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Lou J, He W, Cui B, Wu F, Liu W, Deng J, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Si Y. Gram-negative Bacteria are Associated With Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Chronic Otitis Media. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:3335-3341. [PMID: 38332523 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECT Chronic otitis media (COM) is an inflammatory disease that commonly presents with otorrhea and hearing loss. Bacteria-induced inflammation can cause inner ear damage, leading to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This study aimed to compare the prevalence and severity of SNHL in patients with gram-negative versus gram-positive cultures and examine associations between the concentrations of circulating monocytes and neutrophils with bacteria species and SNHL. METHODS This was a retrospective study. Cholesteatoma or chronic suppurative otitis media patients with otorrhea were enrolled. Middle ear secretions were collected using sterile swabs under an otoscope, and sent for bacterial detection within 30 min. Pure tone audiometry and circulating leukocyte counts were recorded and analyzed in patients infected with different pathogens. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors associated with SNHL. RESULTS A total of 137 patients were enrolled, including 45 patients infected with gram-negative bacteria, 41 with gram-positive bacteria, 20 with polymicrobial infection, and 31 with no bacterial growth. Logistic regression analysis showed that bacterial culture positive infections (OR = 7.265, 95% CI 2.219-23.786, p = 0.001) were an independent risk factor for SNHL. Patients with gram-negative bacteria had higher risks of SNHL (p < 0.0001) and more severe hearing loss (p = 0.005) than those with gram-positive bacteria. COM patients infected with gram-negative bacteria showed an increase in circulating monocytes, which correlated with the occurrence of SNHL (p = 0.0343). CONCLUSION Gram-negative bacteria are associated with elevated circulating monocyte counts and have a higher risk of severe SNHL. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 134:3335-3341, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuhui He
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bozhen Cui
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingman Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Si
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ibiam FA, Egwu E, Moses IB, Iroha CS, Adekwu A, Obasikene G, Agbonifo M, Iroha IR. Antibiogram and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing pathogens implicated in chronic suppurative otitis media. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 46:108. [PMID: 38435409 PMCID: PMC10908298 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.46.108.41156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction beta-lactamase-producing bacteria, especially extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers have strong clinical relevance and have been implicated in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) treatment failures. This study aimed to determine the frequency, antibiogram, and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing gram-negative bacterial (GNB) pathogens isolated from patients with CSOM. Methods three hundred (300) ear swab samples collected from patients with active CSOM were analysed using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiogram of pathogens was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Phenotypic detection and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing GNB pathogens were performed by double disk synergy test (DDST) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa were more prevalent among CSOM patients with a duration of discharge >2 weeks. The frequency of ESBL producers among the GNB pathogens was 18.3%. Isolates were generally multidrug-resistant but very susceptible (100% - 70.4%) to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and amikacin. Multiple antibiotic resistance values of the isolates ranged from 0.7-0.8. Polymerase chain reaction showed that blaSHV (47.6%) was the most predominant ESBL genotype. This was followed by blaTEM (25.2%) and blaCTX-M (10.7%) as the least predominant ESBL gene. Concomitant expression of ESBL gene was observed in 13.6% of the isolates. Conclusion this study reported the occurrence and spread of β-lactamase-producing bacteria in patients with CSOM infections. It is therefore very crucial to screen for antibiotic-resistant pathogens at early stages of CSOM infections, for proper antimicrobial therapy and to curb the increasing spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Amadi Ibiam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Eze Egwu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Chidinma Stacy Iroha
- Department of Pharmacy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Amali Adekwu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Science Otukpo, Otukpo, Nigeria
| | - Godwin Obasikene
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Monday Agbonifo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ambrose Ali University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
