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Vázquez E, Juturu P, Burroughs M, McMullin J, Cheney AM. Continuum of Trauma: Fear and Mistrust of Institutions in Communities of Color During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cult Med Psychiatry 2024; 48:290-309. [PMID: 37776491 PMCID: PMC11217119 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-023-09835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Historical, cultural, and social trauma, along with social determinants of health (SDOH), shape health outcomes, attitudes toward medicine, government, and health behaviors among communities of color in the United States (U.S.). This study explores how trauma and fear influence COVID-19 testing and vaccination among Black/African American, Latinx/Indigenous Latin American, and Native American/Indigenous communities. Leveraging community-based participatory research methods, we conducted 11 virtual focus groups from January to March of 2021 with Black/African American (n = 4), Latinx/Indigenous Latin American (n = 4), and Native American/Indigenous (n = 3) identifying community members in Inland Southern California. Our team employed rapid analytic approaches (e.g., template and matrix analysis) to summarize data and identify themes across focus groups and used theories of intersectionality and trauma to meaningfully interpret study findings. Historical, cultural, and social trauma induce fear and mistrust in public health and medical institutions influencing COVID-19 testing and vaccination decisions in communities of color in Inland Southern California. This work showcases the need for culturally and structurally sensitive community-based health interventions that attend to the historical, cultural, and social traumas unique to racial/ethnic minority populations in the U.S. that underlie fear and mistrust of medical, scientific, and governmental institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Vázquez
- Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521-9800, USA
| | - Preeti Juturu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Burroughs
- Center for Healthy Communities, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Juliet McMullin
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Ann M Cheney
- Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521-9800, USA.
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Nolan MB, Chrenka E, Walker P, Steiner A, Rodrigues KK, Michel JJ, Yun K, Payton C, Young J, Mamo B, Frumholtz M, DeSilva M. COVID-19 vaccine uptake among non-US-born populations in the United States, 2020-2022. Vaccine 2024; 42:3115-3121. [PMID: 38604910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States (US), COVID-19 vaccination rates among non-US-born individuals (i.e., refugees, immigrants, and migrants [RIM]) are variable. Understanding baseline COVID-19 vaccine coverage among these populations and determining if disparities exist is essential for quality improvement initiatives and public health interventions. METHODS Baseline COVID-19 vaccination rates for both primary series and booster doses were calculated at four health systems located in Minnesota, Colorado, and Pennsylvania participating in the Minnesota Department of Health's Center of Excellence in Newcomer Health. Patients aged ≥5 years as of 1/1/22, seen for ≥1 primary care visit during 7/1/2019-6/30/22 were included. Descriptive statistics were calculated for three measures of COVID-19 vaccine coverage during 12/14/2020-6/30/2022: 1) initiation of primary series; 2) completion of primary series; 3) completion of first booster. We calculated vaccine coverage rates for the entire population and stratified by subgroup including country of origin, refugee status, and primary language preference. RESULTS We included 1,624,573 patients eligible for COVID-19 primary series vaccine and 907,749 eligible for COVID-19 booster vaccination. The percent of eligible patients who completed a COVID-19 primary series (63.4 %) and booster dose (66.2 %) were similar. Completion of the primary series was higher for non-US-born persons (72.7 %) compared with US born persons (65.4 %), similar among refugees (63.5 %) and non-refugees (63.4 %), and lower in patients with language preference other than English (62.7 %) compared with English preferring patients (63.6 %). Booster completion was lower for non-US-born persons (61.8 %), refugees (46.7 %), and patients with language preference other than English (55.3 %) compared with US-born (70 %), non-refugees (66.3 %), and English preferring patients (67.3 %) respectively. CONCLUSIONS This evaluation identified disparities in COVID-19 vaccination rates among non-US-born persons and persons with a language preference other than English living in the US. Targeted outreach efforts may be beneficial in reaching these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Nolan
- HealthPartners Institute, 8170 33rd Ave S, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA.
