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Wang B, Hai Y, Zhang L, Zhang M, Ding N, Fan J, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Wang J, Wang X, Li J, Tu P, Liu X, Shi SP. Identification of O-Methyltransferases Potentially Contributing to the Structural Diversity of 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones in Agarwood. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13297-13307. [PMID: 38830127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones (PECs) are the primary constituents responsible for the promising pharmacological activities and unique fragrance of agarwood. However, the O-methyltransferases (OMTs) involved in the formation of diverse methylated PECs have not been reported. In this study, we identified one Mg2+-dependent caffeoyl-CoA-OMT subfamily enzyme (AsOMT1) and three caffeic acid-OMT subfamily enzymes (AsOMT2-4) from NaCl-treated Aquilaria sinensis calli. AsOMT1 not only converts caffeoyl-CoA to feruloyl-CoA but also performs nonregioselective methylation at either the 6-OH or 7-OH position of 6,7-dihydroxy-PEC. On the other hand, AsOMT2-4 preferentially utilizes PECs as substrates to produce structurally diverse methylated PECs. Additionally, AsOMT2-4 also accepts nonPEC-type substrates such as caffeic acid and apigenin to generate methylated products. Protein structure prediction and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that residues of L313 and I318 in AsOMT3, as well as S292 and F313 in AsOMT4 determine the distinct regioselectivity of these two OMTs toward apigenin. These findings provide important biochemical evidence of the remarkable structural diversity of PECs in agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hai
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ding
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangping Fan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zekun Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Yan T, Zhang N, Hong Z, Chen Y, Li G. Salty treatment increased bioactive compounds accumulation during agarwood development in Aquilaria sinensis trees. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105901. [PMID: 38467281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
To compare the bioactive compounds in agarwood induced by different methods in Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.) Gilg trees, a two dimensional thin layer chromatograph(2D-TLC) combined with effect directive analysis(EDA) was developed. Three antioxidants were found by 2D-TLC-DPPH and further identified as 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones(PECs) with LC-MS/MS. The 3 antioxidants decreased along agarwood formation and their compositions in drilling induced agarwood differed with those in microbe culture induced agarwood. Further study showed NaCl treatment promoted antioxidants accumulation in agarwood induced by drilling or hot drilling. Hot drilling combined with salty stimulation was most efficient in some chemicals accumulation, which were identified as PECs with antioxidant, tyrosinase or β-glucosidase inhibiting activities by 2D-TLC-EDA-LC-MS/MS. This study provided a 2D-TLC-EDA-LC-MS/MS method for bioactive compounds screen and qualification of agarwood. Based on this method, non-conventional methods were found to accelerate the accumulation of some bioactive PECs in A. sinensis trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091,China
| | - Ningnan Zhang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520,China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520,China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091,China
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091,China.
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Ding X, Wang H, Huang S, Zhang H, Chen H, Chen P, Wang Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Peng S, Dai H, Mei W. Molecular evolution and characterization of type III polyketide synthase gene family in Aquilaria sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108571. [PMID: 38604011 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
2-(2-Phenylethyl) chromone (PEC) and its derivatives are markers of agarwood formation and are also related to agarwood quality. However, the biosynthetic and regulatory mechanisms of PECs still remain mysterious. Several studies suggested that type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) contribute to PEC biosynthesis in Aquilaria sinensis. Furthermore, systematic studies on the evolution of PKSs in A. sinensis have rarely been reported. Herein, we comprehensively analyzed PKS genes from 12 plant genomes and characterized the AsPKSs in detail. A unique branch contained only AsPKS members was identified through evolutionary analysis, including AsPKS01 that was previously indicated to participate in PEC biosynthesis. AsPKS07 and AsPKS08, two tandem-duplicated genes of AsPKS01 and lacking orthologous genes in evolutionary models, were selected for their transient expression in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Subsequently, PECs were detected in the extracts of N. benthamiana leaves, suggesting that AsPKS07 and AsPKS08 promote PEC biosynthesis. The interaction between the promoters of AsPKS07, AsPKS08 and five basic leucine zippers (bZIPs) from the S subfamily indicated that their transcripts could be regulated by these transcription factors (TFs) and might further contribute to PECs biosynthesis in A. sinensis. Our findings provide valuable insights into the molecular evolution of the PKS gene family in A. sinensis and serve as a foundation for advancing PEC production through the bioengineering of gene clusters. Ultimately, this contribution is expected to shed light on the mechanism underlying agarwood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Shengzhuo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Pengwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yali Wang
