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Kumar M, Sirohi U, Yadav MK, Chaudhary V. In Vitro Culture Technology and Advanced Biotechnology Tools Toward Improvement in Gladiolus (Gladiolus species): Present Scenario and Future Prospects. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1806-1835. [PMID: 37528332 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In the world's flower trade, gladiolus (Gladiolus spp.) is ranked first among bulbous flowers and eighth among cut flowers, with more than 30,000 different cultivars being grown. Mass multiplication and commercialization are restricted by the traditional propagation methods. However, the large-scale proliferation and improvement of the gladiolus have been accomplished with the aid of plant tissue culture and other biotechnological techniques. The current review includes a thorough examination of the growth and development parameters required for successful in vitro gladiolus development as well as cormel formation. Moreover, focus is being given to various techniques and methods such as in vitro cytogenetic stability and modification of chromosome number, in vitro mutagenesis and selection of pest resistance, in vitro identification and selection to develop virus-free germplasm, cryopreservation, synthetic seed technology, identifying virus diseases by RT-PCR, somaclonal variation, and protoplast and somatic hybridization. Molecular markers and their applications for genetic diversity analysis, relationships between different genotypes, and clonal stability analysis in Gladiolus species have been conducted by several research groups worldwide and are also being discussed. The article also covers efforts to enhance the functionality of plant phenotypes through genetic transformation. Future prospects for further improvement of ornamental gladiolus are also explored. Overall, the current review provides insight into the applications of basic and advanced biotechnological tools for gladiolus improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- College of Horticulture, SVPUAT, Meerut, UP, 250110, India.
| | - Ujjwal Sirohi
- NIPGR, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, SVPUAT, Meerut, UP, 250110, India
| | - Veena Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Meerut College, Meerut, 250002, India
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Gawande ND, Bhalla H, Watts A, Shelake RM, Sankaranarayanan S. Application of genome editing in plant reproductive biology: recent advances and challenges. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2024:10.1007/s00497-024-00506-w. [PMID: 38954018 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-024-00506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This comprehensive review underscores the application of genome editing in plant reproductive biology, including recent advances and challenges associated with it. Genome editing (GE) is a powerful technology that has the potential to accelerate crop improvement by enabling efficient, precise, and rapid engineering of plant genomes. Over the last decade, this technology has rapidly evolved from the use of meganucleases (homing endonucleases), zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases to the use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas), which has emerged as a popular GE tool in recent times and has been extensively used in several organisms, including plants. GE has been successfully employed in several crops to improve plant reproductive traits. Improving crop reproductive traits is essential for crop yields and securing the world's food supplies. In this review, we discuss the application of GE in various aspects of plant reproductive biology, including its potential application in haploid induction, apomixis, parthenocarpy, development of male sterile lines, and the regulation of self-incompatibility. We also discuss current challenges and future prospects of this technology for crop improvement, focusing on plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh D Gawande
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Hemal Bhalla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Anshul Watts
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India.
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Majumder J, Subrahmanyeswari T, Gantait S. Natural biosynthesis, pharmacological applications, and sustainable biotechnological production of ornamental plant-derived anthocyanin: beyond colorants and aesthetics. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:175. [PMID: 38855146 PMCID: PMC11153417 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Flowers have long been admired for their aesthetic qualities and have even found their way to be included in the human diet. Among the many chemical compounds found in flowers, anthocyanins stand out for their versatile applications in the food, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries. The biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins has been thoroughly studied in certain flower species, leading to the detection of key regulatory genes that can be controlled to enhance the production of anthocyanins via biotechnological methods. Nevertheless, the quantity and form of anthocyanins found in natural sources differ, both qualitatively and quantitatively, depending on the ornamental plant species. For this reason, research on in vitro plant cultures has been conducted for years in an attempt to comprehend how these essential substances are produced. Different biotechnological systems, like in vitro plant cell, organ, and tissue cultures, and transgenic approaches, have been employed to produce anthocyanins under controlled conditions. However, multiple factors influence the production of anthocyanins and create challenges during large-scale production. Metabolic engineering techniques have also been utilized for anthocyanin production in microorganisms and recombinant plants. Although these techniques are primarily tested at lab- and pilot-scale, limited studies have focused on scaling up the production. This review analyses the chemistry and biosynthesis of anthocyanin along with the factors that influence the biosynthetic pathway. Further emphasis has been given on strategies for conventional and non-conventional anthocyanin production along with their quantification, addressing the prevailing challenges, and exploring ways to ameliorate the production using the in vitro plant cell and tissue culture systems and metabolic engineering to open up new possibilities for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoti Majumder
- Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252 India
| | - Tsama Subrahmanyeswari
- Crop Research Unit (Genetics and Plant Breeding), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252 India
| | - Saikat Gantait
- Crop Research Unit (Genetics and Plant Breeding), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252 India
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Nishihara M, Hirabuchi A, Teshima T, Uesugi S, Takahashi H. Flower color modification in Torenia fournieri by genetic engineering of betacyanin pigments. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:614. [PMID: 38937670 PMCID: PMC11210153 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betalains are reddish and yellow pigments that accumulate in a few plant species of the order Caryophyllales. These pigments have antioxidant and medicinal properties and can be used as functional foods. They also enhance resistance to stress or disease in crops. Several plant species belonging to other orders have been genetically engineered to express betalain pigments. Betalains can also be used for flower color modification in ornamental plants, as they confer vivid colors, like red and yellow. To date, betalain engineering to modify the color of Torenia fournieri-or wishbone flower-a popular ornamental plant, has not been attempted. RESULTS We report the production of purple-reddish-flowered torenia plants from the purple torenia cultivar "Crown Violet." Three betalain-biosynthetic genes encoding CYP76AD1, dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) 4,5-dioxygenase (DOD), and cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5GT) were constitutively ectopically expressed under the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, and their expression was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The color traits, measured by spectrophotometric colorimeter and spectral absorbance of fresh petal extracts, revealed a successful flower color modification from purple to reddish. Red pigmentation was also observed in whole plants. LC-DAD-MS and HPLC analyses confirmed that the additional accumulated pigments were betacyanins-mainly betanin (betanidin 5-O-glucoside) and, to a lesser extent, isobetanin (isobetanidin 5-O-glucoside). The five endogenous anthocyanins in torenia flower petals were also detected. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the possibility of foreign betacyanin accumulation in addition to native pigments in torenia, a popular garden bedding plant. To our knowledge, this is the first report presenting engineered expression of betalain pigments in the family Linderniaceae. Genetic engineering of betalains would be valuable in increasing the flower color variation in future breeding programs for torenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
| | - Akiko Hirabuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan
| | - Takuya Teshima
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shota Uesugi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 871-12 Sugidou, Mashikimach, Kamimashiki-gun, Kumamoto, 861-2205, Japan
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Banda A, Impomeni O, Singh A, Baloch AR, Hu W, Jaijyan DK. Precision in Action: The Role of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas in Gene Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:636. [PMID: 38932365 PMCID: PMC11209408 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-associated enzyme-CAS holds great promise for treating many uncured human diseases and illnesses by precisely correcting harmful point mutations and disrupting disease-causing genes. The recent Food and Drug Association (FDA) approval of the first CRISPR-based gene therapy for sickle cell anemia marks the beginning of a new era in gene editing. However, delivering CRISPR specifically into diseased cells in vivo is a significant challenge and an area of intense research. The identification of new CRISPR/Cas variants, particularly ultra-compact CAS systems with robust gene editing activities, paves the way for the low-capacity delivery vectors to be used in gene therapies. CRISPR/Cas technology has evolved beyond editing DNA to cover a wide spectrum of functionalities, including RNA targeting, disease diagnosis, transcriptional/epigenetic regulation, chromatin imaging, high-throughput screening, and new disease modeling. CRISPR/Cas can be used to engineer B-cells to produce potent antibodies for more effective vaccines and enhance CAR T-cells for the more precise and efficient targeting of tumor cells. However, CRISPR/Cas technology has challenges, including off-target effects, toxicity, immune responses, and inadequate tissue-specific delivery. Overcoming these challenges necessitates the development of a more effective and specific CRISPR/Cas delivery system. This entails strategically utilizing specific gRNAs in conjunction with robust CRISPR/Cas variants to mitigate off-target effects. This review seeks to delve into the intricacies of the CRISPR/Cas mechanism, explore progress in gene therapies, evaluate gene delivery systems, highlight limitations, outline necessary precautions, and scrutinize the ethical considerations associated with its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Banda
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Olivia Impomeni
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Aparana Singh
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala 799046, India;
| | - Abdul Rasheed Baloch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
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Mori K, Tanase K, Sasaki K. Novel electroporation-based genome editing of carnation plant tissues using RNPs targeting the anthocyanidin synthase gene. PLANTA 2024; 259:84. [PMID: 38448635 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A novel electroporation method for genome editing was performed using plant tissue samples by direct RNPs-introduction in carnation. Genome editing is becoming a very useful tool in plant breeding. In this study, a novel electroporation method was performed for genome editing using plant tissue samples. The objective was to create a flower color mutant using the pink-flowered carnation 'Kane Ainou 1-go'. For this purpose, a ribonucleoprotein consisting of guide RNA and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) was introduced into the stem tissue to induce mutations in the anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene, which is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. As the ANS of 'Kane Ainou 1-go' has not been previously isolated, we initially isolated the ANS gene from 'Kane Ainou 1-go' for characterization. Southern hybridization analysis confirmed that the ANS gene was present in the genome as a two-allele gene with a pair of homologous sequences (ANS-1 and 2); these sequences were used as the target for genome editing. Genome editing was performed by introducing #2_single-guide RNA into the stem tissue using the ribonucleoprotein. This molecule was used because it exhibited the highest efficiency in an analysis of cleavage activity against the target sequence in vitro. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis of genomic DNA extracted from 85 regenerated individuals after genome editing was performed. The results indicated that mutations in the ANS gene may have been introduced into two lines. Cloning of the ANS gene in these two lines confirmed the introduction of a single nucleotide substitution mutation for ANS-1 in both lines, and a single amino acid substitution in one line. We discussed the possibility of color change by the amino acid substitution, and also the future applications of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Mori
- Aichi Agricultural Research Center (AARC), 1-1 Sagamine Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1193, Japan
| | - Koji Tanase
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Katsutomo Sasaki
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.
