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Owda AY. A New Method for Detecting Dehydration of the Human Body Using Non-Contact Millimeter Wave Radiometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4461. [PMID: 39065857 PMCID: PMC11280757 DOI: 10.3390/s24144461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Dehydration is a common problem in the aging population. Medical professionals can detect dehydration using either blood or urine tests. This requires experimental tests in the lab as well as urine and blood samples to be obtained from the patients. This paper proposed 100 GHz millimeter wave radiometry for early detection of dehydration. Reflectance measurements were performed on healthy and dehydrated patients of both genders (120 males and 80 females) in the aging population. Based on the cause of dehydration, the patient groups were divided into three categories: (1) patients dehydrated due to less thirst sensation, (2) patients dehydrated due to illnesses (vomiting and diarrhea), and (3) patients dehydrated due to diabetes. Reflectance measurements were performed on eight locations: (1) the palm, (2) the back of the hand, (3) the fingers, (4) the inner wrist, (5) the outer wrist, (6) the volar side of the arm, (7) the dorsal surface of the arm, and (8) the elbow. Skin dehydrated due to vomiting and diarrhea was found to have lower reflectance at all the measurement locations compared with healthy and other types of dehydrated skin. The elbow region showed the highest difference in reflectance between healthy and dehydrated skin. This indicates that radiometric sensitivity is sufficient to detect dehydration in a few seconds. This will reduce the patient's waiting time and the healthcare professional's intervention time as well as allow early treatment of dehydration, thus avoiding admission to hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Yousef Owda
- Department of Natural, Engineering and Technology Sciences, Arab American University, Ramallah P600, Palestine
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2
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Reis da Silva TH. Understanding body fluid balance, dehydration and intravenous fluid therapy. Emerg Nurse 2024:e2201. [PMID: 38978385 DOI: 10.7748/en.2024.e2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
This article examines the role of water in the body, the balance of fluids in the body and the provision of intravenous (IV) fluids to patients who are dehydrated, providing a comprehensive overview of these topics for nurses. The author details various aspects of practice in IV fluid therapy, including the types of fluids used, their indications, administration and potential side effects. The article also discusses dehydration and how nurses can identify and treat this complication, which can occur as a result of many different conditions. Drawing on the relevant research, this article aims to advance nurses' knowledge of the care of patients who are dehydrated and require IV fluid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Horta Reis da Silva
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London, London, England
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3
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Ogbolu MO, Eniade OD, Vincze M, Kozlovszky M. Psychometric Properties of the Knowledge of Hydration among Foreign Students of Óbuda University, Hungary. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1152. [PMID: 38891227 PMCID: PMC11172119 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12111152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
It is known that the quantity, makeup, and distribution of bodily fluids have a significant impact on the cognitive health, physiological health, and cell activity of human beings. This narrative could be influenced by the level of knowledge about hydration, dehydration, and the practice of Adequate Water Intake (AWI) of an individual based on the recommended daily Total Water Intake (TWI) by either the World Health Organization (WHO) or the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In this study, we have developed and validated a scale to adequately measure knowledge of the recommended daily Total Water Intake (TWI) practices among foreign students at Óbuda University, Hungary. Hence, we implemented an 11-item scale to measure the Knowledge of Hydration (KH-11) and evaluate its psychometric properties among students. This study is an online cross-sectional study assessing water intake knowledge with the use of the KH-11 tool among 323 students with ages ranging from 18 to 35 years, who have enrolled for at least two semesters at the University. The statistical analysis performed was reliability (using Cronbach alpha ≥ 70%) and factor analysis. Knowledge levels were categorized as poor (<50%), intermediate (50-70%), or adequate (71-100%). The intraclass correlation, chi-square, and rotated component matrix were also estimated and reported. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Cronbach's alpha analysis revealed that the KH-11 had an overall good reliability with a value of 0.80, where the survey items had an acceptable level of consistency ranging from 0.75 to 0.81 and demonstrated sufficient independence from each other as Pearson's R within factors was positive and ranged from 0.02 to 0.74. In evaluating the participants' knowledge of hydration, the total possible score for the scale is 72, while the mean score for the KH-11 was 55.2 ± 11.61 SD, and the factor analysis model yielded an acceptable fit (χ2 = 3259.4, p = 0.000). We recorded a high-level positive concordance of 0.770 with an average intraclass correlation of 0.80 at a 95% CI, where p-value = 0.000. Our findings show that the majority (66.3%) of the students have a good knowledge of hydration. However, the skewed distribution of the knowledge scores suggests that some may have lower levels of knowledge, which may warrant further study to improve knowledge in those students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Omone Ogbolu