- International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Wenli Mei
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Li X, Fang X, Cui Z, Hong Z, Liu X, Li G, Hu H, Xu D. Anatomical, chemical and endophytic fungal diversity of a Qi-Nan clone of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng with different induction times. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1320226. [PMID: 38590741 PMCID: PMC10999641 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1320226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Recently, some new Qi-Nan clones of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng which intensively produces high-quality agarwood have been identified and propagated through grafting techniques. Previous studies have primarily focused on ordinary A. sinensis and the differences in composition when compared to Qi-Nan and ordinary A. sinensis. There are few studies on the formation mechanism of Qi-Nan agarwood and the dynamic changes in components and endophytic fungi during the induction process. In this paper, the characteristics, chemical composition, and changes in endophytic fungi of Qi-Nan agarwood induced after 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years were studied, and Qi-Nan white wood was used as the control. The results showed that the yield of Qi-Nan agarwood continued to increase with the induction time over a period of 3 years, while the content of alcohol extract from Qi-Nan agarwood reached its peak at two years. During the formation of agarwood, starch and soluble sugars in xylem rays and interxylary phloem are consumed and reduced. Most of the oily substances in agarwood were filled in xylem ray cells and interxylary phloem, and a small amount was filled in xylem vessels. The main components of Qi-Nan agarwood are also chromones and sesquiterpenes. With an increasing induction time, the content of sesquiterpenes increased, while the content of chromones decreased. The most abundant chromones in Qi-Nan agarwood were 2-(2-Phenethyl) chromone, 2-[2-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl] chromone, and2-[2-(4-Methoxyphenyl) ethyl] chromone. Significant differences were observed in the species of the endophytic fungi found in Qi-Nan agarwood at different induction times. A total of 4 phyla, 73 orders, and 448 genera were found in Qi-Nan agarwood dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Different induction times had a significant effect on the diversity of the endophytic fungal community in Qi-Nan. After the induction of agarwood formation, the diversity of Qi-Nan endophytic fungi decreased. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between endophytic fungi and the yield, alcohol extract content, sesquiterpene content, and chromone content of Qi-Nan agarwood, which indicated that endophytic fungi play a role in promoting the formation of Qi-Nan agarwood. Qi-Nan agarwood produced at different induction times exhibited strong antioxidant capacity. DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reactive oxygen species clearance activity were significantly positively correlated with the content of sesquiterpenes and chromones in Qi-Nan agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoying Fang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Cui
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Houzhen Hu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daping Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Wu Z, Yu L. Characteristic quality analysis for biologically induced agarwood columns in Aquilaria sinensis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116633. [PMID: 37459949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Current artificial agarwood-inducing techniques yield low quality and quantities of agarwood. On account of unclear agarwood formation mechanism there's still no high-efficiency agarwood inducing method globally spread. In this study, a complete agarwood column was taken out of the live tree trunk at 6 months post-treatment by a novel agarwood-inducing method (Agar-Bit) in cultivated Aquilaria sinensis trees, and was first divided into 8 parts (A1-4, B1-4) involving agarwood layer (A part) and brown inner layer (B part) according to its color and length for analysis. These eight parts were analyzed microscope observation, 6 chromones' contents and characteristic chromatograms by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometer) with to determine chemical changes. Other quality characteristics, TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and alcohol soluble extraction content, were also determined. Our results showed that resin changed with A to B part and microstructure changed with length. Six chromones in the eight parts varied with layers. Result of characteristic chromatograms showed that both A and B parts contained six characteristic peaks. Volatile component distributed mainly in A part, but important chromones were also detected in B parts. Results from TLC and alcohol soluble extraction content also showed that B part contained characteristic compounds of agarwood. In addition, some compounds in the essential oil detected by GC-MS in A part produced by Agar-Bit were similar to that found in natural agarwood, compounds in B parts were similar to BC agarwood, as were the results for the TLC and alcohol soluble extraction content. In conclusion, the chemical distribution obtained here from Agar-Bit could provide some clues to optimize high production and high efficiency stimulating method for whole tree full of resin in Aquilaria sinensis and to reveal the subtle agarwood formation mechanism throughout a whole trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqing Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China.
