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Rafiei F, Wiersma J, Scofield S, Zhang C, Alizadeh H, Mohammadi M. Facts, uncertainties, and opportunities in wheat molecular improvement. Heredity (Edinb) 2024:10.1038/s41437-024-00721-1. [PMID: 39237600 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The year 2020 was a landmark year for wheat. The wheat HB4 event harboring a drought-resistant gene from sunflowers, received regulatory approval and was grown commercially in Argentina, with approval for food and feed in other countries. This, indeed, is many years after the adoption of genetic modifications in other crops. The lack of consumer acceptance and resulting trade barriers halted the commercialization of the earliest events and had a chilling effect on, especially, private Research & Development (R&D) investments. As regulations for modern breeding technologies such as genome-edited cultivars are being discussed and/or adopted across the globe, we would like to propose a framework to ensure that wheat is not left behind a second time as the potential benefits far outweigh the perceived risks. In this paper, after a review of the technical challenges wheat faces with the generation of trans- and cis-genic wheat varieties, we discuss some of the factors that could help demystify the risk/reward equation and thereby the consumer's reluctance or acceptance of these techniques for future wheat improvement. The advent of next-generation sequencing is shedding light on natural gene transfer between species and the number of perturbations other accepted techniques like mutagenesis create. The transition from classic breeding techniques and embracing transgenic, cisgenic, and genome editing approaches feels inevitable for wheat improvement if we are to develop climate-resilient wheat varieties to feed a growing world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Rafiei
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jochum Wiersma
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Northwest Research and Outreach Center, Crookston, MN, USA
| | - Steve Scofield
- USDA-ARS, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Houshang Alizadeh
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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2
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Bharti J, Verma R, Gupta I, Chakraborty P, Eashwaran M, Sony SK, Nehra M, Thangraj A, Kaul R, Fathy K, Kaul T. Functional characterization of novel mutations in the conserved region of EPSPS for herbicide resistance in pigeonpea: structure-based coherent design. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:6065-6080. [PMID: 37652402 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2243522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Prospectively, agroecosystems for the growth of crops provide the potential fertile, productive, and tropical environment which attracts infestation by weedy plant species that compete with the primary crop plants. Infestation by weed is a major biotic stress factor faced by pigeonpea that hampers the productivity of the crop. In the modern era with the development of chemicals the problem of weed infestation is dealt with armours called herbicides. The most widely utilized, post-emergent, broad-spectrum herbicide has an essential active ingredient called glyphosate. Glyphosate mechanistically inhibits a chloroplastic enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) by competitively interacting with the PEP binding site which hinders the shikimate pathway and the production of essential aromatic amino acids (Phe, Tyr, Trp) and other secondary metabolites in plants. Moreover, herbicide spray for weed management is lethal to both the primary crop and the weeds. Therefore, it is critical to develop herbicide-resistant crops for field purposes to reduce the associated yield and economic losses. In this study, the in-silico analysis drove the selection and validation of the point mutations in the conserved region of the EPSPS gene, which confers efficient herbicide resistance to mutated-CcEPSPS enzyme along with the retention of the normal enzyme function. An optimized in-silico validation of the target mutation before the development of the genome-edited resistant plant lines is a prerequisite for testing their efficacy as a proof of concept. We validated the combination of GATIPS mutation for its no-cost effect at the enzyme level via molecular dynamic (MD) simulation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Bharti
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Rachana Verma
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Isha Gupta
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Puja Chakraborty
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Murugesh Eashwaran
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Sonia Khan Sony
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Nehra
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Arulprakash Thangraj
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Kaul
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Khaled Fathy
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Tanushri Kaul
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops Group, Plant Biology & Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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Outram MA, Chen J, Broderick S, Li Z, Aditya S, Tasneem N, Arndell T, Blundell C, Ericsson DJ, Figueroa M, Sperschneider J, Dodds PN, Williams SJ. AvrSr27 is a zinc-bound effector with a modular structure important for immune recognition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:314-329. [PMID: 38730532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Effector proteins are central to the success of plant pathogens, while immunity in host plants is driven by receptor-mediated recognition of these effectors. Understanding the molecular details of effector-receptor interactions is key for the engineering of novel immune receptors. Here, we experimentally determined the crystal structure of the Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) effector AvrSr27, which was not accurately predicted using AlphaFold2. We characterised the role of the conserved cysteine residues in AvrSr27 using in vitro biochemical assays and examined Sr27-mediated recognition using transient expression in Nicotiana spp. and wheat protoplasts. The AvrSr27 structure contains a novel β-strand rich modular fold consisting of two structurally similar domains that bind to Zn2+ ions. The N-terminal domain of AvrSr27 is sufficient for interaction with Sr27 and triggering cell death. We identified two Pgt proteins structurally related to AvrSr27 but with low sequence identity that can also associate with Sr27, albeit more weakly. Though only the full-length proteins, trigger Sr27-dependent cell death in transient expression systems. Collectively, our findings have important implications for utilising protein prediction platforms for effector proteins, and those embarking on bespoke engineering of immunity receptors as solutions to plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Sean Broderick