- BioTech Research Center, University Research and Innovation Center, Óbuda University, Bécsi Str. 96/b, 1034 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Olanrewaju D. Eniade
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, CW22+H4W, Queen Elizabeth II Road, Agodi, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria;
- International Foundation against Infectious Disease in Nigeria (IFAIN), 6A, Dutse Street, War College Estate, Gwarimpa, Abuja 900108, Nigeria
| | - Miklós Vincze
- BioTech Research Center, University Research and Innovation Center, Óbuda University, Bécsi Str. 96/b, 1034 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Kozlovszky
- John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Óbuda University, Bécsi Str. 96/b, 1034 Budapest, Hungary;
- Medical Device Research Group, LPDS, Institute for Computer Science and Control (SZTAKI), Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), Kende Str. 13-17, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
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Al Abri Z, Al Kiyumi M, Jaju S, Al Saadoon M. Medical Students' Clinical Knowledge of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: A cross-sectional comparative study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2024; 24:221-228. [PMID: 38828240 PMCID: PMC11139366 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.1.2024.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate and compare the clinical knowledge implications of the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) preservice education between pre-clerkship and junior clerkship medical students. Methods This observational comparative cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2022 at Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. A self-administered questionnaire was utilised and included questions on sociodemographic data, duration of IMCI preservice training, knowledge of the participants concerning the IMCI objectives and information on a range of childhood conditions. Results A total of 97 medical students were included in the study. The majority of students (42.3%) had received 2 lectures in IMCI preservice training. The role of the IMCI approach in reducing childhood morbidity and mortality was advocated by the majority of students (80.8% in the junior-clerkship [JCR] group and 73.3% in the pre-clerkship group). The awareness of the IMCI component of improving the health system was higher in JCR compared to pre-clerkship participants (P = 0.044). When compared to pre-clerkship students, the JCR participants demonstrated a slightly higher awareness of skin pinch (P = 0.038), chest indrawing (P = 0.008), anaemia assessment based on nail bed examination (P = 0.002), diagnostic assessment of malnutrition based on palm examination (P = 0.018), sucking capacity in breastfeeding (P = 0.025), and vaccines such as those for tuberculosis (P = 0.001), pneumococcal (P = 0.018) and rotavirus (P = 0.007). Conclusion The majority of students displayed good IMCI knowledge and JCR students showed better knowledge compared to pre-clerkship candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamzam Al Abri
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Maisa Al Kiyumi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, University Medical City, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sanjay Jaju
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health
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Hsieh CY, Huang HY, Chan CT, Chiu LT. An Analysis of Fluid Intake Assessment Approaches for Fluid Intake Monitoring System. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:14. [PMID: 38248391 PMCID: PMC10813732 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring fluid intake is essential to help people manage their individual fluid intake behaviors and achieve adequate hydration. Previous studies of fluid intake assessment approaches based on inertial sensors can be categorized into wrist-worn-based and smart-container-based approaches. This study aims to analyze wrist-worn-based and smart-container-based fluid intake assessment approaches using inertial sensors. The comparison of these two approaches should be analyzed according to gesture recognition and volume estimation. In addition, the influence of the fill level and sip size information on the performance is explored in this study. The accuracy of gesture recognition with postprocessing is 92.89% and 91.8% for the wrist-worn-based approach and smart-container-based approach, respectively. For volume estimation, sip-size-dependent models can achieve better performance than general SVR models for both wrist-worn-based and smart-container-based approaches. The improvement of MAPE, MAD, and RMSE can reach over 50% except MAPE for small sip sizes. The results demonstrate that the sip size information and recognition performance are important for fluid intake assessment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yeh Hsieh
- Bachelor’s Program in Medical Informatics and Innovative Applications, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yun Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (C.-T.C.); (L.-T.C.)
| | - Chia-Tai Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (C.-T.C.); (L.-T.C.)
| | - Li-Tzu Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (C.-T.C.); (L.-T.C.)