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Ashraf H, Ghouri F, Baloch FS, Nadeem MA, Fu X, Shahid MQ. Hybrid Rice Production: A Worldwide Review of Floral Traits and Breeding Technology, with Special Emphasis on China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:578. [PMID: 38475425 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Rice is an important diet source for the majority of the world's population, and meeting the growing need for rice requires significant improvements at the production level. Hybrid rice production has been a significant breakthrough in this regard, and the floral traits play a major role in the development of hybrid rice. In grass species, rice has structural units called florets and spikelets and contains different floret organs such as lemma, palea, style length, anther, and stigma exsertion. These floral organs are crucial in enhancing rice production and uplifting rice cultivation at a broader level. Recent advances in breeding techniques also provide knowledge about different floral organs and how they can be improved by using biotechnological techniques for better production of rice. The rice flower holds immense significance and is the primary focal point for researchers working on rice molecular biology. Furthermore, the unique genetics of rice play a significant role in maintaining its floral structure. However, to improve rice varieties further, we need to identify the genomic regions through mapping of QTLs (quantitative trait loci) or by using GWAS (genome-wide association studies) and their validation should be performed by developing user-friendly molecular markers, such as Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP). This review outlines the role of different floral traits and the benefits of using modern biotechnological approaches to improve hybrid rice production. It focuses on how floral traits are interrelated and their possible contribution to hybrid rice production to satisfy future rice demand. We discuss the significance of different floral traits, techniques, and breeding approaches in hybrid rice production. We provide a historical perspective of hybrid rice production and its current status and outline the challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fozia Ghouri
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin 33100, Türkiye
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nadeem
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58140, Türkiye
| | - Xuelin Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Mishra A, Pandey VP. CRISPR/Cas system: A revolutionary tool for crop improvement. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300298. [PMID: 38403466 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
World's population is elevating at an alarming rate thus, the rising demands of producing crops with better adaptability to biotic and abiotic stresses, superior nutritional as well as morphological qualities, and generation of high-yielding varieties have led to encourage the development of new plant breeding technologies. The availability and easy accessibility of genome sequences for a number of crop plants as well as the development of various genome editing technologies such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) has opened up possibilities to develop new varieties of crop plants with superior desirable traits. However, these approaches has limitation of being more expensive as well as having complex steps and time-consuming. The CRISPR/Cas genome editing system has been intensively studied for allowing versatile target-specific modifications of crop genome that fruitfully aid in the generation of novel varieties. It is an advanced and promising technology with the potential to meet hunger needs and contribute to food production for the ever-growing human population. This review summarizes the usage of novel CRISPR/Cas genome editing tool for targeted crop improvement in stress resistance, yield, quality and nutritional traits in the desired crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Veda P Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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Nishihara M, Hirabuchi A, Goto F, Nishizaki Y, Uesugi S, Watanabe A, Tasaki K, Washiashi R, Sasaki N. Production of yellow-flowered gentian plants by genetic engineering of betaxanthin pigments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1177-1188. [PMID: 37606277 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering of flower color provides biotechnological products such as blue carnations or roses by accumulating delphinidin-based anthocyanins not naturally existing in these plant species. Betalains are another class of pigments that in plants are only synthesized in the order Caryophyllales. Although they have been engineered in several plant species, especially red-violet betacyanins, the yellow betaxanthins have yet to be engineered in ornamental plants. We attempted to produce yellow-flowered gentians by genetic engineering of betaxanthin pigments. First, white-flowered gentian lines were produced by knocking out the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Beta vulgaris BvCYP76AD6 and Mirabilis jalapa MjDOD, driven by gentian petal-specific promoters, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) and anthocyanin 5,3'-aromatic acyltransferase (AT), respectively, were transformed into the above DFR-knockout white-flowered line; the resultant gentian plants had vivid yellow flowers. Expression analysis and pigment analysis revealed petal-specific expression and accumulation of seven known betaxanthins in their petals to c. 0.06-0.08 μmol g FW-1 . Genetic engineering of vivid yellow-flowered plants can be achieved by combining genome editing and a suitable expression of betaxanthin-biosynthetic genes in ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Akiko Hirabuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Fumina Goto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Yuzo Nishizaki
- Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shota Uesugi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737, Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Rie Washiashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Matinvafa MA, Makani S, Parsasharif N, Zahed MA, Movahed E, Ghiasvand S. CRISPR-Cas technology secures sustainability through its applications: a review in green biotechnology. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:383. [PMID: 37920190 PMCID: PMC10618153 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system's applications in biotechnology offer a promising avenue for addressing pressing global challenges, such as climate change, environmental pollution, the energy crisis, and the food crisis, thereby advancing sustainability. The ever-growing demand for food due to the projected population of around 9.6 billion by 2050 requires innovation in agriculture. CRISPR-Cas technology emerges as a powerful solution, enhancing crop varieties, optimizing yields, and improving resilience to stressors. It offers multiple gene editing, base editing, and prime editing, surpassing conventional methods. CRISPR-Cas introduces disease and herbicide resistance, high-yielding, drought-tolerant, and water-efficient crops to address rising water utilization and to improve the efficiency of agricultural practices which promise food sustainability and revolutionize agriculture for the benefit of future generations. The application of CRISPR-Cas technology extends beyond agriculture to address environmental challenges. With the adverse impacts of climate change and pollution endangering ecosystems, there is a growing need for sustainable solutions. The technology's potential in carbon capture and reduction through bio-sequestration is a pivotal strategy for combating climate change. Genomic advancements allow for the development of genetically modified organisms, optimizing biofuel and biomaterial production, and contributing to a renewable and sustainable energy future. This study reviews the multifaceted applications of CRISPR-Cas technology in the agricultural and environmental fields and emphasizes its potential to secure a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Matinvafa
- Department of Biotechnology & Environment, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Makani
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 14911 - 15719 Iran
| | - Negin Parsasharif
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zahed
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 14911 - 15719 Iran
| | - Elaheh Movahed
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY USA
| | - Saeedeh Ghiasvand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Hamedan, Iran
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Li F, Gong Y, Mason AS, Liu Q, Huang J, Ma M, Xiao M, Wang H, Fu D. Research progress and applications of colorful Brassica crops. PLANTA 2023; 258:45. [PMID: 37462779 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION We review the application and the molecular regulation of anthocyanins in colorful Brassica crops, the creation of new germplasm resources, and the development and utilization of colorful Brassica crops. Brassica crops are widely cultivated: these include oilseed crops, such as rapeseed, mustards, and root, leaf, and stem vegetable types, such as turnips, cabbages, broccoli, and cauliflowers. Colorful variants exist of these crop species, and asides from increased aesthetic appeal, these may also offer advantages in terms of nutritional content and improved stress resistances. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pigmentation in Brassica as a reference for the selection and breeding of new colorful Brassica varieties for multiple end uses. We summarize the function and molecular regulation of anthocyanins in Brassica crops, the creation of new colorful germplasm resources via different breeding methods, and the development and multifunctional utilization of colorful Brassica crop types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yingying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Miao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Meili Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Donghui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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12
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Mackon E, Mackon GCJDE, Guo Y, Ma Y, Yao Y, Liu P. Development and Application of CRISPR/Cas9 to Improve Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Plants: Opportunities and Perspectives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023:111746. [PMID: 37230190 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2012, the novel technology of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has greatly contributed to revolutionizing molecular biology. It has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for identifying gene function and improving some important traits. Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites responsible for a wide spectrum of aesthetic coloration in various plant organs and are beneficial for health. As such, increasing anthocyanin content in plants, especially the edible tissue and organs, is always a main goal for plant breeding. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been highly desired to enhance the amount of anthocyanin in vegetables, fruits, cereals, and other attractive plants with more precision. Here we reviewed the recent knowledge concerning CRISPR/Cas9-mediated anthocyanin enhancement in plants. In addition, we addressed the future avenues of promising potential target genes that could be helpful for achieving the same goal using CRISPR/Cas9 in several plants. Thus, molecular biologists, genetic engineers, agricultural scientists, plant geneticists, and physiologists may benefit from CRISPR technology to boost the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in fresh fruits, vegetables, grains, roots, and ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enerand Mackon
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University.
| | | | - Yongqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, P.R. China.
| | - Yafei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, P.R. China.
| | - Yuhang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, P.R. China.
| | - Piqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, P.R. China.