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zhao Li
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Shouvik Aditya
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nuren Tasneem
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Taj Arndell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Cheryl Blundell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Daniel J Ericsson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, Macromolecular Crystallography, Clayton, Vic., 3186, Australia
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Johansson E, Lan Y, Olalekan O, Kuktaite R, Chawade A, Rahmatov M. Alien introgression to wheat for food security: functional and nutritional quality for novel products under climate change. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1393357. [PMID: 38933881 PMCID: PMC11199737 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1393357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Crop yield and quality has increased globally during recent decades due to plant breeding, resulting in improved food security. However, climate change and shifts in human dietary habits and preferences display novel pressure on crop production to deliver enough quantity and quality to secure food for future generations. This review paper describes the current state-of-the-art and presents innovative approaches related to alien introgressions into wheat, focusing on aspects related to quality, functional characteristics, nutritional attributes, and development of novel food products. The benefits and opportunities that the novel and traditional plant breeding methods contribute to using alien germplasm in plant breeding are also discussed. In principle, gene introgressions from rye have been the most widely utilized alien gene source for wheat. Furthermore, the incorporation of novel resistance genes toward diseases and pests have been the most transferred type of genes into the wheat genome. The incorporation of novel resistance genes toward diseases and pests into the wheat genome is important in breeding for increased food security. Alien introgressions to wheat from e.g. rye and Aegilops spp. have also contributed to improved nutritional and functional quality. Recent studies have shown that introgressions to wheat of genes from chromosome 3 in rye have an impact on both yield, nutritional and functional quality, and quality stability during drought treatment, another character of high importance for food security under climate change scenarios. Additionally, the introgression of alien genes into wheat has the potential to improve the nutritional profiles of future food products, by contributing higher minerals levels or lower levels of anti-nutritional compounds into e.g., plant-based products substituting animal-based food alternatives. To conclude, the present review paper highlights great opportunities and shows a few examples of how food security and functional-nutritional quality in traditional and novel wheat products can be improved by the use of genes from alien sources, such as rye and other relatives to wheat. Novel and upcoming plant breeding methods such as genome-wide association studies, gene editing, genomic selection and speed breeding, have the potential to complement traditional technologies to keep pace with climate change and consumer eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Johansson
- Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
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Supakar T, Herring-Nicholas A, Josephs EA. Compartmentalized CRISPR Reactions (CCR) for High-Throughput Screening of Guide RNA Potency and Specificity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403496. [PMID: 38845060 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
CRISPR ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) use a variable segment in their guide RNA (gRNA) called a spacer to determine the DNA sequence at which the effector protein will exhibit nuclease activity and generate target-specific genetic mutations. However, nuclease activity with different gRNAs can vary considerably in a spacer sequence-dependent manner that can be difficult to predict. While computational tools are helpful in predicting a CRISPR effector's activity and/or potential for off-target mutagenesis with different gRNAs, individual gRNAs must still be validated in vitro prior to their use. Here, the study presents compartmentalized CRISPR reactions (CCR) for screening large numbers of spacer/target/off-target combinations simultaneously in vitro for both CRISPR effector activity and specificity by confining the complete CRISPR reaction of gRNA transcription, RNP formation, and CRISPR target cleavage within individual water-in-oil microemulsions. With CCR, large numbers of the candidate gRNAs (output by computational design tools) can be immediately validated in parallel, and the study shows that CCR can be used to screen hundreds of thousands of extended gRNA (x-gRNAs) variants that can completely block cleavage at off-target sequences while maintaining high levels of on-target activity. It is expected that CCR can help to streamline the gRNA generation and validation processes for applications in biological and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinku Supakar
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Ashley Herring-Nicholas
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Eric A Josephs
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
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Brant EJ, Eid A, Kannan B, Baloglu MC, Altpeter F. The extent of multiallelic, co-editing of LIGULELESS1 in highly polyploid sugarcane tunes leaf inclination angle and enables selection of the ideotype for biomass yield. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38776398 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) is a prime feedstock for commercial production of biofuel and table sugar. Optimizing canopy architecture for improved light capture has great potential for elevating biomass yield. LIGULELESS1 (LG1) is involved in leaf ligule and auricle development in grasses. Here, we report CRISPR/Cas9-mediated co-mutagenesis of up to 40 copies/alleles of the putative LG1 in highly polyploid sugarcane (2n = 100-120, x = 10-12). Next generation sequencing revealed co-editing frequencies of 7.4%-100% of the LG1 reads in 16 of the 78 transgenic lines. LG1 mutations resulted in a tuneable leaf angle phenotype that became more upright as co-editing frequency increased. Three lines with loss of function frequencies of ~12%, ~53% and ~95% of lg1 were selected following a randomized greenhouse trial and grown in replicated, multi-row field plots. The co-edited LG1 mutations were stably maintained in vegetative progenies and the extent of co-editing remained constant in field tested lines L26 and L35. Next generation sequencing confirmed the absence of potential off targets. The leaf inclination angle corresponded to light transmission into the canopy and tiller number. Line L35 displaying loss of function in ~12% of the lg1 NGS reads exhibited an 18% increase in dry biomass yield supported by a 56% decrease in leaf inclination angle, a 31% increase in tiller number, and a 25% increase in internode number. The scalable co-editing of LG1 in highly polyploid sugarcane allows fine-tuning of leaf inclination angle, enabling the selection of the ideotype for biomass yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Brant