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6
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Aguilar-Torán J, Rabost-Garcia G, Toinga-Villafuerte S, Álvarez-Carulla A, Colmena-Rubil V, Fajardo-Garcia A, Cardona-Bonet A, Casals-Terré J, Muñoz-Pascual X, Miribel-Català P, Punter-Villagrasa J. Novel Sweat-Based Wearable Device for Advanced Monitoring of Athletic Physiological Biometrics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9473. [PMID: 38067846 PMCID: PMC10708619 DOI: 10.3390/s23239473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Blood testing has traditionally been the gold standard for the physiological analysis and monitoring of professional athletes. In recent years, blood testing has moved out of the laboratory thanks to portable handheld devices, such as lactate meters. However, despite its usefulness and widespread use, blood testing has several drawbacks and limitations, such as the need for the athlete to stop exercising for blood extraction and the inability to have data continuously collected. In this scenario, sweat has become an alternative to blood testing because of its rich content of electrolytes and metabolites, as well as small quantities of sugars, proteins, and ions. Nevertheless, there are few devices capable of analyzing this biofluid and providing useful information to users. In this paper, an electronic system designed for the autonomous analysis of sweat electrolytes and metabolites along with heart rate dynamics is presented. This system is part of a novel wearable device tailored for athletes that offers to the user a real-time assessment of their physiological status and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Aguilar-Torán
- Onalabs Inno-Hub SL, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Genis Rabost-Garcia
- Onalabs Inno-Hub SL, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | | | | | - Valeria Colmena-Rubil
- Onalabs Inno-Hub SL, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | - Jasmina Casals-Terré
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | | | - Pere Miribel-Català
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Koutentakis M, Kuciński J, Świeczkowski D, Surma S, Filipiak KJ, Gąsecka A. The Ketogenic Effect of SGLT-2 Inhibitors-Beneficial or Harmful? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:465. [PMID: 37998523 PMCID: PMC10672595 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10110465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, also called gliflozins or flozins, are a class of drugs that have been increasingly used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to their glucose-lowering, cardiovascular (CV), and renal positive effects. However, recent studies suggest that SGLT-2 inhibitors might also have a ketogenic effect, increasing ketone body production. While this can be beneficial for some patients, it may also result in several potential unfavorable effects, such as decreased bone mineral density, infections, and ketoacidosis, among others. Due to the intricate and multifaceted impact caused by SGLT-2 inhibitors, this initially anti-diabetic class of medications has been effectively used to treat both patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and those with heart failure (HF). Additionally, their therapeutic potential appears to extend beyond the currently investigated conditions. The objective of this review article is to present a thorough summary of the latest research on the mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors, their ketogenesis, and their potential synergy with the ketogenic diet for managing diabetes. The article particularly discusses the benefits and risks of combining SGLT-2 inhibitors with the ketogenic diet and their clinical applications and compares them with other anti-diabetic agents in terms of ketogenic effects. It also explores future directions regarding the ketogenic effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Koutentakis
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jakub Kuciński
- Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Damian Świeczkowski
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Surma
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 00-001 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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Palejwala Z, Wallman KE, Landers GJ, Anbalagan P, Wood FM, Maloney SK. Living in Western Australia induces some physiological adaptations of seasonal acclimatisation in the surgical burns team. Temperature (Austin) 2023; 11:110-122. [PMID: 38846522 PMCID: PMC11152095 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2023.2281210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal acclimatization is known to result in adaptations that can improve heat tolerance. Staff who operate on burn injuries are exposed to thermally stressful conditions and seasonal acclimatization may improve their thermoeffector responses during surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the physiological and perceptual responses of staff who operate on burn injuries during summer and winter, to determine whether