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Amadi IF, Nchedo OC, Obaji AT, Agbonifo M, Eze E, Stacy IC, Benjamin MI, Romanus II. Detection of FOX-AmpC-β-lactamase gene and antibiogram of AmpC-beta-lactamase-producing pathogens isolated from chronic suppurative otitis media patients in Nigeria. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 15:779-787. [PMID: 38156308 PMCID: PMC10751608 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v15i6.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives AmpC-producing Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) pathogens are distributed worldwide, especially in clinical settings. This study aimed to determine the antibiogram and the type of AmpC-β-lactamase gene harboured by GNB pathogens implicated in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) cases. Materials and Methods Ear swab samples (300) collected from patients with active CSOM were analysed using standard microbiological techniques. Phenotypic and molecular detection of AmpC β-lactamase production was done by cefoxitin/cloxacillin double-disk synergy test and PCR respectively. Antibiogram was determined by disk diffusion technique. Results Among the GNB pathogens isolated from CSOM patients, P. aeruginosa was the most predominant (36.3%); followed by K. pneumoniae (22.3%), and E. coli (13.7%). Patients with active CSOM showed increased bacteria isolation rate from bilateral ear discharges than unilateral ear discharges. E. coli and P. aeruginosa were more prevalent among patients with duration of discharge >2 weeks; recording 9.0% and 20.3% respectively. AmpC β-lactamase producers accounted for 14.0%; they were highly resistant (60%-100%) to cephalosporins, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline, but very susceptible (70.4%-100%) to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and amikacin. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices of isolates ranged from 0.7-0.8. FOX-AmpC-β-lactamase gene was detected in 3.9% of the isolates. Conclusion The detection of AmpC β-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant GNB pathogens harbouring FOX-AmpC-β-lactamase gene among patients with CSOM infections in our study is a serious public health problem which needs urgent intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibiam Francis Amadi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Nigeria
| | | | - Ariom Thaddaeus Obaji
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resources and Agricultural Research, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Monday Agbonifo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ambrose Ali University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Egwu Eze
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Iroha Chidinma Stacy
- Department of Pharmacy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Moses Ikechukwu Benjamin
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
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Henok EA, Manilal A, Oumer Y, Keyta G, Birru M, Desta Araya B, Aklilu A, Alahmadi RM, Raman G, Idhayadhulla A. Factors Associated with Otitis Media Among Pediatrics in Two Government Hospitals in Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6405-6426. [PMID: 37789841 PMCID: PMC10544254 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s424927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial otitis media (OM) is a common infection among the pediatric community worldwide and is the first reason for prescribing antibiotics in pediatric practices. However, if not promptly diagnosed and appropriately treated, it may persist and cause severe intra- and extra-cranial hard-to-cure complications. Hence, knowing the magnitude, etiology, and antibiotic susceptibility profile is very important for the proper management. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 312 pediatrics (1 to 18 years) attending the Ear Nose Throat outpatient departments of the two title hospitals from 25 February to 30th August 2022. Patients were chosen through a systematic random sampling method. Data were obtained by means of a semi-structured questionnaire. Samples were collected to identify the causative bacteria as per microbiological guidelines. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done according to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion; SPSS version 25 was used for the analysis. Results The overall prevalence of otitis media was 67.3% (n=210); CSOM showed a slight preponderance (n=107) Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria were present in 59.8% (n=137) and 40.1% (n=92), respectively. Otitis media was predominantly caused by S. aureus (n=52, 56.5%), followed by Proteus spp. (n=33, 24%). Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin, and tetracycline, whereas their positive counterparts were considerably penicillin and co-trimoxazole resistant. Overall, 61.5 and 19.2% of the isolates were MDR and XDR, respectively. MRSA, MR-CoNs, and VRE were 38.4% (n=20), 17.1% (n=5), and 58.3% (n=12), respectively; 19.7% (n=25) of Gram-negative bacteria produced ESBL, and 7% (n=9) were carbapenem-resistant. History of exposure to loud noise [AOR=3.4; CI=1.14-10.23; P-value=0.028] and family history of smoking at home [AOR=2.9; CI=1.18-7.25; P-value=0.020] have the greatest odds of otitis media. Conclusion Overall, the prevalence of otitis media is showing an upward trend, and MDR among bacterial isolates is increasing alarmingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrem Araya Henok
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Aseer Manilal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Yisiak Oumer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Gebre Keyta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Melkam Birru