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ayman Eid
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Baskaran Kannan
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mehmet Cengiz Baloglu
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fredy Altpeter
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Arndell T, Chen J, Sperschneider J, Upadhyaya NM, Blundell C, Niesner N, Outram MA, Wang A, Swain S, Luo M, Ayliffe MA, Figueroa M, Vanhercke T, Dodds PN. Pooled effector library screening in protoplasts rapidly identifies novel Avr genes. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:572-580. [PMID: 38409291 PMCID: PMC11035141 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Crop breeding for durable disease resistance is challenging due to the rapid evolution of pathogen virulence. While progress in resistance (R) gene cloning and stacking has accelerated in recent years1-3, the identification of corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes in many pathogens is hampered by the lack of high-throughput screening options. To address this technology gap, we developed a platform for pooled library screening in plant protoplasts to allow rapid identification of interacting R-Avr pairs. We validated this platform by isolating known and novel Avr genes from wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) after screening a designed library of putative effectors against individual R genes. Rapid Avr gene identification provides molecular tools to understand and track pathogen virulence evolution via genotype surveillance, which in turn will lead to optimized R gene stacking and deployment strategies. This platform should be broadly applicable to many crop pathogens and could potentially be adapted for screening genes involved in other protoplast-selectable traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taj Arndell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Cheryl Blundell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nathalie Niesner
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Aihua Wang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Steve Swain
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ming Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael A Ayliffe
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Melania Figueroa
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas Vanhercke
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Peter N Dodds
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Abe F, Kamiya Y, Ishida Y, Hisano H, Kawaura K, Komari T, Sato K. Genome Editing to Produce Knockout Mutations of Seed Dormancy Genes in Wheat. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2830:137-148. [PMID: 38977575 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3965-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Knockout mutants provide definitive information about the functions of genes related to agronomic traits, including seed dormancy. However, it takes many years to produce knockout mutants using conventional techniques in polyploid plants such as hexaploid wheat. Genome editing with sequence-specific nucleases is a promising approach for obtaining knockout mutations in all targeted homoeologs of wheat simultaneously. Here, we describe a procedure to produce a triple recessive mutant in wheat via genome editing. This protocol covers the evaluation of gRNA and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to obtain edited wheat seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Abe
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kamiya
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Plant Innovation Center, Japan Tobacco Inc. (currently Agri-Bio Research Center, KANEKA CORPORATION), Iwata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hisano
- Institute of Plant Science & Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kanako Kawaura
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Komari
- Plant Innovation Center, Japan Tobacco Inc. (currently Agri-Bio Research Center, KANEKA CORPORATION), Iwata, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science & Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
- Kazusa DNA research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
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de Koning R, Daryanavard H, Garmyn J, Kiekens R, Toili MEM, Angenon G. Fine-tuning CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using a hairy root transformation system and in silico prediction models. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1233418. [PMID: 37929181 PMCID: PMC10623320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The stable transformation of common bean is a challenging and time-consuming process. Although CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized gene editing with its high efficiency and specificity, the performance of the system can be affected by multiple factors, such as sgRNA specificity and effectiveness, and the choice of promoter used to drive Cas9 expression. The use of a hairy root transformation system to initially check the efficiency of sgRNAs and the impact of different promoters could speed up this process and increase the chances of success. We initially tested three different transformation methods to induce hairy roots and selected a preferred method suitable for a variety of different common bean genotypes. This method involved inoculating a severed radicle with Rhizobium rhizogenes K599 and was fast, had a high transformation frequency of 42-48%, and resulted in numerous hairy roots. This method was further used for the transformation of explants using R. rhizogenes harboring different CRISPR/Cas9 constructs and evaluated the on-target activity of sgRNAs targeting raffinose family oligosaccharides biosynthetic genes and the impact of different promoters driving Cas9 on the gene editing efficiency. Additionally, we evaluated the reliability of the in silico tools, CRISPOR, CRISPR RGEN, and inDelphi to predict the sgRNA efficiencies and resulting mutations. Our