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Zaidi SEZ, Zaheer R, Zovoilis A, McAllister TA. Enterococci as a One Health indicator of antimicrobial resistance. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:303-335. [PMID: 38696839 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2024-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid increase of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in humans and livestock is concerning. Antimicrobials are essential for the treatment of disease in modern day medicine, and their misuse in humans and food animals has contributed to an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Globally, antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a One Health problem affecting humans, animals, and environment. Enterococcal species are Gram-positive bacteria that are widely distributed in nature. Their occurrence, prevalence, and persistence across the One Health continuum make them an ideal candidate to study antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective. The objective of this review was to summarize the role of enterococci as an indicator of antimicrobial resistance across One Health sectors. We also briefly address the prevalence of enterococci in human, animal, and environmental settings. In addition, a 16S RNA gene-based phylogenetic tree was constructed to visualize the evolutionary relationship among enterococcal species and whether they segregate based on host environment. We also review the genomic basis of antimicrobial resistance in enterococcal species across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani-E-Zehra Zaidi
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Athanasios Zovoilis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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dos Santos GS, Francischetti GS, Garritano NF, Hagen SCF, Cagnim AF, Catão-Dias JL, Ferreira Neto JS, Sucupira MCA, Heinemann MB. Polymicrobial Septic Peritonitis Caused by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus casseliflavus following Uterine Rupture in a Goat. Vet Sci 2024; 11:268. [PMID: 38922015 PMCID: PMC11209041 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A one-year-old female miniature goat was presented to an emergency service after calving a dead goatling. Physical and ultrasonographic examination revealed the presence of a viable fetus; therefore, the goat was submitted to an emergency cesarean section. In the postoperative period, the animal had septic peritonitis caused by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus casseliflavus. Both bacterial strains showed contrasting antimicrobial resistance profiles. Laparohysterectomy and abdominal cavity lavage were performed, but, once the animal had adhesions and necrotic lesions in abdominal organs, euthanasia was executed. A post-mortem examination revealed fibrino-necrotic septic peritonitis secondary to uterine rupture. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first detailed report of polymicrobial septic peritonitis in a miniature goat and the first report of septic peritonitis caused by E. faecium and E. casseliflavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S. dos Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.S.d.S.)
| | - Giovanna S. Francischetti
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Natália F. Garritano
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Stefano C. F. Hagen
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Artur F. Cagnim
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - José S. Ferreira Neto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.S.d.S.)
| | - Maria Claudia A. Sucupira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.S.d.S.)
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Cebeci T. Species prevalence, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from food-producing animals at a slaughterhouse in Turkey. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13191. [PMID: 38851786 PMCID: PMC11162463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthy cattle, sheep, and goats can be reservoirs for gastrointestinal pathogenic fecal enterococci, some of which could be multidrug-resistant to antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of Enterococcus species in healthy sheep, goat, and cattle carcasses, as well as to analyze the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and the virulence gene content. During 2019-2020, carcass surface samples were collected from 150 ruminants in a slaughterhouse. A total of 90 enterococci, comprising five species, were obtained. The overall prevalence of enterococci was found to be 60%, out of which 37.7% were identified as Enterococcus (E.) hirae, 33.3% as E. casseliflavus, 15.5% as E. faecium, 12.2% as E. faecalis, and 1.1% as E. gallinarum. Virulence-associated genes of efaA (12.2%) were commonly observed in the Enterococcus isolates, followed by gelE (3.3%), asaI (3.3%), and ace (2.2%). High resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin (28.8%), tetracycline (21.1%), ampicillin (20%), and rifampin (15.5%) was found in two, four, four, and five of the Enterococcus species group, respectively. The resistance of Enterococcus isolates to 11 antibiotic groups was determined and multidrug resistant (MDR) strains were found in 18.8% of Enterococcus isolates. Characteristic resistance genes were identified by PCR with an incidence of 6.6%, 2.2%, 1.1%, 1.1%, 1.1%, and 1.1% for the tetM, ermB, ermA, aac(6')Ie-aph(2")-la, VanC1, and VanC2 genes in Enterococcus isolates, respectively. Efflux pump genes causing multidrug resistance were detected in Enterococcus isolates (34.4%). The results showed that there were enterococci in the slaughterhouse with a number of genes linked to virulence that could be harmful to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Cebeci
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
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Tadesse BT, Svetlicic E, Zhao S, Berhane N, Jers C, Solem C, Mijakovic I. Bad to the bone? - Genomic analysis of Enterococcus isolates from diverse environments reveals that most are safe and display potential as food fermentation microorganisms. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127702. [PMID: 38552381 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Enterococci comprise a group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with considerable potential to serve as food fermentation microorganisms. Unfortunately, enterococci have received a lot of negative attention, due to the occurrence of pathogenic and multidrug resistant strains. In this study, we used genomics to select safe candidates among the forty-four studied enterococcal isolates. The genomes of the forty-four strains were fully sequenced and assessed for presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Nineteen isolates belonging to the species Enterococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus durans, and Enterococcus thailandicus, were deemed safe from the genome analysis. The presence of secondary metabolite gene clusters for bacteriocins was assessed, and twelve candidates were found to secrete antimicrobial compounds effective against Listeria monocytogenes isolated from cheese and Staphylococcus aureus. Physiological characterization revealed nineteen industrial potentials; all strains grew well at 42 °C and acidified 1.5 hours faster than their mesophilic counterpart Lactococcus lactis, with which they share metabolism and flavor forming ability. We conclude that a large fraction of the examined enterococci were safe and could serve as excellent food fermentation microorganisms with inherent bioprotective abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belay Tilahun Tadesse
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology and Biorefining, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ema Svetlicic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shuangqing Zhao
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology and Biorefining, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Nega Berhane
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Carsten Jers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Solem
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology and Biorefining, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Li W, Lim CH, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Conway PL, Loo SCJ. In Vitro Profiling of Potential Fish Probiotics, Enterococcus hirae Strains, Isolated from Jade Perch, and Safety Properties Assessed Using Whole Genome Sequencing. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10244-0. [PMID: 38498111 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The demands of intensified aquaculture production and escalating disease prevalence underscore the need for efficacious probiotic strategies to enhance fish health. This study focused on isolating and characterising potential probiotics from the gut microbiota of the emerging aquaculture species jade perch (Scortum barcoo). Eighty-seven lactic acid bacteria and 149 other bacteria were isolated from the digestive tract of five adult jade perch. The screening revealed that 24 Enterococcus hirae isolates inhibited the freshwater pathogens Aeromonas sobria and Streptococcus iniae. Co-incubating E. hirae with the host gut suspensions demonstrated a two- to five-fold increase in the size of growth inhibition zones compared to the results when using gut suspensions from tilapia (a non-host), indicating host-specificity. Genome analysis of the lead isolate, E. hirae R44, predicted the presence of antimicrobial compounds like enterolysin A, class II lanthipeptide, and terpenes, which underlay its antibacterial attributes. Isolate R44 exhibited desirable probiotic characteristics, including survival at pH values within the range of 3 to 12, bile tolerance, antioxidant activity, ampicillin sensitivity, and absence of transferable antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors commonly associated with hospital Enterococcus strains (IS16, hylEfm, and esp). This study offers a foundation for sourcing host-adapted probiotics from underexplored aquaculture species. Characterisation of novel probiotics like E. hirae R44 can expedite the development of disease mitigation strategies to support aquaculture intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Li
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637335, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chiun Hao Lim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhongtian Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yulan Wang
- Singapore Phenome Centre, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Patricia Lynne Conway
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Centre for Marine Science Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore.
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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Gensler CA, Hempstead SC, Keelara S, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Urie NJ, Wiedenheft AM, Stuart K, Marshall KL, Jacob ME. Antimicrobial Resistance Characteristics of Fecal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus Species in U.S. Goats: 2019 National Animal Health Monitoring System Enteric Study. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38502797 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Enterococcus species are normal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract and serve as indicator organisms for the epidemiology and emergence of antimicrobial resistance in their hosts and the environment. Some E. coli serovars, including E. coli O157:H7, are important human pathogens, although reservoir species such as goats remain asymptomatic. We describe the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of generic E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, and Enterococcus species collected from a national surveillance study of goat feces as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Goat 2019 study. Fecal samples were collected from 4918 goats on 332 operations across the United States. Expectedly, a high prevalence of E. coli (98.7%, 4850/4915) and Enterococcus species (94.8%, 4662/4918) was found. E. coli O157:H7 prevalence was low (0.2%; 10/4918). E. coli isolates, up to three per operation, were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility and 84.7% (571/674) were pansusceptible. Multidrug resistance (MDR; ≥3 classes) was uncommon among E. coli, occurring in 8.2% of isolates (55/674). Resistance toward seven antimicrobial classes was observed in a single isolate. Resistance to tetracycline alone (13.6%, 92/674) or to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole (7.0% 47/674) was the most common pattern. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates were pansusceptible. Enterococcus isolates, up to four per operation, were prioritized by public health importance, including Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis and evaluated. Resistance to lincomycin (93.8%, 1232/1313) was most common, with MDR detected in 29.5% (388/1313) of isolates. The combination of ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, and quinupristin resistance (27.1%, 105/388) was the most common pattern detected. Distribution and characteristics of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli and Enterococcus in the U.S. goat population from this study can inform stewardship considerations and public health efforts surrounding goats and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gensler
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie C Hempstead
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shivaramu Keelara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paula J Fedorka-Cray
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalie J Urie
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyson M Wiedenheft
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Keira Stuart
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Katherine L Marshall
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Megan E Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Ocejo M, Mugica M, Oporto B, Lavín JL, Hurtado A. Whole-genome long-read sequencing to unveil Enterococcus antimicrobial resistance in dairy cattle farms exposed a widespread occurrence of Enterococcus lactis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0367223. [PMID: 38230937 PMCID: PMC10846211 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03672-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (Efs) and Enterococcus faecium (Efm) are major causes of multiresistant healthcare-associated or nosocomial infections. Efm has been traditionally divided into clades A (healthcare associated) and B (community associated) but clade B has been recently reassigned to Enterococcus lactis (Elc). However, identification techniques do not routinely differentiate Elc from Efm. As part of a longitudinal study to investigate the antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus in dairy cattle, isolates initially identified as Efm were confirmed as Elc after Oxford-Nanopore long-fragment whole-genome sequencing and genome comparisons. An Efm-specific PCR assay was developed and used to identify isolates recovered from animal feces on five farms, resulting in 44 Efs, 23 Efm, and 59 Elc. Resistance, determined by broth microdilution, was more frequent in Efs than in Efm and Elc but all isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, daptomycin, teicoplanin, tigecycline, and vancomycin. Genome sequencing analysis of 32 isolates identified 23 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs, mostly plasmid-located) and 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with resistance to 10 antimicrobial classes, showing high concordance with phenotypic resistance. Notably, linezolid resistance in Efm was encoded by the optrA gene, located in plasmids downstream of the fexA gene. Although most Elc lacked virulence factors and genetic determinants of resistance, one isolate carried a plasmid with eight ARGs. This study showed that Elc is more prevalent than Efm in dairy cattle but carries fewer ARGs and virulence genes. However, Elc can carry multi-drug-resistant plasmids like those harbored by Efm and could act as a donor of ARGs for other pathogenic enterococcal species.IMPORTANCEEnterococcus species identification is crucial due to differences in pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance profiles. The failure of traditional methods or whole-genome sequencing-based taxonomic classifiers to distinguish Enterococcus lactis (Elc) from Enterococcus faecium (Efm) results in a biased interpretation of Efm epidemiology. The Efm species-specific real-time PCR assay developed here will help to properly identify Efm (only the formerly known clade A) in future studies. Here, we showed that Elc is prevalent in dairy cattle, and although this species carries fewer genetic determinants of resistance (GDRs) than Enterococcus faecalis (Efs) and Efm, it can carry multi-drug-resistant (MDR) plasmids and could act as a donor of resistance genes for other pathogenic enterococcal species. Although all isolates (Efs, Efm, and Elc) were susceptible to critically or highly important antibiotics like daptomycin, teicoplanin, tigecycline, and vancomycin, the presence of GDRs in MDR-plasmids is a concern since antimicrobials commonly used in livestock could co-select and confer resistance to critically important antimicrobials not used in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medelin Ocejo