| | - Liangwen Yu
- Dongguan Research Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523007,China; College of Chinese Materia Medical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; Guangdong Yunfu Vocational Colleage of Chinese Medicine, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527300, China
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Morita H, Lee YE, Shi SP. Identification of a diarylpentanoid-producing polyketide synthase in the biosynthesis of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones in agarwood. J Nat Med 2023; 77:667-676. [PMID: 37597060 PMCID: PMC10465673 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood has been valued as an exquisite, high-grade fragrant wood since ancient times. Due to the scarcity of high-quality agarwood, it is quite expensive, and the number of original plants has been drastically reduced due to overharvesting, including illegal logging. Despite this, a reliable method of agarwood cultivation has yet to be developed. Thus, identifying the biosynthetic pathways of the fragrant components in agarwood might help developers to optimize the culture conditions and create artificial agarwood, by monitoring the expression of the biosynthetic enzymes or their genes. This review presents the characteristics of our recently identified key enzyme, 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone precursor synthase (PECPS), which generates the common precursor of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (PECs), the main fragrances in agarwood, as well as our reasoning to reach these conclusions. We also discuss the biosynthetic pathway of PECs, unveiled following the identification of PECPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Yuan-E Lee
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Xu J, Du R, Wang Y, Chen J. RNA-Sequencing Reveals the Involvement of Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis Genes and Transcription Factors during an Early Response to Mechanical Wounding of Aquilaria sinensis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:464. [PMID: 36833391 PMCID: PMC9957285 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to wounding by reprogramming the expression of genes involved in secondary metabolism. Aquilaria trees produce many bioactive secondary metabolites in response to wounding, but the regulatory mechanism of agarwood formation in the early response to mechanical wounding has remained unclear. To gain insights into the process of transcriptome changes and to determine the regulatory networks of Aquilaria sinensis to an early response (15 days) to mechanical wounding, we collected A. sinensis samples from the untreated (Asc1) and treated (Asf1) xylem tissues and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). This generated 49,102,523 (Asc1) and 45,180,981 (Asf1) clean reads, which corresponded to 18,927 (Asc1) and 19,258 (Asf1) genes, respectively. A total of 1596 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in Asf1 vs. Asc1 (|log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1, Padj ≤ 0.05), of which 1088 were up-regulated and 508 genes were down-regulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways might play important roles in wound-induced agarwood formation. Based on the transcription factor (TF)-gene regulatory network analysis, we inferred that the bHLH TF family could regulate all DEGs encoding for farnesyl diphosphate synthase, sesquiterpene synthase, and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), which contribute to the biosynthesis and accumulation of agarwood sesquiterpenes. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism regulating agarwood formation in A. sinensis, and will be helpful in selecting candidate genes for improving the yield and quality of agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Xu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ruyue Du
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Agarwood-The Fragrant Molecules of a Wounded Tree. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113386. [PMID: 35684324 PMCID: PMC9181942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, popularly known as oudh or gaharu, is a fragrant resinous wood of high commercial value, traded worldwide and primarily used for its distinctive fragrance in incense, perfumes, and medicine. This fragrant wood is created when Aquilaria trees are wounded and infected by fungi, producing resin as a defense mechanism. The depletion of natural agarwood caused by overharvesting amidst increasing demand has caused this fragrant defensive resin of endangered Aquilaria to become a rare and valuable commodity. Given that instances of natural infection are quite low, artificial induction, including biological inoculation, is being conducted to induce agarwood formation. A long-term investigation could unravel insights contributing toward Aquilaria being sustainably cultivated. This review will look at the different methods of induction, including physical, chemical, and biological, and compare the production, yield, and quality of such treatments with naturally formed agarwood. Pharmaceutical properties and medicinal benefits of fragrance-associated compounds such as chromones and terpenoids are also discussed.
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Wang XH, Gao BW, Nakashima Y, Mori T, Zhang ZX, Kodama T, Lee YE, Zhang ZK, Wong CP, Liu QQ, Qi BW, Wang J, Li J, Liu X, Abe I, Morita H, Tu PF, Shi SP. Identification of a diarylpentanoid-producing polyketide synthase revealing an unusual biosynthetic pathway of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones in agarwood. Nat Commun 2022; 13:348. [PMID: 35039506 PMCID: PMC8764113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27971-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones (PECs) are the principal constituents contributing to the distinctive fragrance of agarwood. How PECs are biosynthesized is currently unknown. In this work, we describe a diarylpentanoid-producing polyketide synthase (PECPS) identified from Aquilaria sinensis. Through biotransformation experiments using fluorine-labeled substrate, transient expression of PECPS in Nicotiana benthamiana, and knockdown of PECPS expression in A. sinensis calli, we demonstrate that the C6-C5-C6 scaffold of diarylpentanoid is the common precursor of PECs, and PECPS plays a crucial role in PECs biosynthesis. Crystal structure (1.98 Å) analyses and site-directed mutagenesis reveal that, due to its small active site cavity (247 Å3), PECPS employs a one-pot formation mechanism including a "diketide-CoA intermediate-released" step for the formation of the C6-C5-C6 scaffold. The identification of PECPS, the pivotal enzyme of PECs biosynthesis, provides insight into not only the feasibility of overproduction of pharmaceutically important PECs using metabolic engineering approaches, but also further exploration of how agarwood is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Wen Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zhong-Xiu Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuan-E Lee