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Birhane Desta Araya
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Addis Aklilu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Reham Mosleh Alahmadi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gurusamy Raman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk-Do, South Korea
| | - Akbar Idhayadhulla
- Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 621007, India
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Elling CL, Goff SH, Hirsch SD, Tholen K, Kofonow JM, Curtis D, Robertson CE, Prager JD, Yoon PJ, Wine TM, Chan KH, Scholes MA, Friedman NR, Frank DN, Herrmann BW, Santos-Cortez RLP. Otitis Media in Children with Down Syndrome Is Associated with Shifts in the Nasopharyngeal and Middle Ear Microbiotas. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:221-228. [PMID: 37522794 PMCID: PMC10494904 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2023.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Otitis media (OM) is defined as middle ear (ME) inflammation that is usually due to infection. Globally, OM is a leading cause of hearing loss and is the most frequently diagnosed disease in young children. For OM, pediatric patients with Down syndrome (DS) demonstrate higher incidence rates, greater severity, and poorer outcomes. However, to date, no studies have investigated the bacterial profiles of children with DS and OM. Method: We aimed to determine if there are differences in composition of bacterial profiles or the relative abundance of individual taxa within the ME and nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiotas of pediatric OM patients with DS (n = 11) compared with those without DS (n = 84). We sequenced the 16S rRNA genes and analyzed the sequence data for diversity indices and relative abundance of individual taxa. Results: Individuals with DS demonstrated increased biodiversity in their ME and NP microbiotas. In children with OM, DS was associated with increased biodiversity and higher relative abundance of specific taxa in the ME. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that dysbioses in the NP of DS children contributes to their increased susceptibility to OM compared with controls. These findings suggest that DS influences regulation of the mucosal microbiota and contributes to OM pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Elling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Salina H. Goff
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Scott D. Hirsch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Tholen
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Kofonow
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Danielle Curtis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Prager
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Patricia J. Yoon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd M. Wine
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenny H. Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa A. Scholes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Norman R. Friedman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian W. Herrmann
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Regie Lyn P. Santos-Cortez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Children's Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Influence of pneumatization on morphology of temporal bone-related vasculatures and their morphometric relationship with ear regions: a computed tomography study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1996. [PMID: 36737493 PMCID: PMC9898243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatomical variations in the location and position of temporal bone-related vasculature are routinely encountered in clinical practice, contributing to clinical syndromes and complexities in ear-related and neurological surgeries. Pneumatization of the temporal bone (TB) is one of several factors that have been hypothesized to influence the variabilities and variations of these vessels. This study aimed to investigate the association between the degree of pneumatization and the morphologies of some TB-related vessels, as well as their morphometrical relationship with ear regions. Observational retrospective chart review of 496 TBs computed tomographic scans were examined. Different degrees of pneumatization were observed, with hyper-pneumatization being the most common and hypo-pneumatization being the least. Various anatomical variants of the sigmoid sinus (SS), jugular bulb (JB), and internal carotid artery (ICA) were observed. Distances of SS and JB to ear regions were observed to have significant differences (p < 0.05) in laterality. These distances increased relative to increased air cells, showing a significant association (p < 0.05). A significant association (p < 0.001) was also observed between the degree of pneumatization and variants of JB and ICA. High JB, JB dehiscence, and ICA dehiscence were significantly associated with increased pneumatization, while flat JB was significantly associated with decreasing pneumatization. However, no significant association (p = 0.070, p = 0.645) was observed between the degree of pneumatization and morphologies of SS. This study concludes that the degree of pneumatization influences only the jugular bulb variants and ICA dehiscence, as well as the distances of SS and JB to ear regions.