| | - Ella Chrenka
- HealthPartners Institute, 8170 33rd Ave S, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA
| | - Patricia Walker
- HealthPartners Institute, 8170 33rd Ave S, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA
| | - Abigail Steiner
- Denver Health & Hospital Authority, 777 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | | | - Jeremy J Michel
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine Yun
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Colleen Payton
- Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; Moravian University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Janine Young
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Blain Mamo
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Malini DeSilva
- HealthPartners Institute, 8170 33rd Ave S, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA
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Leung DYL, Hwu H, Khan S, Mamuji A, Rozdilsky J, Chu T, Lee C. Understanding the Risk of Social Vulnerability for the Chinese Diaspora during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Model Driving Risk Perception and Threat Appraisal of Risk Communication-A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:512. [PMID: 38673423 PMCID: PMC11050064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, immigrants were among the most socially vulnerable in Western countries. The Chinese diaspora in Canada were one such group due to the widespread cultural stigma surrounding their purported greater susceptibility to transmit and become infected by COVID-19. This paper aims to understand the social vulnerability of the Chinese diaspora in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, during the first wave of COVID-19 from an explanation of their risk perception and threat appraisal of risk communication. We conducted secondary data analysis of 36 interviews using critical realism. The participants self-identified as being of Chinese descent. The results were used to develop a model of how social vulnerability occurred. In brief, cognitive dissonance was discovered to generate conflicts of one's cultural identity, shaped by social structures of (i) stigma of contagion, (ii) ethnic stigma, and (iii) public sentiment, and mediated by participants' threat appraisal and (iv) self-reliance. We assert that risk communicators need to consider their audiences' diverse socialization in crafting messages to modify behaviors, create a sense of responsibility, and mitigate public health threats. A lack of awareness of one's cognitive dissonance driven by cultural vulnerability may heighten their social vulnerability and prevent them from taking action to protect themself from high-risk events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilary Hwu
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada; (H.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Shoilee Khan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (S.K.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Aaida Mamuji
- Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (S.K.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Jack Rozdilsky
- Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (S.K.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Terri Chu
- Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (S.K.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Charlotte Lee
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada; (H.H.); (C.L.)
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Nanaw J, Sherchan JS, Fernandez JR, Strassle PD, Powell W, Forde AT. Racial/ethnic differences in the associations between trust in the U.S. healthcare system and willingness to test for and vaccinate against COVID-19. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1084. [PMID: 38641573 PMCID: PMC11027359 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trust in the healthcare system may impact adherence to recommended healthcare practices, including willingness to test for and vaccinate against COVID-19. This study examined racial/ethnic differences in the associations between trust in the U.S. healthcare system and willingness to test for and vaccinate against COVID-19 during the first year of the pandemic. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the REACH-US study, a nationally representative online survey conducted among a diverse sample of U.S. adults from January 26, 2021-March 3, 2021 (N = 5,121). Multivariable logistic regression estimated the associations between trust in the U.S. healthcare system (measured as "Always", "Most of the time", "Sometimes/Almost Never", and "Never") and willingness to test for COVID-19, and willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Racial/ethnic differences in these associations were examined using interaction terms and multigroup analyses. RESULTS Always trusting the U.S. healthcare system was highest among Hispanic/Latino Spanish Language Preference (24.9%) and Asian (16.7%) adults and lowest among Multiracial (8.7%) and Black/African American (10.7%) adults. Always trusting the U.S. healthcare system, compared to never, was associated with greater willingness to test for COVID-19 (AOR: 3.20, 95% CI: 2.38-4.30) and greater willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine (AOR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.97-3.65). CONCLUSIONS Trust in the U.S. healthcare system was associated with greater willingness to test for COVID-19 and receive the COVID-19 vaccine, however, trust in the U.S. healthcare system was lower among most marginalized racial/ethnic groups. Efforts to establish a more equitable healthcare system that increases trust may encourage COVID-19 preventive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Nanaw
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juliana S Sherchan
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica R Fernandez
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paula D Strassle
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Allana T Forde