results showed that the hairy root transformation system allows for rapid evaluation of multiple sgRNAs and promoters. We also identified several highly efficient sgRNAs that induced frameshift mutations at rates of up to 70% when a parsley ubiquitin promoter was driving Cas9 expression, providing valuable information for the selection of the most effective sgRNAs and promoters for future transformation experiments. Although most of the computational models used to predict the sgRNA efficiency did not match the in planta results, the Lindel model proved to be the most reliable for P. vulgaris, accurately predicting the sgRNA efficiency and the type of induced mutation in most hairy roots. Furthermore, the inDelphi algorithm could correctly predict deletions and single nucleotide insertions resulting from DNA double-strand breaks in common bean. These results offer promising implications for enhancing precise editing in plants because they provide the possibility of predicting repair outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon de Koning
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hana Daryanavard
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joyce Garmyn
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Kiekens
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mary Esther Muyoka Toili
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Geert Angenon
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Yigider E, Taspinar MS, Agar G. Advances in bread wheat production through CRISPR/Cas9 technology: a comprehensive review of quality and other aspects. PLANTA 2023; 258:55. [PMID: 37522927 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive overview of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique and the research areas of this gene editing tool in improving wheat quality. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the basic nutrition for most of the human population, contributes 20% of the daily energy needed because of its, carbohydrate, essential amino acids, minerals, protein, and vitamin content. Wheat varieties that produce high yields and have enhanced nutritional quality will be required to fulfill future demands. Hexaploid wheat has A, B, and D genomes and includes three like but not identical copies of genes that influence important yield and quality. CRISPR/Cas9, which allows multiplex genome editing provides major opportunities in genome editing studies of plants, especially complicated genomes such as wheat. In this overview, we discuss the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, which is credited with bringing about a paradigm shift in genome editing studies. We also provide a summary of recent research utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate yield, quality, resistance to biotic/abiotic stress, and hybrid seed production. In addition, we provide a synopsis of the laboratory experience-based solution alternatives as well as the potential obstacles for wheat CRISPR studies. Although wheat's extensive genome and complicated polyploid structure previously slowed wheat genetic engineering and breeding progress, effective CRISPR/Cas9 systems are now successfully used to boost wheat development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Yigider
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sinan Taspinar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Guleray Agar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Kim C, Cnaani A, Kültz D. Removal of evolutionarily conserved functional MYC domains in a tilapia cell line using a vector-based CRISPR/Cas9 system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12086. [PMID: 37495710 PMCID: PMC10371998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC transcription factors have critical roles in facilitating a variety of cellular functions that have been highly conserved among species during evolution. However, despite circumstantial evidence for an involvement of MYC in animal osmoregulation, mechanistic links between MYC function and osmoregulation are missing. Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) represents an excellent model system to study these links because it is highly euryhaline and highly tolerant to osmotic (salinity) stress at both the whole organism and cellular levels of biological organization. Here, we utilize an O. mossambicus brain cell line and an optimized vector-based CRISPR/Cas9 system to functionally disrupt MYC in the tilapia genome and to establish causal links between MYC and cell functions, including cellular osmoregulation. A cell isolation and dilution strategy yielded polyclonal myca (a gene encoding MYC) knockout (ko) cell pools with low genetic variability and high gene editing efficiencies (as high as 98.2%). Subsequent isolation and dilution of cells from these pools produced a myca ko cell line harboring a 1-bp deletion that caused a frameshift mutation. This frameshift functionally inactivated the transcriptional regulatory and DNA-binding domains predicted by bioinformatics and structural analyses. Both the polyclonal and monoclonal myca ko cell lines were viable, propagated well in standard medium, and differed from wild-type cells in morphology. As such, they represent a new tool for causally linking myca to cellular osmoregulation and other cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhee Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Avner Cnaani
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 7528809, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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12
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Bekalu ZE, Panting M, Bæksted Holme I, Brinch-Pedersen H. Opportunities and Challenges of In Vitro Tissue Culture Systems in the Era of Crop Genome Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11920. [PMID: 37569295 PMCID: PMC10419073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the development of genome editing (GE) tools has provided a wide platform for targeted modification of plant genomes. However, the lack of versatile DNA delivery systems for a large variety of crop species has been the main bottleneck for improving crops with beneficial traits. Currently, the generation of plants with heritable mutations induced by GE tools mostly goes through tissue culture. Unfortunately, current tissue culture systems restrict successful results to only a limited number of plant species and genotypes. In order to release the full potential of the GE tools, procedures need to be species and genotype independent. This review provides an in-depth summary and insights into the various in vitro tissue culture systems used for GE in the economically important crops barley, wheat, rice, sorghum, soybean, maize, potatoes, cassava, and millet and uncovers new opportunities and challenges of already-established tissue culture platforms for GE in the crops.