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Mohamed Ali I, Duman C, Bozdağ İ, Artan Abdi A, Nor Abdi M, Karakurt SE, Yiğit Ö. Microbiology and Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Somalia. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:7733-7739. [PMID: 36597453 PMCID: PMC9805702 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s390886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the microbiological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates obtained from patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) presenting to the otorhinolaryngology clinic of a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods A total of 225 patients diagnosed with chronic suppurative otitis media were included in the study. Samples of middle ear discharge were collected from each patient and cultured using standard microbiological techniques, and bacterial identification was performed. Drug susceptibility pattern was assessed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute criteria. Results The study sample (n=225) comprised 122 females and 103 males. Among 225 samples tested, bacterial growth was present in 200 (88.9%) and absent in 25 (11.1%) samples. Of 200 samples with bacterial growth, monomicrobial growth was detected in 176 (88%). Gram-positive bacteria were observed in 40 (22.7%) and Gram-negative bacteria in 136 (77.3%) samples. The bacteriology of the samples with monomicrobial growth consisted of (in decreasing frequency) Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella sp. A high rate of resistance was detected against penicillin antibiotics, erythromycin, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole. Resistance to cephalosporins, clindamycin, vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, levofloxacin, meropenem, and ertapenem was low. Conclusion While the frequencies of isolated bacterial species were consistent with other reports from the region, differences were observed in the antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates when examined individually for each antibiotic. Further studies are warranted in the same region and different parts of Somalia, coupled with ongoing assessment of antibiotic susceptibility patterns in CSOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Mohamed Ali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Education and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia,Correspondence: Ismail Mohamed Ali, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Education and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia, Tel +252615304261, Email
| | - Cihan Duman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Education and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - İlkay Bozdağ
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Education and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Abdihakim Artan Abdi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Education and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Mohamed Nor Abdi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Education and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Süleyman Emre Karakurt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Education and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Özgür Yiğit
- Head Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ficenec SC, Grant DS, Sumah I, Alhasan F, Yillah MS, Brima J, Konuwa E, Gbakie MA, Kamara FK, Bond NG, Engel EJ, Shaffer JG, Fischer WA, Wohl DA, Emmett SD, Schieffelin JS. The prevalence of Post-Ebola Syndrome hearing loss, Sierra Leone. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:624. [PMID: 35850699 PMCID: PMC9290210 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, hearing loss is the second leading cause of disability, affecting approximately 18.7% of the world's population. However, the burden of hearing loss is unequally distributed, with the majority of affected individuals located in Asia or Sub-Saharan Africa. Following the 2014 West African Ebola Outbreak, disease survivors began to describe hearing loss as part of the constellation of symptoms known as Post-Ebola Syndrome. The goal of this study was to more fully characterize hearing loss among Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) survivors. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS EVD survivors and their household contacts were recruited (n = 1,12) from Eastern Sierra Leone. Each individual completed a symptom questionnaire, physical exam, and a two-step audiometry process measuring both air and bone conduction thresholds. In comparison to contacts, EVD survivors were more likely to have complaints or abnormal findings affecting every organ system. A significantly greater percentage of EVD survivors were found to have hearing loss in comparison to contacts (23% vs. 9%, p < 0.001). Additionally, survivors were more likely to have bilateral hearing loss of a mixed etiology. Logistic regression revealed that the presence of any symptoms of middle or inner ear (p < 0.001), eye (p = 0.005), psychiatric (p = 0.019), and nervous system (p = 0.037) increased the odds of developing hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first to use an objective and standardized measurement to report hearing loss among EVD survivors in a clinically meaningful manner. In this study it was found that greater than 1/5th of EVD survivors develop hearing loss. The association between hearing impairment and symptoms affecting the eye and nervous system may indicate a similar mechanism of pathogenesis, which should be investigated further. Due to the quality of life and socioeconomic detriments associated with untreated hearing loss, a greater emphasis must be placed on understanding and mitigating hearing loss following survival to aid in economic recovery following infectious disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Ficenec
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Donald S Grant
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Ibrahim Sumah
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed S Yillah
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Jenneh Brima
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Edwin Konuwa
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael A Gbakie
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Fatima K Kamara
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Nell G Bond
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Emily J Engel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William A Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David A Wohl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan D Emmett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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9
