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Tariq A, Meng M, Jiang X, Bolger A, Beier S, Buchmann JP, Fernie AR, Wen W, Usadel B. In-depth exploration of the genomic diversity in tea varieties based on a newly constructed pangenome of Camellia sinensis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38872506 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Tea, one of the most widely consumed beverages globally, exhibits remarkable genomic diversity in its underlying flavour and health-related compounds. In this study, we present the construction and analysis of a tea pangenome comprising a total of 11 genomes, with a focus on three newly sequenced genomes comprising the purple-leaved assamica cultivar "Zijuan", the temperature-sensitive sinensis cultivar "Anjibaicha" and the wild accession "L618" whose assemblies exhibited excellent quality scores as they profited from latest sequencing technologies. Our analysis incorporates a detailed investigation of transposon complement across the tea pangenome, revealing shared patterns of transposon distribution among the studied genomes and improved transposon resolution with long read technologies, as shown by long terminal repeat (LTR) Assembly Index analysis. Furthermore, our study encompasses a gene-centric exploration of the pangenome, exploring the genomic landscape of the catechin pathway with our study, providing insights on copy number alterations and gene-centric variants, especially for Anthocyanidin synthases. We constructed a gene-centric pangenome by structurally and functionally annotating all available genomes using an identical pipeline, which both increased gene completeness and allowed for a high functional annotation rate. This improved and consistently annotated gene set will allow for a better comparison between tea genomes. We used this improved pangenome to capture the core and dispensable gene repertoire, elucidating the functional diversity present within the tea species. This pangenome resource might serve as a valuable resource for understanding the fundamental genetic basis of traits such as flavour, stress tolerance, and disease resistance, with implications for tea breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Tariq
- HHU Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Minghui Meng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Anthony Bolger
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-4: Bioinformatics, CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo Brandt-Straße, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beier
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-4: Bioinformatics, CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo Brandt-Straße, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Jan P Buchmann
- HHU Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Björn Usadel
- HHU Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-4: Bioinformatics, CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo Brandt-Straße, Jülich, 52425, Germany
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Fan YG, Zhao TT, Xiang QZ, Han XY, Yang SS, Zhang LX, Ren LJ. Multi-Omics Research Accelerates the Clarification of the Formation Mechanism and the Influence of Leaf Color Variation in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:426. [PMID: 38337959 PMCID: PMC10857240 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Tea is a popular beverage with characteristic functional and flavor qualities, known to be rich in bioactive metabolites such as tea polyphenols and theanine. Recently, tea varieties with variations in leaf color have been widely used in agriculture production due to their potential advantages in terms of tea quality. Numerous studies have used genome, transcriptome, metabolome, proteome, and lipidome methods to uncover the causes of leaf color variations and investigate their impacts on the accumulation of crucial bioactive metabolites in tea plants. Through a comprehensive review of various omics investigations, we note that decreased expression levels of critical genes in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids, activated chlorophyll degradation, and an impaired photosynthetic chain function are related to the chlorina phenotype in tea plants. For purple-leaf tea, increased expression levels of late biosynthetic genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway and anthocyanin transport genes are the major and common causes of purple coloration. We have also summarized the influence of leaf color variation on amino acid, polyphenol, and lipid contents and put forward possible causes of these metabolic changes. Finally, this review further proposes the research demands in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gen Fan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Qin-Zeng Xiang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Xiao-Yang Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Shu-Sen Yang
- Yipinming Tea Planting Farmers Specialized Cooperative, Longnan 746400, China;
| | - Li-Xia Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Li-Jun Ren
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
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Ye JJ, Lin XY, Yang ZX, Wang YQ, Liang YR, Wang KR, Lu JL, Lu P, Zheng XQ. The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of photosystem II family members are responsible for temperature sensitivity and leaf color phenotype in albino tea plant. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00404-6. [PMID: 38151116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHCB) protein complexes of photosystem II are integral to the formation of thylakoid structure and the photosynthetic process. They play an important role in photoprotection, a crucial process in leaf development under low-temperature stress. Nonetheless, potential key genes directly related to low-temperature response and albino phenotype have not been precisely identified in tea plant. Moreover, there are no studies simultaneously investigating multiple albino tea cultivars with different temperature sensitivity. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to clarify the basic characteristics of CsLHCB gene family members, and identify critical CsLHCB genes potentially influential in leaf color phenotypic variation and low-temperature stress response by contrasting green and albino tea cultivars. Concurrently, exploring the differential expression of the CsLHCB gene family across diverse temperature-sensitive albino tea cultivars. METHODS We identified 20 putative CsLHCB genes according to phylogenetic analysis. Evolutionary relationships, gene duplication, chromosomal localization, and structures were analyzed by TBtools; the physiological and biochemical characteristics were analyzed by protein analysis websites; the differences in coding sequences and protein accumulation in green and albino tea cultivars, gene expression with maturity were tested by molecular biology technology; and protein interaction was analyzed in the STRING database. RESULTS All genes were categorized into seven groups, mapping onto 7 chromosomes, including three tandem and one segmental duplications. They all own a conserved chlorophyll A/B binding protein domain. The expression of CsLHCB genes was tissue-specific, predominantly in leaves. CsLHCB5 may play a key role in the process of leaf maturation and senescence. In contrast to CsLHCB5, CsLHCB1.1, CsLHCB2, and CsLHCB3.2 were highly conserved in amino acid sequence between green and albino tea cultivars. In albino tea cultivars, unlike in green cultivars, the expression of CsLHCB1.1, CsLHCB1.2, and CsLHCB2 was down-regulated under low-temperature stress. The accumulation of CsLHCB1 and CsLHCB5 proteins was lower in albino tea cultivars. Greater accumulation of CsLHCB2 protein was detected in RX1 and RX2 compared to other albino cultivars. CONCLUSIONS CsLHCB1.1, CsLHCB1.2, and CsLHCB2 played a role in the response to low-temperature stress. The amino acid sequence site mutation of CsLHCB5 would distinguish the green and albino tea cultivars. The less accumulation of CsLHCB1 and CsLHCB5 had a potential influence on albino leaves. Albino cultivars more sensitive to temperature exhibited lower CsLHCB gene expression. CsLHCB2 may serve as an indicator of temperature sensitivity differences in albino tea cultivars. This study could provide a reference for further studies of the functions of the CsLHCB family and contribute to research on the mechanism of the albino in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Ye
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin-Yi Lin
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zi-Xian Yang
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ying-Qi Wang
- Zhejiang A&F University College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kai-Rong Wang
- General Agrotechnical Extension Station of Ningbo City, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Zhang K, Feng X, Liu Y, Yang Y, Hao X, Li D, Wang X, Wang L. Integrative transcriptome and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing analyses of a temperature-sensitive albino tea plant cultivar. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14064. [PMID: 38148243 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Green tea made from albino buds and leaves has a strong umami taste and aroma. The cultivar 'Zhonghuang 2' (ZH2, Camellia sinensis) is a natural mutant with young shoots that are yellow in spring and green or yellow-green in summer. However, the mechanism of leaf color change remains unclear. Here, we found that young shoots of ZH2 were yellow at low temperature (LT) and green at high temperature (HT), indicating that ZH2 is a temperature-sensitive cultivar. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the grana in the chloroplasts of young shoots grown at LT were poorly stacked, which caused a lack of photoreactions and chlorophyll. RNA-seq results showed 1279 genes differentially expressed in the young shoots grown at LT compared with those at HT, including genes related to cytochrome synthesis, chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and DNA methylation. A whole-genome bisulfite sequencing assay revealed that the dynamics of DNA methylation levels in the CG, CHG, and CHH contexts decreased under LT, and the change was most obvious in the CHH context. Furthermore, 72 genes showed significant changes in both expression and DNA methylation levels, and most of them were related to cytochrome synthesis, chloroplast development, photosynthesis, transcription factors, and signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that DNA methylation is involved in the LT-regulated albino processes of ZH2. Changes in DNA methylation levels were associated with changes in gene expression levels, affecting the structure and function of chloroplasts, which may have a phenotypic impact on shoot and leaf color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China/National Center for Tea Improvement/Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China/National Center for Tea Improvement/Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China/National Center for Tea Improvement/Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China/National Center for Tea Improvement/Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China/National Center for Tea Improvement/Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China/National Center for Tea Improvement/Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China/National Center for Tea Improvement/Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
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Guo P, Huang Z, Zhao W, Lin N, Wang Y, Shang F. Mechanisms for leaf color changes in Osmanthus fragrans 'Ziyan Gongzhu' using physiology, transcriptomics and metabolomics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:453. [PMID: 37752431 PMCID: PMC10523669 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Color-leaved O. fragrans is a variety of Osmanthus fragrans, which has both the fragrance of Osmanthus and the color of color-leaved plants. However, the molecular mechanism of color change of color-leaved O. fragrans is not clear. In this study, we analyzed the regulatory mechanism of four different color leaves of 'Ziyan Gongzhu' through physiological, transcriptome and metabolome levels. RESULTS Firstly, we measured the leaf pigments content and leaf chromatic parameters for correlation analysis, indicating a significant correlation between them. Overall, the content of chlorophyll a + b is low and the content of anthocyanin is high in T1 and T2 leaves, along with low expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes (HEMA, CHLG, and CAO, etc.) and high expression of anthocyanin synthesis genes (F3H, F3'H, DFR and ANS, etc.), resulting purple red and light purple in T1 and T2 leaves, respectively. It was also found that the pigment closely related to the color leaves of 'Ziyan Gongzhu' was cyanidin. The content anthocyanins, may be regulated by two putative MYB activators (OfMYB3 and OfMYB4) and two putative MYB repressors (OfMYB1 and OfMYB2). In contrast, the content of chlorophyll a + b is high and the content of anthocyanin is low in T3 and T4 leaves, along with high expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes and low expression of anthocyanin synthesis genes, resulting yellow green and dark green in T3 and T4 leaves, respectively. And abnormal chloroplast development affects chlorophyll content in T1, T2, and T3 leaves. Although the content of carotenoids first dropped in T2 leaves, it then rapidly accumulated in T4 leaves, in sync with the increase in the expression of genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis (ZDS, LHYB, and ZEP, for example). Analysis of photosynthetic, carbohydrate and hormone-related differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) and DEGs found that they may participate in the regulation of leaf color change of 'Ziyan Gongzhu' by affecting pigment synthesis. CONCLUSION Our results pave the way for a comprehensive knowledge of the regulatory processes governing leaf color in 'Ziyan Gongzhu' and identify possible genes for application regarding molecular colored-leaf cultivar breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Osmanthus Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ziqi Huang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Osmanthus Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Osmanthus Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Nan Lin