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13
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Koshy JT, Vasudevan D, Sangeetha D, Prabu AA. Biopolymer Based Multifunctional Films Loaded with Anthocyanin Rich Floral Extract and ZnO Nano Particles for Smart Packaging and Wound Healing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102372. [PMID: 37242946 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There are significant societal repercussions from our excessive use of plastic products derived from petroleum. In response to the increasing environmental implications of plastic wastes, biodegradable materials have been proven to be an effective means of mitigating environmental issues. Therefore, protein- and polysaccharide-based polymers have gained widespread attention recently. In our study, for increasing the strength of a biopolymer (Starch), we used ZnO dispersed nanoparticles (NPs), which resulted in the enhancement of other functional properties of the polymer. The synthesized NPs were characterized using SEM, XRD, and Zeta potential values. The preparation techniques are completely green, with no hazardous chemicals employed. The floral extract employed in this study is Torenia fournieri (TFE), which is prepared using a mixture of ethanol and water and possesses diverse bioactive features and pH-sensitive characteristics. The prepared films were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, contact angle and TGA. The incorporation of TFE and ZnO (SEZ) NPs was found to increase the overall nature of the control film. The results obtained from this study confirmed that the developed material is suitable for wound healing and can also be used as a smart packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Thomas Koshy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devipriya Vasudevan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanaraj Sangeetha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Anand Prabu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Lozoya-Gloria E, Cuéllar-González F, Ochoa-Alejo N. Anthocyanin metabolic engineering of Euphorbia pulcherrima: advances and perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1176701. [PMID: 37255565 PMCID: PMC10225641 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1176701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The range of floral colors is determined by the type of plant pigment accumulated by the plant. Anthocyanins are the most common flavonoid pigments in angiosperms; they provide a wide range of visible colors from red-magenta to blue-purple, products of cyanidin and delphinidin biosynthesis, respectively. For the floriculture industry, floral color is one of the most important ornamental characteristics for the development of new commercial varieties; however, most plant species are restricted to a certain color spectrum, limited by their own genetics. In fact, many ornamental crops lack bluish varieties due to the lack of activity of essential biosynthetic enzymes for the accumulation of delphinidin. An example is the poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch), the ornamental plant symbol of Christmas and native to Mexico. Its popularity is the result of the variety of colors displayed by its bracts, a kind of modified leaves that accumulate reddish pigments based mainly on cyanidin and, to a lesser extent, on pelargonidin. The commercial success of this plant lies in the development of new varieties and, although consumers like the typical red color, they are also looking for poinsettias with new and innovative colors. Previous research has demonstrated the possibility of manipulating flower color through metabolic engineering of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and plant tissue culture in different ornamental plant species. For example, transgenic cultivars of flowers such as roses, carnations or chrysanthemums owe their attractive bluish colors to a high and exclusive accumulation of delphinidin. Here, we discuss the possibilities of genetic engineering of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in E. pulcherrima through the introduction of one or more foreign delphinidin biosynthetic genes under the transcriptional control of a pathway-specific promoter, and the genome editing possibilities as an alternative tool to modify the color of the bracts. In addition, some other approaches such as the appropriate selection of the cultivars that presented the most suitable intracellular conditions to accumulate delphinidin, as well as the incorporation of genes encoding anthocyanin-modifying enzymes or transcription factors to favor the bluish pigmentation of the flowers are also revised.
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15
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Narayanan Z, Glick BR. Biotechnologically Engineered Plants. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040601. [PMID: 37106801 PMCID: PMC10135915 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of recombinant DNA technology during the past thirty years has enabled scientists to isolate, characterize, and manipulate a myriad of different animal, bacterial, and plant genes. This has, in turn, led to the commercialization of hundreds of useful products that have significantly improved human health and well-being. Commercially, these products have been mostly produced in bacterial, fungal, or animal cells grown in culture. More recently, scientists have begun to develop a wide range of transgenic plants that produce numerous useful compounds. The perceived advantage of producing foreign compounds in plants is that compared to other methods of producing these compounds, plants seemingly provide a much less expensive means of production. A few plant-produced compounds are already commercially available; however, many more are in the production pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Narayanan
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of STEM, University of Washington, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
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16
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Li S, Li X, Wang X, Chang T, Peng Z, Guan C, Guan M. Flavonoid Synthesis-Related Genes Determine the Color of Flower Petals in Brassica napus L. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076472. [PMID: 37047446 PMCID: PMC10094890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The color of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) petal is usually yellow but can be milky-white to orange or pink. Thus, the petal color is a popular target in rapeseed breeding programs. In his study, metabolites and RNA were extracted from the yellow (Y), yellow/purple (YP), light purple (LP), and purple (P) rapeseed petals. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), RNA-Seq, and quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed to analyze the expression correlation of differential metabolites and differential genes. A total of 223 metabolites were identified in the petals of the three purple and yellow rapeseed varieties by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 20511 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between P, LP, YP, versus Y plant petals were detected. This study focused on the co-regulation of 4898 differential genes in the three comparison groups. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional annotation and quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of BnaA10g23330D (BnF3H) affects the synthesis of downstream peonidin and delphinidin and is a key gene regulating the purple color of petals in B. napus. L. The gene may play a key role in regulating rapeseed flower color; however, further studies are needed to verify this. These results deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying petal color and provide the theoretical and practical basis for flower breeding targeting petal color.
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17
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Sharma P, Pandey A, Malviya R, Dey S, Karmakar S, Gayen D. Genome editing for improving nutritional quality, post-harvest shelf life and stress tolerance of fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1094965. [PMID: 36911238 PMCID: PMC9998953 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1094965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural production relies on horticultural crops, including vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants, which sustain human life. With an alarming increase in human population and the consequential need for more food, it has become necessary for increased production to maintain food security. Conventional breeding has subsidized the development of improved verities but to enhance crop production, new breeding techniques need to be acquired. CRISPR-Cas9 system is a unique and powerful genome manipulation tool that can change the DNA in a precise way. Based on the bacterial adaptive immune system, this technique uses an endonuclease that creates double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at the target loci under the guidance of a single guide RNA. These DSBs can be repaired by a cellular repair mechanism that installs small insertion and deletion (indels) at the cut sites. When equated to alternate editing tools like ZFN, TALENs, and meganucleases, CRISPR- The cas-based editing tool has quickly gained fast-forward for its simplicity, ease to use, and low off-target effect. In numerous horticultural and industrial crops, the CRISPR technology has been successfully used to enhance stress tolerance, self-life, nutritional improvements, flavor, and metabolites. The CRISPR-based tool is the most appropriate one with the prospective goal of generating non-transgenic yields and avoiding the regulatory hurdles to release the modified crops into the market. Although several challenges for editing horticultural, industrial, and ornamental crops remain, this new novel nuclease, with its crop-specific application, makes it a dynamic tool for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Anuradha Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Rinku Malviya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Sharmistha Dey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | | | - Dipak Gayen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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18
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Verma V, Kumar A, Partap M, Thakur M, Bhargava B. CRISPR-Cas: A robust technology for enhancing consumer-preferred commercial traits in crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1122940. [PMID: 36824195 PMCID: PMC9941649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1122940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The acceptance of new crop varieties by consumers is contingent on the presence of consumer-preferred traits, which include sensory attributes, nutritional value, industrial products and bioactive compounds production. Recent developments in genome editing technologies provide novel insight to identify gene functions and improve the various qualitative and quantitative traits of commercial importance in plants. Various conventional as well as advanced gene-mutagenesis techniques such as physical and chemical mutagenesis, CRISPR-Cas9, Cas12 and base editors are used for the trait improvement in crops. To meet consumer demand, breakthrough biotechnologies, especially CRISPR-Cas have received a fair share of scientific and industrial interest, particularly in plant genome editing. CRISPR-Cas is a versatile tool that can be used to knock out, replace and knock-in the desired gene fragments at targeted locations in the genome, resulting in heritable mutations of interest. This review highlights the existing literature and recent developments in CRISPR-Cas technologies (base editing, prime editing, multiplex gene editing, epigenome editing, gene delivery methods) for reliable and precise gene editing in plants. This review also discusses the potential of gene editing exhibited in crops for the improvement of consumer-demanded traits such as higher nutritional value, colour, texture, aroma/flavour, and production of industrial products such as biofuel, fibre, rubber and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the bottlenecks and challenges associated with gene editing system, such as off targeting, ploidy level and the ability to edit organelle genome have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipasha Verma
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) –Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Akhil Kumar
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) –Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Mahinder Partap
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) –Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Meenakshi Thakur
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) –Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Bhavya Bhargava
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) –Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Optimization of an Efficient Protoplast Transformation System for Transient Expression Analysis Using Leaves of Torenia fournieri. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162106. [PMID: 36015409 PMCID: PMC9412307 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Torenia fournieri (T. fournieri) is one of the most widely used horticultural flowers and is considered a potential model plant for the genetic investigation of ornamental traits. In this study, we optimized an efficient protocol for high efficiency preparation and transformation of T. fournieri protoplast. The transformation rate reached ~75% when a 35S:GFP construct was used for the transformation. Using this system, we characterized the subcellular localization of several TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors (TFs), and found a distinct localization pattern between the CIN and CYC classes of TCP TFs. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the feasibility of the expression of dual luciferase assay system in T. fournieri protoplasts for the measurement of the activity of cis-regulatory elements. Taken together, a well-optimized transient expression system in T. fournieri protoplasts would be crucial for rapid exploration of the gene function or cis-regulatory elements.