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Dayie NT, Bannah V, Dwomoh FP, Kotey FC, Donkor ES. Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Aetiologies of Childhood Otitis Media in Accra, Ghana. Microbiol Insights 2022; 15:11786361221104446. [PMID: 35734305 PMCID: PMC9208041 DOI: 10.1177/11786361221104446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Otitis media (OM), also known as middle ear infection, is a clinically significant childhood disease. In sub-Saharan Africa, there is a paucity of contemporary reports on it is bacterial aetiologies and antimicrobial resistance among them. Aim: To investigate the OM bacterial aetiologies and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among children visiting the Ear, Nose, and Throat clinics of 3 healthcare facilities in Accra, Ghana – Princess Marie Louise Children’s Hospital, 37 Military Hospital, and Mamprobi Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 100 children below 13 years old with suppurative otitis media. Following standard bacteriological methods, sterile ear swabs were used to take middle ear discharges from the study participants for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A standard questionnaire was also used to collect data on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: The major OM bacterial aetiologies were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (19.8%), Proteus mirabilis (11.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus (10.4%). The majority of the bacteria demonstrated low to moderate resistance (0%-33.3%) to most of the antibiotics. Eight of the bacteria (4 each of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers; 6 ampicillinase (Amp C)-producing organisms (4 Citrobacter spp. and one each of Morganella morganii and Serratia marcescens) were also identified, and they showed high antibiotic resistance. Conclusions: The predominant OM aetiologies were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and they were generally susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested. Amikacin, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem could be valuable in the empirical management of childhood OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tkd Dayie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vida Bannah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felicia P Dwomoh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Medical Laboratory, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fleischer Cn Kotey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.,FleRhoLife Research Consult, Teshie, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric S Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
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10
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Aladeyelu OS, Olaniyi KS, Olojede SO, Mbatha WBE, Sibiya AL, Rennie CO. Temporal bone pneumatization: A scoping review on the growth and size of mastoid air cell system with age. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269360. [PMID: 35657972 PMCID: PMC9165849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in the mastoid air cell system arose from the association between temporal bone aeration and otitis media. Its size and growth have been considered when planning chronic and middle ear surgeries. The objective of this review was to explore the literature on the size of mastoid air cells with age, highlighting various growth rates reported and mapping out areas yet to be fully understood for further research. A three-step systematic search was conducted for available literature on the subject matter viz; Google Scholar, Medline, Cochrane Library, and PubMed. Eligibility criteria guided the study selection, and eligible studies were subjected to appraisal using screening and quantitative criteria of mixed-method appraisal tool. A data extraction form was developed to extract information from eligible studies. Nine studies met the eligibility criteria. 55.6% of the included studies were conducted among the east and south Asian population, 33.3% were conducted among Scandinavians, and 11.1% in South America. Age groupings varied among studies; 33.3% utilized 1-year age grouping, 33.3% utilized 5-year age grouping, 11.1% utilized 10-year age grouping. In reporting the size of mastoid air cells across age groupings, 66.7% utilized area, 22.2% utilized volume, while 11.1% utilized both area and volume. Findings from this review showed that the mastoid air cells’ size with respect to age differs among populations of different origins. The most common measurements were the area of air cells. The highest growth rate was reported up to 30 years. Findings also show the influence of sex on the size of mastoid air cells and growth rate with age, as females were reported to have larger air cells with rapid growth until puberty. However, the male mastoid air cell system continues a steady growth after puberty and becomes larger. Information still lacks in the volume of air cells in pediatric pneumatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okikioluwa Stephen Aladeyelu
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine Campus, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samuel Oluwaseun Olojede
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine Campus, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Wonder-Boy Eumane Mbatha
- Lake, Smit & Partners Inc., Durban, South Africa
- Department of Radiology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andile Lindokuhle Sibiya
- Discipline of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine Campus, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of ENT, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carmen Olivia Rennie
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine Campus, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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11
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Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Otitis Media in Misan Governorate. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined 150 ear swab samples from patients with otitis media who consulted at Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital from January to April 2021 in Misan, Iraq. The participants were aged 14–50 years, among which the infection rate was highest in participants aged 14–22 years and lowest in those aged 40–50 years. Subsequently, bacterial isolates were identified based on their morphology in various culture media and using biochemical tests. Six bacterial species were identified, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest infection rate (30%), whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis had the lowest infection rate (8.55%). When the sensitivity of each isolate to antibiotics was determined, Escherichia coli was the most sensitive to trimethoprim (TMP), whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant to 75% of the tested antibiotics.
