carius de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências da Computação, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Lúcia Fontes Soares
- Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Aurizangela Oliveira Sousa
- Centro Multidisciplinar Do Campus Luís Eduardo Magalhães, Universidade Federal Do Oeste da Bahia, Luis Eduardo Magalhães, Bahia, 47850‑000, Brazil
| | | | - Monique Reis de Santana
- Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Tiyoko Nair Hojo Rebouças
- Departamento de Fitotecnia E Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, 45083-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Espolador Leitão
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual Do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, 45083-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Vidal Faria
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcio Gilberto Cardoso Costa
- Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil.
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4
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Enayati A, Rezaei A, Falsafi SR, Rostamabadi H, Malekjani N, Akhavan-Mahdavi S, Kharazmi MS, Jafari SM. Bixin-loaded colloidal nanodelivery systems, techniques and applications. Food Chem 2023; 412:135479. [PMID: 36709686 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bixin is the cis-carotenoid from the seed of achiote tree or annatto. It is an approved liposoluble apocarotenoid by FDA as colorant and additive in the food industry. Nonetheless, bixin is unstable in the presence of oxygen, light, high pHs (alkali) and heat; thereby reducing its bioavailability/bioactivity, and also, with a low solubility in water. Some biopolymeric (e.g., nanofibers, nanogels, and nanotubes) and lipid-based nanocarriers (nanoliposomes, niosomes, hexosomes, nanoemulsions, solid-lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers) have been introduced for bixin. Thus, this review focuses on the updated information regarding bixin-loaded nanodelivery platforms. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive review of bioavailability, physicochemical properties, and applications of nanoencapsulated-bixin as an additive, its release rate and safety issues. These findings will bring potential strategies for the usage of nanocarriers in managing bixin defaults to improve its broad application in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesheh Enayati
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Atefe Rezaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seid Reza Falsafi
- Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Hadis Rostamabadi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Narjes Malekjani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sahar Akhavan-Mahdavi
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
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5
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Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Narváez-Zapata JA, Carballo-Uicab VM, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Us-Camas R, Escobar-Turriza P, Comai L, Rivera-Madrid R. Gene expression profile during seed development of Bixa orellana accessions varying in bixin pigment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1066509. [PMID: 36875614 PMCID: PMC9975726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1066509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diverse morphological, cellular and physiological changes occur during seed maturation in Bixa orellana when the seed tissues form specialized cell glands that produce reddish latex with high bixin amounts. Transcriptomic profiling during seed development in three B. orellana accessions (P12, N4 and N5) with contrasting morphologic characteristics showed enrichment in pathways of triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and cuticular wax biosynthesis. WGCNA allows groups of all identified genes in six modules the module turquoise, the largest and highly correlated with the bixin content. The high number of genes in this module suggests a diversification of regulatory mechanisms for bixin accumulation with the genes belonging to isoprene, triterpenes and carotene pathways, being more highly correlated with the bixin content. Analysis of key genes of the mevalonate (MVA) and the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathways revealed specific activities of orthologs of BoHMGR, BoFFP, BoDXS, and BoHDR. This suggests that isoprenoid production is necessary for compounds included in the reddish latex of developing seeds. The carotenoid-related genes BoPSY2, BoPDS1 and BoZDS displayed a high correlation with bixin production, consistent with the requirement for carotene precursors for apocarotenoid biosynthesis. The BoCCD gene member (BoCCD4-4) and some BoALDH (ALDH2B7.2 and ALDH3I1) and BoMET (BoSABATH1 and BoSABATH8) gene members were highly correlated to bixin in the final seed development stage. This suggested a contributing role for several genes in apocarotenoid production. The results revealed high genetic complexity in the biosynthesis of reddish latex and bixin in specialized seed cell glands in different accessions of B. orellana suggesting gene expression coordination between both metabolite biosynthesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Cárdenas-Conejo
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)-Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Manuel Carballo-Uicab
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rosa Us-Camas
- Departamento de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní, en el Estado de Campeche, Calkiní, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Pedro Escobar-Turriza
- Segunda División de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación Científica y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luca Comai
- Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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6