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Osmanthus Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Osmanthus Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Fude Shang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Osmanthus Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
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Zhao Y, Yang P, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Yang Y, Liu Z. Insights into the physiological, molecular, and genetic regulators of albinism in Camellia sinensis leaves. Front Genet 2023; 14:1219335. [PMID: 37745858 PMCID: PMC10516542 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1219335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Yanling Yinbiancha, a cultivar of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is an evergreen woody perennial with characteristic albino leaves. A mutant variant with green leaves on branches has been recently identified. The molecular mechanisms underlying this color variation remain unknown. Methods: We aimed to utilize omics tools to decipher the molecular basis for this color variation, with the ultimate goal of enhancing existing germplasm and utilizing it in future breeding programs. Results and discussion: Albinotic leaves exhibited significant chloroplast degeneration and reduced carotenoid accumulation. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the two variants revealed 1,412 differentially expressed genes and 127 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Enrichment analysis for DEGs suggested significant enrichment of pathways involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, porphyrin, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. To further narrow down the causal variation for albinotic leaves, we performed a conjoint analysis of metabolome and transcriptome and identified putative candidate genes responsible for albinism in C. sinensis leaves. 12, 7, and 28 DEGs were significantly associated with photosynthesis, porphyrin/chlorophyll metabolism, and flavonoid metabolism, respectively. Chlorophyllase 2, Chlorophyll a-Binding Protein 4A, Chlorophyll a-Binding Protein 24, Stay Green Regulator, Photosystem II Cytochrome b559 subunit beta along with transcription factors AP2, bZIP, MYB, and WRKY were identified as a potential regulator of albinism in Yanling Yinbiancha. Moreover, we identified Anthocyanidin reductase and Arabidopsis Response Regulator 1 as DEGs influencing flavonoid accumulation in albino leaves. Identification of genes related to albinism in C. sinensis may facilitate genetic modification or development of molecular markers, potentially enhancing cultivation efficiency and expanding the germplasm for utilization in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhen Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Du Y, Lin Y, Zhang K, Rothenberg DO, Zhang H, Zhou H, Su H, Zhang L. The Chemical Composition and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal the Mechanism of Color Formation in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Pericarp. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13198. [PMID: 37686006 PMCID: PMC10487661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential metabolism of albino (white), green, and purple pericarp coloration, biochemical profiling and transcriptome sequencing analyses were performed on three different tea pericarps, Zhongbaiyihao (Camellia sinensis L. var. Zhongbai), Jinxuan (Camellia sinensis L. var. Jinxuan), and Baitangziya (Camellia sinensis L. var. Baitang). Results of biochemical analysis revealed that low chlorophyll content and low chlorophyll/carotene ratio may be the biochemical basis for albino characteristics in the 'Zhongbaiyihao' pericarp. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, including DFR, F3'5'H, CCoAOMT, and 4-coumaroyl-CoA, were highly expressed in the purple 'Baitangziya' pericarp. In the chlorophyll synthesis of white pericarp, GUN5 (Genome Uncoupled 5) and 8-vinyl-reductase both showed high expression levels compared to the green one, which indicated that albino 'Zhongbaiyihao' pericarp had a higher chlorophyll synthesis capacity than 'Jinxuan'. Meanwhile, chlorophyllase (CLH, CSS0004684) was lower in 'Baitang' than in 'Jinxuan' and 'Zhongbaiyihao' pericarp. Among the differentially expressed transcription factors, MYB59, WRKY41-like2 (CS ng17509), bHLH62 like1 (CS ng6804), and bHLH62-like3 (CSS0039948) were downregulated in Jinxuan pericarp, suggesting that transcription factors played a role in regulating tea pericarp coloration. These findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and theoretical basis for utilizing functional components of tea pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lingyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (D.O.R.); (H.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.S.)
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Tang L, Xiao L, Chen E, Lei X, Ren J, Yang Y, Xiao B, Gong C. Magnesium transporter CsMGT10 of tea plants plays a key role in chlorosis leaf vein greening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107842. [PMID: 37352698 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+), as the central atom of chlorophyll, is the most abundant divalent cation for plant growth and development in living cells. MRS2/MGT magnesium transporters play important roles in coping with magnesium stress, chloroplast development and photosynthesis. However, the molecular mechanism of MGT influencing tea plant leaf vein color remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CsMGT10 may be a potential transporter influencing leaf vein color. CsMGT10 belongs to Clade A member of MRS2/MGT family. CsMGT10 has the highest expression level in leaves of tea plants. And it is mainly expressed in aboveground parts, especially in vascular bundles. Moreover, CsMGT10 localizes to the chloroplast envelope of tea plants with a high affinity to Mg2+. And the GMN motif is required for its magnesium transport function. Ectopic expression of CsMGT10 in Arabidopsis leaf variegation mutant var5-1 can restore green color of chlorosis leaf veins, and the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid change significantly, proving its essential role in leaf vein greening. Furthermore, the chlorophyll and carotenoid of tea leaves treated with CsMGT10 antisense oligonucleotides also decrease significantly. Our findings indicate that CsMGT10 mainly acts as Mg2+ transporter in chloroplast envelope of leaf veins, which may play a key role in leaf vein greening of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Luodan Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Yibin Research Institute of Tea Industry, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Enxiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingyu Lei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiejie Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Bin Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chunmei Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Wang YQ, Ye JJ, Yang HZ, Li D, Li XX, Wang YK, Zheng XQ, Ye JH, Li QS, Liang YR, Lu JL. Shading-Dependent Greening Process of the Leaves in the Light-Sensitive Albino Tea Plant 'Huangjinya': Possible Involvement of the Light-Harvesting Complex II Subunit of Photosystem II in the Phenotypic Characteristic. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10314. [PMID: 37373460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The light-sensitive albino tea plant can produce pale-yellow shoots with high levels of amino acids which are suitable to process high-quality tea. In order to understand the mechanism of the albino phenotype formation, the changes in the physio-chemical characteristics, chloroplast ultrastructure, chlorophyll-binding proteins, and the relevant gene expression were comprehensively investigated in the leaves of the light-sensitive albino cultivar 'Huangjinya' ('HJY') during short-term shading treatment. In the content of photosynthetic pigments, the ultrastructure of the chloroplast, and parameters of the photosynthesis in the leaves of 'HJY' could be gradually normalized along with the extension of the shading time, resulting in the leaf color transformed from pale yellow to green. BN-PAGE and SDS-PAGE revealed that function restoration of the photosynthetic apparatus was attributed to the proper formation of the pigment-protein complexes on the thylakoid membrane that benefited from the increased levels of the LHCII subunits in the shaded leaves of 'HJY', indicating the low level of LHCII subunits, especially the lack of the Lhcb1 might be responsible for the albino phenotype of the 'HJY' under natural light condition. The deficiency of the Lhcb1 was mainly subject to the strongly suppressed expression of the Lhcb1.x which might be modulated by the chloroplast retrograde signaling pathway GUN1 (GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1)-PTM (PHD type transcription factor with transmembrane domains)-ABI4 (ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing-Jing Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Da Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Kang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Xu C, Li J, Wang H, Liu H, Yu Z, Zhao Z. Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals a ceRNA Regulatory Network Associated with the Process of Periodic Albinism under Low Temperature in Baiye No. 1 ( Camellia sinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087162. [PMID: 37108322 PMCID: PMC10138444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The young shoots of the tea plant Baiye No. 1 display an albino phenotype in the early spring under low environmental temperatures, and the leaves re-green like those of common tea cultivars during the warm season. Periodic albinism is precisely regulated by a complex gene network that leads to metabolic differences and enhances the nutritional value of tea leaves. Here, we identified messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) to construct competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks. We performed whole-transcriptome sequencing of 12 samples from four periods (Bud, leaves not expanded; Alb, albino leaves; Med, re-greening leaves; and Gre, green leaves) and identified a total of 6325 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), 667 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs), 1702 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), and 122 differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs). Furthermore, we constructed ceRNA networks on the basis of co-differential expression analyses which comprised 112, 35, 38, and 15 DEmRNAs, DEmiRNAs, DElncRNAs, and DEcircRNAs, respectively. Based on the regulatory networks, we identified important genes and their interactions with lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs during periodic albinism, including the ceRNA regulatory network centered on miR5021x, the GAMYB-miR159-lncRNA regulatory network, and the NAC035-miR319x-circRNA regulatory network. These regulatory networks might be involved in the response to cold stress, photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and flavonoid accumulation. Our findings provide novel insights into ceRNA regulatory mechanisms involved in Baiye No. 1 during periodic albinism and will aid future studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying albinism mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunbin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Jinling Li
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhihai Yu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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11
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Mei X, Zhang K, Lin Y, Su H, Lin C, Chen B, Yang H, Zhang L. Metabolic and Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Etiolated Mechanism in Huangyu Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315044. [PMID: 36499369 PMCID: PMC9740216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf color is one of the key factors involved in determining the processing suitability of tea. It relates to differential accumulation of flavor compounds due to the different metabolic mechanisms. In recent years, photosensitive etiolation or albefaction is an interesting direction in tea research field. However, the molecular mechanism of color formation remains unclear since albino or etiolated mutants have different genetic backgrounds. In this study, wide-target metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were used to reveal the biological mechanism of leaf etiolation for 'Huangyu', a bud mutant of 'Yinghong 9'. The results indicated that the reduction in the content of chlorophyll and the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids might be the biochemical reasons for the etiolation of 'Huangyu' tea leaves, while the content of zeaxanthin was significantly higher. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chlorophyll and chloroplast biogenesis were the biomolecular reasons for the formation of green or yellow color in tea leaves. In addition, our results also revealed that the changes of DEGs involved in light-induced proteins and circadian rhythm promoted the adaptation of etiolated tea leaves to light stress. Variant colors of tea leaves indicated different directions in metabolic flux and accumulation of flavor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mei
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kaikai Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongen Lin
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongfeng Su
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chuyuan Lin
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baoyi Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Center for Basic Experiments and Practical Training, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-020-8528-0542 (L.Z.)