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Rodriguez Espinosa P, Vázquez E, AuYoung M, Zaldivar F, Cheney AM, Sorkin D, Zender R, Corchado CG, Burke NJ. Partnering With Community Health Workers to Address COVID-19 Health Inequities: Experiences of the California Alliance Against COVID-19. Am J Public Health 2024; 114:S45-S49. [PMID: 38207262 PMCID: PMC10785166 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
With funding from the National Institutes of Health's Community Engagement Alliance, starting in fall 2020, 11 academic medical centers and 75 community partners came together as the California Alliance Against COVID-19 to address COVID-19 inequities in California. Using data from focus groups, statewide meetings, and a statewide partner survey, we describe how promotoras and community health workers (P/CHWs; n = 540) helped to promote access to COVID-19 information, testing, and vaccination. We highlight opportunities to promote health equity among other public health collaborators with a P/CHW model. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S1):S45-S49. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307471).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Evelyn Vázquez and Ann Marie Cheney are with the Department of Social Medicine Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine. Mona AuYoung is with the Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. Frank Zaldivar, Dara Sorkin, and Robynn Zender are with the Institute for Clinical and Transnational Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Claudia G. Corchado is with Cultiva la Salud, United Way of Merced County, Merced, CA. Nancy J. Burke is with the Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced
| | - Evelyn Vázquez
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Evelyn Vázquez and Ann Marie Cheney are with the Department of Social Medicine Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine. Mona AuYoung is with the Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. Frank Zaldivar, Dara Sorkin, and Robynn Zender are with the Institute for Clinical and Transnational Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Claudia G. Corchado is with Cultiva la Salud, United Way of Merced County, Merced, CA. Nancy J. Burke is with the Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced
| | - Mona AuYoung
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Evelyn Vázquez and Ann Marie Cheney are with the Department of Social Medicine Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine. Mona AuYoung is with the Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. Frank Zaldivar, Dara Sorkin, and Robynn Zender are with the Institute for Clinical and Transnational Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Claudia G. Corchado is with Cultiva la Salud, United Way of Merced County, Merced, CA. Nancy J. Burke is with the Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced
| | - Frank Zaldivar
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Evelyn Vázquez and Ann Marie Cheney are with the Department of Social Medicine Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine. Mona AuYoung is with the Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. Frank Zaldivar, Dara Sorkin, and Robynn Zender are with the Institute for Clinical and Transnational Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Claudia G. Corchado is with Cultiva la Salud, United Way of Merced County, Merced, CA. Nancy J. Burke is with the Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced
| | - Ann Marie Cheney
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Evelyn Vázquez and Ann Marie Cheney are with the Department of Social Medicine Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine. Mona AuYoung is with the Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. Frank Zaldivar, Dara Sorkin, and Robynn Zender are with the Institute for Clinical and Transnational Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Claudia G. Corchado is with Cultiva la Salud, United Way of Merced County, Merced, CA. Nancy J. Burke is with the Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced
| | - Dara Sorkin
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Evelyn Vázquez and Ann Marie Cheney are with the Department of Social Medicine Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine. Mona AuYoung is with the Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. Frank Zaldivar, Dara Sorkin, and Robynn Zender are with the Institute for Clinical and Transnational Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Claudia G. Corchado is with Cultiva la Salud, United Way of Merced County, Merced, CA. Nancy J. Burke is with the Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced
| | - Robynn Zender
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Evelyn Vázquez and Ann Marie Cheney are with the Department of Social Medicine Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine. Mona AuYoung is with the Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. Frank Zaldivar, Dara Sorkin, and Robynn Zender are with the Institute for Clinical and Transnational Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Claudia G. Corchado is with Cultiva la Salud, United Way of Merced County, Merced, CA. Nancy J. Burke is with the Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced
| | - Claudia G Corchado
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Evelyn Vázquez and Ann Marie Cheney are with the Department of Social Medicine Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine. Mona AuYoung is with the Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. Frank Zaldivar, Dara Sorkin, and Robynn Zender are with the Institute for Clinical and Transnational Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Claudia G. Corchado is with Cultiva la Salud, United Way of Merced County, Merced, CA. Nancy J. Burke is with the Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced
| | - Nancy J Burke