they become acclimatized to the heated operating theater. Eight staff members had physiological and perceptual responses compared during burn surgeries conducted in thermoneutral (CON: 24.1 ± 1.2°C, 45 ± 7% relative humidity [RH]) and heated (HOT: 31.3 ± 1.6°C, 44 ± 7% RH) operating theaters, in summer and winter. Physiological parameters that were assessed included core temperature, heart rate, total sweat loss, sweat rate, and urinary specific gravity. Perceptual responses included ratings of thermal sensation and comfort. In summer, CON compared to winter CON, baseline (85 ± 15 bpm VS 94 ± 18 bpm), mean (84 ± 16 bpm VS 93 ± 18 bpm), and peak HR (94 ± 17 bpm VS 105 ± 19 bpm) were lower (p < 0.05), whereas core temperature was not different between seasons in either condition (p > 0.05). In HOT, ratings of discomfort were higher in summer (15 ± 3) than winter (13 ± 3; p > 0.05), but ratings of thermal sensation and sweat rate were similar between seasons (p > 0.05). The surgical team in burns in Western Australia can obtain some of the physiological adaptations that result from seasonal acclimatization, but not all. That is most likely due to a lower than required amount of outdoor heat exposure in summer, to induce all physiological and perceptual adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Palejwala
- School of Human Sciences (Sports Science Exercise and Health), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Karen E. Wallman
- School of Human Sciences (Sports Science Exercise and Health), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Grant J. Landers
- School of Human Sciences (Sports Science Exercise and Health), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Prashan Anbalagan
- School of Human Sciences (Sports Science Exercise and Health), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Fiona M. Wood
- Burn service of Western Australia, WA Department of Health, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, and Burn service of WA South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shane K. Maloney
- School of Human Sciences (Sports Science Exercise and Health), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Sri-On J, Thong-On K, Kredarunsooksree T, Paksopis T, Ruangsiri R. Prevalence and Risk Score for Hypertonic Dehydration among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: An Analysis of the Bangkok Falls Study. Gerontology 2023; 69:953-960. [PMID: 37011597 DOI: 10.1159/000530359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dehydration is associated with morbidity, and many factors affect dehydration in older adults including age and medication use. This study determined the prevalence of hypertonic dehydration (HD) and factors affecting HD in older adults and developed a risk score (a set of consistent weights that assign a numerical value to each risk factor) which is potentially useful in predicting HD among community-dwelling Thai older adults. METHODS Data were obtained from a cohort study of community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years in Bangkok, Thailand, between October 1, 2019, and September 30, 2021. Current HD was defined as a serum osmolality >300 mOsm/kg. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with current and impending HD. The risk score for current HD was developed based on the final multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS A total of 704 participants were included in the final analysis. In this study, 59 (8.4%) participants had current HD and 152 (21.6%) had impending HD. We identified three risk factors for HD in older adults: age ≥75 years (adjusted odds ratio [aORs] 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-3.46), underlying diabetes mellitus (aORs 3.07, 95% CI: 1.77-5.31), and use of β-blocker medication (aORs 1.98, 95% CI: 1.04-3.78). The increasing risks of current HD with increasing risk scores were 7.4% for a score of 1, 13.8% for a score of 2, 19.8% for a score of 3, and 32.8% for a score of 4. CONCLUSION One-third of the older adults in this study had current or impending HD. We identified risk factors for HD and created a risk score for HD in one group of community-dwelling older adults. Older adults with risk scores of 1-4 were at 7.4%-32.8% risk for current HD. The clinical utility of this risk score requires further study and external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Sri-On
- Geriatric Emergency Medicine Unit, The Department of Emergency Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwannapa Thong-On
- Geriatric Emergency Medicine Unit, The Department of Emergency Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thitiwan Paksopis
- Geriatric Emergency Medicine Unit, The Department of Emergency Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rasida Ruangsiri