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-020-8528-0542 (L.Z.)
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12
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Zhang Y, Yang L, Hu H, Yang J, Cui J, Wei G, Xu J. Transcriptome and metabolome changes in Chinese cedar during cold acclimation reveal the roles of flavonoids in needle discoloration and cold resistance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1858-1875. [PMID: 35451493 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptomeria fortunei growth and development are usually affected by low temperatures. Despite the evergreen nature of this species, most needles turn yellowish-brown in cold winters. The underlying discoloration mechanisms that cause this phenomenon in response to cold acclimation remain poorly understood. Here, we measured the pigment content and ultrastructure of normal wild-type (Wt) and evergreen mutant (GM) C. fortunei needles and performed integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to explore potential discoloration mechanisms. The results showed that the needle chlorophyll content of these two genotypes decreased in winter. Wt needles showed greater decrease in the chlorophyll content and local destruction of chloroplast ultrastructure and contained larger amounts of flavonoids than GM needles, as shown by metabolomics analysis. We subsequently identified key differentially expressed genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and observed significantly upregulated flavonol synthase expression in Wt needles compared with GM needles that significantly increased the anthoxanthin (flavones and flavonols) content, which is likely a key factor underlying the difference in needle color between these two genotypes. Therefore, flavonoid metabolism may play important roles in the cold resistance and needle discoloration of C. fortunei, and our results provide an excellent foundation for the molecular mechanism of C. fortunei in response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Liwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hailiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiebing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guangqian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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13
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Xu YX, Yang L, Lei YS, Ju RN, Miao SG, Jin SH. Integrated transcriptome and amino acid profile analyses reveal novel insights into differential accumulation of theanine in green and yellow tea cultivars. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1501-1516. [PMID: 35146518 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tea cultivars with yellow- or white-leaf variations have a high economic value due to their high amino acid (especially theanine) concentration. However, the dynamic changes of amino acid components (especially theanine) and related gene expression during new shoot development in these cultivars are still unclear. In this study, 264 tea samples from four representative varieties picked during the harvest period in spring were analyzed for their amino acid profiles. The dynamic change rules of ethylamine and 19 amino acids were summarized in normal green and yellow cultivars during new shoot development. Interestingly, the theanine concentration in the yellow cultivar was significantly higher than that in the green cultivar, and increased gradually as the leaves matured until they reached a maximum in the one bud and three leaves stage. The amino acid concentration in the leaves of the yellow cultivar increased significantly with leaf position, which was generally in contrast to the normal green cultivar. Transcriptome and correlation analyses revealed that CsGS1, CsPDX2, CsGGP5, CsHEMA3 and CsCLH4 might be the key genes potentially responsible for the differential accumulation of theanine in green and yellow tea cultivars. These results provide further information for the utilization and improvement of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Xu
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, 66 Puyang Road, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A &F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Long Yang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, 66 Puyang Road, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Lei
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, 66 Puyang Road, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, China
| | - Rui-Na Ju
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, 66 Puyang Road, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, China
| | - Shu-Gang Miao
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, 66 Puyang Road, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, China
| | - Song-Heng Jin
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, 66 Puyang Road, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, China
- The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
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14
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Fu X, Chen J, Li J, Dai G, Tang J, Yang Z. Mechanism underlying the carotenoid accumulation in shaded tea leaves. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100323. [PMID: 35571330 PMCID: PMC9097638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term shading treatment (14 days) increased carotenoid content in tea leaves. Long-term darkness (14 days) decreased carotenoid content in tea leaves. Long-term shading treatment increased carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression levels. Long-term darkness decreased carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression levels. The functions of CsDXS1, CsDXS3, CsPSY, CsLCYB and CsLCYE genes have been verified.
Carotenoids contribute to tea leaf coloration and are the precursors of important aromatic compounds. Shading can promote the accumulation of carotenoids in tea leaves, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In the study, we analyzed the content and composition of carotenoids, and transcript levels and functions of related genes in carotenoid biosynthesis using HPLC, qRT-PCR, and heterologous expression system. It was found that long-term shading (14 days, 90% shading) significantly increased the total carotenoid content in tea leaves, and increased the expression of non-mevalonate pathway (MEP) genes (CsDXS1 and CsDXS3) and key genes in carotenoid synthesis pathway (CsPSY, CsLCYB, and CsLCYE). Long-term exposure to darkness (14 days, 0 lx) decreased the transcription of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes and adversely affected carotenoid accumulation. Furthermore, CsDXS1, CsDXS3, CsPSY, CsLCYB, and CsLCYE were functionally identified and contributed to the enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in tea leaves in response to long-term shading.
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15
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Identifying key genes involved in yellow leaf variation in 'Menghai Huangye' based on biochemical and transcriptomic analysis. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:251-260. [PMID: 35211836 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Albino tea plants generally have higher theanine, which causes their tea leaves to taste fresher, and they are an important mutant for the breeding of tea plant varieties. Earlier, we reported an albino germplasm, 'Menghai Huangye' (MHHY), from Yunnan Province and found that it has a lower chlorophyll content during the yellowing stage, but the mechanism underlying low chlorophyll and the yellowing phenotype is still unclear. In this study, the pigment contents of MHHY_May (yellowing, low chlorophyll), MHHY_July (regreening, normal chlorophyll), and YK10_May (green leaves, normal chlorophyll) were determined, and the results showed that the lower chlorophyll content might be an important reason for the formation of the yellowing phenotype of MHHY. Through transcriptome sequencing, we obtained 654 candidates for differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 4 genes were related to chlorophyll synthesis, 10 were photosynthesis-related, 34 were HSP family genes, and 19 were transcription factor genes. In addition, we analysed the transcription levels of the key candidate genes in MHHY_May and MHHY_July and found that they are consistent with the expression trends in MHHY_May and YK10_May, which further indicates that the candidate differential genes we identified are likely to be key candidate factors involved in the low chlorophyll content and yellowing of MHHY. In summary, our findings will assist in revealing the low chlorophyll content of MHHY and the formation mechanism of yellowing tea plants and will be applied to the selection and breeding of albino tea cultivars in the future.
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16
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Singh G, Singh V, Singh V. Systems scale characterization of circadian rhythm pathway in Camellia sinensis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:598-607. [PMID: 35116135 PMCID: PMC8790616 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is among the most valuable commercial crops being a non-alcoholic beverage having antioxidant properties. Like in other plants, circadian oscillator in tea modulates several biological processes according to earth's revolution dependent variations in environmental cues like light and temperature. In the present study, we report genome wide identification and characterization of circadian oscillator (CO) proteins in tea. We first mined the genes (24, in total) involved in circadian rhythm pathway in the 56 plant species having available genomic information and then built their hidden Markov models (HMMs). Using these HMMs, 24 proteins were identified in tea and were further assessed for their functional annotation. Expression analysis of all these 24 CO proteins was then performed in 3 abiotic (A) and 3 biotic conditions (B) stress conditions and co-expressed as well as differentially expressed genes in the selected 6 stress conditions were elaborated. A methodology to identify the differentially expressed genes in specific types of stresses (A or B) is proposed and novel markers among CO proteins are presented. By mapping the identified CO proteins against the recently reported genome wide interologous protein-protein interaction network of tea (TeaGPIN), an interaction sub-network of tea CO proteins (TeaCO-PIN) is developed and analysed. Out of 24 CO proteins, structures of 4 proteins could be successfully predicted and validated using consensus of three structure prediction algorithms and their stability was further assessed using molecular dynamic simulations at 100 ns. Phylogenetic analysis of these proteins is performed to examine their molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vikram Singh
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala 176206, India
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17
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Cui Q, Huang J, Wu F, Li DZ, Zheng L, Hu G, Hu S, Zhang L. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses reveal that critical genes involved in pigment biosynthesis influence leaf color changes in a new sweet osmanthus cultivar 'Qiannan Guifei'. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12265. [PMID: 34707941 PMCID: PMC8504463 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osmanthus fragrans (Oleaceae) is one of the most important ornamental plant species in China. Many cultivars with different leaf color phenotypes and good ornamental value have recently been developed. For example, a new cultivar ‘Qiannan Guifei’, presents a rich variety of leaf colors, which change from red to yellow-green and ultimately to green as leaves develop, making this cultivar valuable for landscaping. However, the biochemical characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color changes of these phenotypes have not been elucidated. It has been hypothesized that the biosynthesis of different pigments in O. fragrans might change during leaf coloration. Here, we analyzed transcriptional changes in genes involved in chlorophyll (Chl), flavonoid, and carotenoid metabolic pathways and identified candidate genes responsible for leaf coloration in the new cultivar ‘Qiannan Guifei’. Methods Leaf samples were collected from ‘Qiannan Guifei’ plants at the red (R), yellow-green (YG) and green (G) leaf stages. We compared the different-colored leaves via leaf pigment concentrations, chloroplast ultrastructure, and transcriptomic data. We further analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the Chl, flavonoid, and carotenoid metabolic pathways. In addition, we used qRT-PCR to validate expression patterns of the DEGs at the three stages. Results We found that, compared with those at the G stage, chloroplasts at the R and YG stages were less abundant and presented abnormal morphologies. Pigment analyses revealed that the leaves had higher flavonoid and anthocyanin levels at the R stage but lower Chl and carotenoid concentrations. Similarly, Chl and carotenoid concentrations were lower at the YG stage than at the G stage. By using transcriptomic sequencing, we further identified 61 DEGs involved in the three pigment metabolic pathways. Among these DEGs, seven structural genes (OfCHS, OfCHI, OfF3H, OfDFR, OfANS, OfUGT andOf3AT) involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were expressed at the highest level at the R stage, thereby increasing the biosynthesis of flavonoids, especially anthocyanins. Six putativeOfMYB genes, including three flavonoid-related activators and three repressors, were also highly expressed at the R stage, suggesting that they might coordinately regulate the accumulation of flavonoids, including anthocyanins. Additionally, expressions of the Chl biosynthesis-related genes OfHEMA, OfCHLG and OfCAO and the carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes OfHYB and OfZEP were upregulated from the R stage to the G stage, which increased the accumulation of Chl and carotenoids throughout leaf development. In summary, we screened the candidate genes responsible for the leaf color changes of ‘Qiannan Guifei’, improved current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying leaf coloration and provided potential targets for future leaf color improvement in O. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cui
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junhua Huang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong-Ze Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqun Zheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaoqing Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Identification, Molecular Characteristic, and Expression Analysis of PIFs Related to Chlorophyll Metabolism in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010949. [PMID: 34681609 PMCID: PMC8539375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) proteins belong to the subfamily of basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors and play important roles in chloroplast development and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Currently, knowledge about the PIF gene family in Camellia sinensis remains very limited. In this study, seven PIF members were identified in the C. sinensis genome and named based on homology with AtPIF genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. All C. sinensis PIF (CsPIF) proteins have both the conserved active PHYB binding (APB) and bHLH domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CsPIFs were clustered into four groups—PIF1, PIF3, PIF7, and PIF8—and most CsPIFs were clustered in pairs with their corresponding orthologs in Populus tremula. CsPIF members in the same group tended to display uniform or similar exon–intron distribution patterns and motif compositions. CsPIF genes were differentially expressed in C. sinensis with various leaf colors and strongly correlated with the expression of genes involved in the chlorophyll metabolism pathway. Promoter analysis of structural genes related to chlorophyll metabolism found DNA-binding sites of PIFs were abundant in the promoter regions. Protein–protein interaction networks of CsPIFs demonstrated a close association with phytochrome, PIF4, HY5, TOC1, COP1, and PTAC12 proteins. Additionally, subcellular localization and transcriptional activity analysis suggested that CsPIF3b was nuclear localized protein and possessed transcriptional activity. We also found that CsPIF3b could activate the transcription of CsHEMA and CsPOR in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. This work provides comprehensive research of CsPIFs and would be helpful to further promote the regulation mechanism of PIF on chlorophyll metabolism in C. sinensis.