- Patricia Rodriguez Espinosa is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Evelyn Vázquez and Ann Marie Cheney are with the Department of Social Medicine Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine. Mona AuYoung is with the Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. Frank Zaldivar, Dara Sorkin, and Robynn Zender are with the Institute for Clinical and Transnational Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Claudia G. Corchado is with Cultiva la Salud, United Way of Merced County, Merced, CA. Nancy J. Burke is with the Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced
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Johannesson JM, Glover WA, Petti CA, Veldman TH, Tsalik EL, Taylor DH, Hendren S, Neighbors CE, Tillekeratne LG, Kennedy SW, Harper B, Kibbe WA, Corbie G, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Woods CW, Lee MJ. Access to COVID-19 testing by individuals with housing insecurity during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: a scoping review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1237066. [PMID: 37841714 PMCID: PMC10568314 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1237066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic focused attention on healthcare disparities and inequities faced by individuals within marginalized and structurally disadvantaged groups in the United States. These individuals bore the heaviest burden across this pandemic as they faced increased risk of infection and difficulty in accessing testing and medical care. Individuals experiencing housing insecurity are a particularly vulnerable population given the additional barriers they face. In this scoping review, we identify some of the barriers this high-risk group experienced during the early days of the pandemic and assess novel solutions to overcome these barriers. Methods A scoping review was performed following PRISMA-Sc guidelines looking for studies focusing on COVID-19 testing among individuals experiencing housing insecurity. Barriers as well as solutions to barriers were identified as applicable and summarized using qualitative methods, highlighting particular ways that proved effective in facilitating access to testing access and delivery. Results Ultimately, 42 studies were included in the scoping review, with 143 barriers grouped into four categories: lack of cultural understanding, systemic racism, and stigma; medical care cost, insurance, and logistics; immigration policies, language, and fear of deportation; and other. Out of these 42 studies, 30 of these studies also suggested solutions to address them. Conclusion A paucity of studies have analyzed COVID-19 testing barriers among those experiencing housing insecurity, and this is even more pronounced in terms of solutions to address those barriers. Expanding resources and supporting investigators within this space is necessary to ensure equitable healthcare delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M. Johannesson
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - William A. Glover
- North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Cathy A. Petti
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Healthspring Global Inc., Bradenton, FL, United States
| | - Timothy H. Veldman
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Hubert-Yeargan Center for Global Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ephraim L. Tsalik
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Donald H. Taylor
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie Hendren
- Duke University Medical Center Library, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Coralei E. Neighbors
- Hubert-Yeargan Center for Global Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Scott W. Kennedy
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Barrie Harper
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Warren A. Kibbe
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Giselle Corbie
- Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Hubert-Yeargan Center for Global Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mark J. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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7
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Van Rensburg D, Adams AK, Perez G, Bishop S, Warne T, Hassell L, Quigley T, Garza L, Dupuis V, Drain PK, Whiting Sorrell A, Ko LK. Factors influencing COVID-19 testing among Native Americans and Latinos in two rural agricultural communities: a qualitative study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1220052. [PMID: 37790722 PMCID: PMC10543655 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1220052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine factors influencing decisions to test for COVID-19 among Native Americans on the Flathead Reservation in Montana and the Latino community in the Yakima Valley of Washington state. Methods We conducted 30 key informant interviews with community leaders and six focus groups with community members to examine factors impacting decisions to test for COVID-19 during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic from May 2021 to June 2021. Results Three major themes that impacted testing for COVID-19 were identified: (1) Social factors, including the influence of families and friends and employment practices; (2) health factors, including testing procedures, home-based testing, and health communication; and (3) contextual factors, including distrust for government and medical communities and the impact on cultural practices and celebrations. Conclusions Social, health, and contextual factors influence the decision to test for COVID-19. Understanding the community's perception is critical for successful implementation of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Van Rensburg
- Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexandra K. Adams
- Center for American Indian and Rural Health Equity, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Georgina Perez
- Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sonia Bishop
- Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Teresa Warne
- Center for American Indian and Rural Health Equity, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Laurie Hassell
- Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas Quigley
- Collaborative Data Services, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lorenzo Garza