- Thai Health Promotion Organization (ThaiHealth), Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Le H, Rai V, Agrawal DK. Cholesterol: An Important Determinant of Muscle Atrophy in Astronauts. JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 2023; 6:67-79. [PMID: 37006714 PMCID: PMC10062007 DOI: 10.26502/jbb.2642-91280072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Since cholesterol is not routinely measured in astronauts before and after their return from space, there is no data on the role of blood cholesterol level in muscle atrophy and microgravity. Since the first moon landing, aerospace medicine became outdated and has not pushed boundaries like its rocket engineering counterpart. Since the 2019 astronaut twin study, there has yet to be another scientific breakthrough for aerospace medicine. Microgravity-induced muscle atrophy is the most known consequence of spaceflight. Yet, so far, there is no therapeutic solution to prevent it or any real efforts in understanding it on a cellular or molecular level. The most obvious reason to this unprecedented level of research is due to the small cohort of astronauts. With the establishment of private space industries and exponential recruitment of astronauts, there is more reason to push forward spaceflight-related health guidelines and ensure the safety of the brave humans who risk their lives for the progression of mankind. Spaceflight is considered the most challenging job and the failure to prevent injury or harm should be considered reckless negligence by the institutions that actively prevented sophistication of aerospace medicine. In this critical review, role of cholesterol is analyzed across the NASA-established parameters of microgravity-induced muscle atrophy with a focus on potential therapeutic targets for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoangvi Le
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
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11
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Muzzamil M, Pervez H, Nawaz R, Raza S, Tharwani ZH, Nisa M. Impact of facemasks on the mouth as an emerging dental concern: A survey among residents of Karachi. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2023; 19:101183. [PMID: 36467549 PMCID: PMC9699707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The illness known as "mask-mouth syndrome," which is brought on by constantly covering one's mouth and nose with a mask, was particularly prevalent among healthcare personnel. The covid-19 pandemic, however, had far-reaching effects on people's daily lives all around the world, to the point where mask use became practically mandatory. With Covid-19 posing a new threat to dental health, this study aims to assess the public's awareness of the issue and investigate how wearing a facemask affects oral hygiene. Methods Cross-sectional research was conducted at Karachi's Jinnah Medical & Dental College. From February to May of 2022, it was carried out in the Dental Opd. A survey of 400 people was conducted, representing a cross-section of society in terms of age, gender, occupation, and other criteria. The poll had 11 closed-ended questions. The data was analyzed using SPSS 24. Descriptive analysis was used to examine the responses. Results Men made up 44.5% (n = 174) of responses and women 56.5% (n = 226). Mean participant age was 27.31, ranging from 18 to 50. 99% (n = 396) of respondents wear masks. 48% (n = 192) of participants were uncomfortable using facemasks. Disposable face masks were voted the best option by 60.5% of respondents (n = 242). Negative effects or conditions brought on by mask use, such as halitosis (47.3%, n = 189) and dehydration (64.3%, n = 257). Conclusion Mask-mouth syndrome can occur as a result of using a face mask for prolonged periods of time. Mask benefits outweigh the danger of mask mouth syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zoaib Habib Tharwani
- Dow University of Health Sciences (Dow Medical College), Pakistan,Corresponding author
| | - Maryam Nisa
- Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Dehydration risk factors and outcomes in older people in rural areas. FRONTIERS OF NURSING 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fon-2022-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To determine the risk factors for dehydration in elderly people in one of Elbehira Governorate’s villages.
Methods: A descriptive correlational design was utilized in this study. The study was conducted at Elnemaria village, Markaz Abo Elmatamir, Elbehira Governorate, Egypt. Data were collected using 3 tools: a structured interviewing questionnaire, a dehydration knowledge questionnaire, and a dehydration risk appraisal checklist.
Results: The study found that 29.5% of the participants were aged between 65 and 70. Males constituted 51% of the study participants. The majority of the study participants regularly took anti-acids, anti-inflammatory drugs, and diuretics. Among the elderlies comprising the respondents, 40% had a low level of knowledge regarding dehydration. More than half of the study subjects were at moderate risk for dehydration.
Conclusions: The study showed that half of the participants had diabetes and a medium level of information about dehydration. The study also showed in general that the elderly in the village are exposed to a moderate dehydration rate, and there is also a strong relationship between taking different types of medication and the occurrence of dehydration.