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12
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Getaneh A, Ayalew G, Belete D, Jemal M, Biset S. Bacterial Etiologies of Ear Infection and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Six-Year Retrospective Study. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:4313-4322. [PMID: 34707376 PMCID: PMC8542893 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s332348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ear infection is responsible for up to 40% of preventable hearing impairment; one of the reasons for frequent and unwise antibiotic usage, especially in the developing world. Since the incidence of antibiotic resistance is increasing, especially in resource-limited countries, up-to-date knowledge on the susceptibility of ear-discharge isolates to antibiotic is important for better patient treatment. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the bacterial etiologies and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles among patients suspected with ear infections. METHODS We collected retrospective data from bacteriological results of ear discharge samples from 2013 to 2018. Sample collection, culture preparation, and bacterial identification were performed using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. We extracted and inputted the data using Epi-info version 7 and exported it to SPSS version 20 for analysis. RESULTS The overall ear-discharge culture positivity rate was 283/369 (76.7%) (95% CI = 72.4-81.3), with 14/283 (4.95%) mixed infections. Staphylococcus aureus (27.9%), Proteus spps (20.8%), Streptococcus spps (10%), and Pseudomonas spps (8.92%) were the main isolates. High-level resistance rates for tetracycline (77.6%), penicillins (67.2%), erythromycin (52.6%), and co-trimoxazole (52%), and low-level resistance rates for fluoroquinolones (23.3%), aminoglycosides (23.7%), and cephalosporins (29.8%) were observed. More than 45% of isolates, with 50.9% of Gram-negative and 37.3% of Gram-positive, were multidrug-resistant. CONCLUSION Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the leading cause of ear infections. The presence of high number of multidrug-resistant strains calls for the need for periodic and continuous follow-up of antibiotic usage in the study area. Further studies are recommended to explore the types of ear infections, with their etiologic agents and possible risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alem Getaneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Ayalew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Debaka Belete
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohabaw Jemal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Biset
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Yang F, Liu C, Ji J, Cao W, Ding B, Xu X. Molecular Characteristics, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Patients with Aural Infections in Shanghai, China. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:3637-3645. [PMID: 34522106 PMCID: PMC8434892 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s328781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate molecular characteristics, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with aural infections. METHODS Isolates (n = 199) were collected from ear discharges of patients with aural infections from January 2019 to December 2020. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. All isolates were subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with amplification and sequencing of seven housekeeping genes. Biofilm formation and eradication were quantitatively assessed in microtiter plates. Genes associated with biofilm formation and the quinolone-resistance-determining region (QRDR) of genes gyrA and parC were investigated using polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing. RESULTS Of the 199 P. aeruginosa strains isolated, 109 (54.77%) were from females and 90 (45.23%) were from males. The isolates exhibited very low rates of resistance to most antibiotics tested, including piperacillin (1.51%), ceftazidime (0.50%), and imipenem (3.52%); however, the quinolones ciprofloxacin (80.40%) and levofloxacin (82.91%) were notable exceptions. The QRDR sequence results of the quinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates showed Thr83Ile (n = 155) was the most common amino acid mutation in gyrA (n = 165), while Ser87Leu (n = 157) was widely detected in parC (n = 165). MLST analysis identified 34 sequence types (STs) with most isolates belonging to ST316 (73.87%). Almost all of the P. aeruginosa isolates (96.98%) produced biofilms and biofilm-forming genes algD (98.49%), pslD (96.98%), and pelF (96.48%) were highly prevalent. CONCLUSION The P. aeruginosa strains isolated from aural discharges in this study exhibited very low rates of resistance to most antibiotics tested, except for the resistance rates to quinolones, which were relatively high. The isolates also exhibited a strong biofilm formation ability and low susceptibility to eradication, indicating that more effective drugs and treatment methods are needed to combat these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baixing Ding