- Family and Community Engagement, Sunnyside School District, Sunnyside, WA, United States
| | - Virgil Dupuis
- Extension Office, Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, MT, United States
| | - Paul K. Drain
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Whiting Sorrell
- Center for American Indian and Rural Health Equity, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Linda K. Ko
- Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Cooper DK, Sobolik JS, Kovacevic J, Rock CM, Sajewski ET, Guest JL, Lopman BA, Jaykus LA, Leon JS. Combined Infection Control Interventions Protect Essential Food Workers from Occupational Exposures to SARS-CoV-2 in the Agricultural Environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0012823. [PMID: 37310232 PMCID: PMC10370312 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00128-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential food workers experience elevated risks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to prolonged occupational exposures in food production and processing areas, shared transportation (car or bus), and employer-provided shared housing. Our goal was to quantify the daily cumulative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for healthy susceptible produce workers and to evaluate the relative reduction in risk attributable to food industry interventions and vaccination. We simulated daily SARS-CoV-2 exposures of indoor and outdoor produce workers through six linked quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model scenarios. For each scenario, the infectious viral dose emitted by a symptomatic worker was calculated across aerosol, droplet, and fomite-mediated transmission pathways. Standard industry interventions (2-m physical distancing, handwashing, surface disinfection, universal masking, ventilation) were simulated to assess relative risk reductions from baseline risk (no interventions, 1-m distance). Implementation of industry interventions reduced an indoor worker's relative infection risk by 98.0% (0.020; 95% uncertainty interval [UI], 0.005 to 0.104) from baseline risk (1.00; 95% UI, 0.995 to 1.00) and an outdoor worker's relative infection risk by 94.5% (0.027; 95% UI, 0.013 to 0.055) from baseline risk (0.487; 95% UI, 0.257 to 0.825). Integrating these interventions with two-dose mRNA vaccinations (86 to 99% efficacy), representing a worker's protective immunity to infection, reduced the relative infection risk from baseline for indoor workers by 99.9% (0.001; 95% UI, 0.0002 to 0.005) and outdoor workers by 99.6% (0.002; 95% UI, 0.0003 to 0.005). Consistent implementation of combined industry interventions, paired with vaccination, effectively mitigates the elevated risks from occupationally acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection faced by produce workers. IMPORTANCE This is the first study to estimate the daily risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across a variety of indoor and outdoor environmental settings relevant to food workers (e.g., shared transportation [car or bus], enclosed produce processing facility and accompanying breakroom, outdoor produce harvesting field, shared housing facility) through a linked quantitative microbial risk assessment framework. Our model has demonstrated that the elevated daily SARS-CoV-2 infection risk experienced by indoor and outdoor produce workers can be reduced below 1% when vaccinations (optimal vaccine efficacy, 86 to 99%) are implemented with recommended infection control strategies (e.g., handwashing, surface disinfection, universal masking, physical distancing, and increased ventilation). Our novel findings provide scenario-specific infection risk estimates that can be utilized by food industry managers to target high-risk scenarios with effective infection mitigation strategies, which was informed through more realistic and context-driven modeling estimates of the infection risk faced by essential food workers daily. Bundled interventions, particularly if they include vaccination, yield significant reductions (>99%) in daily SARS-CoV-2 infection risk for essential food workers in enclosed and open-air environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kane Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julia S. Sobolik
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Channah M. Rock
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jodie L. Guest
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ben A. Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juan S. Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Bonilla Altera D, Cabassa I, Martinez-Garcia G. A Tale of Two Audiences: Formative Research and Campaign Development for Two Different Latino Audiences, to Improve COVID-19 Prevention Behavior. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1819. [PMID: 37444652 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11131819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected the Latino population in the United States, further exacerbating the existing racial and ethnic health disparities that this group faces. While government health entities rushed to develop COVID-19 prevention educational materials in Spanish, these failed to recognize the unique motivators and barriers that move different Latino audience segments to act. We conducted five online focus groups with two different Latino audience segments, general Latino people, and Latino migrant workers, to assess their experience navigating the pandemic, their engagement in preventive behavior, and their consumption of health news. While the general Latino audience had higher levels of social capital and established preventive healthcare, they were more skeptical about getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Migrant workers needed to be vaccinated to retain their jobs, and saw the vaccine as the only way to keep their families healthy. We used the focus group results to develop two different creative concepts that aligned with each audience's unique experience. Our study highlights the importance of developing hyper-focused messages, responsive to the experience of distinct audience segments, for maximum impact.