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maitane Mugica
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Oporto
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Luis Lavín
- Applied Mathematics Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Amuasi GR, Dsani E, Owusu-Nyantakyi C, Owusu FA, Mohktar Q, Nilsson P, Adu B, Hendriksen RS, Egyir B. Enterococcus species: insights into antimicrobial resistance and whole-genome features of isolates recovered from livestock and raw meat in Ghana. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1254896. [PMID: 38192291 PMCID: PMC10773571 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1254896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterococcus spp. have gradually evolved from commensals to causing life-threatening hospital-acquired infections globally due to their inherent antimicrobial resistance ability and virulence potential. Enterococcus spp. recovered from livestock and raw meat samples were characterized using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. Materials and methods Isolates were confirmed using the MALDI-ToF mass spectrometer, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Whole genome sequencing was performed on isolates resistant to two or more antibiotics. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to determine sequence types, resistance and virulence gene content and evolutionary relationships between isolates from meat and livestock samples, and other enterococci genomes curated by PATRIC. eBURST analysis was used to assign genomes to clonal complexes. Results Enterococcus spp. were predominantly E. faecalis (96/236; 41%) and E. faecium (89/236; 38%). Overall, isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (78/236; 33%), tetracycline (71/236; 30%), ciprofloxacin (20/236; 8%), chloramphenicol (12/236; 5%), linezolid (7/236; 3%), ampicillin (4/236; 2%) and vancomycin (1/236, 0.4%). Resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents was detected among 17% (n = 40) Enterococcus spp. Resistance genes for streptogramins [lsa(A), lsa(E), msr(C)], aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-aph(2″), str], amphenicol [cat], macrolides [erm(B), erm(T), msr(C)], tetracyclines [tet(M), tet(L), tet(S)] and lincosamides [lsa(A), lsa(E), lnu(B)] were detected among the isolates. Genes for biofilm formation, adhesins, sex pheromones, cytolysins, hyaluronidase, oxidative stress resistance, quorum-sensing and anti-phagocytic activity were also identified. Potential plasmids with replicon sequences (rep1, rep2, repUS43, repUS47, rep9a, rep9b) and other mobile genetic elements (Tn917, cn_5536_ISEnfa1, Tn6009, ISEnfa1, ISEfa10) were detected. Clinically relevant E. faecium ST32 and ST416 clones were identified in meat samples. Conclusion The occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. in livestock and raw meat samples, carrying multiple resistance and virulence genes, including known clones associated with hospital-acquired infections, underscores the critical need for employing robust tools like whole genome sequencing. Such tools provide detailed data essential for ongoing surveillance efforts aimed at addressing the challenge of antimicrobial resistance with a focus on one health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grebstad Rabbi Amuasi
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Esther Dsani
- Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian Owusu-Nyantakyi
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felicia A. Owusu
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Quaneeta Mohktar
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Pernille Nilsson
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Global Capacity Building, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bright Adu
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rene S. Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Global Capacity Building, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Beverly Egyir
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Im EJ, Lee HHY, Kim M, Kim MK. Evaluation of Enterococcal Probiotic Usage and Review of Potential Health Benefits, Safety, and Risk of Antibiotic-Resistant Strain Emergence. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1327. [PMID: 37627747 PMCID: PMC10451534 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are often used in probiotics but can also cause nosocomial infections. As such, enterococcal consumption may have beneficial health effects, but a thorough evaluation of virulence absence and risk of antibiotic resistance spread is needed at the strain level. This article reviewed ten online health product shopping websites in the US. On these websites, 23 probiotic products using enterococci were found across 12 companies. In addition, this article reviewed studies that demonstrated the probiotic potential of enterococcal consumption (e.g., gastrointestinal and respiratory disease, hyperlipidemia alleviation, as well as infection prevention). To investigate the safety aspects of enterococci, the present work examined studies evaluating virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, this article assessed research that explored these virulent factors, specifically in probiotics containing enterococci, as well as the potential transfer mechanism of their antibiotic resistance. Based on reviewed data, enterococcal probiotic consumption has been proven beneficial for conditions or symptoms of multiple diseases without any apparent adverse effects. However, due to the plasmid- or transposon-mediated gene transfer ability of enterococci, surveillance monitoring and further studies regarding enterococcal consumption are warranted. Future studies that identify enterococcal strains safe to use in probiotics without virulence factors and antibiotic resistance are imperative for evidence-based decisions by health organizations and government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jeeho Im
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | - Harry Hyun-Yup Lee
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Lillington, NC 27546, USA
| | - Minzae Kim
- College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Myo-Kyoung Kim
- Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
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Oh SE, Heo S, Lee G, Park HJ, Jeong DW. Novel Starter Strain Enterococcus faecium DMEA09 from Traditional Korean Fermented Meju. Foods 2023; 12:3008. [PMID: 37628007 PMCID: PMC10453556 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enterococcus faecium strain DMEA09 was previously isolated from traditional Korean fermented meju. The objective of the current study was to investigate the traits of E. faecium strain DMEA09 as a starter candidate, focusing on its safety and technological properties. Regarding its safety, the DMEA09 strain was found to be sensitive to nine antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tylosin, and vancomycin) by showing lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) than the cut-off values suggested by the European Union Food Safety Authority for these nine antibiotics. However, its MIC value for clindamycin was twice as high as the cut-off value. A genomic analysis revealed that strain DMEA09 did not encode the acquired antibiotic resistance genes, including those for clindamycin. The DMEA09 strain did not show hemolysis as a result of analyzing α- and β-hemolysis. It did not form biofilm either. A genomic analysis revealed that strain DMEA09 did not encode for any virulence factors including hemolysin. Most importantly, multilocus sequence typing revealed that the clonal group of strain DMEA09 was distinguished from clinical isolates. Regarding its technological properties, strain DMEA09 could grow in the presence of 6% salt. It showed protease activity when the salt concentration was 3%. It did not exhibit lipase activity. Its genome possessed 37 putative protease genes and salt-tolerance genes for survivability under salt conditions. Consequently, strain DMEA09 shows safe and technological properties as a new starter candidate. This was confirmed by genome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Eun Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Heo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Gawon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Won Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
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11
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Monteiro Marques J, Coelho M, Santana AR, Pinto D, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Dissemination of Enterococcal Genetic Lineages: A One Health Perspective. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1140. [PMID: 37508236 PMCID: PMC10376465 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are commensals of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and colonize a variety of niches such as water, soil, and food. Over the last three decades, enterococci have evolved as opportunistic pathogens, being considered ESKAPE pathogens responsible for hospital-associated infections. Enterococci's ubiquitous nature, excellent adaptative capacity, and ability to acquire virulence and resistance genes make them excellent sentinel proxies for assessing the presence/spread of pathogenic and virulent clones and hazardous determinants across settings of the human-animal-environment triad, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of the One Health continuum. This review provides an overview of enterococcal fitness and pathogenic traits; the most common clonal complexes identified in clinical, veterinary, food, and environmental sources; as well as the dissemination of pathogenic genomic traits (virulome, resistome, and mobilome) found in high-risk clones worldwide, across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Monteiro Marques
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Coelho
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Santana
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Pinto
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Santos PR, Kraus RB, Ladeira SL, Pereira GM, Cunha KF, Palhares KE, Silva ACA, Dors GC, Lima HG, Cereser ND, Nascente PS. Resistance profile and biofilm production of Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus spp. from dairy farms in southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1217-1229. [PMID: 36811767 PMCID: PMC10235326 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is a high nutritional value food that helps in human development and growth. However, it can also harbor microorganisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate, identify and evaluate the resistance profile and pathogenicity factors of gram-positive cocci isolated from liners in milking rooms in the south of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Biochemical and molecular tests were performed for the identification. The following were isolated: Enterococcus faecalis (10), Enterococcus faecium (4), Staphylococcus intermedius (1), Streptococcus uberis (1), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1). The susceptibility of isolated microorganisms to eight antibiotics was evaluated according to CLSI, and the genus that proved to be resistant to most of those was Enterococcus. In addition, all 17 isolates were able to form biofilm, which remained viable after the use of neutral, alkaline and alkaline-chlorinated detergent. The only product that was effective against biofilm of all microorganisms was chlorhexidine 2%. The results obtained highlight the importance of pre- and post-dipping tests on dairy properties, in which chlorhexidine is one of the disinfectants used. As observed, products indicated for cleaning and descaling pipes were not effective on biofilms of the different species tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Santos
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - R. B. Kraus
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - S. L. Ladeira
- Regional Laboratory of Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - G. M. Pereira
- Departament of Mathematics and Statistics, Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - K. F. Cunha
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - K. E. Palhares
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - A. C. A. Silva
- Campus Xapuri, Federal Institute of Acre, Xapuri, 78900-000 Brazil
| | - G. C. Dors
- Departament of Agribusiness Science and Technology, Eliseu Maciel College of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - H. G. Lima
- Departament of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - N. D. Cereser
- Departament of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - P. S. Nascente
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
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13
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Scarpellini R, Giunti M, Pontiero A, Savini F, Esposito E, Piva S. Two cases of bloodstream infections associated with opportunistic bacterial species (Enterococcus hirae and Enterobacter xiangfangensis) in companion animals. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:63. [PMID: 36966282 PMCID: PMC10039583 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bloodstream infections are a matter of concern in small animal veterinary practice. Few reports are avaiable, especially regarding the role of opportunistic bacteria in becoming infectious. This report aims to add to the current veterinary literature on two opportunistic bacterial species (Enterococcus hirae and Enterobacter xiangfangensis) associated with bloodstream infections in small animals admitted to the Bologna University Veterinary Hospital. CASE PRESENTATION In the first case, a 15-year-old, immunocompromised, cardiopathic dog was admitted to the hospital for anorexia and diarrhea. The patient had a history of previous surgery and hospitalization. After three days, hyperthermia, leukopenia and hyperlactatemia were recorded, and blood culture revealed positivity for Enterococcus hirae, identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The patient's general conditions progressively worsened, and the patient was euthanized. In the second case, a 2-year-old cat with chronic ocular herpesvirus infection and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was admitted to the hospital for anorexia and hyperthermia. The cat was hospitalized one week before and received antimicrobial treatment for urinary tract infection by Staphylococcus felis. Hypokalemia and lymphopenia were also diagnosed. The patient progressively improved and was discharged after three days. On the same day, blood culture taken at admission revealed positivity for Enterobacter xiangfangensis, identified using MALDI-TOF MS. After five days, the patient returned with neurological symptoms, hypothermia and bradycardia, and was euthanized. CONCLUSIONS In small animal veterinary practice, the impact of opportunistic bacterial agents (such as E.hirae and E.xiangfangensis) on bloodstream infections remains unclear. As in human medicine, they can be contracted in every healthcare setting and considered hospital-acquired infections. In this report, we highlighted the threat they pose especially in patients with multiple risk factors. Rapid and accurate diagnostic tools (such as MALDI-TOF MS) could be particularly important for reducing the severity of the infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scarpellini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy.