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19
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Lin W, Chen H, Wang J, Zheng Y, Lu Q, Zhu Z, Li N, Jin Z, Li J, Lu H. Transcriptome analysis associated with polysaccharide synthesis and their antioxidant activity in Cyclocarya paliurus leaves of different developmental stages. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11615. [PMID: 34178473 PMCID: PMC8210810 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja is a common endemic tree species and used as a Chinese medicine. The main active components in the leaves of this plant are polysaccharides. However, the temporal patterns of gene expression underlying the synthesis of polysaccharides in C. paliurus at different leaf developmental stages and its relationship with the polysaccharide content and antioxidant activities has not been reported to date. METHODS RNA-seq was used to investigate the biosynthesis pathway of polysaccharides at the four developmental stages of C. paliurus leaves. The content and the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides were measured with typical biochemical methods and the identified correlations were statistically evaluated. RESULTS Sixty-nine differentially expressed genes were found in the leaves during different developmental stages of C. paliurus. These are associated with glycosyltransferases and belong to 18 families. During different developmental stages of C. paliurus, the polysaccharide content first increased and then decreased, and the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase gene was found to be significantly positively correlated with the polysaccharide content. The clearance rates of DPPH radicals, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and the reducing power of polysaccharides in the leaves of C. paliurus at different developmental stages showed a dose-dependent relationship with the concentration of polysaccharides. CONCLUSIONS The smallest fully expanded leaves are suitable for high-quality tea, and leaves with sizes below the largest fully expanded leaves are suitable for industrial production of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZheJiang, China
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanwei Chen
- Forest Research Institute of Longquan City, Longquan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Zhejiang Yuanyang Agriculture Development Co. Ltd, Suichang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongli Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Agricultural Products Quality Safety Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuwei Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZheJiang, China
| | - Ziping Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZheJiang, China
| | - Na Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZheJiang, China
| | - Zexin Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZheJiang, China
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZheJiang, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Chen X, Yu H, Zhu J, Chen Y, Fu Z, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Chen X, Li X, Ma Q. Widely targeted metabolomic analyses of albino tea germplasm ‘Huabai 1’ and ‘Baiye 1’. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1933613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanpu Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhilu Fu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingping Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Li YY, Han M, Wang RH, Gao MG. Comparative transcriptome analysis identifies genes associated with chlorophyll levels and reveals photosynthesis in green flesh of radish taproot. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252031. [PMID: 34043661 PMCID: PMC8158985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The flesh of the taproot of Raphanus sativus L. is rich in chlorophyll (Chl) throughout the developmental process, which is why the flesh is green. However, little is known about which genes are associated with Chl accumulation in this non-foliar, internal green tissue and whether the green flesh can perform photosynthesis. To determine these aspects, we measured the Chl content, examined Chl fluorescence, and carried out comparative transcriptome analyses of taproot flesh between green-fleshed "Cuishuai" and white-fleshed "Zhedachang" across five developmental stages. Numerous genes involved in the Chl metabolic pathway were identified. It was found that Chl accumulation in radish green flesh may be due to the low expression of Chl degradation genes and high expression of Chl biosynthesis genes, especially those associated with Part Ⅳ (from Protoporphyrin Ⅸ to Chl a). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes between "Cuishuai" and "Zhedachang" were significantly enriched in photosynthesis-related pathways, such as photosynthesis, antenna proteins, porphyrin and Chl metabolism, carbon fixation, and photorespiration. Twenty-five genes involved in the Calvin cycle were highly expressed in "Cuishuai". These findings suggested that photosynthesis occurred in the radish green flesh, which was also supported by the results of Chl fluorescence. Our study provides transcriptome data on radish taproots and provides new information on the formation and function of radish green flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
- * E-mail: (Y-yL); (M-gG)
| | - Min Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Rui-hua Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Ming-gang Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
- * E-mail: (Y-yL); (M-gG)
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22
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Liu H, Li S, Xiao G, Wang Q. Formation of volatiles in response to tea green leafhopper (Empoasca onukii Matsuda) herbivory in tea plants: a multi-omics study. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:753-766. [PMID: 33616702 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of fresh leaf infestation by tea green leafhoppers (Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda) suggests roles for alternative pre-mRNA splicing and mRNAs in the regulation of aroma formation in tea plants. Oriental Beauty is a high-grade, oolong tea with a pronounced honey-like aroma and rich ripe fruit flavor that develops primarily as a result of the infestation of the fresh leaves by tea green leafhoppers (Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda). Here, we used PacBio Iso-Seq and RNA-seq analyses to determine the full-length transcripts and gene expression profiles of fresh tea leaves in response to E. (M.) onukii herbivory. We investigated the relationship between RNA-seq, tea metabolites, and aroma response mechanisms in leaves infested by leafhoppers. We found 3644 differentially expressed genes, of which 2552 were up- and 1092 were down-regulated. A total of 49,913 alternative splicing events were predicted, including 324 differential AS events. Moreover, 3105 differentially expressed transcripts were also identified, of which 2295 were up- and 810 were down-regulated. The characterization of expression patterns of the key gene transcript isoforms involved in the aroma formation pathways identified 130 differentially expressed metabolites, 97 of which were up- and 33 were down-regulated. Two key aroma compounds (phenylacetaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) were highly correlated with genes of the aroma formation pathways. Our results revealed that pre-mRNA AS plays a crucial role in the metabolic regulation surrounding aroma formation under leafhopper herbivory in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Sufen Li
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Gengsheng Xiao
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China.