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20
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dos Santos C, Franco OL. Advances in the use of plants as potential biofactories in the production of antimicrobial peptides. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane dos Santos
- S‐Inova Biotech, Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S‐Inova Biotech, Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímica, Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia Universidade Católica de Brasília Brasília Brazil
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21
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Sirohi U, Kumar M, Sharma VR, Teotia S, Singh D, Chaudhary V, Yadav MK. CRISPR/Cas9 System: A Potential Tool for Genetic Improvement in Floricultural Crops. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1303-1318. [PMID: 35751797 PMCID: PMC9244459 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Demand of flowers is increasing with time worldwide. Floriculture has become one of the most important commercial trades in agriculture. Although traditional breeding methods like hybridization and mutation breeding have contributed significantly to the development of important flower varieties, flower production and quality of flowers can be significantly improved by employing modern breeding approaches. Novel traits of significance have interest to consumers and producers, such as fragrance, new floral color, change in floral architecture and morphology, vase life, aroma, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, have been introduced by genetic manipulation. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has recently emerged as a powerful genome-editing tool for accurately changing DNA sequences at specific locations. It provides excellent means of genetically improving floricultural crops. CRISPR/Cas system has been utilized in gene editing in horticultural cops. There are few reports on the utilization of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in flowers. The current review summarizes the research work done by employing the CRISPR/Cas9 system in floricultural crops including improvement in flowering traits such as color modification, prolonging the shelf life of flowers, flower initiation, and development, changes in color of ornamental foliage by genome editing. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing could be useful in developing novel cultivars with higher fragrance and enhanced essential oil and many other useful traits. The present review also highlights the basic mechanism and key components involved in the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Sirohi
- Present Address: National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, SVPUAT, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250110 India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, SVPUAT, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250110 India
| | - Vinukonda Rakesh Sharma
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
| | - Sachin Teotia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306 India
| | - Deepali Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201308 India
| | - Veena Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Meerut College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250003 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, SVPUAT, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250110 India
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22
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Tasaki K, Watanabe A, Nemoto K, Takahashi S, Goto F, Sasaki N, Hikage T, Nishihara M. Identification of Candidate Genes Responsible for Flower Colour Intensity in Gentiana triflora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:906879. [PMID: 35812931 PMCID: PMC9257217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.906879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gentians cultivated in Japan (Gentiana triflora and Gentiana scabra and hybrids) have blue flowers, but flower colour intensity differs among cultivars. The molecular mechanism underlying the variation in flower colour intensity is unclear. Here, we produced F2 progeny derived from an F1 cross of intense- and faint-blue lines and attempted to identify the genes responsible for flower colour intensity using RNA-sequencing analyses. Comparative analysis of flower colour intensity and transcriptome data revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs), although known flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes showed similar expression patterns. From quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, we identified two and four genes with significantly different expression levels in the intense- and faint-blue flower lines, respectively. We conducted further analyses on one of the DEGs, termed GtMIF1, which encodes a putative mini zinc-finger protein homolog, which was most differently expressed in faint-blue individuals. Functional analysis of GtMIF1 was performed by producing stable tobacco transformants. GtMIF1-overexpressing tobacco plants showed reduced flower colour intensity compared with untransformed control plants. DNA-marker analysis also confirmed that the GtMIF1 allele of the faint-blue flower line correlated well with faint flower colour in F2 progeny. These results suggest that GtMIF1 is one of the key genes involved in determining the flower colour intensity of gentian.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | | | | | - Fumina Goto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Hikage
- Hachimantai City Floricultural Research and Development Center, Hachimantai, Japan
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23
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Shin NR, Shin YH, Kim HS, Park YD. Function Analysis of the PR55/ B Gene Related to Self-Incompatibility in Chinese Cabbage Using CRISPR/Cas9. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095062. [PMID: 35563453 PMCID: PMC9102814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage, a major crop in Korea, shows self-incompatibility (SI). SI is controlled by the type 2A serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP2As). The PP2A gene is controlled by regulatory subunits that comprise a 36 kDa catalyst C subunit, a 65 kDa regulatory A subunit, and a variety of regulatory B subunits (50–70 kDa). Among them, the PP2A 55 kDa B regulatory subunit (PR55/B) gene located in the A05 chromosome has 13 exons spanning 2.9 kb, and two homologous genes, Bra018924 and Bra014296, were found to be present on the A06 and A08 chromosome, respectively. In this study, we performed a functional analysis of the PR55/B gene using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated gene mutagenesis. CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be used to easily introduce mutations in the target gene. Tentative gene-edited lines were generated by the Agrobacterium-mediated transfer and were selected by PCR and Southern hybridization analysis. Furthermore, pods were confirmed to be formed in flower pollination (FP) as well as bud pollination (BP) in some gene-edited lines. Seed fertility of gene-edited lines indicated that the PR55/B gene plays a key role in SI. Finally, self-compatible T-DNA-free T2 gene-edited plants and edited sequences of target genes were secured. The self-compatible Chinese cabbage developed in this study is expected to contribute to Chinese cabbage breeding.