| | - Massimo Giunti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pontiero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Erika Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna, 40064, Italy
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14
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Liu HF, Huang XY, Li ZM, Zhou ZY, Zhong ZJ, Peng GN. Virulence gene detection and antimicrobial resistance analysis of Enterococcus faecium in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:4. [PMID: 36737784 PMCID: PMC9898886 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of multidrug resistance among enterococci makes effective treatment of enterococcal infections more challenging. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are vulnerable to oral trauma and lesions as they feast on bamboo. Enterococci may contaminate such oral lesions and cause infection necessitating treatment with antibiotics. However, few studies have focused on the virulence and drug resistance of oral-derived enterococci, including Enterococcus faecium, in giant pandas. In this study, we analyzed the prevalence of 8 virulence genes and 14 drug resistance genes in E. faecium isolates isolated from saliva samples of giant pandas held in captivity in China and examined the antimicrobial drug susceptibility patterns of the E. faecium isolates. RESULTS Twenty-eight isolates of E. faecium were successfully isolated from the saliva samples. Four virulence genes were detected, with the acm gene showing the highest prevalence (89%). The cylA, cpd, esp, and hyl genes were not detected. The isolated E. faecium isolates possessed strong resistance to a variety of drugs; however, they were sensitive to high concentrations of aminoglycosides. The resistance rates to vancomycin, linezolid, and nitrofurantoin were higher than those previously revealed by similar studies in China and other countries. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study indicate the drugs of choice for treatment of oral E. faecium infection in the giant panda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Liu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yao Huang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Meng Li
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yao Zhou
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhong
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Neng Peng
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
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15
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Virulence and antibiotic-resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis associated with streptococcosis disease in fish. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1551. [PMID: 36707682 PMCID: PMC9883459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is associated with streptococcosis like infection in fish. A whole-genome sequence study was conducted to investigate the virulence factor and antibiotic-resistance genes in three fish pathogenic E. faecalis. Genomic DNA was extracted from three strains of E. faecalis isolated from streptococcosis infected Nile tilapia (strains BF1B1 and BFFF11) and Thai sarpunti (strain BFPS6). The whole genome sequences of these three strains were performed using a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina, Inc.). All three strains conserved 69 virulence factor such as genes associated with protection against oxidative stress, bacterial cell wall synthesis, gelatinase toxin, multiple biofilm-associated genes and capsule producing genes. Moreover, 39 antibiotic-resistance genes against sixteen major groups of antibiotics were identified in the genome sequences of all three strains. The most commonly used antibiotic Tetracycline resistance genes were found only in BFPS6 strain, whereas, Bacteriocin synthesis genes were identified in both BFFF11 and BFPS6 strain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains BF1B1 and BFFF1 form a different cluster than BFPS6. This is one of the first whole-genome sequence study of fish pathogenic E. faecalis, unfold new information on the virulence factor and Antibiotic resistance genes linked to pathogenicity in fish.
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16
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CRISPR in Modulating Antibiotic Resistance of ESKAPE Pathogens. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1-16. [PMID: 35939207 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The ESKAPE (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) isolates both from the clinical settings and food products are demonstrated to gain resistance to multiple antimicrobials. Therefore, the ESKAPE pathogens pose a serious threat to public health, which warrants specific attention to developing alternative novel therapeutics. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated (CRISPR-Cas) system is one of the novel methods for managing antibiotic-resistant strains. Specific Cas nucleases can be programmed against bacterial genomic sequences to decrease bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Moreover, a few CRISPR-Cas nucleases have the ability to the sequence-specific killing of bacterial strains. However, some pathogens acquire antibiotic resistance due to the presence of the CRISPR-Cas system. In brief, there is a wide range of functional diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in bacterial pathogens. Hence, to be an effective and safe infection treatment strategy, a comprehensive understanding of the role of CRISPR-Cas systems in modulating antibiotic resistance in ESKAPE pathogens is essential. The present review summarizes all the mechanisms by which CRISPR confers and prevents antibiotic resistance in ESKAPE. The review also emphasizes the relationship between CRISPR-Cas systems, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance in ESKAPE.
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17
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Quintela-Baluja M, Jobling K, Graham DW, Tabraiz S, Shamurad B, Alnakip M, Böhme K, Barros-Velázquez J, Carrera M, Calo-Mata P. Rapid Proteomic Characterization of Bacteriocin-Producing Enterococcus faecium Strains from Foodstuffs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213830. [PMID: 36430310 PMCID: PMC9697693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus belongs to a group of microorganisms known as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which constitute a broad heterogeneous group of generally food-grade microorganisms historically used in food preservation. Enterococci live as commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals, although they also are present in food of animal origin (milk, cheese, fermented sausages), vegetables, and plant materials because of their ability to survive heat treatments and adverse environmental conditions. The biotechnological traits of enterococci can be applied in the food industry; however, the emergence of enterococci as a cause of nosocomial infections makes their food status uncertain. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing allow the subtyping of bacterial pathogens, but it cannot reflect the temporal dynamics and functional activities of microbiomes or bacterial isolates. Moreover, genetic analysis is based on sequence homologies, inferring functions from databases. Here, we used an end-to-end proteomic workflow to rapidly characterize two bacteriocin-producing Enterococcus faecium (Efm) strains. The proteome analysis was performed with liquid chromatography coupled to a trapped ion mobility spectrometry-time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrument (TimsTOF) for high-throughput and high-resolution characterization of bacterial proteins. Thus, we identified almost half of the proteins predicted in the bacterial genomes (>1100 unique proteins per isolate), including quantifying proteins conferring resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, virulence factors, and bacteriocins. The obtained proteomes were annotated according to function, resulting in 22 complete KEGG metabolic pathway modules for both strains. The workflow used here successfully characterized these bacterial isolates and showed great promise for determining and optimizing the bioengineering and biotechnology properties of other LAB strains in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Kelly Jobling
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David W. Graham
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Shamas Tabraiz
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1QU, UK
| | | | - Mohamed Alnakip
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Karola Böhme
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Marine Research Institute (IIM), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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18
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Messele YE, Hasoon MF, Trott DJ, Veltman T, McMeniman JP, Kidd SP, Low WY, Petrovski KR. Longitudinal Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance among Enterococcus Species Isolated from Australian Beef Cattle Faeces at Feedlot Entry and Exit. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2690. [PMID: 36230431 PMCID: PMC9559632 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium are commensal bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans and an important cause of drug-resistant nosocomial infections. This longitudinal study aimed to determine whether changes in the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotype and genotype occurred among Enterococcus spp. isolated from cattle rectal samples obtained at the entry to and exit from an Australian feedlot. The samples obtained at the feedlot induction yielded enterococci (104/150; 69.3%), speciated as E. hirae (90/104; 86.5%), E. faecium (9/104; 8.7%), E. mundtii (3/104; 2.9%), E. durans, and E. casseliflavus (1/104; 1.0% each). AMR was observed to lincomycin (63/104; 60.6%), daptomycin (26/104; 25.0%), nitrofurantoin (9/104; 8.7%), ciprofloxacin (7/104; 6.7%), tetracycline (5/104; 4.8%), tigecycline (4/104; 3.9%), and quinupristin/dalfopristin (3/104; 2.9%). From the rectal swab samples collected at the abattoir from the same animals (i.e., the feedlot exit), the enterococci recovery was significantly higher (144/150; 96.0%), with a marked shift in species distribution dominated by E. faecium (117/144; 81.3%). However, the prevalence of AMR to individual antimicrobials remained largely static between the entry and exit except for the increased resistance to nitrofurantoin (77/144; 53.5%) and quinupristin/dalfopristin (26/144; 18.1%). Overall, 13 AMR genes were observed among the 62 E. faecium isolates. These included aac(6')Ii, aac(6')-Iid, and ant(6)-Ia (aminoglycosides); eatAv, lnu(G), vat(E), msr(C), and erm(B) (macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins); efmA (fluoroquinolones); and tet(45), tet(L), tet(M), and tet(S) (tetracyclines). The results confirm the presence of fluoroquinolone- and streptogramin-resistant enterococci in cattle faeces at the feedlot entry in the absence of antimicrobial selection pressure. E. faecium, exhibiting increased nitrofurantoin resistance, became the dominant Enterococcus spp. during the feeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes E. Messele
- The Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Mauida F. Hasoon
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Darren J. Trott
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tania Veltman
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Joe P. McMeniman
- Meat & Livestock Australia, Level 1, 40 Mount Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Kidd
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Research Centre for Infectious Disease, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Wai Y. Low
- The Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kiro R. Petrovski
- The Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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19
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Draft Genome Sequences of Two Commensal Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated from American Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus) in Brazil. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0005722. [PMID: 35862905 PMCID: PMC9387230 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00057-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the draft genome sequences of two commensal
Enterococcus faecalis
strains (designated Ca-2 and Ca-18) recovered from the cloacae of two healthy American black vultures (
Coragyps atratus
) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The strains were found to carry a variety of antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated genes.