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Frusciante S, Demurtas OC, Sulli M, Mini P, Aprea G, Diretto G, Karcher D, Bock R, Giuliano G. Heterologous expression of Bixa orellana cleavage dioxygenase 4-3 drives crocin but not bixin biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1469-1482. [PMID: 34919714 PMCID: PMC8896647 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Annatto (Bixa orellana) is a perennial shrub native to the Americas, and bixin, derived from its seeds, is a methoxylated apocarotenoid used as a food and cosmetic colorant. Two previous reports claimed to have isolated the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) responsible for the production of the putative precursor of bixin, the C24 apocarotenal bixin dialdehyde. We re-assessed the activity of six Bixa CCDs and found that none of them produced substantial amounts of bixin dialdehyde in Escherichia coli. Unexpectedly, BoCCD4-3 cleaved different carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin) to yield the C20 apocarotenal crocetin dialdehyde, the known precursor of crocins, which are glycosylated apocarotenoids accumulated in saffron stigmas. BoCCD4-3 lacks a recognizable transit peptide but localized to plastids, the main site of carotenoid accumulation in plant cells. Expression of BoCCD4-3 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves (transient expression), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves (chloroplast transformation, under the control of a synthetic riboswitch), and in conjunction with a saffron crocetin glycosyl transferase, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits (nuclear transformation) led to high levels of crocin accumulation, reaching the highest levels (>100 µg/g dry weight) in tomato fruits, which also showed a crocin profile similar to that found in saffron, with highly glycosylated crocins as major compounds. Thus, while the bixin biosynthesis pathway remains unresolved, BoCCD4-3 can be used for the metabolic engineering of crocins in a wide range of different plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Frusciante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Olivia Costantina Demurtas
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Sulli
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Mini
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprea
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
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7
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Sun T. Old roads revisited: Discovery of a crocin synthesis enzyme. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1405-1407. [PMID: 35245384 PMCID: PMC8896641 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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8
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Us-Camas R, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Rodríguez-Campos J, Vallejo-Cardona AA, Carballo-Uicab VM, Serrano-Posada H, Rivera-Madrid R. Identifying Bixa orellana L. New Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases 1 and 4 Potentially Involved in Bixin Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:829089. [PMID: 35222486 PMCID: PMC8874276 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.829089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carotene cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a large family of Fe2+ dependent enzymes responsible for the production of a wide variety of apocarotenoids, such as bixin. Among the natural apocarotenoids, bixin is second in economic importance. It has a red-orange color and is produced mainly in the seeds of B. orellana. The biosynthesis of bixin aldehyde from the oxidative cleavage of lycopene at 5,6/5',6' bonds by a CCD is considered the first step of bixin biosynthesis. Eight BoCCD (BoCCD1-1, BoCCD1-3, BoCCD1-4, CCD4-1, BoCCD4-2, BoCCD4-3 and BoCCD4-4) genes potentially involved in the first step of B. orellana bixin biosynthesis have been identified. However, the cleavage activity upon lycopene to produce bixin aldehyde has only been demonstrated for BoCCD1-1 and BoCCD4-3. Using in vivo (Escherichia coli) and in vitro approaches, we determined that the other identified BoCCDs enzymes (BoCCD1-3, BoCCD1-4, BoCCD4-1, BoCCD4-2, and BoCCD4-4) also participate in the biosynthesis of bixin aldehyde from lycopene. The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed a peak corresponding to bixin aldehyde (m/z 349.1) in pACCRT-EIB E. coli cells that express the BoCCD1 and BoCCD4 proteins, which was confirmed by in vitro enzymatic assay. Interestingly, in the in vivo assay of BoCCD1-4, BoCCD4-1, BoCCD4-2, and BoCCD4-4, bixin aldehyde was oxidized to norbixin (m/z 380.2), the second product of the bixin biosynthesis pathway. In silico analysis also showed that BoCCD1 and BoCCD4 proteins encode functional dioxygenases that can use lycopene as substrate. The production of bixin aldehyde and norbixin was corroborated based on their ion fragmentation pattern, as well as by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This work made it possible to clarify at the same time the first and second steps of the bixin biosynthesis pathway that had not been evaluated for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Us-Camas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Mexico
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Carballo-Uicab
- CONACYT, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Colima, Mexico
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- CONACYT, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Colima, Mexico
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Mexico
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9