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Mir TUG, Wani AK, Akhtar N, Shukla S. CRISPR/Cas9: Regulations and challenges for law enforcement to combat its dual-use. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 334:111274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Naik BJ, Shimoga G, Kim SC, Manjulatha M, Subramanyam Reddy C, Palem RR, Kumar M, Kim SY, Lee SH. CRISPR/Cas9 and Nanotechnology Pertinence in Agricultural Crop Refinement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:843575. [PMID: 35463432 PMCID: PMC9024397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) method is a versatile technique that can be applied in crop refinement. Currently, the main reasons for declining agricultural yield are global warming, low rainfall, biotic and abiotic stresses, in addition to soil fertility issues caused by the use of harmful chemicals as fertilizers/additives. The declining yields can lead to inadequate supply of nutritional food as per global demand. Grains and horticultural crops including fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants are crucial in sustaining human life. Genomic editing using CRISPR/Cas9 and nanotechnology has numerous advantages in crop development. Improving crop production using transgenic-free CRISPR/Cas9 technology and produced fertilizers, pesticides, and boosters for plants by adopting nanotechnology-based protocols can essentially overcome the universal food scarcity. This review briefly gives an overview on the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas9 and nanotechnology-based methods in developing the cultivation of major agricultural crops. In addition, the limitations and major challenges of genome editing in grains, vegetables, and fruits have been discussed in detail by emphasizing its applications in crop refinement strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banavath Jayanna Naik
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeju, South Korea
| | - Ganesh Shimoga
- Interaction Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, Advanced Technology Research Center, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeju, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Youn Kim
- Interaction Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, Advanced Technology Research Center, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Albert NW, Lafferty DJ, Moss SMA, Davies KM. Flavonoids – flowers, fruit, forage and the future. J R Soc N Z 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2034654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick W. Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Declan J. Lafferty
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M. A. Moss
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Guo J, Shan C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Tian H, Han G, Zhang Y, Wang B. Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance and Molecular Breeding of Salt-Tolerant Ornamental Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:854116. [PMID: 35574092 PMCID: PMC9093713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.854116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As the area of salinized soils increases, and freshwater becomes more scarcer worldwide, an urgent measure for agricultural production is to use salinized land and conserve freshwater resources. Ornamental flowering plants, such as carnations, roses, chrysanthemums, and gerberas, are found around the world and have high economic, ornamental, ecological, and edible value. It is therefore prudent to improve the salt tolerance of these important horticultural crops. Here, we summarize the salt-adaptive mechanisms, genes, and molecular breeding of ornamental flowering crops. We also review the genome editing technologies that provide us with the means to obtain novel varieties with high salinity tolerance and improved utility value, and discuss future directions of research into ornamental plants like salt exclusion mechanism. We considered that the salt exclusion mechanism in ornamental flowering plants, the acquisition of flowers with high quality and novel color under salinity condition through gene editing techniques should be focused on for the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- *Correspondence: Jianrong Guo,
| | - Changdan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Xinlei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Huaying Tian
- College of Forestry Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Guoliang Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Baoshan Wang,
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Matsuta A, Mayuzumi T, Katano H, Hatashita M, Takagi K, Hayashi Y, Abe T, Murai K, Kazama Y. The Effect of Heavy-Ion Beams with High Linear Energy Transfer on Mutant Production in M 1 Generation of Torenia fournieri. CYTOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.86.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Matsuta
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Takahiro Mayuzumi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Hajime Katano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | | | - Keiichi Takagi
- Research and Development Department, Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center
| | | | - Tomoko Abe
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN
| | - Koji Murai
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
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Zhang L, Zhou L, Yung WS, Su W, Huang M. Ectopic expression of Torenia fournieri TCP8 and TCP13 alters the leaf and petal phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:856-866. [PMID: 34171126 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor (TCP) transcription factors (TFs) are essential for regulating plant developmental processes, which is still largely unknown in Torenia fournieri (T. fournieri), a widely used horticultural flower. In this study, we used a de novo transcriptome assembly method to predict the TCP transcription factors in T. fournieri. In total, 15 out of 21 predicted T. fournieri TCPs (TfTCPs) were isolated and verified with Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these 15 TfTCPs could be classified into two major classes. Most of these TfTCPs were expressed in floral buds, flowers, or leaves, suggesting an important role in developmental regulation in these tissues. Moreover, TfTCP8 and TfTCP13, the homologues of the Arabidopsis thaliana TCP5-like transcription factor, were able to bind to the conserved Class II TCP binding motifs and are localized to the nucleus, indicating that TfTCP8 and TfTCP13 act as transcriptional regulators. In agreement with the overexpression phenotype of AtTCP5, ectopic expression of TfTCP8 and TfTCP13 resulted in narrow leaves and the small petal phenotype in Arabidopsis, suggesting that these two TfTCPs potentially regulate leaf or flower shape in T. fournieri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Limeng Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wai-Shing Yung
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mingkun Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Khusnutdinov E, Sukhareva A, Panfilova M, Mikhaylova E. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes as Model Genes for Genome Editing in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8752. [PMID: 34445458 PMCID: PMC8395717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas, one of the most rapidly developing technologies in the world, has been applied successfully in plant science. To test new nucleases, gRNA expression systems and other inventions in this field, several plant genes with visible phenotypic effects have been constantly used as targets. Anthocyanin pigmentation is one of the most easily identified traits, that does not require any additional treatment. It is also associated with stress resistance, therefore plants with edited anthocyanin genes might be of interest for agriculture. Phenotypic effect of CRISPR/Cas editing of PAP1 and its homologs, DFR, F3H and F3'H genes have been confirmed in several distinct plant species. DFR appears to be a key structural gene of anthocyanin biosynthesis, controlled by various transcription factors. There are still many promising potential model genes that have not been edited yet. Some of them, such as Delila, MYB60, HAT1, UGT79B2, UGT79B3 and miR156, have been shown to regulate drought tolerance in addition to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Genes, also involved in trichome development, such as TTG1, GLABRA2, MYBL2 and CPC, can provide increased visibility. In this review successful events of CRISPR/Cas editing of anthocyanin genes are summarized, and new model genes are proposed. It can be useful for molecular biologists and genetic engineers, crop scientists, plant genetics and physiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elena Mikhaylova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center RAS, Prospekt Oktyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (E.K.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
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Guan S, Song Q, Zhou J, Yan H, Li Y, Zhang Z, Tao D, Luo S, Pan Y. Genetic analysis and population structure of wild and cultivated wishbone flower ( Torenia fournieri Lind.) lines related to specific floral color. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11702. [PMID: 34268012 PMCID: PMC8265383 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The wishbone flower or Torenia fournieri Lind., an annual from tropical Indochina and southern China, is a popular ornamental plant, and many interspecific (T. fournieri × T. concolor) hybrid lines have been bred for the international market. The cultivated lines show a pattern of genetic similarity that correlates with floral color which informs on future breeding strategies. This study aimed to perform genetic analysis and population structure of cultivated hybrid lines comparing with closely related T. concolor wild populations. Methods We applied the retrotransposon based iPBS marker system for genotyping of a total of 136 accessions from 17 lines/populations of Torenia. These included 15 cultivated lines of three series: Duchess (A, B, C); Kauai (D, E, F, G, H, I, J); Little Kiss (K, L, M, N, P) and two wild T. concolor populations (Q and R). PCR products from each individual were applied to estimate the genetic diversity and differentiation between lines/populations. Results Genotyping results showed a pattern of genetic variation differentiating the 17 lines/populations characterized by their specific floral colors. The final PCoA analysis, phylogenetic tree construction, and Bayesian population structural bar plot all showed a clear subdivision of lines/populations analysed. The 15 cultivated hybrid lines and the wild population Q that collected from a small area showed the lowest genetic variability while the other wild population R which sampled from a larger area had the highest genetic variability. Discussion The extremely low genetic variability of 15 cultivated lines indicated that individual line has similar reduction in diversity/heterozygosity from a bottleneck event, and each retained a similar (but different from each other) content of the wild genetic diversity. The genetic variance for the two wild T. concolor populations could be due to our varied sampling methods. The two wild populations (Q, R) and the cultivated hybrid lines (I, K, M, N, P) are genetically more closely related, but strong positive correlations presented in cultivated lines A, C, E, M, and N. These results could be used to guide future Torenia breeding. Conclusions The genetic variation and population structure found in our study showed that cultivated hybrid lines had similar reduction in diversity/heterozygosity from a bottleneck event and each line retained a similar (but different from each other) content of the wild genetic diversity, especially when strong phenotypic selection of floral color overlaps. Generally, environmental factors could induce transposon activation and generate genetic variability which enabled the acceleration of the evolutionary process of wild Torenia species. Our study revealed that wild Torenia populations sampled from broad geographic region represent stronger species strength with outstanding genetic diversity, but selective breeding targeting a specific floral color decreased such genetic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Guan
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qian Song
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinye Zhou
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Haixia Yan
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zibin Zhang
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dayan Tao
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuming Luo
- Flower Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia
| | - Youqiang Pan
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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32
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Chen G, Wang LG, Wang YH. Complete chloroplast genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Torenia fournieri. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:2004-2006. [PMID: 34179497 PMCID: PMC8204956 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1939179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Torenia fournieri belongs to the genus Torenia in the family Linderniaceae. The complete chloroplast genome of T. fournieri was sequenced and analyzed by Illumina sequencing in this study. The full length of the complete chloroplast genome is 153,938 bp, containing a pair of inverted repeat regions of 24,805 bp (IRa and IRb) separated by a large single copy region (LSC) of 85,498 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 18,830 bp. The T. fournieri chloroplast genome encodes 131 genes, comprising 87 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, without pseudogene. Phylogenetic analysis showed that T. fournieri was closely related to T. benthamiana and T. concolor within the genus Torenia in family Linderniaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-guo Wang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Molecular Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying-hua Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