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ze-Kun Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chin-Piow Wong
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Qian-Qian Liu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Bo-Wen Qi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani-2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang N, Xue S, Song J, Zhou X, Zhou D, Liu X, Hong Z, Xu D. Effects of various artificial agarwood-induction techniques on the metabolome of Aquilaria sinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:591. [PMID: 34903180 PMCID: PMC8667428 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agarwood is a highly sought-after resinous wood for uses in medicine, incense, and perfume production. To overcome challenges associated with agarwood production in Aquilaria sinensis, several artificial agarwood-induction treatments have been developed. However, the effects of these techniques on the metabolome of the treated wood samples are unknown. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of four treatments: fire drill treatment (F), fire drill + brine treatment (FS), cold drill treatment (D) and cold drill + brine treatment (DS)) on ethanol-extracted oil content and metabolome profiles of treated wood samples from A. sinensis. RESULTS The ethanol-extracted oil content obtained from the four treatments differed significantly (F < D < DS < FS). A total of 712 metabolites composed mostly of alkaloids, amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, lipids, phenolic acids, organic acids, nucleotides and derivatives, and terpenoids were detected. In pairwise comparisons, 302, 155, 271 and 363 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) were detected in F_vs_FS, D_vs_DS, F_vs_D and FS_vs_DS, respectively. The DAMs were enriched in flavonoid/flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Generally, addition of brine to either fire or cold drill treatments reduced the abundance of most of the metabolites. CONCLUSION The results from this study offer valuable insights into synthetically-induced agarwood production in A. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningnan Zhang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Shiyu Xue
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Jie Song
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Xiuren Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dahao Zhou
- Huazhou Yuanlai Agarwood Limited Company, Huazhou, 525100 China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Daping Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
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11
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Meng F, Chu T, Tang Q, Chen W. A tetraploidization event shaped the Aquilaria sinensis genome and contributed to the ability of sesquiterpenes synthesis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:647. [PMID: 34493201 PMCID: PMC8424979 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agarwood, generated from the Aquilaria sinensis, has high economic and medicinal value. Although its genome has been sequenced, the ploidy of A. sinensis paleopolyploid remains unclear. Moreover, the expression changes of genes associated with agarwood formation were not analyzed either. RESULTS In the present work, we reanalyzed the genome of A. sinensis and found that it experienced a recent tetraploidization event ~ 63-71 million years ago (Mya). The results also demonstrated that the A. sinensis genome had suffered extensive gene deletion or relocation after the tetraploidization event, and exhibited accelerated evolutionary rates. At the same time, an alignment of homologous genes related to different events of polyploidization and speciation were generated as well, which provides an important comparative genomics resource for Thymelaeaceae and related families. Interestingly, the expression changes of genes related to sesquiterpene synthesis in wounded stems of A. sinensis were also observed. Further analysis demonstrated that polyploidization promotes the functional differentiation of the key genes in the sesquiterpene synthesis pathway. CONCLUSIONS By reanalyzing its genome, we found that the tetraploidization event shaped the A. sinensis genome and contributed to the ability of sesquiterpenes synthesis. We hope that these results will facilitate our understanding of the evolution of A. sinensis and the function of genes involved in agarwood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanbo Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianzhe Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, 063210, Tangshan, China.
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12
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Zheng F, Gao W, Wang Y, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Jiang X, Hou B, Zhang Z. Map of dimorphic switching‑related signaling pathways in Sporothrix schenckii based on its transcriptome. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:646. [PMID: 34278493 PMCID: PMC8299191 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii) induces sporotrichosis, which has gained attention in recent years due to its worldwide prevalence. The dimorphic switching process is essential for the pathogenesis of S. schenckii. Previously, overexpression of several signal transduction genes, including SsDRK1 and SsSte20, was observed during the mycelium‑to‑yeast transition; these were necessary for asexual development, yeast‑phase cell formation, cell wall integrity and melanin synthesis. However, the mechanisms of the signaling pathways during dimorphic switching of S. schenckii remain unclear. In the present study, transcriptome sequencing of the 48‑h induced yeast forms and mycelium of S. schenckii was performed. In total, 24,904,510 high‑quality clean reads were obtained from mycelium samples and 22,814,406 from 48‑h induced yeast form samples. Following assembly, 31,779 unigene sequences were obtained with 52.98% GC content (The proportion of guanine G and cytosine C to all bases in nucleic acid). The results demonstrated that 12,217 genes, including genes involved in signal transduction and chitin synthesis, were expressed differentially between the two stages. According to these results, a map of the signaling pathways, including two‑component and heterotrimeric G‑protein signaling systems, Ras and MAPK cascades associated with the dimorphic switch, was drawn. Taken together, the transcriptome data and analysis performed in the present study lay the foundation for further research into the molecular mechanisms controlling the dimorphic switch of S. schenckii and support the development of anti‑S. schenckii strategies targeting genes associated with signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangliang Zheng