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Simkin AJ. Carotenoids and Apocarotenoids in Planta: Their Role in Plant Development, Contribution to the Flavour and Aroma of Fruits and Flowers, and Their Nutraceutical Benefits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112321. [PMID: 34834683 PMCID: PMC8624010 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids and apocarotenoids are diverse classes of compounds found in nature and are important natural pigments, nutraceuticals and flavour/aroma molecules. Improving the quality of crops is important for providing micronutrients to remote communities where dietary variation is often limited. Carotenoids have also been shown to have a significant impact on a number of human diseases, improving the survival rates of some cancers and slowing the progression of neurological illnesses. Furthermore, carotenoid-derived compounds can impact the flavour and aroma of crops and vegetables and are the origin of important developmental, as well as plant resistance compounds required for defence. In this review, we discuss the current research being undertaken to increase carotenoid content in plants and research the benefits to human health and the role of carotenoid derived volatiles on flavour and aroma of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; or
- Crop Science and Production Systems, NIAB-EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
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10
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Varghese R, S UK, C GPD, Ramamoorthy S. Unraveling the versatility of CCD4: Metabolic engineering, transcriptomic and computational approaches. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110991. [PMID: 34315605 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are economically valuable isoprenoids synthesized by plants and microorganisms, which play a paramount role in their overall growth and development. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases are a vast group of enzymes that specifically cleave thecarotenoids to produce apocarotenoids. Recently, CCDs are a subject of talk because of their contributions to different aspects of plant growth and due to their significance in the production of economically valuable apocarotenoids. Among them, CCD4 stands unique because of its versatility in performing metabolic roles. This review focuses on the multiple functionalities of CCD4 like pigmentation, volatile apocarotenoid production, stress responses, etc. Interestingly, through our literature survey we arrived at a conclusion that CCD4 could perform functions of other carotenoid cleaving enzymes.The metabolic engineering, transcriptomic, and computational approaches adopted to reveal the contributions of CCD4 were also considered here for the study.Phylogenetic analysis was performed to delve into the evolutionary relationships of CCD4 in different plant groups. A tree of 81CCD genes from 64 plant species was constructed, signifying the presence of well-conserved families. Gene structures were illustrated and the difference in the number and position of exons could be considered as a factor behind functional versatility and substrate tolerance of CCD4 in different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressin Varghese
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Udhaya Kumar S
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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11
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Strategies to meet the global demand for natural food colorant bixin: A multidisciplinary approach. J Biotechnol 2021; 338:40-51. [PMID: 34271054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bixin is an apocarotenoid derived from Bixa orellana L. well known as a food colorant along with its numerous industrial and therapeutic applications. With the current surge in usage of natural products, bixin has contributed immensely to the world carotenoid market and showcases a spike in its requirement globally. To bridge the gap between bixin availability and utility, owed to its bioactivity and demand as a colouring agent in industries the sustainable production of bixin is critical. Therefore, to meet up this challenge effective use of multidisciplinary strategies is a promising choice to enhance bixin quantity and quality. Here we report, an optimal blend of approaches directed towards manipulation of bixin biosynthesis pathway with an insight into the impact of regulatory mechanisms and environmental dynamics, engineering carotenoid degradation in plants other than annatto, usage of tissue culture techniques supported with diverse elicitations, molecular breeding, application of in silico predictive tools, screening of microbial bio-factories as alternatives, preservation of bixin bioavailability, and promotion of eco-friendly extraction techniques to play a collaborative role in promoting sustainable bixin production.
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12
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Bixin loaded on polymeric nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant applications in a biological system. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Irradiance and light quality affect two annatto (Bixa orellana L.) cultivars with contrasting bixin production. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 197:111549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Carballo-Uicab VM, Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Vallejo-Cardona AA, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Rodríguez-Campos J, Serrano-Posada H, Narváez-Zapata JA, Vázquez-Flota F, Rivera-Madrid R. Isolation and functional characterization of two dioxygenases putatively involved in bixin biosynthesis in annatto ( Bixa orellana L.). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7064. [PMID: 31275744 PMCID: PMC6592262 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are enzymes that have been implicated in the biosynthesis of a wide diversity of secondary metabolites with important economic value, including bixin. Bixin is the second most used pigment in the world's food industry worldwide, and its main source is the aril of achiote (Bixa orellana L.) seeds. A recent transcriptome analysis of B. orellana identified a new set of eight CCD members (BoCCD4s and BoCCD1s) potentially involved in bixin synthesis. We used several approaches in order to discriminate the best candidates with CCDs genes. A reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) expression analysis was carried out in five developmental stages of two accessions of B. orellana seeds with different bixin contents: (P13W, low bixin producer and N4P, high bixin producer). The results showed that three BoCCDs (BoCCD4-1, BoCCD4-3, and BoCCD1-1) had an expression pattern consistent with bixin accumulation during seed development. Additionally, an alignment of the CCD enzyme family and homology models of proteins were generated to verify whether the newly proposed CCD enzymes were bona fide CCDs. The study confirmed that these three enzymes were well-preserved and belonged to the CCD family. In a second selection round, the three CCD genes were analyzed by in situ RT-qPCR in seed tissue. Results indicated that BoCCD4-3 and BoCCD1-1 exhibited tissue-specific expressions in the seed aril. To test whether the two selected CCDs had enzymatic activity, they were expressed in Escherichia coli; activity was determined by identifying their products in the crude extract using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The cleavage product (bixin aldehyde) was also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared. The results indicated that both BoCCD4-3 and BoCCD1-1 cleave lycopene in vitro at 5,6-5',6'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Manuel Carballo-Uicab
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Yair Cárdenas-Conejo
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología. CONACYT, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Colima, México
| | - Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología. CONACYT, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Colima, México
| | | | - Felipe Vázquez-Flota
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
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15
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Batista DS, Koehler AD, Romanel E, de Souza VC, Silva TD, Almeida MC, Maciel TEF, Ferreira PRB, Felipe SHS, Saldanha CW, Maldaner J, Dias LLC, Festucci-Buselli RA, Otoni WC. De novo assembly and transcriptome of Pfaffia glomerata uncovers the role of photoautotrophy and the P450 family genes in 20-hydroxyecdysone production. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:601-614. [PMID: 30357479 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pfaffia glomerata is a medically important species because it produces the phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E). However, there has been no ready-to-use transcriptome data available in the literature for this plant. Here, we present de novo transcriptome sequencing of RNA from P. glomerata in order to investigate the 20-E production as well as to understand the biochemical pathway of secondary metabolites in this non-model species. We then analyze the effect of photoautotrophy on the production of 20-E genes phylogenetically identified followed by expression analysis. For this, total messenger RNA (mRNA) from leaves, stems, roots, and flowers was used to construct indexed mRNA libraries. Based on the similarity searches against plant non-redundant protein database, gene ontology, and eukaryotic orthologous groups, 164,439 transcripts were annotated. In addition, the effect of photoautotrophy in two genes putatively involved in the 20-E synthesis pathway was analyzed. The Phantom gene (CYP76C), a precursor of the route, showed increased expression in P. glomerata plants cultured under photoautotrophic conditions. This was accompanied by increased production of this metabolite indicating a putative involvement in 20-E synthesis. This work reveals that several genes in the P. glomerata transcriptome are related to secondary metabolism and stresses, that genes of the P450 family participate in the 20-E biosynthesis route, and that plants cultured under photoautotrophic conditions promote an upregulated Phantom gene and enhance the productivity of 20-E. The data will be used for future investigations of the 20-E synthesis pathway in P. glomerata while offering a better understanding of the metabolism of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andréa Dias Koehler
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elisson Romanel
- Laboratório de Genômica de Plantas e Bioenergia (PGEMBL), Departamento de Biotecnologia, EEL/USP, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cairus de Souza
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Dulcineia Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maíra Carolina Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Talles Elisson F Maciel
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Joseila Maldaner
- Centro de Pesquisa em Florestas/DDPA/SEAPI, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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16
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Gomes Pacheco T, de Santana Lopes A, Monteiro Viana GD, Nascimento da Silva O, Morais da Silva G, do Nascimento Vieira L, Guerra MP, Nodari RO, Maltempi de Souza E, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Otoni WC, Rogalski M. Genetic, evolutionary and phylogenetic aspects of the plastome of annatto (Bixa orellana L.), the Amazonian commercial species of natural dyes. PLANTA 2019; 249:563-582. [PMID: 30310983 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plastome of B. orellana reveals specific evolutionary features, unique RNA editing sites, molecular markers and the position of Bixaceae within Malvales. Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a native species of tropical Americas with center of origin in Brazilian Amazonia. Its seeds accumulate the apocarotenoids, bixin and norbixin, which are only found in high content in this species. The seeds of B. orellana are commercially valued by the food industry because its dyes replace synthetic ones from the market due to potential carcinogenic risks. The increasing consumption of B. orellana seeds for dye extraction makes necessary the increase of productivity, which is possible accessing the genetic basis and searching for elite genotypes. The identification and characterization of molecular markers are essential to analyse the genetic diversity of natural populations and to establish suitable strategies for conservation, domestication, germplasm characterization and genetic breeding. Therefore, we sequenced and characterized in detail the plastome of B. orellana. The plastome of B. orellana is a circular DNA molecule of 159,708 bp with a typical quadripartite structure and 112 unique genes. Additionally, a total of 312 SSR loci were identified in the plastome of B. orellana. Moreover, we predicted in 23 genes a total of 57 RNA-editing sites of which 11 are unique for B. orellana. Furthermore, our plastid phylogenomic analyses, using the plastome sequences available in the plastid database belonging to species of order Malvales, indicate a closed relationship between Bixaceae and Malvaceae, which formed a sister group to Thymelaeaceae. Finally, our study provided useful data to be employed in several genetic and biotechnological approaches in B. orellana and related species of the family Bixaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Túlio Gomes Pacheco
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Santana Lopes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gélia Dinah Monteiro Viana
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Odyone Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gleyson Morais da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leila do Nascimento Vieira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Miguel Pedro Guerra
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rubens Onofre Nodari
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rogalski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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17
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Ahrazem O, Diretto G, Argandoña Picazo J, Fiore A, Rubio-Moraga Á, Rial C, Varela RM, Macías FA, Castillo R, Romano E, Gómez-Gómez L. The Specialized Roles in Carotenogenesis and Apocarotenogenesis of the Phytoene Synthase Gene Family in Saffron. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 30886624 PMCID: PMC6409354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Crocus sativus stigmas are the main source of crocins, which are glucosylated apocarotenoids derived from zeaxanthin cleavage that give saffron its red color. Phytoene synthase (PSY) mediates the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Four PSY genes encoding functional enzymes were isolated from saffron. All the proteins were localized in plastids, but the expression patterns of each gene, CsPSY1a, CsPSY1b, CsPSY2, and CsPSY3, in different saffron tissues and during the development of the stigma showed different tissue specialization. The CsPSY2 transcript was primarily detected in the stigmas where it activates and stimulates the accumulation of crocins, while its expression was very low in other tissues. In contrast, CsPSY1a and CsPSY1b were mainly expressed in the leaves, but only CsPSY1b showed stress-light regulation. Interestingly, CsPSY1b showed differential expression of two alternative splice variants, which differ in the intron retention at their 5' UTRs, resulting in a reduction in their expression levels. In addition, the CsPSY1a and CsPSY1b transcripts, together with the CsPSY3 transcript, were induced in roots under different stress conditions. The CsPSY3 expression was high in the root tip, and its expression was associated with mycorrhizal colonization and strigolactone production. CsPSY3 formed a separate branch to the stress-specific Poaceae homologs but was closely related to the dicot PSY3 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Argandoña Picazo
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Alessia Fiore
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Ángela Rubio-Moraga
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Elena Romano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lourdes Gómez-Gómez,
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18
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Teixeira da Silva JA, Dobránszki J, Rivera-Madrid R. The biotechnology (genetic transformation and molecular biology) of Bixa orellana L. (achiote). PLANTA 2018; 248:267-277. [PMID: 29748818 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation allows for greater bixin or norbixin production in achiote. Knowledge of genes that control the biosynthesis of these important secondary metabolites will allow for targeted amplification in transgenic plants. Annatto is a natural dye or coloring agent derived from the seeds, or their arils, of achiote (Bixa orellana L.), and is commercially known as E160b. The main active component of annatto dye is water-insoluble bixin, although water-soluble norbixin also has commercial applications. Relative to other antioxidants, bixin is light- and temperature stable and is thus safe for human consumption. Bixin is, therefore, widely applied as a dye and as an antioxidant in the medico-pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and dye industries. Even though bixin has also been isolated from leaves and bark, yield is lower than from seeds. More biotechnology-based research of this industrial and medicinal plant is needed. Building on provisional genetic transformation studies, it would be advantageous to transform genes that could result in greater bixin or norbixin production. Reliable protocols for the extraction of bixin and norbixin, as well as deeper knowledge of the genes that control the biosynthesis of these important secondary metabolites will allow for targeted amplification in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Dobránszki
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, IAREF, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, Nyíregyháza, 4400, Hungary.