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20
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Zaidi SEZ, Zaheer R, Barbieri R, Cook SR, Hannon SJ, Booker CW, Church D, Van Domselaar G, Zovoilis A, McAllister TA. Genomic Characterization of Enterococcus hirae From Beef Cattle Feedlots and Associated Environmental Continuum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:859990. [PMID: 35832805 PMCID: PMC9271880 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.859990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are commensal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, animals, and insects. They are also found in soil, water, and plant ecosystems. The presence of enterococci in human, animal, and environmental settings makes these bacteria ideal candidates to study antimicrobial resistance in the One-Health continuum. This study focused on Enterococcus hirae isolates (n = 4,601) predominantly isolated from beef production systems including bovine feces (n = 4,117, 89.5%), catch-basin water (n = 306, 66.5%), stockpiled bovine manure (n = 24, 0.5%), and natural water sources near feedlots (n = 145, 32%), and a few isolates from urban wastewater (n = 9, 0.2%) denoted as human-associated environmental samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of a subset (n = 1,319) of E. hirae isolates originating from beef production systems (n = 1,308) showed high resistance to tetracycline (65%) and erythromycin (57%) with 50.4% isolates harboring multi-drug resistance, whereas urban wastewater isolates (n = 9) were resistant to nitrofurantoin (44.5%) and tigecycline (44.5%) followed by linezolid (33.3%). Genes for tetracycline (tetL, M, S/M, and O/32/O) and macrolide resistance erm(B) were frequently found in beef production isolates. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. hirae isolates recovered from different environmental settings appeared to reflect the kind of antimicrobial usage in beef and human sectors. Comparative genomic analysis of E. hirae isolates showed an open pan-genome that consisted of 1,427 core genes, 358 soft core genes, 1701 shell genes, and 7,969 cloud genes. Across species comparative genomic analysis conducted on E. hirae, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium genomes revealed that E. hirae had unique genes associated with vitamin production, cellulose, and pectin degradation, traits which may support its adaptation to the bovine digestive tract. E. faecium and E. faecalis more frequently harbored virulence genes associated with biofilm formation, iron transport, and cell adhesion, suggesting niche specificity within these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani-e-Zehra Zaidi
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Ruth Barbieri
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Shaun R. Cook
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Deirdre Church
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Tim A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Tim A. McAllister,
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21
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García LA, Torres C, López AR, Rodríguez CO, Valencia CS. Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Wild Mammals in Aragón, Spain. J Vet Res 2022; 66:151-159. [PMID: 35892100 PMCID: PMC9281524 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance is currently one of the major public health threats. In order to prevent its spread, the WHO, OIE and FAO have formed an alliance to promote the study of antibiotic resistance evolution in human, animal and environmental bacteria posing a public health threat; however, the studies performed in wild animals are scarce so far. The main objective of this study was to assess the antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from wild mammals in Aragón, Spain. Material and Methods Rectal samples were collected from 103 wild mammals - 70 hunt prey and 33 rescued animals. Isolates were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry and susceptibility tests to 10 antibiotics were also carried out. Statistical analysis was performed (P ≤ 0.05). Results A total of 126 isolates of seven different Enterococcus species were recovered. Among them, E faecalis (37.60%), E. casseliflavus (20.63%) and E. faecium (17.46%) were the most prevalent. The antibiotics quinupristin-dalfopristin and ciprofloxacin most frequently lost efficacy against the isolates. Multi-drug resistance was more prevalent in enterococci isolated from the rescued mammals. Conclusion This study found resistance widely distributed among enterococci isolated from the studied mammals. This points to the need for additional study of its genetic determinants and investigation of the sources and measures to avoid contributory environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Alcalá García
- Department of Animal Pathology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Food and Agriculture, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Antonio Rezusta López
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmelo Ortega Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Simón Valencia
- Department of Animal Pathology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
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Gião J, Leão C, Albuquerque T, Clemente L, Amaro A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococcus Isolates from Cattle and Pigs in Portugal: Linezolid Resistance Genes optrA and poxtA. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:615. [PMID: 35625259 PMCID: PMC9137492 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are part of the commensal gut microbiota of mammals, with Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium being the most clinically relevant species. This study assesses the prevalence and diversity of enterococcal species in cattle (n = 201) and pig (n = 249) cecal samples collected in 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of E. faecium (n = 48) and E. faecalis (n = 84) were assessed by agar and microdilution methods. Resistance genes were screened through PCR and nine strains were analyzed by Whole Genome Sequencing. A wide range of enterococci species was found colonizing the intestines of pigs and cattle. Overall, the prevalence of resistance to critically important antibiotics was low (except for erythromycin), and no glycopeptide-resistant isolates were identified. Two daptomycin-resistant E. faecalis ST58 and ST93 were found. Linezolid-resistant strains of E. faecalis (n = 3) and E. faecium (n = 1) were detected. Moreover, oxazolidinone resistance determinants optrA (n = 8) and poxtA (n = 2) were found in E. faecalis (ST16, ST58, ST207, ST474, ST1178) and E. faecium (ST22, ST2138). Multiple variants of optrA were found in different genetic contexts, either in the chromosome or plasmids. We highlight the importance of animals as reservoirs of resistance genes to critically important antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gião
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Célia Leão
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Teresa Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Lurdes Clemente
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Amaro
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
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23
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Shridhar PB, Amachawadi RG, Tokach M, Patel I, Gangiredla J, Mammel M, Nagaraja TG. Whole genome sequence analyses-based assessment of virulence potential and antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from commercial swine and cattle probiotic products. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6527694. [PMID: 35150575 PMCID: PMC8908542 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is one of the more commonly used bacterial species as a probiotic in animals. The organism, a common inhabitant of the gut of animals and humans, is a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for a variety infections in humans and sporadic infections in animals. In swine and cattle, E. faecium-based probiotic products are used for growth promotion and gut functional and health benefits. The objective of this study was to utilize whole genome sequence-based analysis to assess virulence potential, detect antimicrobial resistance genes, and analyze phylogenetic relationships of E. faecium strains from commercial swine and cattle probiotics. Genomic DNA extracted from E. faecium strains, isolated from commercial probiotic products of swine (n = 9) and cattle (n = 13), were sequenced in an Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed. Seven of the nine swine strains and seven of the 13 cattle strains were identified as Enterococcus lactis, and not as E. faecium. None of the 22 probiotic strains carried major virulence genes required to initiate infections, but many carried genes involved in adhesion to host cells, which may benefit the probiotic strains to colonize and persist in the gut. Strains also carried genes encoding resistance to a few medically important antibiotics, which included aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia], macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B (msrC), tetracyclines [tet(L) and tet(M)], and phenicols [cat-(pc194)]. The comparison of the genotypic to phentypic AMR data showed presence of both related and unrelated genes in the probiotic strains. Swine and cattle probiotic E. faecium strains belonged to diverse sequence types. Phylogenetic analysis of the probiotic strains, and strains of human (n = 29), swine (n = 4), and cattle (n = 4) origin, downloaded from GenBank, indicated close clustering of strains belonging to the same species and source, but a few swine and cattle probiotic strains clustered closely with other cattle and human fecal strains. In conclusion, the absence of major virulence genes characteristic of the clinical E. faecium strains suggests that these probiotic strains are unlikely to initiate opportunistic infection. However, the carriage of AMR genes to medically important antibiotics and close clustering of the probiotic strains with other human and cattle fecal strains suggests that probiotic strains may pose risk to serve as a source of transmitting AMR genes to other gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi B Shridhar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5800, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5800, USA,Corresponding author:
| | - Mike Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5800, USA
| | - Isha Patel
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Mark Mammel
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5800, USA
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24
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Trościańczyk A, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Łagowski D, Gnat S, Chudzik-Rząd B. Comparative characteristics of sequence types, genotypes and virulence of multidrug-resistant E. faecium isolated from various hosts in eastern Poland. Spread of clonal complex 17 in humans and animals. Res Microbiol 2022; 173:103925. [PMID: 35150875 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the occurrence of sequence types, genotypes, and virulence genes of multidrug-resistant E. faecium isolated from humans, domestic animals, and wildlife from eastern Poland. The genetic correlation of strains was determined using multilocus sequence typing, and the method of Amplification of DNA fragments Surrounding Rare Restriction Sites. The presence of 49 different STs (including 12 not reported previously) was shown. All human isolates, 56% of E. faecium isolated from poultry and 40% isolated from wildlife, belonged to the hospital-adapted CC17. E. faecium CC17 were characterized by statistically higher resistance to aminoglycosides and penicillin, the presence of the aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia and hyl gene and mutations in gyrA and parC, compared to other strains (p > 0.05). E. faecium were classified into 73 genotypes grouped into clusters including isolates from the same host species. The present study showed that the virulence, resistance, and genotype profiles of E. faecium were correlated with the individual host but not with the sequence type. The occurrence of E. faecium CC17 in both humans and animals proves the large circulation of the complex among various hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Beata Chudzik-Rząd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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25
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Fatoba DO, Amoako DG, Akebe ALK, Ismail A, Essack SY. Genomic analysis of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. reveals novel enterococci strains and the spread of plasmid-borne Tet(M), Tet(L) and Erm(B) genes from chicken litter to agricultural soil in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114101. [PMID: 34800768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manure from food animals exposed to antibiotics is often used as soil fertiliser, potentially releasing antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) with diverse antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) into the soil. To determine the impact of chicken litter application on the soil resistome, Enterococcus spp. isolated from chicken litter and soil samples collected before and after the soil amendment were characterised, using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools. Nineteen Enterococcus spp. isolates from the three sources were sequenced on Illumina Miseq platform to ascertain the isolates' resistome, mobilome, virulome, clonality, and phylogenomic relationships. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed eight novel sequence types (STs) (ST1700, ST1752, ST1753, ST1754, ST1755, ST1756, ST1004, and ST1006). The isolates harboured multiple resistance genes including those conferring resistance to inter alia macrolides-lincosamide-streptogramin (erm(B), lnu(B), lnu(G), lsaA, lsaE, eat(A), msr(C)), tetracycline (tet(M), tet(L), tet(S)), aminoglycosides (aac(6')-Ii, aac(6')-Iih, ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, ant(9)-Ia), fluoroquinolones (efmA, and emeA), vancomycin (VanC {VanC-2, VanXY, VanXYC-3, VanXYC-4, VanRC}), and chloramphenicol (cat). The litter-amended soil harboured new ARB (particularly E. faecium) and ARGs (ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III), lnu(G), msr(C), and eat(A), efmA) that were not previously detected in the soil. The identified ARGs were associated with diverse mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as insertion sequences (IS6, ISL3, IS256, IS30), transposons (Tn3 and Tn916) and plasmids (repUS43, repUS1, rep9b, and rep 22). Twenty-eight virulence genes encoding adherence/biofilm formation (ebpA, ebpB, ebpC), antiphagocytosis (elrA) and bacterial sex pheromones (Ccf10, cOB1, cad, and camE), were detected in the genomes of the isolates. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a close relationship between a few isolates from litter-amended soil and the chicken litter isolates. The differences in the ARG and ARB profiles in the soil before and after the litter amendment and their association with diverse MGEs indicate the mobilisation and transmission of ARGs and ARB from the litter to the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Oladayo Fatoba
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abia Luther King Akebe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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26