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Qingyan Chen
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Shekou People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyan Jiang
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Hou
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Zhenying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
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13
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Li W, Chen HQ, Wang H, Mei WL, Dai HF. Natural products in agarwood and Aquilaria plants: chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:528-565. [PMID: 32990292 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Covering: Up to the end of 2019.Agarwood is a resinous portion of Aquilaria trees, which is formed in response to environmental stress factors such as physical injury or microbial attack. It is very sought-after among the natural incenses, as well as for its medicinal properties in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Interestingly, the chemical constituents of agarwood and healthy Aquilaria trees are quite different. Sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenethyl)chromones with diverse scaffolds commonly accumulate in agarwood. Similar structures have rarely been reported from the original trees that mainly contain flavonoids, benzophenones, xanthones, lignans, simple phenolic compounds, megastigmanes, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, etc. This review summarizes the chemical constituents and biological activities both in agarwood and Aquilaria trees, and their biosynthesis is discussed in order to give a comprehensive overview of the research progress on agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
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Wang J, An C, Guo H, Yang X, Chen J, Zong J, Li J, Liu J. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia japonica Steud. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:114. [PMID: 32169028 PMCID: PMC7071773 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areas with saline soils are sparsely populated and have fragile ecosystems, which severely restricts the sustainable development of local economies. Zoysia grasses are recognized as excellent warm-season turfgrasses worldwide, with high salt tolerance and superior growth in saline-alkali soils. However, the mechanism underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia species remains unknown. RESULTS The phenotypic and physiological responses of two contrasting materials, Zoysia japonica Steud. Z004 (salt sensitive) and Z011 (salt tolerant) in response to salt stress were studied. The results show that Z011 was more salt tolerant than was Z004, with the former presenting greater K+/Na+ ratios in both its leaves and roots. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance further, we compared the transcriptomes of the two materials at different time points (0 h, 1 h, 24 h, and 72 h) and from different tissues (leaves and roots) under salt treatment. The 24-h time point and the roots might make significant contributions to the salt tolerance. Moreover, GO and KEGG analyses of different comparisons revealed that the key DEGs participating in the salt-stress response belonged to the hormone pathway, various TF families and the DUF family. CONCLUSIONS Zoysia salt treatment transcriptome shows the 24-h and roots may make significant contributions to the salt tolerance. The auxin signal transduction family, ABA signal transduction family, WRKY TF family and bHLH TF family may be the most important families in Zoysia salt-stress regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Cong An
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hailin Guo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Xiangyang Yang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Junqin Zong
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jianjian Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
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15
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Rolly NK, Imran QM, Lee IJ, Yun BW. Salinity Stress-Mediated Suppression of Expression of Salt Overly Sensitive Signaling Pathway Genes Suggests Negative Regulation by AtbZIP62 Transcription Factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1726. [PMID: 32138325 PMCID: PMC7084470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the most serious threats in plants, reducing crop yield and production. The salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway in plants is a salt-responsive pathway that acts as a janitor of the cell to sweep out Na+ ions. Transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators of expression and/or repression of genes. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TF is a large family of TFs regulating various cellular processes in plants. In the current study, we investigated the role of the Arabidopsis thaliana bZIP62 TF in the regulation of SOS signaling pathway by measuring the transcript accumulation of its key genes such as SOS1, 2, and 3, in both wild-type (WT) and atbzip62 knock-out (KO) mutants under salinity stress. We further observed the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems in the wild-type, atbzip62, atcat2 (lacking catalase activity), and atnced3 (lacking 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase involved in the ABA pathway) KO mutants. Our findings revealed that atbzip62 plants exhibited an enhanced salt-sensitive phenotypic response similar to atnced3 and atcat2 compared to WT, 10 days after 150 mM NaCl treatment. Interestingly, the transcriptional levels of SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3 increased significantly over time in the atbzip62 upon NaCl application, while they were downregulated in the wild type. We also measured chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b, total pheophytin, and total carotenoids. We observed that the atbzip62 exhibited an increase in chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents, as well as proline contents, while it exhibited a non-significant increase in catalase activity. Our results suggest that AtbZIP62 negatively regulates the transcriptional events of SOS pathway genes, AtbZIP18 and AtbZIP69 while modulating the antioxidant response to salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkulu Kabange Rolly
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (N.K.R.); (Q.M.I.)
- National Laboratory of Seed Testing, National Seed Service, SENASEM, Ministry of Agriculture, Kinshasa 904KIN1, Congo
| | - Qari Muhammad Imran
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (N.K.R.); (Q.M.I.)
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (N.K.R.); (Q.M.I.)