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23
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Zheng Y, Wang P, Chen X, Yue C, Guo Y, Yang J, Sun Y, Ye N. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics provide novel insight into changes in specialized metabolites in an albino tea cultivar (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:27-36. [PMID: 33454634 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tea varieties with specific colours have often been studied by researchers. However, previous studies on the albinism of tea plants have mostly been based on plants with different genetic backgrounds or focused on common components in albino tea leaves, such as amino acids, flavones, and carotenoids. In this study, we conducted widely targeted metabolic and transcriptomic analyses between a wildtype tea genotype (Shuixian, LS) and its albino mutant (Huangjinshuixian, HS). At the molecular level, alteration of gene expression levels in the MEP pathway may have reduced the production of chlorophyll and carotenoids in HS, which could be the main cause of the phenotypic changes in HS. At the metabolite level, a large number of metabolites related to light protection that significantly accumulated in HS, including flavones, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanones, vitamins and their derivatives, polyphenols, phenolamides. This result, combined with an enzyme activity experiment, suggested that the absence of photosynthetic pigments made the albino tea leaves of HS more vulnerable to UV stress, even under normal light conditions. In addition, except for the common amino acids, we also identified numerous nitrogen-containing compounds, including nucleotides and their derivates, amino acid derivatives, glycerophospholipids, and phenolamides, which implied that significant accumulation of NH4+ in albino tea leaves could not only promote amino acid synthesis but could also activate other specialized metabolic pathways related to nitrogen metabolism. In conclusion, our results provide new information to guide further studies of the extensive metabolic reprogramming events caused by albinism in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xuejin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Chuan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yongchun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Jiangfan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Naixing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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24
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Yuan H, He N. From Tea Leaves to Factories: A Review of Research Progress in l-Theanine Biosynthesis and Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1187-1196. [PMID: 33475342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine is the most popular nonprotein amino acid contained in tea leaves. It is one of the umami components of green tea, contributing to the unique flavor of tea. Because of its various health functions, l-theanine has been commercially developed as a valuable ingredient easily used for various applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, l-theanine is mass-produced by plant extraction, chemical synthesis, or enzymatic transformation in factories. This review embodies the available up to date information on the l-theanine synthesis metabolism in the tea plant as well as approaches to produce it, placing emphasis on the biotransformation of l-theanine. It also gives insight into the challenges of l-theanine production on a large scale, as well as directions for future research. This review comprehensively summarizes information on l-theanine to provide an approach for an in-depth study of l-theanine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- TBI, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31013, France
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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25
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Huang S, Zuo T, Xu W, Zhang Y, Ni W. Improving Albino Tea Quality by Foliar Application of Glycinebetaine as a Green Regulator under Lower Temperature Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1242-1250. [PMID: 33472359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
White leaf No.1 (WL-1) is a low temperature-induced albino tea cultivar, which sticks out from tea plants with rich amino acids. Because harmonization of chloroplast ultrastructure integrity and lower chlorophyll contents during the albinism processes is much crucial for WL-1 production under extreme weather conditions, we carried out a field experiment to investigate the regulating effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) on the chloroplast ultrastructure and quality constituents in young leaves of WL-1 at different albinism stages. The internal structure of chloroplasts degenerated at the albinistic stage, and chlorophyll contents were significantly lower than those at pre-albinistic and regreening stages. Spraying GB regulated etioplast-chloroplast transition, significantly increased epigallocatechin gallate, theanine, and caffeine contents, and lowered chlorophyll content in albinistic young leaves of WL-1, thus improving its quality in some aspects, maintaining special leaf color, exerting flavor and umami, and improving antioxidant and refreshing effects. Foliar application of GB is an efficient technical measure in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Zuo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wanfu Xu
- Zhejiang Anji Summit Angeltea Co., Ltd., Anji, Zhejiang313300, China
| | - Yaxiong Zhang
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Anji County, Zhejiang Province, Anji Zhejiang 313300, China
| | - Wuzhong Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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26
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Peng J, Dong X, Xue C, Liu Z, Cao F. Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Blue Flower Color Formation in Hydrangea macrophylla cv. "Forever Summer". FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:585665. [PMID: 33679822 PMCID: PMC7925886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.585665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangea macrophylla has a large inflorescence and rich colors, which has made it one of the most popular ornamental flowers worldwide. Thus far, the molecular mechanism of flower color formation in H. macrophylla flowers is unknown. By comparing the pigment content and transcriptome data of the bud period (FSF1), discoloration period (FSF2) and full-bloom stage (FSF3) of infertile blue flowers of H. macrophylla cv. "Forever Summer," we found that genes associated with anthocyanin production were most associated with the formation of blue infertile flowers throughout development. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is the main metabolic pathway associated with flower color formation, and the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway appeared to have almost no contribution to flower color. There was no competition between the flavonoid and flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways for their substrate. At FSF1, the key genes CHS and CHI in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated, underlying the accumulation of a substrate for anthocyanin synthesis. By FSF3, the downstream genes F3H, C3'5'H, CYP75B1, DFR, and ANS in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were almost all up-regulated, likely promoting the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins and inducing the color change of infertile flowers. By analyzing protein-protein interaction networks and co-expression of transcription factors as well as differentially expressed structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, we identified negatively regulated transcription factors such as WER-like, MYB114, and WDR68. Their site of action may be the key gene DFR in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. The potential regulatory mechanism of flower color formation may be that WER-like, MYB114, and WDR68 inhibit or promote the synthesis of anthocyanins by negatively regulating the expression of DFR. These results provide an important basis for studying the infertile flower color formation mechanism in H. macrophylla and the development of new cultivars with other colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jiqing Peng,
| | - Xujie Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM, United States
| | - Fuxiang Cao
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Fuxiang Cao,
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27
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Gao X, Zhang C, Lu C, Wang M, Xie N, Chen J, Li Y, Chen J, Shen C. Disruption of Photomorphogenesis Leads to Abnormal Chloroplast Development and Leaf Variegation in Camellia sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:720800. [PMID: 34567034 PMCID: PMC8459013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.720800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis cv. 'Yanlingyinbiancha' is a leaf-variegated mutant with stable genetic traits. The current study aimed to reveal the differences between its albino and green tissues, and the molecular mechanism underlying the variegation. Anatomic analysis showed the chloroplasts of albino tissues to have no intact lamellar structure. Photosynthetic pigment in albino tissues was significantly lower than that in green tissues, whereas all catechin components were more abundant in the former. Transcriptome analysis revealed most differentially expressed genes involved in the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigment, photosynthesis, and energy metabolism to be downregulated in albino tissues while most of those participating in flavonoid metabolism were upregulated. In addition, it was found cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and phytochrome B (PHYB) genes that encode blue and red light photoreceptors to be downregulated. These photoreceptors mediate chloroplast protein gene expression, chloroplast protein import and photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis. Simultaneously, SUS gene, which was upregulated in albino tissues, encodes sucrose synthase considered a biochemical marker for sink strength. Collectively, we arrived to the following conclusions: (1) repression of the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigment causes albinism; (2) destruction of photoreceptors in albino tissues suppresses photomorphogenesis, leading to abnormal chloroplast development; (3) albino tissues receive sucrose from the green tissues and decompose their own storage substances to obtain the energy needed for survival; and (4) UV-B signal and brassinosteroids promote flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Tea Research Institution, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui Lu
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Nianci Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianjiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengwen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwen Shen
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28
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Integrated Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal a Regulatory Network of Anthocyanin Metabolism Contributing to the Ornamental Value in a Novel Hybrid Cultivar of Camellia Japonica. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121724. [PMID: 33297392 PMCID: PMC7762260 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Camellia japonica is a plant species with great ornamental and gardening values. A novel hybrid cultivar Chunjiang Hongxia (Camellia japonica cv. Chunjiang Hongxia, CH) possesses vivid red leaves from an early growth stage to a prolonged period and is, therefore, commercially valuable. The molecular mechanism underlying this red-leaf phenotype in C. japonica cv. CH is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the leaf coloration process, photosynthetic pigments contents, and different types of anthocyanin compounds in three growth stages of the hybrid cultivar CH and its parental cultivars. The gene co-expression network and differential expression analysis from the transcriptome data indicated that the changes of leaf color were strongly correlated to the anthocyanin metabolic processes in different leaf growth stages. Genes with expression patterns associated with leaf color changes were also discussed. Together, physiological and transcriptomic analyses uncovered the regulatory network of metabolism processes involved in the modulation of the ornamentally valuable red-leaf phenotype and provided the potential candidate genes for future molecular breeding of ornamental plants such as Camellia japonica.
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29
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Xu P, Zhang X, Su H, Liu X, Wang Y, Hong G. Genome-wide analysis of PYL-PP2C-SnRK2s family in Camellia sinensis. Bioengineered 2020; 11:103-115. [PMID: 31903833 PMCID: PMC6961588 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1710932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling regulates plant growth and development and participates in response to abiotic stressors. However, details about the PYL-PP2C-SnRK2 gene family, which is the core component of ABA signaling in Camellia sinensis, are unknown. In this work, we identified 14 pyrabactin resistance-likes (PYLs), 84 type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2Cs), and 8 SNF1-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) from C. sinensis. The transcriptomic analysis indicated that PYL-PP2C-SnRK2s were associated with changes of leaf color and the response of C. sinensis to drought and salt stressors. Changes of the expression of Snrk2s were not significant in the process of leaf color change or drought and salt stress response, suggesting that PYLs and PP2Cs may not interact with SnRK2s in C. sinensis during these processes. Finally, Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) construction and interaction networks analysis demonstrated that PYLs and PP2Cs were associated with multiple metabolic pathways during the changes of leaf color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Su
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Facility for Horticultural Produce, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaojie Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Deng H, Chen S, Zhou Z, Li X, Chen S, Hu J, Lai Z, Sun Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the effect of short-term sunlight on aroma metabolism in postharvest leaves of oolong tea(Camellia sinensis). Food Res Int 2020; 137:109347. [PMID: 33233053 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)) is an important economic plant. Light is the earliest external signal factor during the postharvest processing of oolong tea, and the solar withering is an indispensable process for aroma formation. In this study, Tieguanyin was used to analyze the effect of sunlight on aroma metabolism, which indicated that the main aroma compounds were significantly increased during solar withering for 15 min compared to the indoor withering. In addition, differentially expressed genes related to aroma metabolism were identified and quantified using the high-throughput Illumina RNA-Seq technology. The expression levels of key regulatory genes were consistent with the results from the gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) analysis, especially in terpenoid metabolic pathway, which showed that aroma metabolism could significantly respond to the short-term light, while its expression level was easily inhibited by the up-regulation of heat shock protein. Taken together, those data provides further insights into the mechanisms, contributing to aroma metabolism of tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, College of Horticulture Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China; Public Basic Department, Minjiang Teachers College, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Shousong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, College of Horticulture Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, College of Horticulture Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Xinlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, College of Horticulture Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Si Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, College of Horticulture Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China; FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Juan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, College of Horticulture Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Yun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, College of Horticulture Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China.