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Montso PK, Bezuidenhout CC, Mienie C, Somorin YM, Odeyemi OA, Mlambo V, Ateba CN. Genetic diversity and whole genome sequence analysis data of multidrug resistant atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O177 strains: An assessment of food safety and public health implications. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 365:109555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Ferchichi M, Sebei K, Boukerb AM, Karray-Bouraoui N, Chevalier S, Feuilloley MGJ, Connil N, Zommiti M. Enterococcus spp.: Is It a Bad Choice for a Good Use-A Conundrum to Solve? Microorganisms 2021; 9:2222. [PMID: 34835352 PMCID: PMC8622268 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since antiquity, the ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Enterococci, which are just as predominant in both human and animal intestinal commensal flora, have been used (and still are) as probiotics in food and feed production. Their qualities encounter several hurdles, particularly in terms of the array of virulence determinants, reflecting a notorious reputation that nearly prevents their use as probiotics. Additionally, representatives of the Enterococcus spp. genus showed intrinsic resistance to several antimicrobial agents, and flexibility to acquire resistance determinants encoded on a broad array of conjugative plasmids, transposons, and bacteriophages. The presence of such pathogenic aspects among some species represents a critical barrier compromising their use as probiotics in food. Thus, the genus neither has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status nor has it been included in the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) list implying drastic legislation towards these microorganisms. To date, the knowledge of the virulence factors and the genetic structure of foodborne enterococcal strains is rather limited. Although enterococcal infections originating from food have never been reported, the consumption of food carrying virulence enterococci seems to be a risky path of transfer, and hence, it renders them poor choices as probiotics. Auspiciously, enterococcal virulence factors seem to be strain specific suggesting that clinical isolates carry much more determinants that food isolates. The latter remain widely susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics and subsequently, have a lower potential for pathogenicity. In terms of the ideal enterococcal candidate, selected strains deemed for use in foods should not possess any virulence genes and should be susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics. Overall, implementation of an appropriate risk/benefit analysis, in addition to the case-by-case assessment, the establishment of a strain's innocuity, and consideration for relevant guidelines, legislation, and regulatory aspects surrounding functional food development seem to be the crucial elements for industries, health-staff and consumers to accept enterococci, like other LAB, as important candidates for useful and beneficial applications in food industry and food biotechnology. The present review aims at shedding light on the world of hurdles and limitations that hampers the Enterococcus spp. genus and its representatives from being used or proposed for use as probiotics. The future of enterococci use as probiotics and legislation in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Ferchichi
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Khaled Sebei
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Najoua Karray-Bouraoui
- Laboratoire de Productivité Végétale et Contraintes Abiotiques, LR18ES04, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Mohamed Zommiti
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
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28
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Guffey AA, Loll PJ. Regulation of Resistance in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: The VanRS Two-Component System. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2026. [PMID: 34683347 PMCID: PMC8541618 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a serious threat to human health, with few treatment options being available. New therapeutics are urgently needed to relieve the health and economic burdens presented by VRE. A potential target for new therapeutics is the VanRS two-component system, which regulates the expression of vancomycin resistance in VRE. VanS is a sensor histidine kinase that detects vancomycin and in turn activates VanR; VanR is a response regulator that, when activated, directs expression of vancomycin-resistance genes. This review of VanRS examines how the expression of vancomycin resistance is regulated, and provides an update on one of the field's most pressing questions: How does VanS sense vancomycin?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J. Loll
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA;
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29
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Belloso Daza MV, Cortimiglia C, Bassi D, Cocconcelli PS. Genome-based studies indicate that the Enterococcus faecium Clade B strains belong to Enterococcus lactis species and lack of the hospital infection associated markers. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34402778 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus lactis and the heterotypic synonym Enterococcus xinjiangensis from dairy origin have recently been identified as a novel species based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Enterococcus faecium type strain NCTC 7171T was used as the reference genome for determining E. lactis and E. faecium to be separate species. However, this taxonomic classification did not consider the diverse lineages of E. faecium, and the double nature of hospital-associated (clade A) and community-associated (clade B) isolates. Here, we investigated the taxonomic relationship among isolates of E. faecium of different origins and E. lactis, using a genome-based approach. Additional to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, we estimated the relatedness among strains and species using phylogenomics based on the core pangenome, multilocus sequence typing, the average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization. Moreover, following the available safety assessment schemes, we evaluated the virulence profile and the ampicillin resistance of E. lactis and E. faecium clade B strains. Our results confirmed the genetic and evolutionary differences between clade A and the intertwined clade B and E. lactis group. We also confirmed the absence in these strains of virulence gene markers IS16, hylEfm and esp and the lack of the PBP5 allelic profile associated with ampicillin resistance. Taken together, our findings support the reassignment of the strains of E. faecium clade B as E. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Viviana Belloso Daza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per Una Filiera Agro-Alimentare Sostenibile (DISTAS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza-Cremona, Italy
| | - Claudia Cortimiglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per Una Filiera Agro-Alimentare Sostenibile (DISTAS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza-Cremona, Italy
| | - Daniela Bassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per Una Filiera Agro-Alimentare Sostenibile (DISTAS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza-Cremona, Italy
| | - Pier Sandro Cocconcelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per Una Filiera Agro-Alimentare Sostenibile (DISTAS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza-Cremona, Italy
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Rogers LA, Strong K, Cork SC, McAllister TA, Liljebjelke K, Zaheer R, Checkley SL. The Role of Whole Genome Sequencing in the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistant Enterococcus spp.: A Scoping Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:599285. [PMID: 34178909 PMCID: PMC8222819 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.599285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. have arisen as important nosocomial pathogens and are ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and the environment. They carry many intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. Because of this, surveillance of Enterococcus spp. has become important with whole genome sequencing emerging as the preferred method for the characterization of enterococci. A scoping review was designed to determine how the use of whole genome sequencing in the surveillance of Enterococcus spp. adds to our knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. Scoping review design was guided by the PRISMA extension and checklist and JBI Reviewer's Guide for scoping reviews. A total of 72 articles were included in the review. Of the 72 articles included, 48.6% did not state an association with a surveillance program and 87.5% of articles identified Enterococcus faecium. The majority of articles included isolates from human clinical or screening samples. Significant findings from the articles included novel sequence types, the increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitals, and the importance of surveillance or screening for enterococci. The ability of enterococci to adapt and persist within a wide range of environments was also a key finding. These studies emphasize the importance of ongoing surveillance of enterococci from a One Health perspective. More studies are needed to compare the whole genome sequences of human enterococcal isolates to those from food animals, food products, the environment, and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Rogers
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kayla Strong
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Karen Liljebjelke
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Prentice MB. Bacterial microcompartments and their role in pathogenicity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:19-28. [PMID: 34107380 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Catabolic bacterial microcompartments (BMC), or metabolosomes, are self-assembling structures formed by enzymes enclosed by porous protein shells. They provide a specialised environment inside bacterial cells separating a short catabolic pathway with reactive or toxic intermediates from the cytoplasm. Substrates for microcompartment metabolism like ethanolamine and 1,2-propanediol are constantly produced in the human intestine by bacterial metabolism of food or host cell components. Enteric pathogens gain a competitive advantage in the intestine by metabolising these substrates, an advantage enhanced by the host inflammatory response. They exploit the intestinal specificity of signature metabolosome substrates by adopting substrate sensors and regulators encoded by BMC operons for governance of non-metabolic processes in pathogenesis. In turn, products of microcompartment metabolism regulate the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Prentice
- Department of Pathology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Prichula J, Primon-Barros M, Luz RCZ, Castro ÍMS, Paim TGS, Tavares M, Ligabue-Braun R, d’Azevedo PA, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG, Seixas A, Gilmore MS. Genome Mining for Antimicrobial Compounds in Wild Marine Animals-Associated Enterococci. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:328. [PMID: 34204046 PMCID: PMC8229437 DOI: 10.3390/md19060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New ecosystems are being actively mined for new bioactive compounds. Because of the large amount of unexplored biodiversity, bacteria from marine environments are especially promising. Further, host-associated microbes are of special interest because of their low toxicity and compatibility with host health. Here, we identified and characterized biosynthetic gene clusters encoding antimicrobial compounds in host-associated enterococci recovered from fecal samples of wild marine animals remote from human-affected ecosystems. Putative biosynthetic gene clusters in the genomes of 22 Enterococcus strains of marine origin were predicted using antiSMASH5 and Bagel4 bioinformatic software. At least one gene cluster encoding a putative bioactive compound precursor was identified in each genome. Collectively, 73 putative antimicrobial compounds were identified, including 61 bacteriocins (83.56%), 10 terpenes (13.70%), and 2 (2.74%) related to putative nonribosomal peptides (NRPs). Two of the species studied, Enterococcus avium and Enterococcus mundtti, are rare causes of human disease and were found to lack any known pathogenic determinants but yet possessed bacteriocin biosynthetic genes, suggesting possible additional utility as probiotics. Wild marine animal-associated enterococci from human-remote ecosystems provide a potentially rich source for new antimicrobial compounds of therapeutic and industrial value and potential probiotic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janira Prichula
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Muriel Primon-Barros
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Romeu C. Z. Luz
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Ícaro M. S. Castro
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Thiago G. S. Paim
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Maurício Tavares
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Campus Litoral Norte, Imbé 95625-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Department of Pharmacosciences, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (R.L.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Pedro A. d’Azevedo
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Food Science Institute, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil;
| | - Ana P. G. Frazzon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Department of Pharmacosciences, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (R.L.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Michael S. Gilmore