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13
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Eckerstorfer MF, Dolezel M, Engelhard M, Giovannelli V, Grabowski M, Heissenberger A, Lener M, Reichenbecher W, Simon S, Staiano G, Wüst Saucy AG, Zünd J, Lüthi C. Recommendations for the Assessment of Potential Environmental Effects of Genome-Editing Applications in Plants in the EU. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091764. [PMID: 37176822 PMCID: PMC10180588 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The current initiative of the European Commission (EC) concerning plants produced using certain new genomic techniques, in particular, targeted mutagenesis and cisgenesis, underlines that a high level of protection for human and animal health and the environment needs to be maintained when using such applications. The current EU biosafety regulation framework ensures a high level of protection with a mandatory environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) products prior to the authorization of individual GMOs for environmental release or marketing. However, the guidance available from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for conducting such an ERA is not specific enough regarding the techniques under discussion and needs to be further developed to support the policy goals towards ERA, i.e., a case-by-case assessment approach proportionate to the respective risks, currently put forward by the EC. This review identifies important elements for the case-by-case approach for the ERA that need to be taken into account in the framework for a risk-oriented regulatory approach. We also discuss that the comparison of genome-edited plants with plants developed using conventional breeding methods should be conducted at the level of a scientific case-by-case assessment of individual applications rather than at a general, technology-based level. Our considerations aim to support the development of further specific guidance for the ERA of genome-edited plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Eckerstorfer
- Umweltbundesamt-Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Dolezel
- Umweltbundesamt-Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margret Engelhard
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Division of Assessment of GMOs/Enforcement of Genetic Engineering Act, Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | - Valeria Giovannelli
- ISPRA (Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research), Department for Environmental Monitoring and Protection and for Biodiversity Conservation, Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcin Grabowski
- Ministry of Climate and Environment, Department Nature Conservation, GMO Unit, Wawelska 52/54, 00-922 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andreas Heissenberger
- Umweltbundesamt-Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matteo Lener
- ISPRA (Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research), Department for Environmental Monitoring and Protection and for Biodiversity Conservation, Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfram Reichenbecher
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Division of Assessment of GMOs/Enforcement of Genetic Engineering Act, Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samson Simon
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Division of Assessment of GMOs/Enforcement of Genetic Engineering Act, Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | - Giovanni Staiano
- ISPRA (Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research), Department for Environmental Monitoring and Protection and for Biodiversity Conservation, Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Gabrielle Wüst Saucy
- Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Biotechnology Section, Soil and Biotechnology Division, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Zünd
- Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Biotechnology Section, Soil and Biotechnology Division, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Lüthi
- Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Biotechnology Section, Soil and Biotechnology Division, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Evaluation of CRISPR/Cas9 Constructs in Wheat Cell Suspension Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032162. [PMID: 36768486 PMCID: PMC9916915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive optimization efforts, developing an efficient sequence-specific CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing method remains a challenge, especially in polyploid cereal species such as wheat. Validating the efficacy of nuclease constructs prior to using them in planta is, thus, a major step of every editing experiment. Several construct evaluation strategies were proposed, with PEG-mediated plasmid transfection of seedling-derived protoplasts becoming the most popular. However, the usefulness of this approach is affected by associated construct copy number bias and chromatin relaxation, both influencing the outcome. Therefore, to achieve a reliable evaluation of CRISPR/Cas9 constructs, we proposed a system based on an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of established wheat cell suspension cultures. This system was used for the evaluation of a CRISPR/Cas9 construct designed to target the ABA 8'-hydroxylase 1 gene. The efficiency of editing was verified by cost-effective means of Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. We discuss advantages and potential future developments of this method in contrast to other in vitro approaches.
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15
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Yasmeen A, Shakoor S, Azam S, Bakhsh A, Shahid N, Latif A, Shahid AA, Husnain T, Rao AQ. CRISPR/Cas-mediated knockdown of vacuolar invertase gene expression lowers the cold-induced sweetening in potatoes. PLANTA 2022; 256:107. [PMID: 36342558 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
VInv gene editing in potato using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in knockdown of expression and a lower VInv enzymatic activity resulting in a decrease in post-harvest cold-storage sugars formation and sweetening in potatoes. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockdown of vacuolar invertase (VInv) gene was carried out using two sgRNAs in local cultivar of potato plants. The transformation efficiency of potatoes was found to be 11.7%. The primary transformants were screened through PCR, Sanger sequencing, digital PCR, and ELISA. The overall editing efficacy was determined to be 25.6% as per TIDE analysis. The amplicon sequencing data showed maximum indel frequency for potato plant T12 (14.3%) resulting in 6.2% gene knockout and 6% frame shift. While for plant B4, the maximum indel frequency of 2.0% was found which resulted in 4.4% knockout and 4% frameshift as analyzed by Geneious. The qRT-PCR data revealed that mRNA expression of VInv gene was reduced 90-99-fold in edited potato plants when compared to the non-edited control potato plant. Following cold storage, chips analysis of potatoes proved B4 and T12 as best lines. Reducing sugars' analysis by titration method determined fivefold reduction in percentage of reducing sugars in tubers of B4 transgenic lines as compared to the control. Physiologically genome-edited potatoes behaved like their conventional counterpart. This is first successful report of knockdown of potato VInv gene in Pakistan that addressed cold-induced sweetening resulting in minimum accumulation of reducing sugars in genome edited tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Yasmeen
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Sana Shakoor
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Saira Azam
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Naila Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Latif
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan.