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10
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Daniels D, Imdad A, Buscemi-Kimmins T, Vitale D, Rani U, Darabaner E, Shaw A, Shaw J. Vaccine hesitancy in the refugee, immigrant, and migrant population in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2131168. [PMID: 36332155 PMCID: PMC9746503 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2131168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Refugees, immigrants, and migrants (RIM) in the United States (US) have been identified as an underimmunized population prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine acceptance is critical to combat the public health threat incited by COVID-19 and other vaccine-preventable disease. To better understand escalating vaccine hesitancy among US RIM, a comprehensive evaluation of the problem and solutions is necessary. In this systematic review, we included 57 studies to describe vaccination rates, barriers, and interventions addressing vaccine hesitancy over the past decade. Meta-analysis was performed among 22 studies, concluding that RIM represent an underimmunized population compared to the general US population. Narrative synthesis and qualitative methods were used to identify critical barriers, including gaps in knowledge, poor access to medical care, and heightened distrust of the medical system. Our results demonstrate the need for effective, evidence-based interventions to increase vaccination rates among diverse RIM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Daniels
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Upstate Golisano Children’s Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA,CONTACT Danielle Daniels 750 East Adams St. Room 5400, Syracuse, NY13210, USA
| | - Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, Karjoo Family Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Danielle Vitale
- Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Uzma Rani
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Darabaner
- Hunter-Rice Health Sciences Library, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jana Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Upstate Golisano Children’s Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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11
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Bastida E, Ravelo GJ, Benitez P, Chavez J, Metheny N, Baeza Robba MJ, Colón-Burgos JF, De La Rosa M, Behar-Zusman V, Carrasquillo O. COVID-19, science, vaccines and family in a multi origin Latinx population in South Florida. Front Public Health 2022; 10:997449. [PMID: 36176522 PMCID: PMC9514221 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.997449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During the Spring of 2021 in Miami-Dade County, four virtual focus groups were held with 31 participants from four diverse local Latinx communities as part of the Florida Community Engagement Alliance (FL-CEAL) Against COVID-19 Disparities project. The main objective was to explore attitudes about COVID-19 information and prevention strategies among South Florida's diverse Latinx populations, across a broad geographical area. The study used a semi-structured focus group qualitative design and chose participants from four well established Latinx neighborhoods. Participants were mostly women, diversity was strong with birth regions including the Caribbean, North, Central and South America. Though a third (n = 11) were born in the United States, almost all (n = 28) reported speaking Spanish at home. Three themes and six subthemes were identified to underscore Latinx attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccine uptake or hesitancy. These were: (1) Attitudes regarding vaccine intake; (2) Sources of Information; and (3) Science Education. The degree to which each of these themes exercised influence on vaccine intake or hesitancy varied. The multi origin Latinx participation in the focus groups strengthened findings by broadening representation and discussion. In the end and despite the various national origins, all participants indicated receiving most of their information on COVID-19 related topics from their family, physicians, social networks, and some form of media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bastida
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gira J. Ravelo
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Pablo Benitez
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer Chavez
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Nicholas Metheny
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - María José Baeza Robba
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Escuela de Enfermer, Pontificia Universidad Cat3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Félix Colón-Burgos
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mario De La Rosa
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Victoria Behar-Zusman
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Olveen Carrasquillo
- Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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12
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Frisco ML, Van Hook J, Thomas KJA. Racial/ethnic and nativity disparities in U.S. Covid-19 vaccination hesitancy during vaccine rollout and factors that explain them. Soc Sci Med 2022; 307:115183. [PMID: 35843179 PMCID: PMC9242888 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While research has begun to investigate disparities in Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy between White, Black and Hispanic adults, no nationally representative studies to date have accounted for Hispanic immigrants as a unique group or fully investigated the reasons behind racial/ethnic and nativity disparities. We make these contributions by substantively drawing from what is known about the ways that immigrant fear and structural racism create conditions that produce countervailing forces that are likely to contribute to racial/ethnic and nativity disparities in vaccine hesitancy. We use OLS regression and decomposition techniques to analyze data from 1936 18-65 year-old United States (U.S.) adults who participated in the COVID-19 and its Implications for American Communities (CIAC) study during February and March 2021, a period of time that coincides with early stages of the U.S. vaccine roll-out effort that pre-dated universal adult eligibility for Covid-19 vaccination. Results indicate that U.S.-born Black adults are more vaccine hesitant than U.S.-born White adults. This disparity is largely due to differences in anti-vaccine beliefs. U.S.-born Hispanic adults are less vaccine hesitant than U.S.-born White adults in adjusted OLS regression models and personal experiences with Covid-19 drive this difference. There were not significant differences between foreign-born Hispanic and U.S.-born White adults in vaccine hesitancy. These findings suggest that foreign-born Hispanic adults did not drive early disparities in vaccine hesitancy and that alleviating concerns about anti-vaccine beliefs and utilizing personal stories have important roles in preventing future racial/ethnic disparities in Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy as new Covid-19 vaccines and booster shots are rolled out. Study findings may also have implications for reducing racial/ethnic disparities in the uptake of other new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Frisco
- Penn State University Department of Sociology & Criminology and Population Research Institute, 211 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Jennifer Van Hook
- Penn State University Department of Sociology & Criminology and Population Research Institute, 211 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Kevin J A Thomas
- University of Texas-Austin Department of African and African Diaspora Studies and Population Research Center, 116 Inner Campus Dr. Stop G6000, Austin, TX, 181712, United States
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