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Kiatkitroj K, Arphorn S, Tangtong C, Maruo SJ, Ishimaru T. Risk factors associated with heat-related illness among sugarcane farmers in Thailand. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2022; 60:447-458. [PMID: 34819408 PMCID: PMC9539147 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2021-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heatstroke is defined as severe symptoms of heat-related illness, which could lead to death. Sugarcane farmers are at high risk of heatstroke under extremely hot outdoor working conditions. We explored the prevalence of heat-related illness symptoms and risk factors related to heat-related illness among sugarcane farmers working in the summer. We conducted a cross-sectional study using questionnaire interviews among 200 sugarcane farmers in Kamphaeng Phet Province, Thailand. The questionnaire addressed demographics, heat-related symptoms experienced during summer at work, and occupational factors. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to assess body mass index and body fat percentage. Watson formula equations were used to estimate total body water. The prevalence of heat-related illness symptoms was 48%; symptoms included heavy sweating, weakness/fatigue, dizziness, muscle cramps, headache, and vertigo. Factors associated with heat-related illness included women and clothing. Sugarcane farmers wearing two-layer shirts had a higher risk of heat-related illness. Farmers with fluid intake 3.1-5.0 liters per day had a 79% lower risk of heat-related illness. Our findings demonstrated that sugarcane farmers are at risk of heat-related illness. We confirmed that working conditions, including wearing proper clothing and water-drinking habits, can reduce this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanpitcha Kiatkitroj
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Sara Arphorn
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Thailand
| | - Chaiyanun Tangtong
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Thailand
| | - Suchinda Jarupat Maruo
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Thailand
| | - Tomohiro Ishimaru
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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Namineni N, Potok OA, Ix JH, Ginsberg C, Negoianu D, Rifkin DE, Garimella PS. Marathon Runners' Knowledge and Strategies for Hydration. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:517-522. [PMID: 34723866 PMCID: PMC9050964 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study hydration plans and understanding of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) among current marathon runners. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Southern California 2018 summer marathon. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred ten marathon runners. INTERVENTIONS Survey administered 1 to 2 days before the race. Race times were obtained from public race website. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Planned frequency of hydration; awareness of, understanding of, and preventative strategies for dehydration and EAH; resources used to create hydration plans; drink preferences. RESULTS When the participants were split into 3 equal groups by racing speed, the slower tertile intended to drink at every mile/station (60%), whereas the faster tertile preferred to drink every other mile or less often (60%), although not statistically significant. Most runners (84%) claimed awareness of EAH, but only 32% could list a symptom of the condition. Both experienced marathoners and the faster tertile significantly had greater understanding of hyponatremia compared with first-time marathoners and the slower tertile, respectively. Less than 5% of marathoners offered "drink to thirst" as a prevention strategy for dehydration or EAH. CONCLUSION Slower runners plan to drink larger volumes compared with their faster counterparts. Both slower and first-time marathoners significantly lacked understanding of EAH. These groups have plans and knowledge that may put them at higher risk for developing EAH. Most marathon runners did not know of the guidelines to "drink to thirst," suggesting the 2015 EAH Consensus statement may not have had the desired impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeharika Namineni
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - O. Alison Potok
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joachim H. Ix
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Charles Ginsberg
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dan Negoianu
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dena E. Rifkin
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pranav S. Garimella
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Rodin D, Shapiro Y, Pinhasov A, Kreinin A, Kirby M. An accurate wearable hydration sensor: Real-world evaluation of practical use. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272646. [PMID: 36001536 PMCID: PMC9401113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wearable body hydration sensor employing photoplethysmographic and galvanic biosensors was field evaluated using 240 human participants with equal numbers of men and women volunteers. Monitoring of water mass loss due to perspiration was performed by medical balance measurements following one of two different treadmill physical exercise regimens over 90 minutes in 15-minute intervals with intervening 10-minute rest periods. Participants wore two different models of the dehydration body monitor device mated to commercially-available smartwatches (Samsung Gear S2 and Samsung Gear Fit2). Device output was recorded by Bluetooth wireless link to a standard smartphone in 20-second blocks. Comparison of the devices with the standard measurement method (change in body mass measured by medical balance) indicated very close agreement between changes in body water mass and device output (percent normalized mean root square error averaged approximately 2% for all participants). Bland-Altman analyses of method agreement indicated that <5% of participant values fell outside of the 95% confidence interval limits of agreement and all measured value differences were normally distributed around the line of equality. The results of this first-ever field trial of a practical, wearable hydration monitor suggests that this device will be a reliable tool to aid in geriatric hydration monitoring and physical training scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Rodin
- Institute for Personalized and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Yair Shapiro
- Department of Health Administration and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Anatoly Kreinin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Michael Kirby
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Renal transcriptome profiles in mice reveal the need for sufficient water intake irrespective of the drinking water type. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10911. [PMID: 35764881 PMCID: PMC9240086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to characterize the impact of long-term dehydration in terms of physiological and biochemical parameters, as well as renal transcriptomes. Furthermore, we assessed whether consumption of specific types of water elicit more beneficial effects on these health parameters. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were either provided water for 15 min/day over 2 and 4 weeks (water restricted; RES), or ad libitum access to distilled (CON), tap, spring, or purified water. Results show that water restriction decreases urine output and hematocrit levels while increasing brain vasopressin mRNA levels in RES mice compared to control mice (CON). Meanwhile, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were higher in the RES group compared to the CON group. Kidney transcriptome analysis further identified kidney damage as the most significant biological process modulated by dehydration. Mechanistically, prolonged dehydration induces kidney damage by suppressing the NRF2-signaling pathway, which targets the cytoprotective defense system. However, type of drinking water does not appear to impact physiological or blood biochemical parameters, nor the renal transcriptome profile, suggesting that sufficient water consumption is critical, irrespective of the water type. Importantly, these findings also inform practical action for environmental sustainability by providing a theoretical basis for reducing bottled water consumption.