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Effects of danofloxacin dosing regimen on gastrointestinal pharmacokinetics and fecal microbiome in steers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11249. [PMID: 34045586 PMCID: PMC8160337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are a class of antimicrobial commonly used in human medicine, and deemed critical by the World Health Organization. Nonetheless, two formulations are approved for the treatment of respiratory disease in beef cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the gastrointestinal pharmacokinetics and impact on enteric bacteria of cattle when receiving one of the two dosing regimens (high: 40 mg/kg SC once or low: 20 mg/kg IM q48hr) of danofloxacin, a commonly utilized synthetic fluoroquinolone in veterinary medicine. Danofloxacin was administered to 12 steers (age 7 months) fitted with intestinal ultrafiltration devices at two different dosing regimens to assess the gastrointestinal pharmacokinetics, the shifts in the gastrointestinal microbiome and the development of resistant bacterial isolates. Our results demonstrated high intestinal penetration of danofloxacin for both dosing groups, as well as, significant differences in MIC values for E. coli and Enterococcus between dosing groups at selected time points over a 38 day period. Danofloxacin treatment consistently resulted in the Euryarchaeota phyla decreasing over time, specifically due to a decrease in Methanobrevibacter. Although microbiome differences were minor between dosing groups, the low dose group had a higher number of isolates with MIC values high enough to cause clinically relevant resistance. This information would help guide veterinarians as to appropriate dosing schemes to minimize the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Chilambi GS, Nordstrom HR, Evans DR, Kowalski RP, Dhaliwal DK, Jhanji V, Shanks RMQ, Van Tyne D. Genomic and phenotypic diversity of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from endophthalmitis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250084. [PMID: 33852628 PMCID: PMC8046195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis are hospital-associated opportunistic pathogens and also causative agents of post-operative endophthalmitis. Patients with enterococcal endophthalmitis often have poor visual outcomes, despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. Here we investigated the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of E. faecalis isolates collected from 13 patients treated at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center over 19 years. Comparative genomic analysis indicated that patients were infected with E. faecalis belonging to diverse multi-locus sequence types (STs) and resembled E. faecalis sampled from clinical, commensal, and environmental sources. We identified known E. faecalis virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in each genome, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, erythromycin, and tetracyclines. We assessed all isolates for their cytolysin production, biofilm formation, and antibiotic susceptibility, and observed phenotypic differences between isolates. Fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin susceptibilities were particularly variable between isolates, as were biofilm formation and cytolysin production. In addition, we found evidence of E. faecalis adaptation during recurrent endophthalmitis by identifying genetic variants that arose in sequential isolates sampled over eight months from the same patient. We identified a mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene mutS that was associated with an increased rate of spontaneous mutation in the final isolate from the patient. Overall this study documents the genomic and phenotypic variability among E. faecalis causing endophthalmitis, as well as possible adaptive mechanisms underlying bacterial persistence during recurrent ocular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Shankar Chilambi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hayley R. Nordstrom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Regis P. Kowalski
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, The Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deepinder K. Dhaliwal
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, The Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, The Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Q. Shanks
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, The Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zalewska M, Błażejewska A, Czapko A, Popowska M. Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Animal Manure - Consequences of Its Application in Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:610656. [PMID: 33854486 PMCID: PMC8039466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.610656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a relatively new type of pollutant. The rise in antibiotic resistance observed recently is closely correlated with the uncontrolled and widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture and the treatment of humans and animals. Resistant bacteria have been identified in soil, animal feces, animal housing (e.g., pens, barns, or pastures), the areas around farms, manure storage facilities, and the guts of farm animals. The selection pressure caused by the irrational use of antibiotics in animal production sectors not only promotes the survival of existing antibiotic-resistant bacteria but also the development of new resistant forms. One of the most critical hot-spots related to the development and dissemination of ARGs is livestock and poultry production. Manure is widely used as a fertilizer thanks to its rich nutrient and organic matter content. However, research indicates that its application may pose a severe threat to human and animal health by facilitating the dissemination of ARGs to arable soil and edible crops. This review examines the pathogens, potentially pathogenic microorganisms and ARGs which may be found in animal manure, and evaluates their effect on human health through their exposure to soil and plant resistomes. It takes a broader view than previous studies of this topic, discussing recent data on antibiotic use in farm animals and the effect of these practices on the composition of animal manure; it also examines how fertilization with animal manure may alter soil and crop microbiomes, and proposes the drivers of such changes and their consequences for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zalewska
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Błażejewska
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czapko
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Popowska
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Agius JE, Phalen DN, Rose K, Eden JS. Genomic Insights Into the Pathogenicity of a Novel Biofilm-Forming Enterococcus sp. Bacteria ( Enterococcus lacertideformus) Identified in Reptiles. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:635208. [PMID: 33737921 PMCID: PMC7960928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.635208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome analysis of a novel species of enterococci, Enterococcus lacertideformus, causing multi-systemic and invariably fatal disease in critically endangered Christmas Island reptiles was undertaken to determine the genetic elements and potential mechanisms conferring its pathogenic nature, biofilm-forming capabilities, immune recognition avoidance, and inability to grow in vitro. Comparative genomic analyses with related and clinically significant enterococci were further undertaken to infer the evolutionary history of the bacterium and identify genes both novel and absent. The genome had a G + C content of 35.1%, consisted of a circular chromosome, no plasmids, and was 2,419,934 bp in length (2,321 genes, 47 tRNAs, and 13 rRNAs). Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of multiple E. lacertideformus samples revealed they were effectively indistinguishable from one another and highly clonal. E. lacertideformus was found to be located within the Enterococcus faecium species clade and was closely related to Enterococcus villorum F1129D based on 16S rDNA and MLST house-keeping gene analysis. Antimicrobial resistance (DfreE, EfrB, tetM, bcrRABD, and sat4) and virulence genes (Fss3 and ClpP), and genes conferring tolerance to metals and biocides (n = 9) were identified. The detection of relatively few genes encoding antimicrobial resistance and virulence indicates that this bacterium may have had no exposure to recently developed and clinically significant antibiotics. Genes potentially imparting beneficial functional properties were identified, including prophages, insertion elements, integrative conjugative elements, and genomic islands. Functional CRISPR-Cas arrays, and a defective prophage region were identified in the genome. The study also revealed many genomic loci unique to E. lacertideformus which contained genes enriched in cell wall/membrane/envelop biogenesis, and carbohydrate metabolism and transport functionality. This finding and the detection of putative enterococcal biofilm determinants (EfaAfs, srtC, and scm) may underpin the novel biofilm phenotype observed for this bacterium. Comparative analysis of E. lacertideformus with phylogenetically related and clinically significant enterococci (E. villorum F1129D, Enterococcus hirae R17, E. faecium AUS0085, and Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF) revealed an absence of genes (n = 54) in E. lacertideformus, that encode metabolic functionality, which potentially hinders nutrient acquisition and/or utilization by the bacterium and precludes growth in vitro. These data provide genetic insights into the previously determined phenotype and pathogenic nature of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Esther Agius
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - David Norton Phalen
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.,Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Zhong C, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Fu J, Jiang T, Liu B, Chen F, Cao G. High throughput sequencing reveals the abundance and diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture wastewaters, Shandong, China. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:104. [PMID: 33552832 PMCID: PMC7847479 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative investigation was undertaken into the abundance and diversity of high antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture waters in Shandong Province, China, through cumulation incubation, PCR amplification of 16S rDNA, and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that Vibrio, Bacillus, Vagococcus, Acinetobacter, Shewanella, Psychrobacter, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Marinimonus and Myroids were abundant in the aquaculture waters, whereas other phylum including Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Omnitrophica and Nitrospirae had relatively lower abundance. Our studies revealed the presence of different bacteria in different locations in the aquaculture waters, most of which were resistant to multiple antibiotics. That is, the same microbial species from the same aquaculture wastewater can resist different antibiotics. Altogether, a considerable portion of the microbial community were found to be multi-drug resistant. It is essential that the spread of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria is controlled so that the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes to other environments is avoided. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02656-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Zhong
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
- Resources and Environment Innovation Research Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingping Zhou
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiafang Fu
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
- Resources and Environment Innovation Research Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Feiyong Chen
- Resources and Environment Innovation Research Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangxiang Cao
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 China
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Hussein WE, Abdelhamid AG, Rocha-Mendoza D, García-Cano I, Yousef AE. Assessment of Safety and Probiotic Traits of Enterococcus durans OSY-EGY, Isolated From Egyptian Artisanal Cheese, Using Comparative Genomics and Phenotypic Analyses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:608314. [PMID: 33362752 PMCID: PMC7759505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.608314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An Enterococcus durans strain, designated OSY-EGY, was previously isolated from artisanal cheese. In this work, comparative genomic and phenotypic analyses were utilized to assess the safety characteristics and probiotic traits of the bacterium. The comparative genomic analysis revealed that the strain is distantly related to potentially pathogenic Enterococcus spp. The genome was devoid of genes encoding acquired antibiotic resistance or marker virulence factors associated with Enterococcus spp. Phenotypically, the bacterium is susceptible to vancomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides and does not have any hemolytic or gelatinase activity, or cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells. Altogether, these findings confirm the lack of hazardous traits in E. durans OSY-EGY. Mining E. durans OSY-EGY genome, for probiotic-related sequences, revealed genes associated with acid and bile salts tolerance, adhesion, competitiveness, antioxidant activitiy, antimicrobial activity, essential amino acids production, and vitamins biosynthesis. Phenotypically, E. durans OSY-EGY was tolerant to acidic pH (3.0), and presence of 0.3% bile salts. The bacterium showed adhesion capability to Caco-2 cells, cholesterol-lowering effect, DPPH scavenging activity, and antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Based on the current work, we propose that E. durans OSY-EGY is a potentially safe strain with desirable probiotic and antimicrobial traits. Thus, the investigated strain could be a promising candidate for several industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa E. Hussein
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G. Abdelhamid
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Diana Rocha-Mendoza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Israel García-Cano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ahmed E. Yousef
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Enterococci from Wild Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) as an Indicator of Marine Ecosystem Health and Human Impact. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01662-20. [PMID: 32737129 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01662-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are commensals that proliferated as animals crawled ashore hundreds of millions of years ago. They are also leading causes of multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired infections. While most studies are driven by clinical interest, comparatively little is known about enterococci in the wild or the effect of human activity on them. Pharmaceutical pollution and runoff from other human activities are encroaching widely into natural habitats. To assess their reach into remote habitats, we investigated the identity, genetic relatedness, and presence of specific traits among 172 enterococcal isolates from wild Magellanic penguins. Four enterococcal species, 18 lineage groups, and different colonization patterns were identified. One Enterococcus faecalis lineage, sequence type 475 (ST475), was isolated from three different penguins, making it of special interest. Its genome was compared to those of other E. faecalis sequence types (ST116 and ST242) recovered from Magellanic penguins, as well as to an existing phylogeny of E. faecalis isolated from diverse origins over the past 100 years. No penguin-derived E. faecalis strains were closely related to dominant clinical lineages. Most possessed intact CRISPR defenses, few mobile elements, and antibiotic resistances limited to those intrinsic to the species and lacked pathogenic features conveyed by mobile elements. Interestingly, plasmids were identified in penguin isolates that also had been reported for other marine mammals. Enterococci isolated from penguins showed limited anthropogenic impact, indicating that they are likely representative of those naturally circulating in the ecosystem inhabited by the penguins. These findings establish an important baseline for detecting the encroachment of human activity into remote planetary environments.IMPORTANCE Enterococci are host-associated microbes that have an unusually broad range, from the built hospital environment to the guts of insects and other animals in remote locations. Despite their occurrence in the guts of animals for hundreds of millions of years, we know little about the properties that confer this range or how anthropogenic activities may be introducing new selective forces. Magellanic penguins live at the periphery of human habitation. It was of interest to examine enterococci from these animals for the presence of antibiotic resistance and other markers reflective of anthropogenic selection. Diverse enterococcal lineages found discount the existence of a single well-adapted intrinsic penguin-specific species. Instead, they appear to be influenced by a carnivorous lifestyle and enterococci present in the coastal sea life consumed. These results indicate that currently, the penguin habitat remains relatively free of pollutants that select for adaptation to human-derived stressors.