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, CP 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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19
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Abstract
Apocarotenoids are cleavage products of C40 isoprenoid pigments, named carotenoids, synthesized exclusively by plants and microorganisms. The colors of flowers and fruits and the photosynthetic process are examples of the biological properties conferred by carotenoids to these organisms. Mammals do not synthesize carotenoids but obtain them from foods of plant origin. Apocarotenoids are generated upon enzymatic and nonenzymatic cleavage of the parent compounds both in plants and in the tissues of mammals that have ingested carotenoid-containing foods. The best-characterized apocarotenoids are retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives), generated upon central oxidative cleavage of provitamin A carotenoids, mainly β-carotene. In addition to the well-known biological actions of vitamin A, it is becoming apparent that nonretinoid apocarotenoids also have the potential to regulate a broad spectrum of critical cellular functions, thus influencing mammalian health. This review discusses the current knowledge about the generation and biological activities of nonretinoid apocarotenoids in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA;
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20
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Expression and Interaction Analysis among Saffron ALDHs and Crocetin Dialdehyde. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051409. [PMID: 29747375 PMCID: PMC5983644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In saffron, the cleavage of zeaxanthin by means of CCD2 generates crocetin dialdehyde, which is then converted by an unknown aldehyde dehydrogenase to crocetin. A proteome from saffron stigma was released recently and, based on the expression pattern and correlation analyses, five aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) were suggested as possible candidates to generate crocetin from crocetin dialdehydes. We selected four of the suggested ALDHs and analyzed their expression in different tissues, determined their activity over crocetin dialdehyde, and performed structure modeling and docking calculation to find their specificity. All the ALDHs were able to convert crocetin dialdehyde to crocetin, but two of them were stigma tissue-specific. Structure modeling and docking analyses revealed that, in all cases, there was a high coverage of residues in the models. All of them showed a very close conformation, indicated by the low root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values of backbone atoms, which indicate a high similarity among them. However, low affinity between the enzymes and the crocetin dialdehyde were observed. Phylogenetic analysis and binding affinities calculations, including some ALDHs from Gardenia jasmonoides, Crocus sieberi, and Buddleja species that accumulate crocetin and Bixa orellana synthetizing the apocarotenoid bixin selected on their expression pattern matching with the accumulation of either crocins or bixin, pointed out that family 2 C4 members might be involved in the conversion of crocetin dialdehyde to crocetin with high specificity.
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21
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Moreira VS, Soares VLF, Silva RJS, Sousa AO, Otoni WC, Costa MGC. Selection and validation of reference genes for quantitative gene expression analyses in various tissues and seeds at different developmental stages in Bixa orellana L. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:369-378. [PMID: 29692545 PMCID: PMC5911269 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bixa orellana L., popularly known as annatto, produces several secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical and industrial interest, including bixin, whose molecular basis of biosynthesis remain to be determined. Gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is an important tool to advance such knowledge. However, correct interpretation of qPCR data requires the use of suitable reference genes in order to reduce experimental variations. In the present study, we have selected four different candidates for reference genes in B. orellana, coding for 40S ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9), histone H4 (H4), 60S ribosomal protein L38 (RPL38) and 18S ribosomal RNA (18SrRNA). Their expression stabilities in different tissues (e.g. flower buds, flowers, leaves and seeds at different developmental stages) were analyzed using five statistical tools (NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, ΔCt method and RefFinder). The results indicated that RPL38 is the most stable gene in different tissues and stages of seed development and 18SrRNA is the most unstable among the analyzed genes. In order to validate the candidate reference genes, we have analyzed the relative expression of a target gene coding for carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) using the stable RPL38 and the least stable gene, 18SrRNA, for normalization of the qPCR data. The results demonstrated significant differences in the interpretation of the CCD1 gene expression data, depending on the reference gene used, reinforcing the importance of the correct selection of reference genes for normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane S. Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Virgínia L. F. Soares
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Raner J. S. Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Aurizangela O. Sousa
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Juazeiro, Bahia 48905-680 Brazil
| | - Wagner C. Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Marcio G. C. Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900 Brazil
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22
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Transcriptome analysis in tissue sectors with contrasting crocins accumulation provides novel insights into apocarotenoid biosynthesis and regulation during chromoplast biogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2843. [PMID: 29434251 PMCID: PMC5809551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocins, the red soluble apocarotenoids of saffron, accumulate in the flowers of Crocus species in a developmental and tissue-specific manner. In Crocus sieberi, crocins accumulate in stigmas but also in a distinct yellow tepal sector, which we demonstrate contains chromoplast converted from amyloplasts. Secondary metabolites were analysed by LC-DAD-HRMS, revealing the progressive accumulation of crocetin and crocins in the yellow sector, which were also localized in situ by Raman microspectroscopy. To understand the underlying mechanisms of crocin biosynthesis, we sequenced the C. sieberi tepal transcriptome of two differentially pigmented sectors (yellow and white) at two developmental stages (6 and 8) by Illumina sequencing. A total of 154 million high-quality reads were generated and assembled into 248,099 transcripts. Differentially expressed gene analysis resulted in the identification of several potential candidate genes involved in crocin metabolism and regulation. The results provide a first profile of the molecular events related to the dynamics of crocetin and crocin accumulation during tepal development, and present new information concerning apocarotenoid biosynthesis regulators and their accumulation in Crocus. Further, reveals genes that were previously unknown to affect crocin formation, which could be used to improve crocin accumulation in Crocus plants and the commercial quality of saffron spice.