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Yu J, Tu L, Subburaj S, Bae S, Lee GJ. Simultaneous targeting of duplicated genes in Petunia protoplasts for flower color modification via CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1037-1045. [PMID: 32959126 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We obtained a complete mutant line of Petunia having mutations in both F3H genes via Cas9-ribonucleoproteins delivery, which exhibited a pale purplish pink flower color. The CRISPR-Cas system is now revolutionizing agriculture by allowing researchers to generate various desired mutations in plants at will. In particular, DNA-free genome editing via Cas9-ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) delivery has many advantages in plants; it does not require codon optimization or specific promoters for expression in plant cells; furthermore, it can bypass GMO regulations in some countries. Here, we have performed site-specific mutagenesis in Petunia to engineer flower color modifications. We determined that the commercial Petunia cultivar 'Madness Midnight' has two F3H coding genes and designed one guide RNA that targets both F3H genes at once. Among 67 T0 plants regenerated from Cas9-RNP transfected protoplasts, we obtained seven mutant lines that contain mutations in either F3HA or F3HB gene and one complete mutant line having mutations in both F3H genes without any selectable markers. It is noteworthy that only the f3ha f3hb exhibited a clearly modified, pale purplish pink flower color (RHS 69D), whereas the others, including the single copy gene knock-out plants, displayed purple violet (RHS 93A) flowers similar to the wild-type Petunia. To the best of our knowledge, we demonstrated a precedent of ornamental crop engineering by DNA-free CRISPR method for the first time, which will greatly accelerate a transition from a laboratory to a farmer's field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Luhua Tu
- Department of Horticulture & Department of Smart Agriculture systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Saminathan Subburaj
- Department of Horticulture & Department of Smart Agriculture systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Geung-Joo Lee
- Department of Horticulture & Department of Smart Agriculture systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
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Nitarska D, Boehm R, Debener T, Lucaciu RC, Halbwirth H. First genome edited poinsettias: targeted mutagenesis of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase using CRISPR/Cas9 results in a colour shift. PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE 2021; 147:49-60. [PMID: 34776565 PMCID: PMC8550517 DOI: 10.1007/s11240-021-02103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a remarkably promising tool for targeted gene mutagenesis, and becoming ever more popular for modification of ornamental plants. In this study we performed the knockout of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) with application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the red flowering poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) cultivar 'Christmas Eve', in order to obtain plants with orange bract colour, which accumulate prevalently pelargonidin. F3'H is an enzyme that is necessary for formation of cyanidin type anthocyanins, which are responsible for the red colour of poinsettia bracts. Even though F3'H was not completely inactivated, the bract colour of transgenic plants changed from vivid red (RHS 45B) to vivid reddish orange (RHS 33A), and cyanidin levels decreased significantly compared with the wild type. In the genetically modified plants, an increased ratio of pelargonidin to cyanidin was observed. By cloning and expression of mutated proteins, the lack of F3'H activity was confirmed. This confirms that a loss of function mutation in the poinsettia F3'H gene is sufficient for obtaining poinsettia with orange bract colour. This is the first report of successful use of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing in poinsettia. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11240-021-02103-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Nitarska
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rares Calin Lucaciu
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Liu Q, Yang F, Zhang J, Liu H, Rahman S, Islam S, Ma W, She M. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Crop Quality Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4206. [PMID: 33921600 PMCID: PMC8073294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The various crop species are major agricultural products and play an indispensable role in sustaining human life. Over a long period, breeders strove to increase crop yield and improve quality through traditional breeding strategies. Today, many breeders have achieved remarkable results using modern molecular technologies. Recently, a new gene-editing system, named the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology, has also succeeded in improving crop quality. It has become the most popular tool for crop improvement due to its versatility. It has accelerated crop breeding progress by virtue of its precision in specific gene editing. This review summarizes the current application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in crop quality improvement. It includes the modulation in appearance, palatability, nutritional components and other preferred traits of various crops. In addition, the challenge in its future application is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qier Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (S.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Fan Yang
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (S.R.); (S.I.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jingjuan Zhang
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (S.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Hang Liu
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (S.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Shanjida Rahman
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (S.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Shahidul Islam
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (S.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Wujun Ma
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (S.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Maoyun She
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (S.R.); (S.I.)
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36
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Genome editing in fruit, ornamental, and industrial crops. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:499-528. [PMID: 33825100 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has opened new avenues for targeted trait enhancement in fruit, ornamental, industrial, and all specialty crops. In particular, CRISPR-based editing systems, derived from bacterial immune systems, have quickly become routinely used tools for research groups across the world seeking to edit plant genomes with a greater level of precision, higher efficiency, reduced off-target effects, and overall ease-of-use compared to ZFNs and TALENs. CRISPR systems have been applied successfully to a number of horticultural and industrial crops to enhance fruit ripening, increase stress tolerance, modify plant architecture, control the timing of flower development, and enhance the accumulation of desired metabolites, among other commercially-important traits. As editing technologies continue to advance, so too does the ability to generate improved crop varieties with non-transgenic modifications; in some crops, direct transgene-free edits have already been achieved, while in others, T-DNAs have successfully been segregated out through crossing. In addition to the potential to produce non-transgenic edited crops, and thereby circumvent regulatory impediments to the release of new, improved crop varieties, targeted gene editing can speed up trait improvement in crops with long juvenile phases, reducing inputs resulting in faster market introduction to the market. While many challenges remain regarding optimization of genome editing in ornamental, fruit, and industrial crops, the ongoing discovery of novel nucleases with niche specialties for engineering applications may form the basis for additional and potentially crop-specific editing strategies.
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Balestrini R, Brunetti C, Cammareri M, Caretto S, Cavallaro V, Cominelli E, De Palma M, Docimo T, Giovinazzo G, Grandillo S, Locatelli F, Lumini E, Paolo D, Patanè C, Sparvoli F, Tucci M, Zampieri E. Strategies to Modulate Specialized Metabolism in Mediterranean Crops: From Molecular Aspects to Field. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2887. [PMID: 33809189 PMCID: PMC7999214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (SMs) play an important role in the interaction with the environment and are part of the plant defense response. These natural products are volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds produced from common building blocks deriving from primary metabolic pathways and rapidly evolved to allow a better adaptation of plants to environmental cues. Specialized metabolites include terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, tannins, resins, etc. that can be used as phytochemicals, food additives, flavoring agents and pharmaceutical compounds. This review will be focused on Mediterranean crop plants as a source of SMs, with a special attention on the strategies that can be used to modulate their production, including abiotic stresses, interaction with beneficial soil microorganisms and novel genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Maria Cammareri
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Sofia Caretto
- CNR-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Valeria Cavallaro
- CNR-Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Eleonora Cominelli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Monica De Palma
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Teresa Docimo
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- CNR-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Silvana Grandillo
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Franca Locatelli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Erica Lumini
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Dario Paolo
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Cristina Patanè
- CNR-Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Marina Tucci
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Elisa Zampieri
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
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Giovannini A, Laura M, Nesi B, Savona M, Cardi T. Genes and genome editing tools for breeding desirable phenotypes in ornamentals. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:461-478. [PMID: 33388891 PMCID: PMC7778708 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We review the main genes underlying commercial traits in cut flower species and critically discuss the possibility to apply genome editing approaches to produce novel variation and phenotypes. Promoting flowering and flower longevity as well as creating novelty in flower structure, colour range and fragrances are major objectives of ornamental plant breeding. The novel genome editing techniques add new possibilities to study gene function and breed new varieties. The implementation of such techniques, however, relies on detailed information about structure and function of genomes and genes. Moreover, improved protocols for efficient delivery of editing reagents are required. Recent results of the application of genome editing techniques to elite ornamental crops are discussed in this review. Enabling technologies and genomic resources are reviewed in relation to the implementation of such approaches. Availability of the main gene sequences, underlying commercial traits and in vitro transformation protocols are provided for the world's best-selling cut flowers, namely rose, lily, chrysanthemum, lisianthus, tulip, gerbera, freesia, alstroemeria, carnation and hydrangea. Results obtained so far are described and their implications for the improvement of flowering, flower architecture, colour, scent and shelf-life are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Giovannini
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (CREA OF), Corso degli Inglesi 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy
| | - M. Laura
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (CREA OF), Corso degli Inglesi 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy
| | - B. Nesi
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (CREA OF), Via dei Fiori 8, 51017 Pescia, Italy
| | - M. Savona
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (CREA OF), Corso degli Inglesi 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy
| | - T. Cardi
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (CREA OF), Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