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16
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Ding X, Mei W, Lin Q, Wang H, Wang J, Peng S, Li H, Zhu J, Li W, Wang P, Chen H, Dong W, Guo D, Cai C, Huang S, Cui P, Dai H. Genome sequence of the agarwood tree Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng: the first chromosome-level draft genome in the Thymelaeceae family. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa013. [PMID: 32118265 PMCID: PMC7050300 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng is one of the important plant resources involved in the production of agarwood in China. The agarwood resin collected from wounded Aquilaria trees has been used in Asia for aromatic or medicinal purposes from ancient times, although the mechanism underlying the formation of agarwood still remains poorly understood owing to a lack of accurate and high-quality genetic information. FINDINGS We report the genomic architecture of A. sinensis by using an integrated strategy combining Nanopore, Illumina, and Hi-C sequencing. The final genome was ∼726.5 Mb in size, which reached a high level of continuity and a contig N50 of 1.1 Mb. We combined Hi-C data with the genome assembly to generate chromosome-level scaffolds. Eight super-scaffolds corresponding to the 8 chromosomes were assembled to a final size of 716.6 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 88.78 Mb using 1,862 contigs. BUSCO evaluation reveals that the genome completeness reached 95.27%. The repeat sequences accounted for 59.13%, and 29,203 protein-coding genes were annotated in the genome. According to phylogenetic analysis using single-copy orthologous genes, we found that A. sinensis is closely related to Gossypium hirsutum and Theobroma cacao from the Malvales order, and A. sinensis diverged from their common ancestor ∼53.18-84.37 million years ago. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present the first chromosome-level genome assembly and gene annotation of A. sinensis. This study should contribute to valuable genetic resources for further research on the agarwood formation mechanism, genome-assisted improvement, and conservation biology of Aquilaria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupo Ding
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Pengfei No. 7, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenhua Dong
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Caihong Cai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shengzhuo Huang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Pengfei No. 7, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
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Naziz PS, Das R, Sen S. The Scent of Stress: Evidence From the Unique Fragrance of Agarwood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31379890 PMCID: PMC6646531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) fragrance and its origin in stress make it probably the most suitable model to study stress-induced aroma. Production being confined only to certain small pockets of South and Southeast Asia, agarwood is arguably the costliest wood in the world. Formation of fragrant agarwood resin is the outcome of complex biotic, abiotic, and physical stress on the Aquilaria trees. The intricate mechanism by which some 150 odd fragrant molecules that constitute agarwood aroma is formed is still not clearly understood. The present review therefore aims to bring to focus this less known but highly valuable stress-induced aroma from Asia. Discussions on agarwood species, occurrence, distribution, formation, and products have been included as foundation. Although global trade in agarwood and its products is estimated at US$6 billion to US$8 billion, no reliable data are readily available in literature. Therefore, an effort has been made to review the current status of agarwood trade. The element of stress and its correlation to agarwood aroma is discussed in the subsequent sections. Natural agarwood formation as well as technologies and interventions in agarwood induction are stress-based (natural and artificial injury, insect and fungal attack, chemical induction). The molecular triggers are gradually coming to light as new studies are implicating jasmonate, LOX signaling, and other stress reaction routes as the source of agarwood aroma. This review therefore has strived to compile the information that is scattered across scientific as well as other authentic literature and update the reader on the current status. More information about the specific roles of other vital stressors like insects, abiotic, and genetic factors is eagerly awaited from ongoing and future research to further understand the unique fragrance of agarwood.
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Hishamuddin MS, Lee SY, Isa NM, Lamasudin DU, Zainal Abidin SA, Mohamed R. Time-based LC-MS/MS analysis provides insights into early responses to mechanical wounding, a major trigger to agarwood formation in Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18383-18393. [PMID: 35515211 PMCID: PMC9064782 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical wounding is the major trigger for the formation of agarwood in the tropical tree taxon Aquilaria. To understand the molecular mechanism by which Aquilaria reacts to wounding, we applied a proteomics approach using liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with bioinformatics analysis and principal component analysis. Protein samples were extracted from wood tissues collected from drilled wounds on the stems of five-year old Aquilaria malaccensis. Samples were collected at different time-points of 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after mechanical wounding for protein identification. Venn diagram analysis showed that 564 out of 2227 identified proteins were time-point specific proteins. GO analysis using the REViGO software (including functional proteins) supported these findings. In total, 20 wound-response proteins and one unknown protein were identified as having important roles in the signaling response to wounding, response to stress, activation of plant defense systems, and plant regeneration. The detected biological processes include brassinosteroid stimulus, polyamine catabolism, hypersensitive response, response to cadmium ions, response to oxidative stress, and malate metabolism, suggesting that the wounded trees must have undergone major plant cell damage. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that several wound-response proteins were involved in agarwood formation. Our proteomics data thus provide useful information for understanding the wound response mechanisms that trigger agarwood formation. Mechanical wounding triggers agarwood synthesis pathways in Aquilaria malaccensis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Syahmi Hishamuddin