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Massot M, Haenni M, Nguyen TT, Madec JY, Mentré F, Denamur E. Temporal dynamics of the fecal microbiota in veal calves in a 6-month field trial. Anim Microbiome 2020; 2:32. [PMID: 33499974 PMCID: PMC7807794 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about maturation of calves' gut microbiome in veal farms, in which animals are confined under intensive-farming conditions and the administration of collective antibiotic treatment in feed is common. We conducted a field study on 45 calves starting seven days after their arrival in three veal farms. We collected monthly fecal samples over six months and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR of Escherichia coli to follow the dynamics of their microbiota, including that of their commensal E. coli populations. We used mixed-effect models to characterize the dynamics of α-diversity indices and numbers of E. coli, and searched for an effect of collective antibiotic treatments on the estimated parameters. On two farms, we also searched for associations between recommended daily doses of milk powder and bacterial abundance. RESULTS There was high heterogeneity between calves' microbiota upon their arrival at the farms, followed by an increase in similarity, starting at the first month. From the second month, 16 genera were detected at each sampling in all calves, representing 67.5% (± 9.9) of their microbiota. Shannon diversity index showed a two-phase increase, an inflection occurring at the end of the first month. Calves receiving antibiotics had a lower intercept estimate for Shannon index (- 0.17 CI95%[-0.27; - -0.06], p = 0.003) and a smaller number of E. coli/ gram of feces during the treatment and in the 15 days following it (- 0.37 log10 (E. coli/g) CI95%[- 0.66; - 0.08], p = 0.01) than unexposed calves. There were moderate to strong positive associations between the dose of milk powder and the relative abundances of the genera Megasphaera, Enterococcus, Dialister and Mitsuokella, and the number of E. coli (rs ≥ 0.40; Bonferroni corrected p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This observational study shows early convergence of the developing microbiota between veal calves and associations between the dose of milk powder and members of their microbiota. It suggests that administration of collective antibiotic treatment results in a reduction of microbial diversity and size of the E. coli population and highlights the need for additional work to fully understand the impact of antibiotic treatment in the veal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Méril Massot
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Université de Lyon - ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thu Thuy Nguyen
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Université de Lyon - ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - France Mentré
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Département d’Epidémiologie, Biostatistiques et Recherche Clinique, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Erick Denamur
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, F-75018 Paris, France
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Ekwanzala MD, Dewar JB, Kamika I, Momba MNB. Comparative genomics of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. revealed common resistome determinants from hospital wastewater to aquatic environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137275. [PMID: 32109727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rise of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) has led to treatment challenges in hospital settings worldwide. Hospital wastewater (HW) might disseminate this threat to the aquatic environment. Thus, this study elucidates the VRE resistance quotient (RQ) of different environmental matrixes in wastewater and compares genomic determinants of VRE strains recovered from HW to water resources. Presumptive Enterococcus spp. and VRE were quantified and isolated using standard microbiological procedures. Fourteen VRE genomes were then sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq X™ Ten platform. Subsequently, VRE genomes were compared based on antibiotic resistance genes, plasmids, bacteriophages, insertion sequences, transposons, virulence and pathogenicity. Wastewater effluent showed the highest RQ among all sampled matrixes. The phylogeny of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VREfs) and E. faecium (VREfm) revealed a tree structure based on their respective sequence type. A comparative genomic analysis of 14 genomes highlighted regions encoding phage protein, phage holin, phage integrase, integrase and transposase on both query genomes and the reference genome. Acquired resistance to vancomycin was conferred by vanA, vanN, vanL, vanG and the intrinsic resistance vanC operons. Plasmids were dominated by the presence of conserved areas of the replication initiating genes (rep). The Tn3-like and Tn917 transposons were present in all erythromycin-carrying erm(B) isolated VRE genomes. All VRE genomes expect one were putatively predicted as human pathogens with varying degrees of virulence. The presence of such resistant bacteria in African water resource is of great public health concern. It is, therefore, recommended that these bacteria be tracked and characterised from different environments to contribute to improved epidemiological containment action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutshiene Deogratias Ekwanzala
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - John Barr Dewar
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ilunga Kamika
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit; School of Science; College of Science, Engineering and Technology; University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Draft Genome Sequences of Three Enterococcus casseliflavus Strains Isolated from the Urine of Healthy Bovine Heifers (Gyr Breed). Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/21/e00386-20. [PMID: 32439672 PMCID: PMC7242674 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00386-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus casseliflavus is a commensal bacterium present in the intestinal microbiota of different animals. Previous studies have found that strains isolated from livestock are often resistant to many different antibiotics. Here, we present three E. casseliflavus strains, UFMG-H7, UFMG-H8, and UFMG-H9, isolated from urine collected from healthy dairy heifers in Brazil. Enterococcus casseliflavus is a commensal bacterium present in the intestinal microbiota of different animals. Previous studies have found that strains isolated from livestock are often resistant to many different antibiotics. Here, we present three E. casseliflavus strains, UFMG-H7, UFMG-H8, and UFMG-H9, isolated from urine collected from healthy dairy heifers in Brazil.
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Genomic profiling of antimicrobial resistance genes in clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi from patients infected with Typhoid fever in India. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8299. [PMID: 32427945 PMCID: PMC7237477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi currently forms a major roadblock for the treatment of enteric fever. This poses a major health problem in endemic regions and extends to travellers returning from developing countries. The appearance of fluoroquinolone non-susceptible strains has resulted in use of ceftriaxone as drug of choice with azithromycin being recommended for uncomplicated cases of typhoid fever. A recent sporadic instance of decreased susceptibility to the latest drug regime has necessitated a detailed analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes and possible relationships with their phenotypes to facilitate selection of future treatment regimes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted for 133 clinical isolates from typhoid patients. Sequence output files were processed for pan-genome analysis and prediction of antimicrobial resistance genes. The WGS analyses disclosed the existence of fluoroquinolone resistance conferring mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes of all strains. Acquired resistance determining mechanisms observed included catA1 genes for chloramphenicol resistance, dfrA7, dfrA15, sul1 and sul2 for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and blaTEM-116/blaTEM-1B genes for amoxicillin. No resistance determinants were found for ceftriaxone and cefixime. The genotypes were further correlated with their respective phenotypes for chloramphenicol, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. A high correlation was observed between genotypes and phenotypes in isolates of S. Typhi. The pan-genome analysis revealed that core genes were enriched in metabolic functions and accessory genes were majorly implicated in pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance. The pan-genome of S. Typhi appears to be closed (Bpan = 0.09) as analysed by Heap’s law. Simpson’s diversity index of 0.51 showed a lower level of genetic diversity among isolates of S. Typhi. Overall, this study augments the present knowledge that WGS can help predict resistance genotypes and eventual correlation with phenotypes, enabling the chance to spot AMR determinants for fast diagnosis and prioritize antibiotic use directly from sequence.
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Isolation of Gram-Positive, Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria from Tactile Mobile Phones in a Northwestern Mexican City. J Community Health 2020; 45:1050-1060. [PMID: 32394120 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of touch-screen mobile devices renders them potential fomites for the transmission of bacterial pathogens among users of different ages. The objectives of the present research were to isolate bacteria from mobile phones, perform molecular and phylogenetic identification, and determine the antibiotic resistance profiles. The surfaces of 50 touch-screen mobile devices owned by bystanders were sampled in the city center of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. The samples were cultured on nutritive agar; 13 bacterial colonies were isolated and characterized based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and then identified using PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V4 and V6 regions. Their taxonomic relationships were determined via a Bayesian inference approach. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated via disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Species of the genera Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Enterococcus were identified on 84.6, 7.7, and 7.7% of the mobile phones, respectively. A unique subgroup of Staphylococcus epidermidis was identified in strains FBOPL-23, CAEPL-28, and FREPL-28. Staphylococcus hominis novobiosepticus was also identified on mobile phones for the first time. Of the isolated bacteria, 92.3% were resistant to erythromycin, 76.9% to ampicillin and penicillin, 61.5% to dicloxacillin, 38.5% to cephalothin and 7.7% to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of clinical relevance poses potential risks to users' health and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance mechanisms throughout the community; thus, we recommend regular cleaning to prevent cross-infection by multidrug-resistant bacteria when using touch-screen mobile devices.
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Sabença C, de Sousa T, Oliveira S, Viala D, Théron L, Chambon C, Hébraud M, Beyrouthy R, Bonnet R, Caniça M, Poeta P, Igrejas G. Next-Generation Sequencing and MALDI Mass Spectrometry in the Study of Multiresistant Processed Meat Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE). BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9050089. [PMID: 32349310 PMCID: PMC7284646 DOI: 10.3390/biology9050089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), due to their intrinsic resistance to various commonly used antibiotics and their malleable genome, make the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria less effective. The aims of this work were to characterize isolates of Enterococcus spp. that originated from processed meat, through phenotypic and genotypic techniques, as well as to detect putative antibiotic resistance biomarkers. The 19 VRE identified had high resistance to teicoplanin (89%), tetracycline (94%), and erythromycin (84%) and a low resistance to kanamycin (11%), gentamicin (11%), and streptomycin (5%). Based on a Next-Generation Sequencing NGS technique, most isolates were vanA-positive. The most prevalent resistance genes detected were erm(B) and aac(6')-Ii, conferring resistance to the classes of macrolides and aminoglycosides, respectively. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) analysis detected an exclusive peak of the Enterococcus genus at m/z (mass-to-charge-ratio) 4428 ± 3, and a peak at m/z 6048 ± 1 allowed us to distinguish Enterococcus faecium from the other species. Several statistically significant protein masses associated with resistance were detected, such as peaks at m/z 6358.27 and m/z 13237.3 in ciprofloxacin resistance isolates. These results reinforce the relevance of the combined and complementary NGS and MALDI-TOF MS techniques for bacterial characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Sabença
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.S.); (T.d.S.); (S.O.)
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Telma de Sousa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.S.); (T.d.S.); (S.O.)
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Soraia Oliveira
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.S.); (T.d.S.); (S.O.)
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Didier Viala
- INRAE, Plateforme d’Exploration du Métabolisme, composante protéomique (PFEMcp), 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (D.V.); (C.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Laetitia Théron
- INRAE, UR0370 Qualité des Produits Animaux (QuaPA), 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France;
| | - Christophe Chambon
- INRAE, Plateforme d’Exploration du Métabolisme, composante protéomique (PFEMcp), 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (D.V.); (C.C.); (M.H.)