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Liu ZW, Li H, Liu JX, Wang Y, Zhuang J. Integrative transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analysis reveals the effects of nitrogen sufficiency and deficiency conditions on theanine metabolism in the tea plant ( Camellia sinensis). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:65. [PMID: 32377356 PMCID: PMC7192918 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is associated with amino acid metabolism in higher plants. Theanine is an important amino acid in tea plants. To explore the relationship between theanine metabolism and N conditions, we examined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), proteins (DEPs), and microRNAs (DEMs) involved in theanine metabolism in tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. Transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analyses were performed on tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The contents of theanine, expression levels of genes involved in theanine metabolism, contents of proteinogenic amino acids, and activity of enzymes were analyzed. The DEP-DEG correlation pairs and negative DEM-DEG interactions related to theanine metabolism were identified based on correlation analyses. The expression profiles of DEGs and negative DEM-DEG pairs related to theanine biosynthesis were consistent with the sequencing results. Our results suggest that the molecular and physiological mechanism of theanine accumulation is significantly affected by N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The DEGs, DEPs, and DEMs and the activity of the enzymes involved in theanine biosynthesis might play vital roles in theanine accumulation under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions in the shoots and roots of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Liu
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
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Zhao J, Li P, Xia T, Wan X. Exploring plant metabolic genomics: chemical diversity, metabolic complexity in the biosynthesis and transport of specialized metabolites with the tea plant as a model. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:667-688. [PMID: 32321331 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1752617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and complexity of secondary metabolites in tea plants contribute substantially to the popularity of tea, by determining tea flavors and their numerous health benefits. The most significant characteristics of tea plants are that they concentrate the complex plant secondary metabolites into one leaf: flavonoids, alkaloids, theanine, volatiles, and saponins. Many fundamental questions regarding tea plant secondary metabolism remain unanswered. This includes how tea plants accumulate high levels of monomeric galloylated catechins, unlike the polymerized flavan-3-ols in most other plants, as well as how they are evolved to selectively synthesize theanine and caffeine, and how tea plants properly transport and store these cytotoxic products and then reuse them in defense. Tea plants coordinate many metabolic pathways that simultaneously take place in young tea leaves in response to both developmental and environmental cues. With the available genome sequences of tea plants and high-throughput metabolomic tools as great platforms, it is of particular interest to launch metabolic genomics studies using tea plants as a model system. Plant metabolic genomics are to investigate all aspects of plant secondary metabolism at the genetic, genome, and molecular levels. This includes plant domestication and adaptation, divergence and convergence of secondary metaboloic pathways. The biosynthesis, transport, storage, and transcriptional regulation mechanisms of all metabolites are of core interest in the plant as a whole. This review highlights relevant contexts of metabolic genomics, outstanding questions, and strategies for answering them, with aim to guide future research for genetic improvement of nutrition quality for healthier plant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Chen X, Yang X, Xie J, Ding W, Li Y, Yue Y, Wang L. Biochemical and Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Key Genes Involved in Major Metabolic Regulation Related to Colored Leaf Formation in Osmanthus fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' during Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040549. [PMID: 32260448 PMCID: PMC7226453 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' not only has a beautiful shape and fresh floral fragrance, but also rich leaf colors that change, making the tree useful for landscaping. In order to study the mechanisms of color formation in O. fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' leaves, we analyzed the colored and green leaves at different developmental stages in terms of leaf pigment content, cell structure, and transcriptome data. We found that the chlorophyll content in the colored leaves was lower than that of green leaves throughout development. By analyzing the structure of chloroplasts, the colored leaves demonstrated more stromal lamellae and low numbers of granum thylakoid. However, there was a large number of plastoglobuli. Using transcriptome sequencing, we demonstrated that the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chlorophyll degradation was upregulated, i.e., heme oxygennase-1 (HO1), pheophorbide a oxidase (PAO), and chlorophyllase-2 (CLH2), affecting the synthesis of chlorophyll in colored leaves. The stay-green gene (SGR) was upregulated in colored leaves. Genes involved in carotenoid synthesis, i.e., phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) and 1-Deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), were downregulated in colored leaves, impeding the synthesis of carotenoids. In the later stage of leaf development, the downregulated expression of Golden2-Like (GLK) inhibited chloroplast development in colored leaves. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to investigate the correlation between physiological indicators and DEGs, we chose the modules with the highest degree of relevance to chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid metabolism. A total of five genes (HSFA2, NFYC9, TCP20, WRKY3, and WRKY4) were identified as hub genes. These analyses provide new insights into color formation mechanisms in O. fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' leaves at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- College of Fine Arts, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, No.1 Shennong Road, Nanjing 210038, China;
| | - Xiulian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jun Xie
- College of Fine Arts, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, No.1 Shennong Road, Nanjing 210038, China;
| | - Wenjie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuli Li
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-138-0900-7625 (L.W.)
| | - Lianggui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-138-0900-7625 (L.W.)
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Li X, Cao M, Ma W, Jia C, Li J, Zhang M, Liu C, Cao Z, Faruque MO, Hu X. Annotation of genes involved in high level of dihydromyricetin production in vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) by transcriptome analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:131. [PMID: 32228461 PMCID: PMC7106717 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaves of the medicinal plant Ampelopsis grossedentata, which is commonly known as vine tea, are used widely in the traditional Chinese beverage in southwest China. The leaves contain a large amount of dihydromyricetin, a compound with various biological activities. However, the transcript profiles involved in its biosynthetic pathway in this plant are unknown. RESULTS We conducted a transcriptome analysis of both young and old leaves of the vine tea plant using Illumina sequencing. Of the transcriptome datasets, a total of 52.47 million and 47.25 million clean reads were obtained from young and old leaves, respectively. Among 471,658 transcripts and 177,422 genes generated, 7768 differentially expressed genes were identified in leaves at these two stages of development. The phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway of vine tea was investigated according to the transcriptome profiling analysis. Most of the genes encoding phenylpropanoid biosynthesis enzymes were identified and found to be differentially expressed in different tissues and leaf stages of vine tea and also greatly contributed to the biosynthesis of dihydromyricetin in vine tea. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first formal study to explore the transcriptome of A. grossedentata. The study provides an insight into the expression patterns and differential distribution of genes related to dihydromyricetin biosynthesis in vine tea. The information may pave the way to metabolically engineering plants with higher flavonoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation; Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Minhui Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Weibo Ma
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation; Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Caihua Jia
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Jinghuan Li
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation; Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation; Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Changchun Liu
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation; Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Zhenzhen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Mohammad Omar Faruque
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation; Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xuebo Hu
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation; Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Hao X, Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhang H, Ren H, Chen Y, Wang L, Zeng J, Yang Y, Wang X. Pale green mutant analyses reveal the importance of CsGLKs in chloroplast developmental regulation and their effects on flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:392-402. [PMID: 31794899 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea cultivars with leaf color variation have attracted increasing attention in tea production and research due to their unusual appearances and appealing flavors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this variation is little known due to the unavailability of genetic transformation and a highly complex genome. Here, a natural tea plant mutant producing pale green branches (pgb) was discovered and characterized. Ultrastructural and biochemical analyses showed that the leaves of the pgb mutant had defective chloroplast structure and significantly lower pigment content than the normal control. Comprehensive expression detection of chloroplast-development-related genes further indicated that a significant downregulation of CsGLKs in the pgb mutant likely caused the chloroplast defect. Transcriptome analyses and polyphenolic compound determination highlighted a tight correlation between photosynthesis and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in tea plant. These results provide useful information illuminating the mechanism of chloroplast development and leaf color variation in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Weifu Zhang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hengze Ren
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yao Chen
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Xinchao Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Li FD, Tong W, Xia EH, Wei CL. Optimized sequencing depth and de novo assembler for deeply reconstructing the transcriptome of the tea plant, an economically important plant species. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:553. [PMID: 31694521 PMCID: PMC6836513 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tea is the oldest and among the world’s most popular non-alcoholic beverages, which has important economic, health and cultural values. Tea is commonly produced from the leaves of tea plants (Camellia sinensis), which belong to the genus Camellia of family Theaceae. In the last decade, many studies have generated the transcriptomes of tea plants at different developmental stages or under abiotic and/or biotic stresses to investigate the genetic basis of secondary metabolites that determine tea quality. However, these results exhibited large differences, particularly in the total number of reconstructed transcripts and the quality of the assembled transcriptomes. These differences largely result from limited knowledge regarding the optimized sequencing depth and assembler for transcriptome assembly of structurally complex plant species genomes. Results We employed different amounts of RNA-sequencing data, ranging from 4 to 84 Gb, to assemble the tea plant transcriptome using five well-known and representative transcript assemblers. Although the total number of assembled transcripts increased with increasing sequencing data, the proportion of unassembled transcripts became saturated as revealed by plant BUSCO datasets. Among the five representative assemblers, the Bridger package shows the best performance in both assembly completeness and accuracy as evaluated by the BUSCO datasets and genome alignment. In addition, we showed that Bridger and BinPacker harbored the shortest runtimes followed by SOAPdenovo and Trans-ABySS. Conclusions The present study compares the performance of five representative transcript assemblers and investigates the key factors that affect the assembly quality of the transcriptome of the tea plants. This study will be of significance in helping the tea research community obtain better sequencing and assembly of tea plant transcriptomes under conditions of interest and may thus help to answer major biological questions currently facing the tea industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - En-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Chao-Ling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Li F, Dong C, Yang T, Ma J, Zhang S, Wei C, Wan X, Zhang Z. Seasonal Theanine Accumulation and Related Gene Expression in the Roots and Leaf Buds of Tea Plants ( Camellia Sinensis L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1397. [PMID: 31749819 PMCID: PMC6842895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Theanine, a unique and abundant non-proteinogenic amino acid in tea, confers to the tea infusion its umami taste and multiple health benefits. Its content in new tea shoots is dynamic in winter and spring. However, its seasonal accumulation pattern and the underlying regulation mechanism of tea plants remain largely unknown. In this study, we measured the theanine contents in the roots and leaf buds of 13 tea cultivars at four time points from winter to spring (Dec. 12, Mar. 1, Mar. 23, and Apr. 13). We found theanine accumulated significantly in the roots to as high as ∼6% dry weight. We found theanine content in the roots was constant or slightly decreased on Mar. 1 compared with Dec.12 but increased consistently on Mar. 23 and then decreased on Apr. 13 in all 13 cultivars. In the leaf buds, theanine content kept increasing from Mar. 1 to Mar. 23 and decreasing from Apr. 13 in most of the 13 cultivars, meaning it was probably both season- and developmental stage-dependent. The expression of theanine biosynthesis and amino acid transporter genes in the roots and buds at the four time points was then examined. The correlation analyses between the gene expression and theanine content suggested the expression of theanine-biosynthesis genes was generally and negatively correlated with theanine content; however, the expression of amino acid transporter genes including CsLHT was generally and positively correlated with theanine contents. Finally, we showed that CsLHT has theanine transport activity. Taken together, this study provided insight into the seasonal regulation of theanine biosynthesis and transport in tea plants during winter and spring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Singh G, Singh V, Singh V. Construction and analysis of an interologous protein-protein interaction network of Camellia sinensis leaf (TeaLIPIN) from RNA-Seq data sets. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1249-1262. [PMID: 31197449 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An interologous PPI network of tea leaf is designed by developing reference transcriptome assembly and using experimentally validated PPIs in plants. Key regulatory proteins are proposed and potential TFs are predicted. Worldwide, tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most consumed beverage primarily due to the taste, flavour, and aroma of its newly formed leaves; and has been used as an important ingredient in several traditional medicinal systems because of its antioxidant properties. For this medicinally and commercially important plant, design principles of gene-regulatory and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks at sub-cellular level are largely un-characterized. In this work, we report a tea leaf interologous PPI network (TeaLIPIN) consisting of 11,208 nodes and 197,820 interactions. A reference transcriptome assembly was first developed from all the 44 samples of 6 publicly available leaf transcriptomes (1,567,288,290 raw reads). By inferring the high-confidence interactions among potential proteins coded by these transcripts using known experimental information about PPIs in 14 plants, an interologous PPI network was constructed and its modular architecture was explored. Comparing this network with 10,000 realizations of two types of corresponding random networks (Erdős-Rényi and Barabási-Albert models) and examining over three network centrality metrics, we predict 2750 bottleneck proteins (having p values < 0.01). 247 of these are deduced to have transcription factor domains by in-house developed HMM models of known plant TFs and these were also mapped to the draft tea genome for searching their probable loci of origin. Co-expression analysis of the TeaLIPIN proteins was also performed and top ranking modules are elaborated. We believe that the proposed novel methodology can easily be adopted to develop and explore the PPI interactomes in other plant species by making use of the available transcriptomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176206, India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176206, India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176206, India.