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16
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Nerkar G, Devarumath S, Purankar M, Kumar A, Valarmathi R, Devarumath R, Appunu C. Advances in Crop Breeding Through Precision Genome Editing. Front Genet 2022; 13:880195. [PMID: 35910205 PMCID: PMC9329802 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.880195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global climate change and unfavourable abiotic and biotic factors are limiting agricultural productivity and therefore intensifying the challenges for crop scientists to meet the rising demand for global food supply. The introduction of applied genetics to agriculture through plant breeding facilitated the development of hybrid varieties with improved crop productivity. However, the development of new varieties with the existing gene pools poses a challenge for crop breeders. Genetic engineering holds the potential to broaden genetic diversity by the introduction of new genes into crops. But the random insertion of foreign DNA into the plant's nuclear genome often leads to transgene silencing. Recent advances in the field of plant breeding include the development of a new breeding technique called genome editing. Genome editing technologies have emerged as powerful tools to precisely modify the crop genomes at specific sites in the genome, which has been the longstanding goal of plant breeders. The precise modification of the target genome, the absence of foreign DNA in the genome-edited plants, and the faster and cheaper method of genome modification are the remarkable features of the genome-editing technology that have resulted in its widespread application in crop breeding in less than a decade. This review focuses on the advances in crop breeding through precision genome editing. This review includes: an overview of the different breeding approaches for crop improvement; genome editing tools and their mechanism of action and application of the most widely used genome editing technology, CRISPR/Cas9, for crop improvement especially for agronomic traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, herbicide tolerance, yield and quality improvement, reduction of anti-nutrients, and improved shelf life; and an update on the regulatory approval of the genome-edited crops. This review also throws a light on development of high-yielding climate-resilient crops through precision genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Nerkar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India
| | - Suman Devarumath
- Vidya Pratishthan's College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Baramati, India
| | - Madhavi Purankar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India
| | - R Valarmathi
- ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Rachayya Devarumath
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India
| | - C Appunu
- ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
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17
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Li X, Xu S, Fuhrmann-Aoyagi MB, Yuan S, Iwama T, Kobayashi M, Miura K. CRISPR/Cas9 Technique for Temperature, Drought, and Salinity Stress Responses. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2664-2682. [PMID: 35735623 PMCID: PMC9221872 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming and climate change have severely affected plant growth and food production. Therefore, minimizing these effects is required for sustainable crop yields. Understanding the molecular mechanisms in response to abiotic stresses and improving agricultural traits to make crops tolerant to abiotic stresses have been going on unceasingly. To generate desirable varieties of crops, traditional and molecular breeding techniques have been tried, but both approaches are time-consuming. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are genome-editing technologies that have recently attracted the attention of plant breeders for genetic modification. These technologies are powerful tools in the basic and applied sciences for understanding gene function, as well as in the field of crop breeding. In this review, we focus on the application of genome-editing systems in plants to understand gene function in response to abiotic stresses and to improve tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as temperature, drought, and salinity stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Li
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (X.L.); (S.X.); (M.B.F.-A.); (S.Y.); (T.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Siyan Xu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (X.L.); (S.X.); (M.B.F.-A.); (S.Y.); (T.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Martina Bianca Fuhrmann-Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (X.L.); (S.X.); (M.B.F.-A.); (S.Y.); (T.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Shaoze Yuan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (X.L.); (S.X.); (M.B.F.-A.); (S.Y.); (T.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Takeru Iwama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (X.L.); (S.X.); (M.B.F.-A.); (S.Y.); (T.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Misaki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (X.L.); (S.X.); (M.B.F.-A.); (S.Y.); (T.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (X.L.); (S.X.); (M.B.F.-A.); (S.Y.); (T.I.); (M.K.)
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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18
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Mattiello L, Rütgers M, Sua-Rojas MF, Tavares R, Soares JS, Begcy K, Menossi M. Molecular and Computational Strategies to Increase the Efficiency of CRISPR-Based Techniques. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:868027. [PMID: 35712599 PMCID: PMC9194676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.868027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The prokaryote-derived Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas mediated gene editing tools have revolutionized our ability to precisely manipulate specific genome sequences in plants and animals. The simplicity, precision, affordability, and robustness of this technology have allowed a myriad of genomes from a diverse group of plant species to be successfully edited. Even though CRISPR/Cas, base editing, and prime editing technologies have been rapidly adopted and implemented in plants, their editing efficiency rate and specificity varies greatly. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-derived technologies and their implications on enhancing editing efficiency. We highlight the major efforts of engineering Cas9, Cas12a, Cas12b, and Cas12f proteins aiming to improve their efficiencies. We also provide a perspective on the global future of agriculturally based products using DNA-free CRISPR/Cas techniques. The improvement of CRISPR-based technologies efficiency will enable the implementation of genome editing tools in a variety of crop plants, as well as accelerate progress in basic research and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mattiello
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mark Rütgers
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Sua-Rojas
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Tavares
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - José Sérgio Soares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Kevin Begcy
- Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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19
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Application of CRISPR/Cas9 System for Efficient Gene Editing in Peanut. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101361. [PMID: 35631786 PMCID: PMC9144340 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peanuts are an economically important crop cultivated worldwide. However, several limitations restrained its productivity, including biotic/abiotic stresses. CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing technology holds a promising approach to developing new crops with improved agronomic and nutritional traits. Its application has been successful in many important crops. However, the application of this technology in peanut research is limited, probably due to the lack of suitable constructs and protocols. In this study, two different constructs were generated to induce insertion/deletion mutations in the targeted gene for a loss of function study. The first construct harbors the regular gRNA scaffold, while the second construct has the extended scaffold plus terminator. The designed gRNA targeting the coding sequence of the FAD2 genes was cloned into both constructs, and their functionality and efficiency were validated using the hairy root transformation system. Both constructs displayed insertions and deletions as the types of edits. The construct harboring the extended plus gRNA terminator showed a higher editing efficiency than the regular scaffold for monoallelic and biallelic mutations. These two constructs can be used for gene editing in peanuts and could provide tools for improving peanut lines for the benefit of peanut breeders, farmers, and industry.