- INRAE, UR0370 Qualité des Produits Animaux (QuaPA), 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France;
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRAE, Plateforme d’Exploration du Métabolisme, composante protéomique (PFEMcp), 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (D.V.); (C.C.); (M.H.)
- INRAE, UMR0454 Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé (MEDiS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Racha Beyrouthy
- Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (R.B.)
- UMR1071 INSERM, USC1382 INRAE Microbiologie Intestin Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l’Hôte (M2iSH), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard Bonnet
- Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (R.B.); (R.B.)
- UMR1071 INSERM, USC1382 INRAE Microbiologie Intestin Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l’Hôte (M2iSH), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.S.); (T.d.S.); (S.O.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-930
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Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. reveals distinct species and antimicrobial resistance diversity across a One-Health continuum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3937. [PMID: 32127598 PMCID: PMC7054549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For a One-Health investigation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterococcus spp., isolates from humans and beef cattle along with abattoirs, manured fields, natural streams, and wastewater from both urban and cattle feedlot sources were collected over two years. Species identification of Enterococcus revealed distinct associations across the continuum. Of the 8430 isolates collected, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis were the main species in urban wastewater (90%) and clinical human isolates (99%); Enterococcus hirae predominated in cattle (92%) and feedlot catch-basins (60%), whereas natural streams harbored environmental Enterococcus spp. Whole-genome sequencing of E. faecalis (n = 366 isolates) and E. faecium (n = 342 isolates), revealed source clustering of isolates, indicative of distinct adaptation to their respective environments. Phenotypic resistance to tetracyclines and macrolides encoded by tet(M) and erm(B) respectively, was prevalent among Enterococcus spp. regardless of source. For E. faecium from cattle, resistance to β-lactams and quinolones was observed among 3% and 8% of isolates respectively, compared to 76% and 70% of human clinical isolates. Clinical vancomycin-resistant E. faecium exhibited high rates of multi-drug resistance, with resistance to all β-lactam, macrolides, and quinolones tested. Differences in the AMR profiles among isolates reflected antimicrobial use practices in each sector of the One-Health continuum.
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Gan YQ, Zhang T, Gan YQ, Zhao Z, Zhu B. Complete genome sequences of two Enterococcus faecium strains and comparative genomic analysis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2019-2028. [PMID: 32104261 PMCID: PMC7027042 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are used for improvement of the intestinal environment and have clinical benefits. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium have similar morphologies, leading to confusion between the two species. In order to identify the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (strain 140623) and Shin Biofermin S (strain SBS-1, one of the cocci), which are widely used clinically, the present study sequenced and analyzed these two strains. The biochemical characteristics, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry results of 140623 and SBS-1 revealed that the two strains were more similar to E. faecium than E. faecalis. The genomes of 140623 and SBS-1 contained 2,812,926 bp and 2,797,745 bp, respectively, based on Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that 140623 and SBS-1 belonged to the phylogenetic group of E. faecium. The Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Clusters of Orthologous Groups classifications of the two sequenced genomes were highly conserved with reference to E. faecium strains. A total of 6 putative virulence-associated genes, 15 antibiotic resistance genes and 31 genes associated with bacterial toxins were identified from 140623 and SBS-1, representing their resistance mechanisms in natural environments and their potential for clinical use in food and drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qi Gan
- Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Gan
- Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhuang Zhao
- Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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Sanderson H, Ortega-Polo R, Zaheer R, Goji N, Amoako KK, Brown RS, Majury A, Liss SN, McAllister TA. Comparative genomics of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater treatment plants. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:20. [PMID: 31980014 PMCID: PMC6982392 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered hotspots for the environmental dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) are candidates for gauging the degree of AMR bacteria in wastewater. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are recognized indicators of fecal contamination in water. Comparative genomics of enterococci isolated from conventional activated sludge (CAS) and biological aerated filter (BAF) WWTPs was conducted. RESULTS VRE isolates, including E. faecalis (n = 24), E. faecium (n = 11), E. casseliflavus (n = 2) and E. gallinarum (n = 2) were selected for sequencing based on WWTP source, species and AMR phenotype. The pangenomes of E. faecium and E. faecalis were both open. The genomic fraction related to the mobilome was positively correlated with genome size in E. faecium (p < 0.001) and E. faecalis (p < 0.001) and with the number of AMR genes in E. faecium (p = 0.005). Genes conferring vancomycin resistance, including vanA and vanM (E. faecium), vanG (E. faecalis), and vanC (E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum), were detected in 20 genomes. The most prominent functional AMR genes were efflux pumps and transporters. A minimum of 16, 6, 5 and 3 virulence genes were detected in E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum, respectively. Virulence genes were more common in E. faecalis and E. faecium, than E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum. A number of mobile genetic elements were shared among species. Functional CRISPR/Cas arrays were detected in 13 E. faecalis genomes, with all but one also containing a prophage. The lack of a functional CRISPR/Cas arrays was associated with multi-drug resistance in E. faecium. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated differential clustering of isolates based on original source but not WWTP. Genes related to phage and CRISPR/Cas arrays could potentially serve as environmental biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS There was no discernible difference between enterococcal genomes from the CAS and BAF WWTPs. E. faecalis and E. faecium have smaller genomes and harbor more virulence, AMR, and mobile genetic elements than other Enterococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Sanderson
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, 5403 1 Avenue South, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, T1J 4B1 Canada
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Rodrigo Ortega-Polo
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, 5403 1 Avenue South, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, T1J 4B1 Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, 5403 1 Avenue South, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, T1J 4B1 Canada
| | - Noriko Goji
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Animal Disease, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, T1J 3Z4 Canada
| | - Kingsley K. Amoako
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Animal Disease, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, T1J 3Z4 Canada
| | - R. Stephen Brown
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Anna Majury
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Kingston, K7L 3K3 Canada
| | - Steven N. Liss
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Department of Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, 5403 1 Avenue South, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, T1J 4B1 Canada
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49
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Hu Y, Wang L, Shao D, Wang Q, Wu Y, Han Y, Shi S. Selectived and Reshaped Early Dominant Microbial Community in the Cecum With Similar Proportions and Better Homogenization and Species Diversity Due to Organic Acids as AGP Alternatives Mediate Their Effects on Broilers Growth. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2948. [PMID: 31993028 PMCID: PMC6971172 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the differences in microbial communities shaped by different food selective forces, especially during early post-hatch period, is critical to gain insight into how to select, evaluate, and improve antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) alternatives in food animals. As a model system, commercial diet-administered OAs (DOAs) and water-administered OAs (WOAs) were used separately or in combination as Virginiamycin alternatives for broiler feeding during two growth phases: 1–21 days and 22–42 days. Among these three OA-treated groups, the DOA group was most similar to the AGP group in the composition and the proportion of these dominant bacterial communities at the level of phylum, family, and genus in cecal chyme of broilers. Sub-therapeutic Virginiamycin decreased the richness, homogenization, and species diversity of gut microbiota, especially in the early growth stage from days 1 to 21. Among these three OA supplementation schemes, it was clear that DOA supplementation was more likely to increase or maintain the richness, homogenization, species diversity, and predicted gene functions of cecal microbiota in treated broilers than either no supplementation or AGP supplementation during two experimental stages. The interference of DOA treatment with early colonization of probiotics and pathogens in broiler cecum was the most similar to AGP treatment, and OAs did not cause the occurrence of Virginiamycin-resistant strains of Enterococcus at the end of this trial. In terms of the predicted gene functions of the microbiota, AGP and DOA treatments provided a similar selective force for microbial metabolism functions in the cecum of broiler chickens, especially in the early growth stage. Noticeably, the relative abundance of some microbiome that was modified by Virginiamycin or DOA supplementation was significantly correlated with body weight gain and KEGG pathway analysis-annotated gene functions such as replication and repair, translation, nucleotide metabolism, and so on. With the comprehensive analysis of these results and practical application, shortened DOA supplementation, after optimization of the amount of addition, would be a suitable alternative to sub-therapeutic Virginiamycin. It was suggested that the programed intestinal microecology under such early selection forces and the effective addition time may be the key elements to focus on the designed alternate strategies of AGPs in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive, Poultry Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Laidi Wang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive, Poultry Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive, Poultry Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive, Poultry Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Shourong Shi
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive, Poultry Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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50
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Tymensen L, Booker CW, Hannon SJ, Cook SR, Jokinen CC, Zaheer R, Read R, Boerlin P, McAllister TA. Plasmid Distribution among Escherichia coli from Livestock and Associated Wastewater: Unraveling Factors That Shape the Presence of Genes Conferring Third-Generation Cephalosporin Resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11666-11674. [PMID: 31532641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A key concern with agricultural wastewater storage ponds is that they may provide an environment conducive for horizontal exchange of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), thereby facilitating the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Central to this exchange are mobile genetic elements like plasmids; yet, the factors shaping their presence in agricultural environments remain poorly understood. Here, using Escherichia coli as a model bacterium, we examined genetic backgrounds and plasmid profiles of generic fecal and wastewater isolates and those possessing blaCTX-M and blaCMY-2 genes (which confer resistance to third-generation cephalosporins) to delineate factors shaping the environmental persistence of plasmid-associated ARGs in beef cattle feedlots. The wastewater environment exerted minimal influence on plasmid repertoires, as the number of plasmids and distribution of different incompatibility groups did not differ between generic fecal and wastewater isolates. The blaCTX-M and blaCMY-2 genes were associated with IncF and IncA/C plasmids, respectively, and host isolates possessing these ARGs had fewer plasmids than generic isolates, suggesting ARG-bearing plasmids may associate predominantly with such hosts to compensate for the metabolic burden imposed by these plasmids. Phylogeny also appeared to be a factor for blaCTX-M genes, as their bacterial hosts were restricted to particular genetic lineages, including the environmentally adapted ET-1 clade, as noted previously for these genes. Ultimately, these findings have important implications for evaluating human health risks of agricultural wastewater with respect to environmental persistence of ARGs and may help identify options for improving wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tymensen
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry , Lethbridge , Alberta Canada , T1J 4V6
| | - Calvin W Booker
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Ltd. , Okotoks , Alberta Canada , T1S 2A2
| | - Sherry J Hannon
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Ltd. , Okotoks , Alberta Canada , T1S 2A2
| | - Shaun R Cook
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry , Lethbridge , Alberta Canada , T1J 4V6
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge , Alberta Canada , T1J 4B1
| | - Cassandra C Jokinen
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry , Lethbridge , Alberta Canada , T1J 4V6
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge , Alberta Canada , T1J 4B1
| | - Ron Read
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta Canada , T1Y 6J4
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology , University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road East , Guelph , Ontario Canada , N1G 2W1
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge , Alberta Canada , T1J 4B1
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