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Zhang S, Wu X, Cui J, Zhang F, Wan X, Liu Q, Zhong Y, Lin T. Physiological and transcriptomic analysis of yellow leaf coloration in Populus deltoides Marsh. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216879. [PMID: 31112574 PMCID: PMC6529213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Populus deltoides Marsh has high ornamental value because its leaves remain yellow during the non-dormant period. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of leaf coloration in P. deltoides Marsh. Thus, we analyzed the physiological and transcriptional differences of yellow leaves (mutant) and green leaves (wild-type) of P. deltoides Marsh. Physiological experiments showed that the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid were lower in mutant leaves, and the flavonoid content did not differ significantly between mutant and wild-type leaves. Transcriptomic sequencing was further used to identify 153 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional classifications based on Gene Ontology enrichment and Genome enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were involved in Chl biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Among these, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (CHLP) genes associated with Chl biosynthesis showed down-regulation, while chlorophyllase (CLH) genes associated with Chl degradation were up-regulated in yellow leaves. The expression levels of these genes were further confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, the estimation of the main precursors of Chl confirmed that CHLP is a vital enzyme for the yellow leaf color phenotype. Consequently, the formation of yellow leaf color is due to the disruption of Chl synthesis or catabolism rather than flavonoid synthesis. These results contribute to our understanding of mechanisms and regulation of leaf color variation in poplar at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolu Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Cui
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqin Wan
- College of Forestry of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- College of Forestry of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiantian Lin
- College of Forestry of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Guo Y, Zhu C, Zhao S, Zhang S, Wang W, Fu H, Li X, Zhou C, Chen L, Lin Y, Lai Z. De novo transcriptome and phytochemical analyses reveal differentially expressed genes and characteristic secondary metabolites in the original oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivar 'Tieguanyin' compared with cultivar 'Benshan'. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:265. [PMID: 30943892 PMCID: PMC6446291 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The two original plants of the oolong tea cultivar (‘Tieguanyin’) are “Wei shuo” ‘Tieguanyin’—TGY (Wei) and “Wang shuo” ‘Tieguanyin’—TGY (Wang). Another cultivar, ‘Benshan’ (BS), is similar to TGY in its aroma, taste, and genetic make-up, but it lacks the “Yin Rhyme” flavor. We aimed to identify differences in biochemical characteristics and gene expression among these tea plants. Results The results of spectrophotometric, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed that TGY (Wei) and TGY (Wang) had deeper purple-colored leaves and higher contents of anthocyanin, catechins, caffeine, and limonene compared with BS. Analyses of transcriptome data revealed 12,420 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the cultivars. According to a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, the flavonoid, caffeine, and limonene metabolic pathways were highly enriched. The transcript levels of the genes involved in these three metabolic pathways were not significantly different between TGY (Wei) and TGY (Wang), except for two unigenes encoding IMPDH and SAMS, which are involved in caffeine metabolism. The comparison of TGY vs. BS revealed eight up-regulated genes (PAL, C4H, CHS, F3’H, F3H, DFR, ANS, and ANR) and two down-regulated genes (FLS and CCR) in flavonoid metabolism, four up-regulated genes (AMPD, IMPDH, SAMS, and 5′-Nase) and one down-regulated XDH gene in caffeine metabolism; and two down-regulated genes (ALDH and HIBADH) in limonene degradation. In addition, the expression levels of the transcription factor (TF) PAP1 were significantly higher in TGY than in BS. Therefore, high accumulation of flavonoids, caffeine, and limonene metabolites and the expression patterns of their related genes in TGY might be beneficial for the formation of the “Yin Rhyme” flavor. Conclusions Transcriptomic, HPLC, and GC-MS analyses of TGY (Wei), TGY (Wang), and BS indicated that the expression levels of genes related to secondary metabolism and high contents of catechins, anthocyanin, caffeine, and limonene may contribute to the formation of the “Yin Rhyme” flavor in TGY. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between the accumulation of secondary metabolites and sensory quality, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the unique flavor “Yin Rhyme” in TGY. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5643-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Anxi Tea Research Institute, Anxi, 362400, China
| | - Haifeng Fu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Lu M, Han J, Zhu B, Jia H, Yang T, Wang R, Deng WW, Zhang ZZ. Significantly increased amino acid accumulation in a novel albino branch of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLANTA 2019; 249:363-376. [PMID: 30209617 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A normal tea plant with one albino branch was discovered. RNA sequencing, albinism phenotype and ultrastructural observations provided a valuable understanding of the albino mechanism in tea plants. Tea plants with a specific color (white or yellow) have been studied extensively. A normal tea plant (Camellia sinensis cv. quntizhong) with one albino branch was discovered in a local tea plantation in Huangshan, Anhui, China. The pure albino leaves on this special branch had accumulated a fairly high content of amino acids, especially theanine (45.31 mg/g DW), and had a low concentration of polyphenols and an extremely low chlorophyll (Chl) content compared with control leaves. Ultrastructural observation of an albino leaf revealed no chloroplasts, whereas it was viable in the control leaf. RNA sequencing and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis were performed on the albino leaves and on control leaves from a normal green branch. The related genes involved in theanine and polyphenol biosynthesis were also investigated in this study. DEG expression patterns in Chl biosynthesis or degradation, carotenoid biosynthesis or degradation, chloroplast development, and biosynthesis were influenced in the albino leaves. Chloroplast deletion in albino leaves had probably destroyed the balance of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, leading to a high accumulation of free amino acids and a low concentration of polyphenols in the albino leaves. The obtained results can provide insight into the mechanism underlying this special albino branch phenotype, and are a valuable contribution toward understanding the albino mechanism in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jieyun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Biying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Huiyan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rangjian Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Hutouyang, Shekou, Fuan, 355015, Fujian, China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
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Li NN, Lu JL, Li QS, Zheng XQ, Wang XC, Wang L, Wang YC, Ding CQ, Liang YR, Yang YJ. Dissection of Chemical Composition and Associated Gene Expression in the Pigment-Deficient Tea Cultivar 'Xiaoxueya' Reveals an Albino Phenotype and Metabolite Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1543. [PMID: 31827483 PMCID: PMC6890721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The tea cultivar 'Xiaoxueya', a temperature-sensitive albino mutant, is a rare tea germplasm because of its highly enriched amino acid content and brisk flavour. In comparison with green leaf tissues of 'Xiaoxueya', albino leaves show significant deficiency in chlorophylls and carotenoids and severely disrupted chloroplasts. Furthermore, the accumulation of quality-related secondary metabolites is altered in 'Xiaoxueya' albino leaf, with significantly increased contents of total amino acids, theanine, and glutamic acid and significantly decreased contents of alkaloids, catechins, and polyphenols. To uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying albinism and quality-related constituent variation in 'Xiaoxueya' leaves, expression profiles of pivotal genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of pigments, caffeine, theanine, and catechins were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR technology. The results revealed that suppressed expression of the chloroplast-localized 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase genes DXS1 and DXS2 involved in the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase genes POR1 and POR2 involved in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway is responsible for the pigment deficiency in 'Xiaoxueya' albino leaf. Additionally, the low expression of the tea caffeine synthase gene (TCS) involved in caffeine biosynthesis and the chalcone synthase genes CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3, the chalcone isomerase gene CHI, the flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase genes F3'5'H1 and F3'5'H2, and the anthocyanidin reductase genes ANR1 and ANR2 involved in the flavonoid pathway is related to the reduction in alkaloid and catechin levels in 'Xiaoxueya' albino leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Li
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Qing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yue-Rong Liang, ; Ya-Jun Yang,
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yue-Rong Liang, ; Ya-Jun Yang,
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Wang WW, Zheng C, Hao WJ, Ma CL, Ma JQ, Ni DJ, Chen L. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveal candidate genes and biochemicals involved in tea geometrid defense in Camellia sinensis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201670. [PMID: 30067831 PMCID: PMC6070272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) respond to herbivore attack through large changes in defense related metabolism and gene expression. Ectropis oblique (Prout) is one of the most devastating insects that feed on tea leaves and tender buds, which can cause severe production loss and deteriorate the quality of tea. To elucidate the biochemicals and molecular mechanism of defense against tea geometrid (TG), transcriptome and metabolome of TG interaction with susceptible (SG) and resistance (RG) tea genotypes were analyzed by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, GC-MS, and RNA-seq technologies. This revealed that jasmonic acid was highly induced in RG, following a plethora of secondary metabolites involved in defense against TG could be induced by jasmonic acid signaling pathway. However, the constitutively present of salicylic acid in SG might be a suppressor of jasmonate signaling and thus misdirect tea plants against TG. Furthermore, flavonoids and terpenoids biosynthesis pathways were highly activated in RG to constitute the chemical barrier on TG feeding behavior. In contrast, fructose and theanine, which can act as feeding stimulants were observed to highly accumulate in SG. Being present in the major hub, 39 transcription factors or protein kinases among putative candidates were identified as master regulators from protein-protein interaction network analysis. Together, the current study provides a comprehensive gene expression and metabolite profiles, which can shed new insights into the molecular mechanism of tea defense against TG. The candidate genes and specific metabolites identified in the present study can serve as a valuable resource for unraveling the possible defense mechanism of plants against various biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Jun Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - De-Jiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (DJN)
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (DJN)
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Comparative transcriptome analysis provides global insight into gene expression differences between two orchid cultivars. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200155. [PMID: 29975782 PMCID: PMC6033423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The orchids GL and YL are two cultivars of Cymbidium longibracteatum. YL displays an obviously yellowing rhizome and yellow leaves, while GL ('Longchangsu') shows dark green leaves and greenish rhizome. But the molecular mechanism for the differences between the two cultivars is poorly understood. In the present study, we showed that the structure of chloroplasts was significantly damaged in YL. Biochemical analysis uncovered the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid were notably decreased in YL. Using RNA-Seq technology, more than 38 million clean reads were generated in each pool, and 116,422 unigenes were assembled de novo. 6,660 unigenes with differential expression patterns (FDR≤0.01 and |log2 ratio|≥1) were totally identified between the two cultivars. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) suggested 33 KEGG pathways were notably enriched, including biological processes such as “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “phagosome”, “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “drug metabolism—cytochrome P450”, “fatty acid elongation”, and “flavone and flavonol biosynthesis”. Further analysis revealed that chlorophyll degeneration related unigene (c48794_g1) and flavonoid biosynthesis related unigenes (c16388_g1, c48963_g1, c63571_g1, c4492_g1, c52282_g1, c78740_g1, c4645_g1) were up-regulated while carotenoid biosynthesis related unigene (c7212_g1) were down-regulated in YL. Additionally, six of NAC, R2R3-MYB, bHLH transcription factors (c42861_g1, c105949_g1, c61265_g1, c42659_g1, c82171_g1, c19158_g1) might be involved in regulation of pigment biosynthesis. The chlorophyll degeneration and the flavonoid biosynthesis related unigenes up-regulation together with the carotenoid biosynthesis related unigenes down-regulation may contribute to the yellowing phenotype of YL.