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Shaban M, Mohammed H, Hassan S. Role of community health nurse in the prevention of elderly dehydration: A mini-review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE NURSING 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jin.jin_36_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Albasheer OB, Hakami A, Al Faqih AA, Akkam I, Soraihy SK, Mathary A, Alharbi AA, Yaqoub M, Alotayfi MA. Awareness of dehydration state and fluid intake practice among adults population in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia, 2019. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e84. [PMID: 34733496 PMCID: PMC8532066 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the hot climate and high humidity in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia, which increases risk for dehydration, no previous studies have assessed awareness of dehydration and fluid intake practice among adults in this region. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine awareness of the dehydration state and fluid intake practices among 440 adults in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia. Out of the total, 51⋅8 % were male and 48⋅2 % were females. Good knowledge of dehydration definition and prevention and recommended minimum water intake was observed in 98, 95 and 75 % of the participants, respectively. Fifty-nine percent of the participants met the minimum daily requirement of 3 l or more per day. The age (95 % CI 1⋅003, 1⋅017, P value = 0⋅006), diabetes (95 % CI 1⋅028, 1⋅459, P value = 0⋅023) and prior hospitalisation due to dehydration (95 % CI 1⋅010, 1⋅378, P value = 0⋅037) were associated with higher water intake. Additional glasses of coffee (95 % CI 1⋅02, 1⋅115, P value = 0⋅004) and juice (95 % CI 1⋅039, 1⋅098, P value < 0⋅001) were associated with more water intake. The participants exhibited good knowledge of dehydration definition, symptoms and consequences. Intake of fluids such as 'juice and coffee' enhances more water intake. Although two-thirds of the participants met the recommended daily water intake, still one-third of them did not meet this level. Innovative approaches to enhance healthy drinking are warranted and may include partnering with patients to take an active role in hydration monitoring and increasing communication with the different healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama B. Albasheer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Hakami
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ibrahim Akkam
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Safwan K. Soraihy
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Mathary
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Alharbi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Yaqoub
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed A. Alotayfi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Ahmeda AF, Al-Ahmadi TF, Alotaibi AF, Alshehri MA, Almousa AM, Alshehri OM, Alanazi AZ, Anweigi LM. The awareness of water intake and its correlation with BMI among students attending national and international secondary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Libyan J Med 2021; 16:1918903. [PMID: 33899704 PMCID: PMC8079079 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2021.1918903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration is linked to worse cognitive functions and preference for beverages that are linked to obesity and other health conditions. Saudi Arabia’s hot climate can exacerbate these effects and it is important to ensure that children in the region understand the benefits of adequate water intake. To evaluate secondary school student perceptions and practices regarding water intake, investigate how water intake is related to BMI and school performance, and compare international schools to national schools. This cross-sectional study surveyed understanding and practices relating to water intake of national and international secondary school students using a questionnaire based on a random selection of schools and students. One-hundred and sixty-two students from international schools (I) and 157 from national schools (N) responded. Most were aged 16 and 17 years old (I:61.1%, N:76.5%, p = .005). The average BMI of all students was 24.9 ± 6.013 (I:23.6 ± 4.658, N:26.1 ± 6.931, p < 0.001). Students understood beverages do not replace water intake (I:80.2%, N:75.8%, p = .337) and preferred water when thirsty (I:77.8%, N:75.2%, p = .549). However, water consumption was low with more than 50% of students drinking less than 1500 ml a day (I:54.3%, N:70.7%, p = .002). A positive correlation between BMI and water intake was observed only among international school students. Students have inadequate water intake despite understanding the importance of hydration. There are some differences between international school students and national school students that can be attributed to the availability and sources of water, though other factors cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad F Ahmeda