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20
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Sturme MHJ, van der Berg JP, Bouwman LMS, De Schrijver A, de Maagd RA, Kleter GA, Battaglia-de Wilde E. Occurrence and Nature of Off-Target Modifications by CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing in Plants. ACS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 2:192-201. [PMID: 35548699 PMCID: PMC9075866 DOI: 10.1021/acsagscitech.1c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
CRISPR-Cas-based
genome editing allows for precise and targeted
genetic modification of plants. Nevertheless, unintended off-target
edits can arise that might confer risks when present in gene-edited
food crops. Through an extensive literature review we gathered information
on CRISPR-Cas off-target edits in plants. Most observed off-target
changes were small insertions or deletions (1–22 bp) or nucleotide
substitutions, and large deletions (>100 bp) were rare. One study
detected the insertion of vector-derived DNA sequences, which is important
considering the risk assessment of gene-edited plants. Off-target
sites had few mismatches (1–3 nt) with the target sequence
and were mainly located in protein-coding regions, often in target
gene homologues. Off-targets edits were predominantly detected via
biased analysis of predicted off-target sites instead of unbiased
genome-wide analysis. CRISPR-Cas-edited plants showed lower off-target
mutation frequencies than conventionally bred plants. This Review
can aid discussions on the relevance of evaluating off-target modifications
for risk assessment of CRISPR-Cas-edited plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H J Sturme
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Pieter van der Berg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne M S Bouwman
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud A de Maagd
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs A Kleter
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evy Battaglia-de Wilde
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Naik BJ, Shimoga G, Kim SC, Manjulatha M, Subramanyam Reddy C, Palem RR, Kumar M, Kim SY, Lee SH. CRISPR/Cas9 and Nanotechnology Pertinence in Agricultural Crop Refinement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:843575. [PMID: 35463432 PMCID: PMC9024397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) method is a versatile technique that can be applied in crop refinement. Currently, the main reasons for declining agricultural yield are global warming, low rainfall, biotic and abiotic stresses, in addition to soil fertility issues caused by the use of harmful chemicals as fertilizers/additives. The declining yields can lead to inadequate supply of nutritional food as per global demand. Grains and horticultural crops including fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants are crucial in sustaining human life. Genomic editing using CRISPR/Cas9 and nanotechnology has numerous advantages in crop development. Improving crop production using transgenic-free CRISPR/Cas9 technology and produced fertilizers, pesticides, and boosters for plants by adopting nanotechnology-based protocols can essentially overcome the universal food scarcity. This review briefly gives an overview on the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas9 and nanotechnology-based methods in developing the cultivation of major agricultural crops. In addition, the limitations and major challenges of genome editing in grains, vegetables, and fruits have been discussed in detail by emphasizing its applications in crop refinement strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banavath Jayanna Naik
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeju, South Korea
| | - Ganesh Shimoga
- Interaction Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, Advanced Technology Research Center, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeju, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Youn Kim
- Interaction Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, Advanced Technology Research Center, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Ortiz D, Chen J, Outram MA, Saur IM, Upadhyaya NM, Mago R, Ericsson DJ, Cesari S, Chen C, Williams SJ, Dodds PN. The stem rust effector protein AvrSr50 escapes Sr50 recognition by a substitution in a single surface-exposed residue. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:592-606. [PMID: 35107838 PMCID: PMC9306850 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen effectors are crucial players during plant colonisation and infection. Plant resistance mostly relies on effector recognition to activate defence responses. Understanding how effector proteins escape from plant surveillance is important for plant breeding and resistance deployment. Here we examined the role of genetic diversity of the stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt)) AvrSr50 gene in determining recognition by the corresponding wheat Sr50 resistance gene. We solved the crystal structure of a natural variant of AvrSr50 and used site-directed mutagenesis and transient expression assays to dissect the molecular mechanisms explaining gain of virulence. We report that AvrSr50 can escape recognition by Sr50 through different mechanisms including DNA insertion, stop codon loss or by amino-acid variation involving a single substitution of the AvrSr50 surface-exposed residue Q121. We also report structural homology of AvrSr50 to cupin superfamily members and carbohydrate-binding modules indicating a potential role in binding sugar moieties. This study identifies key polymorphic sites present in AvrSr50 alleles from natural stem rust populations that play important roles to escape from Sr50 recognition. This constitutes an important step to better understand Pgt effector evolution and to monitor AvrSr50 variants in natural rust populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ortiz
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
- National Research Institute for AgricultureFood and Environment, Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables UnitMontfavet84143France
| | - Jian Chen
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Megan A. Outram
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Isabel M.L. Saur
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne50829Germany
- University of Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologne50674Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesCologne50674Germany
| | - Narayana M. Upadhyaya
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ericsson
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
- Australian SynchrotronMacromolecular CrystallographyClaytonVic.3168Australia
| | - Stella Cesari
- PHIM Plant Health InstituteUniversité de MontpellierINRAE, CIRADInstitut AgroIRDMontpellier34980France
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
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23