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Ooi SZY, Sichimba D, Dalle DU, Higginbotham G, Takoutsing BD, Bankole NDA, Egiz A, Kotecha J, de Koning R, Nguembu S, Zolo Y, Dokponou YCH, Chilawa S, Bandyopadhyay S, Kanmounye US. Management and Outcomes of Paediatric Intracranial Suppurations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review. Front Surg 2021; 8:690895. [PMID: 34466410 PMCID: PMC8403063 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.690895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Intracranial suppurations account for a significant proportion of intracranial masses in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly among children. The development of better imaging equipment, antibiotics, and surgical techniques has enabled significant progress in detecting and treating intracranial abscesses. However, it is unclear whether these advances are accessible and utilised by LMICs. In this review, we aimed to describe the landscape of paediatric intracranial suppurations in LMICs. Methods: This scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. MEDLINE, EMBASE, WHO Global Index Medicus, AJOL and Google scholar were searched for relevant articles from database inception to January 18th, 2021. Publications in English and French were included. Results: Of the 1,011 records identified, 75 were included. The studies, on average, included 18.8 (95% CI = 8.4-29.1) children (mean age: 8.2 years). Most children were male (62.2%, 95% CI = 28.7-95.7%). Intracranial suppurations were most commonly (46.5%) located in the supratentorial brain parenchyma. The most prevalent causative mechanism was otitis (37.4%) with streptococcus species being the most common causative organism (19.4%). CT scan (71.2%) was most commonly used as a diagnostic tool and antibiotics were given to all patients. Symptoms resolved in 23.7% and improved in 15.3% of patients. The morbidity rate was 6.9%, 18.8% of patients were readmitted, and the mortality rate was 11.0%. Conclusion: Most intracranial suppurations were complications of preventable infections and despite MRI being the gold standard for detecting intracranial suppurations, CT scans were mostly used in LMICs. These differences are likely a consequence of inequities in healthcare and have resulted in a high mortality rate in LMICs.
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15
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Skarżyński PH, Świerniak W, Gos E, Gocel M, Skarżyński H. Organizational Aspects and Outcomes of a Hearing Screening Program Among First-Grade Children in the Mazovian Region of Poland. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2021; 52:856-867. [PMID: 34098724 DOI: 10.1044/2021_lshss-20-00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and assess a hearing screening program of first-grade children in Poland. The program aimed to detect hearing disorders and increase awareness among parents of hearing problems. Method A hearing screening program was conducted in all elementary schools of the biggest region in Poland. A total of 34,618 first-graders were screened. The hearing screening protocol included video otoscopy and pure-tone audiometry. The program also included an information campaign directed to the local community and educational meetings between parents and medical staff. Results The estimated prevalence of hearing loss was 11%. Unilateral hearing loss was more common than bilateral hearing loss. Mild hearing loss was more frequent than moderate (or worse) hearing loss. In otoscopy, the most common positive result was otitis media with effusion. Parents and medical staff took part in 1,608 educational meetings, broadening the parents' knowledge of how to care for hearing. Conclusions A hearing screening program not only provides data on the prevalence of childhood hearing problems but is also an avenue for providing the local community with valuable knowledge about how to care for hearing. This study demonstrated the importance for systematic monitoring of children's hearing status and of increasing awareness among parents and teachers of the significance of hearing loss. The hearing screening of children starting school should become a standard part of school health care programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Henryk Skarżyński
- Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland.,Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Sensory Organs, Nadarzyn, Kajetany, Poland
| | - Weronika Świerniak
- Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gos
- Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Gocel
- Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Skarżyński
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngosurgery, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Mnyambwa NP, Mahende C, Wilfred A, Sandi E, Mgina N, Lubinza C, Kahwa A, Petrucka P, Mfinanga S, Ngadaya E, Kimaro G. Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Routine Clinical Specimens from Referral Hospitals in Tanzania: A Prospective Hospital-Based Observational Study. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:869-878. [PMID: 33688222 PMCID: PMC7937390 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s294575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest threats of modern public health. Although sub-Saharan Africa is highly burdened with infectious diseases, current data on antimicrobial resistance are sparse. Methods A prospective study was conducted between October 2018 and September 2019 to assess the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical bacterial isolates obtained from four referral hospitals in Tanzania. We used standard media and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards. Results We processed a total of 2620 specimens of which 388 (14.8%) were culture-positive from patients with a median (IQR) age of 28 (12–44) years. Of the positive cultures, 52.3% (203) were from females. Most collected specimens were ear pus 28.6% (111), urine 24.0% (93), wound pus 20.6% (80), stool 14.9% (58), and blood 8.3% (32). Predominant isolates were S. aureus 28.4% (110), E. coli 15.2% (59), P. aeruginosa 10.6% (41), P. mirabilis 7.0% (27), V. cholerae 01 Ogawa 6.2% (24), Klebsiella spp. 5.2% (20) and Streptococcus spp. 4.6% (18). Generally, the isolates exhibited a high level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as Ampicillin, Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline, Trimethoprim, third-generation Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime), and reserved drugs (Clindamycin and Meropenem). S. aureus isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics tested; 66.7% were classified as MRSA infections. Conclusion Antibiotic resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics was alarmingly high. Our findings emphasize the need for comprehensive national control programs to combat antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholaus P Mnyambwa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Coline Mahende
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Amani Wilfred
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Erica Sandi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Nicodem Mgina
- Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (CTRL), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Clara Lubinza
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Amos Kahwa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Pammla Petrucka
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.,University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Sayoki Mfinanga
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Esther Ngadaya
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Godfather Kimaro
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Khatun MR, Alam KMF, Naznin M, Salam MA. Microbiology of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: An update from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh. Pak J Med Sci 2021; 37:821-826. [PMID: 34104172 PMCID: PMC8155403 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.3.3942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Chronic suppurative otitis media is a major cause of acquired hearing impairment, especially in children of developing countries. The study sought to explore the bacteriological profile and their antimicrobial susceptibility among patients of chronic suppurative otitis media from a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross sectional microbiological study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Bangladesh from January to December 2019. Aural swabs were collected aseptically from clinically suspected patients irrespective of age and gender attending the ear, nose and throat outpatient department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. Aerobic bacterial culture was done and isolates were identified through standard bacteriological identification scheme. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates was done by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Of 96 swabs, culture yielded a total of 73 bacterial isolates from 68(70.8%) culture-positive plates including 63 (65.6%) unimicrobial and 5 (5.2%) polymicrobial (mixed growth of a pair of bacteria) growths. Frequency distribution revealed, 40(55%) gram-negative and 33(45%) gram-positive bacteria with Staphylococcus aureus was the leading isolate (37%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31.5%), Escherichia coli (13.7%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (8.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.5%) and Proteus spp. (4.1%). Gram-positive bacteria were found to be highly susceptible (100%) to Linezolid and Vancomycin followed by Imipenem (83 to 96.3%), while moderate to high resistance (44 to 67%) was observed against Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Amoxicillin/Clavulanate and Clindamycin. For gram-negative bacteria, susceptibility ranged from 67 to 100% to Imipenem, 67 to 96% to Piperacillin/Tazobactam and 67 to 83% to Gentamicin, while moderate to high resistance (50 to 75%) was observed against Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime and Amoxicillin/Clavulanate. Conclusion: Moderate to high level of multidrug-resistance especially to 3rd generation cephalosporins, Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin/Clavulanate is an alarming situation. It warns reinforcement of judicious antibiotic prescription and introduction of antibiotic stewardship program in the tertiary care hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Romena Khatun
- Mst. Romena Khatun, M, Phil. Lecturer, Department of Virology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh
| | - Kh Md Faisal Alam
- Kh. Md. Faisal Alam, PhD. Associate Professor Department of Microbiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmuda Naznin
- Mahmuda Naznin, M. Phil. Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdus Salam
- Prof. Md. Abdus Salam, PhD, FRCP (UK). Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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