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Sankari M, Rao PR, Hemachandran H, Pullela PK, Doss C GP, Tayubi IA, Subramanian B, Gothandam KM, Singh P, Ramamoorthy S. Prospects and progress in the production of valuable carotenoids: Insights from metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and computational approaches. J Biotechnol 2018; 266:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Rather GA, Sharma A, Pandith SA, Kaul V, Nandi U, Misra P, Lattoo SK. De novo transcriptome analyses reveals putative pathway genes involved in biosynthesis and regulation of camptothecin in Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Graham) Mabb. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:197-215. [PMID: 29270891 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of leaf and root tissues of Nothapodytes nimmoniana unravels several putative pathway genes, transcription factors and CYPs related to camptothecin (CPT) biosynthesis. Additionally, post-transcriptional suppression by artificial microRNA (aMIR) of NnCYP76B6 (geraniol 10-hydroxylase) suggests its role in CPT biosynthesis. Tissue-specific LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of secologanin as the central intermediate of MIA pathway in N. nimmoniana. Nothapodytes nimmoniana is a rich source of potent anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT) whose biosynthetic pathway is unresolved due to the lack of genomic and transcriptomic information. Present investigation entails deep transcriptome analysis of N. nimmoniana which led to identification of putative pathway genes and regulatory components involved in CPT biosynthesis. Using Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform a total of 31,172,889 (6.23 Gb) and 31,218,626 (6.24 Gb) raw reads were generated from leaf and root wood, respectively. These were assembled de novo into 138,183 unique contigs. Additionally, 16 cytochrome P450 transcripts related to secondary metabolism were also identified. Further, transcriptome data pool presented 1683 putative transcription factors of which transcripts corresponding to WRKY TFs were the most abundant (14.14%). A total of 2741 transcripts were differentially expressed out of which 478 contigs showed downregulation in root wood and 2263 contigs were up-regulated. Further, comparative analyses of 17 genes involved in CPT biosynthetic pathway were validated by qRT-PCR. On basis of intermediates, two distinct seco-iridoid pathways are involved in the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids either through multiple isomers of strictosidinic acid or strictosidine. Tissue-specific LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of secologanin as the central intermediate of MIA pathway in N. nimmoniana. Geraniol-10 hydroxylase (NnCYP76B6) an important enzyme in CPT biosynthesis which specifically shunts geraniol into the secologanin pathway was also cloned from the trancriptome resource. In planta transient expression of NnCYP76B6 showed a significant enhancement in mRNA transcript levels coincident with enhanced CPT accumulation. Further, artificial microRNA (aMIR) mediated downregulation of NnCYP76B6 resulted in reduction of mRNA transcript levels as well as CPT content in comparison to control. These empirical results suggest a plausible regulatory role for NnCYP76B6 in CPT biosynthesis and also establish a valuable repository for deciphering various structural, rate limiting and regulatory genes of CPT biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar A Rather
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India
| | - Arti Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India
| | - Shahzad A Pandith
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India
| | - Veenu Kaul
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi, 180006, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- PK-PD Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India
| | - Prashant Misra
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India.
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India.
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25
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Sankari M, Hridya H, Sneha P, George Priya Doss C, Ramamoorthy S. Effect of UV radiation and its implications on carotenoid pathway in Bixa orellana L. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 176:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Zhang G, Zhao C, Wang Q, Gu Y, Li Z, Tao P, Chen J, Yin S. Identification of HIF-1 signaling pathway in Pelteobagrus vachelli using RNA-Seq: effects of acute hypoxia and reoxygenation on oxygen sensors, respiratory metabolism, and hematology indices. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:931-943. [PMID: 28353178 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is a vital element in aquatic environments. The concentration of oxygen to which aquatic organisms are exposed is influenced by salinity, water temperature, weather, and surface water runoff. Hypoxia has a serious effect on fish populations, and can lead to the loss of habitat and die-offs. Therefore, in the present study we used next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the transcriptomes of Pelteobagrus vachelli and identified 70 candidate genes in the HIF-1 signaling pathway that are important for the hypoxic response in all metazoan species. For the first time, the present study reported the effects of acute hypoxia and reoxygenation on oxygen sensors, respiratory metabolism, and hematology indices in P. vachelli. The predicted physiological adjustments show that P. vachelli's blood oxygen-carrying capacity was increased through increased RBC, HB, and SI after hypoxia exposure. Glycolysis-related enzyme activities (PFK, HK, and PK) and LDH in the brain and liver also increased, indicating a rise in anaerobic metabolism. The observed reduction in oxidative enzyme level (CS) in the liver during hypoxia suggests a concomitant depression in aerobic metabolism. There were significant increases in oxygen sensor mRNA expression and HIF-1α protein expression during hypoxia and reoxygenation exposure, suggesting that the HIF-1 signaling pathway was activated in the liver and brain of P. vachelli in response to acute hypoxia and reoxygenation. Our findings suggest that oxygen sensors (e.g., HIF-1α) of P. vachelli are potentially useful biomarkers of environmental hypoxic exposure. These data contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the hypoxia signaling pathway in fish under hypoxia and reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qintao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yichun Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zecheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Panfeng Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaowu Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China. .,Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.