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | - Omar M Alshehri
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lamyia M Anweigi
- College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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20
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Nsiah-Asamoah CNA, Buxton DNB. Hydration and water intake practices of commercial long-distance drivers in Ghana: what do they know and why does it matter? Heliyon 2021; 7:e06512. [PMID: 33851041 PMCID: PMC8022146 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization indicates that hydration is indispensable to human life. A long-period of dehydration can result in fatigue, drowsiness and mental confusion which can result in committing serious blunders. For commercial drivers, however, these blunders can be life-threatening and their hydration cannot be overemphasized. AIM This study was therefore undertaken to assess the water intake practices of Commercial Long-Distance drivers (CLDDs). The study was also aimed at assessing their knowledge levels on the role of water in promoting a healthy body and the consequences of dehydration. SETTING CLDDs in Ghana who ply between Accra - Cape Coast - Takoradi or Accra - Kumasi. METHODS A cross-sectional study which involved 256 CLDDs was conducted at six (6) commercial bus stations in Accra and Cape Coast from December 2019 to January 2020. Structured questionnaires were administered to obtain socio-demographic and water intake practices of CLDDs. SPSS was used to generate descriptive statistics based on the data collected. RESULTS A high proportion (57.8%) of the CLDDs reported that they drunk about 2500ml-3000ml of water on a daily basis. Most (53.1%) relied on their thirst feeling to prompt them to drink water. A little over half (51.1%) consumed energy drinks believed to hydrate the body. A major barrier to drinking water regularly was to avoid frequent stop-overs to use the washroom while travelling. CONCLUSION The findings reveal concerns about knowledge gaps with regard to the importance of water consumption and barriers to adequate drinking of water among CLDDs. Findings also suggest that many CLDDs relied on their thirst perceptions to prompt them to drink water. Health Education programmes targeting CLDDs should include conveying the importance of water intake and healthy hydration practices for optimal physical and cognitive performance.
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21
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Veilleux JC, Caldwell AR, Johnson EC, Kavouras S, McDermott BP, Ganio MS. Examining the links between hydration knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:991-1000. [PMID: 30945033 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the psychological factors (knowledge, barriers and facilitators) that can contribute to hydration-related behaviors (i.e., fluid intake) in the general population and how these relate to physical health. METHODS A structured survey was developed to examine the links between hydration knowledge (29 items), attitudes about hydration (80 items), and fluid intake behavior (8 items) among US adults. Survey data from Phase 1 (n =301, US adults) psychometrically evaluated the items via item analysis (knowledge and fluid behavior) and factor analysis (attitudes). Phase 2 survey data (n =389, US adults and college students) refined and validated the new 16-item hydration knowledge measure, 4-item fluid intake behavior index, and 18-item attitude measure (barriers and facilitators of hydration-related behaviors) alongside indices of physical health (BMI and exercise behaviors). RESULTS Participants had a moderate level of hydration knowledge (Phase 1: 10.91 ± 3.10; Phase 2: 10.87 ± 2.47). A five-factor measure of attitudes which assessed both facilitators (social pressure and attention to monitoring) and barriers (lack of effort, physical barriers and lack of a fluid container) to hydration demonstrated strong internal consistency (αs from 0.75 to 0.90). Attitudes about hydration-most notably barriers to hydration-were associated with indicators of health and with fluid intake behaviors, whereas hydration knowledge was not. CONCLUSIONS Increasing hydration knowledge may be necessary for people who hold inaccurate information about hydration, but attitudes about hydration are likely to have a larger impact on fluid intake behaviors and health-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Veilleux
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Aaron R Caldwell
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Evan C Johnson
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Stavros Kavouras
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Brendon P McDermott
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Matthew S Ganio
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
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