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Plant Polyphenols-Biofortified Foods as a Novel Tool for the Prevention of Human Gut Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121225. [PMID: 33287404 PMCID: PMC7761854 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant food biofortification is recently receiving remarkable attention, as it aims to increase the intake of minerals, vitamins, or antioxidants, crucial for their contribution to the general human health status and disease prevention. In this context, the study of the plant’s secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, plays a pivotal role for the development of a new generation of plant crops, compensating, at least in part, the low nutritional quality of Western diets with a higher quality of dietary sources. Due to the prevalent immunomodulatory activity at the intestinal level, polyphenols represent a nutritionally relevant class of plant secondary metabolites. In this review, we focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of different classes of polyphenols with a specific attention to their potential in the prevention of intestinal pathological processes. We also discuss the latest biotechnology strategies and new advances of genomic techniques as a helpful tool for polyphenols biofortification and the development of novel, healthy dietary alternatives that can contribute to the prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Liu Y, Ye S, Yuan G, Ma X, Heng S, Yi B, Ma C, Shen J, Tu J, Fu T, Wen J. Gene silencing of BnaA09.ZEP and BnaC09.ZEP confers orange color in Brassica napus flowers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:932-949. [PMID: 32808386 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is currently cultivated as an important ornamental crop in China. Flower color has attracted much attention in rapeseed genetics and breeding. Here, we characterize an orange-flowered mutant of B. napus that exhibits an altered carotenoid profile in its petals. As revealed by map-based cloning, the change in color from yellow to orange is attributed to the loss of BnaC09.ZEP (zeaxanthin epoxidase) and a 1695-bp deletion in BnaA09.ZEP. HPLC analysis, genetic complementation and CRISPR/Cas9 experiments demonstrated that BnaA09.ZEP and BnaC09.ZEP have similar functions, and the abolishment of both genes led to a substantial increase in lutein content and a sharp decline in violaxanthin content in petals but not leaves. BnaA09.ZEP and BnaC09.ZEP are predominantly expressed in floral tissues, whereas their homologs, BnaA07.ZEP and BnaC07.ZEP, mainly function in leaves, indicating redundancy and tissue-specific diversification of BnaZEP function. Transcriptome analysis in petals revealed differences in the expression of carotenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes between the mutant and its complementary lines. Flavonoid profiles in the petals of complementary lines were greatly altered compared to the mutant, indicating potential cross-talk between the regulatory networks underlying the carotenoid and flavonoid pathways. Additionally, our results indicate that there is functional compensation by BnaA07.ZEP and BnaC07.ZEP in the absence of BnaA09.ZEP and BnaC09.ZEP. Cloning and characterization of BnaZEPs provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying flower pigmentation in B. napus and would facilitate breeding of B. napus varieties with higher ornamental value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shenhua Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gaigai Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangping Heng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Iijima L, Kishimoto S, Ohmiya A, Yagi M, Okamoto E, Miyahara T, Tsujimoto T, Ozeki Y, Uchiyama N, Hakamatsuka T, Kouno T, Cano EA, Shimizu M, Nishihara M. Esterified carotenoids are synthesized in petals of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and accumulate in differentiated chromoplasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15256. [PMID: 32938985 PMCID: PMC7495429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although yellow and orange petal colors are derived from carotenoids in many plant species, this has not yet been demonstrated for the order Caryophyllales, which includes carnations. Here, we identified a carnation cultivar with pale yellow flowers that accumulated carotenoids in petals. Additionally, some xanthophyll compounds were esterified, as is the case for yellow flowers in other plant species. Ultrastructural analysis showed that chromoplasts with numerous plastoglobules, in which flower-specific carotenoids accumulate, were present in the pale yellow petals. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses indicated that the expression levels of genes for carotenoid biosynthesis and esterification in pale yellow and pink petals (that accumulate small amounts of carotenoids) were similar or lower than in green petals (that accumulate substantial amounts of carotenoids) and white petals (that accumulate extremely low levels of carotenoids). Pale yellow and pink petals had a considerably lower level of expression of genes for carotenoid degradation than white petals, suggesting that reduced degradation activity caused accumulation of carotenoids. Our results indicate that some carnation cultivars can synthesize and accumulate esterified carotenoids. By manipulating the rate of biosynthesis and esterification of carotenoids in these cultivars, it should be feasible to produce novel carnation cultivars with vivid yellow flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Iijima
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Sanae Kishimoto
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.
| | - Akemi Ohmiya
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yagi
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Emi Okamoto
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Taira Miyahara
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsujimoto
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ozeki
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nahoko Uchiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kouno
- Japan Agribio Company Limited, 110-5 Itayamachi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-0928, Japan
| | - Emilio A Cano
- Barberet & Blanc S. A., Camino Viejo 205, 30890, Puerto Lumbreras, Murcia, Spain
| | - Motoki Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
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Mekapogu M, Vasamsetti BMK, Kwon OK, Ahn MS, Lim SH, Jung JA. Anthocyanins in Floral Colors: Biosynthesis and Regulation in Chrysanthemum Flowers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186537. [PMID: 32906764 PMCID: PMC7554973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is an economically important ornamental crop across the globe. As floral color is the major factor determining customer selection, manipulation of floral color has been a major objective for breeders. Anthocyanins are one of the main pigments contributing to a broad variety of colors in the ray florets of chrysanthemum. Manipulating petal pigments has resulted in the development of a vast range of floral colors. Although the candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis have been well studied, the genetic and transcriptional control of floral color remains unclear. Despite advances in multi-omics technology, these methods remain in their infancy in chrysanthemum, owing to its large complex genome and hexaploidy. Hence, there is a need to further elucidate and better understand the genetic and molecular regulatory mechanisms in chrysanthemum, which can provide a basis for future advances in breeding for novel and diverse floral colors in this commercially beneficial crop. Therefore, this review describes the significance of anthocyanins in chrysanthemum flowers, and the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis under genetic and environmental factors, providing insight into the development of novel colored ray florets. Genetic and molecular regulatory mechanisms that control anthocyanin biosynthesis and the various breeding efforts to modify floral color in chrysanthemum are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjulatha Mekapogu
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
| | - Bala Murali Krishna Vasamsetti
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Oh-Keun Kwon
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
| | - Myung-Suk Ahn
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyoung National University, Anseong 17579, Korea;
| | - Jae-A Jung
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Tasaki K, Yoshida M, Nakajima M, Higuchi A, Watanabe A, Nishihara M. Molecular characterization of an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene in Japanese gentian with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:370. [PMID: 32762648 PMCID: PMC7409652 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blue pigmentation of Japanese gentian flowers is due to a polyacylated anthocyanin, gentiodelphin, and all associated biosynthesis genes and several regulatory genes have been cloned and characterized. However, the final step involving the accumulation of anthocyanins in petal vacuoles remains unclear. We cloned and analyzed the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in Japanese gentian that are known to be involved in anthocyanin transport in other plant species. RESULTS We cloned GST1, which is expressed in gentian flower petals. Additionally, this gene belongs to the Phi-type GST clade related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. We used the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing system to generate loss-of-function GST1 alleles. The edited alleles were confirmed by Sanger and next-generation sequencing analyses. The GST1 genome-edited lines exhibited two types of mutant flower phenotypes, severe (almost white) and mild (pale blue). The phenotypes were associated with decreased anthocyanin accumulation in flower petals. In the GST1 genome-edited lines, sugar-induced stress conditions inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanins in stems and leaves, suggestvhing that GST1 is necessary for stress-related anthocyanin accumulation in organs other than flowers. These observations clearly demonstrate that GST1 is the gene responsible for anthocyanin transport in Japanese gentian, and is necessary for the accumulation of gentiodelphin in flowers. CONCLUSIONS In this study, an anthocyanin-related GST gene in Japanese gentian was functionally characterized. Unlike other biosynthesis genes, the functions of GST genes are difficult to examine in in vitro studies. Thus, the genome-editing strategy described herein may be useful for in vivo investigations of the roles of transport-related genes in gentian plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Present address: Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Momo Yoshida
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Minori Nakajima
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Atsumi Higuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
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Ahn CH, Ramya M, An HR, Park PM, Kim YJ, Lee SY, Jang S. Progress and Challenges in the Improvement of Ornamental Plants by Genome Editing. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060687. [PMID: 32481726 PMCID: PMC7356337 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological approaches have been used to modify the floral color, size, and fragrance of ornamental plants, as well as to increase disease resistance and vase life. Together with the advancement of whole genome sequencing technologies, new plant breeding techniques have rapidly emerged in recent years. Compared to the early versions of gene editing tools, such as meganucleases (MNs), zinc fingers (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) is capable of altering a genome more efficiently and with higher accuracy. Most recently, new CRISPR systems, including base editors and prime editors, confer reduced off-target activity with improved DNA specificity and an expanded targeting scope. However, there are still controversial issues worldwide for the recognition of genome-edited plants, including whether genome-edited plants are genetically modified organisms and require a safety evaluation process. In the current review, we briefly summarize the current progress in gene editing systems and also introduce successful/representative cases of the CRISPR system application for the improvement of ornamental plants with desirable traits. Furthermore, potential challenges and future prospects in the use of genome-editing tools for ornamental plants are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Ahn
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Jellabuk-do 55365, Korea; (C.H.A.); (M.R.); (H.R.A.); (P.M.P.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Mummadireddy Ramya
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Jellabuk-do 55365, Korea; (C.H.A.); (M.R.); (H.R.A.); (P.M.P.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Hye Ryun An
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Jellabuk-do 55365, Korea; (C.H.A.); (M.R.); (H.R.A.); (P.M.P.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Pil Man Park
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Jellabuk-do 55365, Korea; (C.H.A.); (M.R.); (H.R.A.); (P.M.P.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Yae-Jin Kim
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Jellabuk-do 55365, Korea; (C.H.A.); (M.R.); (H.R.A.); (P.M.P.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Su Young Lee
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, Jellabuk-do 55365, Korea; (C.H.A.); (M.R.); (H.R.A.); (P.M.P.); (Y.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.L.); (S.J.); Tel.: +82-238-6840 (S.Y.L.); +82-63-238-6677 (S.J.)
| | - Seonghoe Jang
- World Vegetable Center Korea Office (WKO), Wanju-gun, Jellabuk-do 55365, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.Y.L.); (S.J.); Tel.: +82-238-6840 (S.Y.L.); +82-63-238-6677 (S.J.)