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27
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Liu GH, Xu MJ, Chang QC, Gao JF, Wang CR, Zhu XQ. De novo transcriptomic analysis of the female and male adults of the blood fluke Schistosoma turkestanicum. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:143. [PMID: 26968659 PMCID: PMC4788885 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma turkestanicum is a parasite of considerable veterinary importance as an agent of animal schistosomiasis in many countries, including China. The S. turkestanicum cercariae can also infect humans, causing cercarial dermatitis in many countries and regions of the world. In spite of its significance as a pathogen of animals and humans, there is little transcriptomic and genomic data in the public databases. Methods Herein, we performed the transcriptome Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of adult males and females of S. turkestanicum and de novo transcriptome assembly. Results Approximately 81.1 (female) and 80.5 (male) million high-quality clean reads were obtained and then 29,526 (female) and 41,346 (male) unigenes were assembled. A total of 34,624 unigenes were produced from S. turkestanicum females and males, with an average length of 878 nucleotides (nt) and N50 of 1480 nt. Of these unigenes, 25,158 (72.7 %) were annotated by blast searches against the NCBI non-redundant protein database. Among these, 21,995 (63.5 %), 22,189 (64.1 %) and 13,754 (39.7 %) of the unigenes had significant similarity in the NCBI non-redundant protein (NR), non-redundant nucleotide (NT) and Swiss-Prot databases, respectively. In addition, 3150 unigenes were identified to be expressed specifically in females and 1014 unigenes were identified to be expressed specifically in males. Interestingly, several pathways associated with gonadal development and sex maintenance were found, including the Wnt signaling pathway (103; 2 %) and progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation (77; 1.5 %). Conclusions The present study characterized and compared the transcriptomes of adult female and male blood fluke, S. turkestanicum. These results will not only serve as valuable resources for future functional genomics studies to understand the molecular aspects of S. turkestanicum, but also will provide essential information for ongoing whole genome sequencing efforts on this pathogenic blood fluke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China
| | - Min-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, PR China
| | - Qiao-Cheng Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Jun-Feng Gao
- Department of Parasitology, Heilongjiang Institute of Veterinary Science, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, 161006, PR China
| | - Chun-Ren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China.
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Rivera-Madrid R, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Garza-Caligaris LE. Carotenoid Derivates in Achiote ( Bixa orellana) Seeds: Synthesis and Health Promoting Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1406. [PMID: 27708658 PMCID: PMC5030781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bixa orellana (family Bixaceae) is a neotropical fast growing perennial tree of great agro-industrial value because its seeds have a high carotenoid content, mainly bixin. It has been used since pre-colonial times as a culinary colorant and spice, and for healing purposes. It is currently used as a natural pigment in the food, in pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, and it is commercially known as annatto. Recently, several studies have addressed the biological and medical properties of this natural pigment, both as potential source of new drugs or because its ingestion as a condiment or diet supplement may protect against several diseases. The most documented properties are anti-oxidative; but its anti-cancer, hypoglucemic, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties are also being studied. Bixin's pathway elucidation and its regulation mechanisms are critical to improve the produce of this important carotenoid. Even though the bixin pathway has been established, the regulation of the genes involved in bixin production remains largely unknown. Our laboratory recently published B. orellana's transcriptome and we have identified most of its MEP (methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate) and carotenoid pathway genes. Annatto is a potential source of new drugs and can be a valuable nutraceutical supplement. However, its nutritional and healing properties require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C.Mérida, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Renata Rivera-Madrid,
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C.Mérida, Mexico
| | | | - Luz E. Garza-Caligaris
- Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C.Mérida, Mexico
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