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Zhang S, Zhang L, Tai Y, Wang X, Ho CT, Wan X. Gene Discovery of Characteristic Metabolic Pathways in the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Using 'Omics'-Based Network Approaches: A Future Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:480. [PMID: 29915604 PMCID: PMC5994431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, theanine and caffeine, in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are the primary sources of the rich flavors, fresh taste, and health benefits of tea. The decoding of genes involved in these characteristic components is still significantly lagging, which lays an obstacle for applied genetic improvement and metabolic engineering. With the popularity of high-throughout transcriptomics and metabolomics, 'omics'-based network approaches, such as gene co-expression network and gene-to-metabolite network, have emerged as powerful tools for gene discovery of plant-specialized (secondary) metabolism. Thus, it is pivotal to summarize and introduce such system-based strategies in facilitating gene identification of characteristic metabolic pathways in the tea plant (or other plants). In this review, we describe recent advances in transcriptomics and metabolomics for transcript and metabolite profiling, and highlight 'omics'-based network strategies using successful examples in model and non-model plants. Further, we summarize recent progress in 'omics' analysis for gene identification of characteristic metabolites in the tea plant. Limitations of the current strategies are discussed by comparison with 'omics'-based network approaches. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of introducing such network strategies in the tea plant, with a prospects ending for a promising network discovery of characteristic metabolite genes in the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuling Tai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Wu H, Shi N, An X, Liu C, Fu H, Cao L, Feng Y, Sun D, Zhang L. Candidate Genes for Yellow Leaf Color in Common Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and Major Related Metabolic Pathways according to Transcriptome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061594. [PMID: 29843474 PMCID: PMC6032196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic capacity and efficiency of a crop depends on the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and chloroplast development. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of chloroplast development and chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis in common wheat because of its huge and complex genome. Ygm, a spontaneous yellow-green leaf color mutant of winter wheat, exhibits reduced Chl contents and abnormal chloroplast development. Thus, we searched for candidate genes associated with this phenotype. Comparative transcriptome profiling was performed using leaves from the yellow leaf color type (Y) and normal green color type (G) of the Ygm mutant progeny. We identified 1227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Y compared with G (i.e., 689 upregulated genes and 538 downregulated genes). Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the DEGs were involved in Chl biosynthesis (i.e., magnesium chelatase subunit H (CHLH) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) genes), carotenoid biosynthesis (i.e., β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) genes), photosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. We also identified heat shock protein (HSP) genes (sHSP, HSP70, HSP90, and DnaJ) and heat shock transcription factor genes that might have vital roles in chloroplast development. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the relevant DEGs confirmed the RNA-Seq results. Moreover, measurements of seven intermediate products involved in Chl biosynthesis and five carotenoid compounds involved in carotenoid-xanthophyll biosynthesis confirmed that CHLH and BCH are vital enzymes for the unusual leaf color phenotype in Y type. These results provide insights into leaf color variation in wheat at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Wu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Narong Shi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xuyao An
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Cong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hongfei Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Li Cao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Daojie Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Wang YX, Liu ZW, Wu ZJ, Li H, Wang WL, Cui X, Zhuang J. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of GRAS family transcription factors in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Sci Rep 2018; 8:3949. [PMID: 29500448 PMCID: PMC5834537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GRAS proteins are important transcription factors that play multifarious roles in regulating the growth and development as well as stress responses of plants. Tea plant is an economically important leaf -type beverage crop. Information concerning GRAS family transcription factors in tea plant is insufficient. In this study, 52 CsGRAS genes encoding GRAS proteins were identified from tea plant genome database. Phylogenetic analysis of the identified GRAS proteins from tea plant, Arabidopsis, and rice divided these proteins into at least 13 subgroups. Conserved motif analysis revealed that the gene structure and motif compositions of the proteins were considerably conserved among the same subgroup. Functional divergence analysis indicated that the shifted evolutionary rate might act as a major evolutionary force driving subfamily-specific functional diversification. Transcriptome analysis showed that the transcriptional levels of CsGRAS genes under non-stress conditions varied among different tea plant cultivars. qRT-PCR analysis revealed tissue and development stage-specific expression patterns of CsGRAS genes in tea plant. The expression patterns of CsGRAS genes in response to abiotic stresses and gibberellin treatment suggested the possible multiple functions of these genes. This study provides insights into the potential functions of GRAS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Liu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Wu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wen-Li Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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48
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Chen S, Li M, Zheng G, Wang T, Lin J, Wang S, Wang X, Chao Q, Cao S, Yang Z, Yu X. Metabolite Profiling of 14 Wuyi Rock Tea Cultivars Using UPLC-QTOF MS and UPLC-QqQ MS Combined with Chemometrics. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020104. [PMID: 29364152 PMCID: PMC6017971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wuyi Rock tea, well-recognized for rich flavor and long-lasting fragrance, is a premium subcategory of oolong tea mainly produced in Wuyi Mountain and nearby regions of China. The quality of tea is mainly determined by the chemical constituents in the tea leaves. However, this remains underexplored for Wuyi Rock tea cultivars. In this study, we investigated the leaf metabolite profiles of 14 major Wuyi Rock tea cultivars grown in the same producing region using UPLC-QTOF MS and UPLC-QqQ MS with data processing via principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Relative quantitation of 49 major metabolites including flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, flavonol glycosides, flavone glycosides, flavonone glycosides, phenolic acid derivatives, hydrolysable tannins, alkaloids and amino acids revealed clear variations between tea cultivars. In particular, catechins, kaempferol and quercetin derivatives were key metabolites responsible for cultivar discrimination. Information on the varietal differences in the levels of bioactive/functional metabolites, such as methylated catechins, flavonol glycosides and theanine, offers valuable insights to further explore the nutritional values and sensory qualities of Wuyi Rock tea. It also provides potential markers for tea plant fingerprinting and cultivar identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Meihong Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Gongyu Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiaxia Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Qianlin Chao
- Wuyi Star Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Wuyishan 354300, China.
| | - Shixian Cao
- Wuyi Star Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Wuyishan 354300, China.
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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49
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Sankari M, Rao PR, Hemachandran H, Pullela PK, Doss C GP, Tayubi IA, Subramanian B, Gothandam KM, Singh P, Ramamoorthy S. Prospects and progress in the production of valuable carotenoids: Insights from metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and computational approaches. J Biotechnol 2018; 266:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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50
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Ma Q, Li H, Zou Z, Arkorful E, Lv Q, Zhou Q, Chen X, Sun K, Li X. Transcriptomic analyses identify albino-associated genes of a novel albino tea germplasm 'Huabai 1'. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:54. [PMID: 30302258 PMCID: PMC6165850 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Albinism in shoots of tea plants is a common phenotypic expression which gives the tea infusion a pleasant umami taste. A novel natural albino mutant tea germplasm containing high amino acids content was found and named as 'Huabai 1'. 'Huabai 1' has white jade tender shoots under low temperature and turns green with increased temperature. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of color change in leaf of 'Huabai 1', transcriptome analysis was performed to identify albino-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A total of 483 DEGs were identified from white shoots of 'Huabai 1' compared to its green shoots. There were 15 DEGs identified to be involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, which account for the majority of characterized DEGs. The metabolites related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis revealed similar expression pattern of DEGs. Furthermore, metabolic pathways such as ubiquonone, tyrosine, and flavonoid biosynthesis associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis could also contribute to the color change in 'Huabai 1' tender shoots. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed a hub protein NEDD8 (CSA009575) which interacted with many regulated genes in spliceosome, nitrogen metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and other pathways. In conclusion, the findings in this study indicate that the color change of 'Huabai 1' tender shoots is a combined effect of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and other metabolic pathways including flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants. Chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes LHCII and SGR may also play some roles in color change of 'Huabai 1'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Emmanuel Arkorful
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qianru Lv
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Kang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, 210095 Nanjing, China
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