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Sasaki K, Ohtsubo N. Production of multi-petaled Torenia fournieri flowers by functional disruption of two class-C MADS-box genes. PLANTA 2020; 251:101. [PMID: 32333191 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous knockdown or knockout of Torenia fournieri PLENA (TfPLE) and FALINELLI (TfFAR) genes with RNAi or genome-editing technologies generated a multi-petal phenotype in torenia. The MADS-box gene AGAMOUS (AG) is well known to play important roles in the development of stamens and carpels in Arabidopsis. Mutations in AG cause the morphological transformation of stamens and carpels into petaloid organs. In contrast, torenia (Torenia fournieri Lind.) has two types of class-C MADS-box genes, PLENA (PLE) and FALINELLI (FAR); however, their functions were previously undetermined. To examine the function of TfPLE and TfFAR in torenia, we used RNAi to knockdown expression of these two genes. TfPLE and TfFAR double-knockdown transgenic torenia plants had morphologically altered stamens and carpels that developed into petaloid organs. TfPLE knockdown transgenic plants also exhibited morphological transformations that included shortened styles, enlarged ovaries, and absent stigmata. Furthermore, simultaneous disruption of TfPLE and TfFAR genes by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing also resulted in the conversion of stamens and carpels into petaloid organs as was observed in the double-knockdown transgenic plants mediated by RNAi. In addition, the carpels of one TfPLE knockout mutant had the same morphological abnormalities as TfPLE knockdown transgenic plants. TfFAR knockdown genome-edited mutants had no morphological changes in their floral organs. These results clearly show that TfPLE and TfFAR cooperatively play important roles in the development of stamens and carpels. Simultaneous disruption of TfPLE and TfFAR functions caused a multi-petal phenotype, which is expected to be a highly valuable commercial floral trait in horticultural flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutomo Sasaki
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.
| | - Norihiro Ohtsubo
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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Boutigny AL, Dohin N, Pornin D, Rolland M. Overview and detectability of the genetic modifications in ornamental plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 32025314 PMCID: PMC6994484 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The market of ornamental plants is extremely competitive, and for many species genetic engineering can be used to introduce original traits of high commercial interest. However, very few genetically modified (GM) ornamental varieties have reached the market so far. Indeed, the authorization process required for such plants has a strong impact on the profitability of the development of such products. Considering the numerous scientific studies using genetic modification on ornamental species of interest, a lot of transformed material has been produced, could be of commercial interest and could therefore be unintentionally released on the market. The unintentional use of GM petunia in breeding programs has indeed recently been observed. This review lists scientific publications using GM ornamental plants and tries to identify whether these plants could be detected by molecular biology tools commonly used by control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Boutigny
- Anses, Plant Health Laboratory, Bacteriology Virology GMO Unit, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, 49044 Angers, cedex 01, France
| | - Nicolas Dohin
- Anses, Plant Health Laboratory, Bacteriology Virology GMO Unit, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, 49044 Angers, cedex 01, France
| | - David Pornin
- Anses, Plant Health Laboratory, Bacteriology Virology GMO Unit, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, 49044 Angers, cedex 01, France
| | - Mathieu Rolland
- Anses, Plant Health Laboratory, Bacteriology Virology GMO Unit, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, 49044 Angers, cedex 01, France
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Shan S, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Yang B. Considerations in adapting CRISPR/Cas9 in nongenetic model plant systems. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 8:e11314. [PMID: 31993256 PMCID: PMC6976890 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The past six years have seen the rapid growth of studies of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant genome editing, a method that enormously facilitates both basic research and practical applications. Most studies have focused on genetic model species, but plant species that are not genetic models may also be economically important or biologically significant, or both. However, developing the CRISPR/Cas9 system in a nongenetic model is challenging. Here, we summarize CRISPR/Cas9 applications in 45 plant genera across 24 families and provide a reference for practical application of CRISPR in nongenetic model plant systems. Suggestions for selecting plant species and target genes are given for proof-of-principle CRISPR studies, and the processes of vector construction are reviewed. We recommend using transient assays to identify a desired CRISPR/Cas9 system in a nongenetic model. We then review methods of plant transformation and describe approaches, using regenerated transgenic plants, for evaluating CRISPR editing results. Lastly, potential future applications of CRISPR in nongenetic model plant species are discussed. This review provides a road map for developing CRISPR in nongenetic models, an application that holds enormous potential in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchen Shan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611‐0180USA
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611‐7800USA
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611‐0180USA
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611‐7800USA
- Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611‐5585USA
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32610USA
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611‐0180USA
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611‐7800USA
- Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611‐5585USA
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32610USA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611‐8525USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri65211USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMissouri63132USA
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Erpen-Dalla Corte L, M. Mahmoud L, S. Moraes T, Mou Z, W. Grosser J, Dutt M. Development of Improved Fruit, Vegetable, and Ornamental Crops Using the CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Technique. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E601. [PMID: 31847196 PMCID: PMC6963220 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Horticultural crops, including fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plants are an important component of the agriculture production systems and play an important role in sustaining human life. With a steady growth in the world's population and the consequent need for more food, sustainable and increased fruit and vegetable crop production is a major challenge to guarantee future food security. Although conventional breeding techniques have significantly contributed to the development of important varieties, new approaches are required to further improve horticultural crop production. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has emerged as a valuable genome-editing tool able to change DNA sequences at precisely chosen loci. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was developed based on the bacterial adaptive immune system and comprises of an endonuclease guided by one or more single-guide RNAs to generate double-strand breaks. These breaks can then be repaired by the natural cellular repair mechanisms, during which genetic mutations are introduced. In a short time, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has become a popular genome-editing technique, with numerous examples of gene mutation and transcriptional regulation control in both model and crop plants. In this review, various aspects of the CRISPR/Cas9 system are explored, including a general presentation of the function of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in bacteria and its practical application as a biotechnological tool for editing plant genomes, particularly in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lamiaa M. Mahmoud
- Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt;
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
| | - Tatiana S. Moraes
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA;
| | - Jude W. Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
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Tasaki K, Higuchi A, Watanabe A, Sasaki N, Nishihara M. Effects of knocking out three anthocyanin modification genes on the blue pigmentation of gentian flowers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15831. [PMID: 31676875 PMCID: PMC6825144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing by the CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been used to produce gene knockout lines in many plant species. We applied this system to analyze Japanese gentian plants that produce blue flowers because of the accumulation of a polyacylated anthocyanin, gentiodelphin. Mutant lines in which anthocyanin modification genes were knocked out were examined to assess the contribution of each gene to the blue pigmentation of flowers. The targeted genes encoded anthocyanin 5-O-glycosyltransferase (Gt5GT), anthocyanin 3'-O-glycosyltransferase (Gt3'GT), and anthocyanin 5/3'-aromatic acyltransferase (Gt5/3'AT). The Gt5GT knockout lines accumulated delphinidin 3G, whereas the Gt3'GT knockout lines accumulated delphinidin 3G-5CafG as the major flower pigment. Knocking out Gt5/3'AT resulted in the accumulation of delphinidin 3G-5G-3'G and delphinidin 3G-5G as the primary and secondary pigments, respectively. These results indicated the existence of two pathways mediating the modification of delphinidin 3G-5G in flowers, with one involving a glycosylation by 3'GT and the other involving an acylation by 5/3'AT. The Gt5GT, Gt3'GT, and Gt5/3'AT transformants produced pale red violet, dull pink, and pale mauve flowers, respectively, unlike the vivid blue flowers of wild-type plants. Thus, the glycosylation and subsequent acylation of the 3'-hydroxy group of the B-ring in delphinidin aglycone is essential for the development of blue gentian flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Atsumi Higuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
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Xu J, Hua K, Lang Z. Genome editing for horticultural crop improvement. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:113. [PMID: 31645967 PMCID: PMC6804600 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Horticultural crops provide humans with many valuable products. The improvement of the yield and quality of horticultural crops has been receiving increasing research attention. Given the development and advantages of genome-editing technologies, research that uses genome editing to improve horticultural crops has substantially increased in recent years. Here, we briefly review the different genome-editing systems used in horticultural research with a focus on clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9)-mediated genome editing. We also summarize recent progress in the application of genome editing for horticultural crop improvement. The combination of rapidly advancing genome-editing technology with breeding will greatly increase horticultural crop production and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemeng Xu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Kai Hua
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhaobo Lang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
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