- Forest Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shiou Yih Lee
- Forest Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nurulfiza Mat Isa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Dhilia Udie Lamasudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia.,Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rozi Mohamed
- Forest Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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19
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Tan CS, Isa NM, Ismail I, Zainal Z. Agarwood Induction: Current Developments and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30792732 PMCID: PMC6374618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is a resinous part of the non-timber Aquilaria tree, which is a highly valuable product for medicine and fragrance purposes. To protect the endangered Aquilaria species, mass plantation of Aquilaria trees has become a sustainable way in Asian countries to obtain the highly valuable agarwood. As only physiologically triggered Aquilaria tree can produce agarwood, effective induction methods are long sought in the agarwood industry. In this paper, we attempt to provide an overview for the past efforts toward the understanding of agarwood formation, the evolvement of induction methods and their further development prospects by integrating it with high-throughput omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Seng Tan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Nurulhikma Md Isa
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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20
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Liu Q, Tang J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Huang S. Transcriptome analysis reveals complex response of the medicinal/ornamental halophyte Iris halophila Pall. to high environmental salinity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:250-260. [PMID: 30199796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The remediation and subsequent use of saline-alkaline land are of great significance to ecological environment construction and sustainable agricultural development. Iris halophila Pall. is a salt-tolerant medicinal and ornamental plant, which has good application prospects in the ecological construction of saline-alkaline land; therefore, study of the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in I. halophila has important theoretical and practical value. To evaluate the molecular mechanism of the response of I. halophila to salt toxicity, I. halophila seedlings were treated with salt (300 mM NaCl) and subjected to deep RNA sequencing. The clean reads were obtained and assembled into 297,188 unigenes. Among them, 1120 and 100 salt-responsive genes were identified in I. halophila shoots and roots, respectively. Among them, the key flavonoid and lignin biosynthetic genes, hormone signaling genes, sodium/potassium ion transporter genes, and transcription factors were analyzed and summarized. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis strengthened the reliability of the RNA sequencing results. This work provides an overview of the transcriptomic responses to salt toxicity in I. halophila and identifies the responsive genes that may contribute to its reduced salt toxicity. These results lay an important foundation for further study of the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in I. halophila and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Suzhen Huang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China.
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21
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Tang J, Liu Q, Yuan H, Zhang Y, Wang W, Huang S. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel salt-specific responsive WRKY transcription factor gene IlWRKY2 from the halophyte Iris lactea var. chinensis. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:893-903. [PMID: 30047112 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Iris lactea var. chinensis is a perennial herbaceous halophyte with high salt tolerance and ornamental value. Previous RNA sequencing analysis revealed a transcription factor gene IlWRKY2 expression was upregulated by salt stress. To obtain the full-length sequence, the basic characteristics of IlWRKY2 and its expression pattern under salt stress. Full-length cDNA of IlWRKY2 was cloned by 3'/5' RACE based on the intermediate sequence obtained by RNA sequencing analysis. Structure analysis of IlWRKY2 were performed by Compute pI/MW tool, PSIPRED and SWISS-MODEL analysis. Sequence analysis of IlWRKY2 were performed by BLAST program, DNAman software, MEGA software and MEME program. IlWRKY2 expression pattern was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The open reading frame of IlWRKY2 is 1338 bp in length, which encodes a protein of 446 amino acids. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the IlWRKY2 contains one WRKY domains with a zinc finger motif C-X5-C-X23-H-X-H. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the IlWRKY2 was much closer to EgWRKY41 from Elaeis guineensis and MaWRKY42 from Musa acuminata subsp. malaccensis. Furthermore, the expression of IlWRKY2 in I. lactea var. chinensis shoots was upregulated by different concentrations of NaCl treatment and increased 16-fold after treatment with 200 mM NaCl for 12 h. Obtained the full-length cDNA of IlWRKY2 which belongs to Group II-b WRKY subfamily. IlWRKY2 expression was obviously induced by salt stress in I. lactea var. chinensis shoots and it may play an important role in halophyte I. lactea var. chinensis adaptation to environmental salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Suzhen Huang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Wang X, Dong X, Feng Y, Liu X, Wang J, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhao Y, Shi S, Tu P. H 2O 2 and NADPH oxidases involve in regulation of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation during salt stress in Aquilaria sinensis calli. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 269:1-11. [PMID: 29606206 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones are the main compounds responsible for the quality of agarwood, which is widely used in traditional medicines, incenses and perfumes. H2O2 and NADPH oxidases (also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs, Rbohs) mediate diverse physiological and biochemical processes in environmental stress responses. However, little is known about the function of H2O2 and NADPH oxidases in 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation. In this study, we found that salt stress induced a transient increase in content of H2O2 and 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation in Aquilaria sinensis calli. Exogenous H2O2 remarkably decreased the production of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, while dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a scavenger of H2O2, significantly increased 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation in salt treated calli. Three new H2O2-generating genes, named AsRbohA-C, were isolated and characterized from A. sinensis. Salt stress also induced a transient increase in AsRbohA-C expression and NADPH oxidase activity. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2 increased AsRbohA-C expression and NADPH oxidase activity, while DMTU inhibited AsRbohA-C expression and NADPH oxidase activity under salt stress. Moreover, diphenylene iodonium (DPI), the inhibitor of NADPH oxidases, reduced AsRbohA-C expression and NADPH oxidase activity, but significantly induced 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation during salt stress. These results clearly demonstrated the central role of H2O2 and NADPH oxidases in regulation of salt-induced 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones accumulation in A. sinensis calli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xianjuan Dong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yingying Feng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jinling Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Zhongxiu Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Shepo Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Identification and functional characterization of three type III polyketide synthases from Aquilaria sinensis calli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:1040-1047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Relationship between Expression of Chalcone Synthase Genes and Chromones in Artificial Agarwood induced by Formic Acid Stimulation Combined with Fusarium sp. A2 Inoculation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050686. [PMID: 28441359 PMCID: PMC6154532 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood (gaharu) is a fragrant resin produced in the heartwood of resinous Gyrinops and Aquilaria species. Artificial agarwood samples were obtained from Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg using formic acid (FA) stimulation combined with Fusarium sp. A2 inoculation. The relationship between the expression of chalcone synthase genes (CHS) and dynamic changes in chromone content was explored in resin-deposited parts of the trunks of A. sinensis. CHS gene expression levels were detected by qRT-PCR analysis. The chemical composition of agarwood obtained from the heartwood of A. sinensis before and within 1 year after induction was determined by GC-MS. After induction with FA stimulation combined with F. sp. A2 inoculation, the CHS1 gene showed relatively high expression, whereas the CHS2 gene showed low expression. The relative gene expression level of CHS1 peaked at 12 months, with a 153.1-fold increase, and the dominant period of the CHS2 gene expression was 10 months with a 14.13-fold increase. Moreover, chromones were not detected until after 2 months, and a large proportion of chromone compounds were detected after 4 months. Chromone content increased with time and peaked at 12 months. CHS1 gene expression was significantly correlated with 6-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone accumulation, and CHS2 gene expression was significantly correlated with 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone accumulation. CHS gene expression was extremely sensitive to FA stimulation combined with F. sp. A2 inoculation and responded to late-onset injury. CHS genes expression also preceded the chromone accumulation. This work laid the foundation for studies on the mechanism by which genes regulate chromone biosynthesis pathways during the formation of agarwood resin in A. sinensis.
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Filiz E, Vatansever R, Ozyigit II. Dissecting a co-expression network of basic helix-loop-helix ( bHLH ) genes from phosphate (Pi)-starved soybean ( Glycine max ). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Bahieldin A, Atef A, Edris S, Gadalla NO, Ali HM, Hassan SM, Al-Kordy MA, Ramadan AM, Makki RM, Al-Hajar ASM, El-Domyati FM. Ethylene responsive transcription factor ERF109 retards PCD and improves salt tolerance in plant. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:216. [PMID: 27716054 PMCID: PMC5053207 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ultimate goal of this work was to detect the role of transcription factors (TFs) concordantly expressed with genes related to programmed cell death (PCD) during PCD and salt stress. This work was based on the hypothesis that TFs and their driven genes likely co-express under different stimuli. The conserved superfamily ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) draw attention of the present study as it participates in the response to biotic and abiotic stimuli as well as to program cell death (PCD). RESULTS RNA-Seq analysis was done for tobacco (N. benthamiana) leaves exposed to oxalic acid (OA) at 20 mM for 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h to induce PCD. Genes up-regulated after 2 h of OA treatment with known function during PCD were utilized as landmarks to select TFs with concordant expression. Knockdown mutants of these TFs were generated in tobacco via virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) in order to detect their roles during PCD. Based on the results of PCD assay, knockout (KO) T-DNA insertion mutants of Arabidopsis as well as over-expression lines of two selected TFs, namely ERF109 and TFIID5, analogs to those in tobacco, were tested under salt stress (0, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl). CONCLUSIONS Results of knockdown mutant tobacco cells confirmed the influence of these two TFs during PCD. Knockout insertion mutants and over-expression lines indicated the role of ERF109 in conferring salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Atef
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Edris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour O. Gadalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M. Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabah M. Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy A. Al-Kordy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Ramadan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania M. Makki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S. M. Al-Hajar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fotouh M. El-Domyati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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