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Ouyang C, Liu W, Chen S, Zhao H, Chen X, Jin X, Li X, Wu Y, Zeng X, Huang P, He X, An B. The Naturally Evolved EPSPS From Goosegrass Confers High Glyphosate Resistance to Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756116. [PMID: 34777434 PMCID: PMC8586540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-resistant crops developed by the CP4-EPSPS gene from Agrobacterium have been planted on a massive scale globally, which benefits from the high efficiency and broad spectrum of glyphosate in weed control. Some glyphosate-resistant (GR) genes from microbes have been reported, which might raise biosafety concerns. Most of them were obtained through a hygromycin-HPT transformation system. Here we reported the plant source with 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene from goosegrass endowed rice with high resistance to glyphosate. The integrations and inheritability of the transgenes in the rice genome were investigated within two generations. The EiEPSPS transgenic plants displayed similar growth and development to wild type under no glyphosate selection pressure but better reproductive performance under lower glyphosate selection pressure. Furthermore, we reconstructed a binary vector pCEiEPSPS and established the whole stage glyphosate selection using the vector. The Glyphosate-pCEiEPSPS selection system showed a significantly higher transformation efficiency compared with the hygromycin-HPT transformation system. Our results provided a promising alternative gene resource to the development of GR plants and also extended the plant transformation toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ouyang
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Silan Chen
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xiongxia Jin
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xinpeng Li
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Peijin Huang
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xiuying He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoguang An
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
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24
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Verma AK, Mandal S, Tiwari A, Monachesi C, Catassi GN, Srivastava A, Gatti S, Lionetti E, Catassi C. Current Status and Perspectives on the Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene-Editing System to Develop a Low-Gluten, Non-Transgenic Wheat Variety. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102351. [PMID: 34681400 PMCID: PMC8534962 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat gluten contains epitopes that trigger celiac disease (CD). A life-long strict gluten-free diet is the only treatment accepted for CD. However, very low-gluten wheat may provide an alternative treatment to CD. Conventional plant breeding methods have not been sufficient to produce celiac-safe wheat. RNA interference technology, to some extent, has succeeded in the development of safer wheat varieties. However, these varieties have multiple challenges in terms of their implementation. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) is a versatile gene-editing tool that has the ability to edit immunogenic gluten genes. So far, only a few studies have applied CRISPR/Cas9 to modify the wheat genome. In this article, we reviewed the published literature that applied CRISPR/Cas9 in wheat genome editing to investigate the current status of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to produce a low-immunogenic wheat variety. We found that in recent years, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been continuously improved to edit the complex hexaploid wheat genome. Although some reduced immunogenic wheat varieties have been reported, CRISPR/Cas9 has still not been fully explored in terms of editing the wheat genome. We conclude that further studies are required to apply the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system efficiently for the development of a celiac-safe wheat variety and to establish it as a "tool to celiac safe wheat".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Verma
- Celiac Disease Research Laboratory, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-0715962834
| | - Sayanti Mandal
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Aadhya Tiwari
- Department of System Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestraße 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chiara Monachesi
- Celiac Disease Research Laboratory, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Giulia N. Catassi
- Division of Pediatrics, DISCO Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy; (G.N.C.); (S.G.); (E.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Akash Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA;
| | - Simona Gatti
- Division of Pediatrics, DISCO Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy; (G.N.C.); (S.G.); (E.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Elena Lionetti
- Division of Pediatrics, DISCO Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy; (G.N.C.); (S.G.); (E.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlo Catassi
- Division of Pediatrics, DISCO Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy; (G.N.C.); (S.G.); (E.L.); (C.C.)
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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25
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Upadhyaya NM, Mago R, Panwar V, Hewitt T, Luo M, Chen J, Sperschneider J, Nguyen-Phuc H, Wang A, Ortiz D, Hac L, Bhatt D, Li F, Zhang J, Ayliffe M, Figueroa M, Kanyuka K, Ellis JG, Dodds PN. Genomics accelerated isolation of a new stem rust avirulence gene-wheat resistance gene pair. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1220-1228. [PMID: 34294906 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) is a devastating disease of the global staple crop wheat. Although this disease was largely controlled in the latter half of the twentieth century, new virulent strains of Pgt, such as Ug99, have recently evolved1,2. These strains have caused notable losses worldwide and their continued spread threatens global wheat production. Breeding for disease resistance provides the most cost-effective control of wheat rust diseases3. A number of rust resistance genes have been characterized in wheat and most encode immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) class4, which recognize pathogen effector proteins known as avirulence (Avr) proteins5. However, only two Avr genes have been identified in Pgt so far, AvrSr35 and AvrSr50 (refs. 6,7), and none in other cereal rusts8,9. The Sr27 resistance gene was first identified in a wheat line carrying an introgression of the 3R chromosome from Imperial rye10. Although not deployed widely in wheat, Sr27 is widespread in the artificial crop species Triticosecale (triticale), which is a wheat-rye hybrid and is a host for Pgt11,12. Sr27 is effective against Ug99 (ref. 13) and other recent Pgt strains14,15. Here, we identify both the Sr27 gene in wheat and the corresponding AvrSr27 gene in Pgt and show that virulence to Sr27 can arise experimentally and in the field through deletion mutations, copy number variation and expression level polymorphisms at the AvrSr27 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana M Upadhyaya
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vinay Panwar
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Tim Hewitt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ming Luo
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hoa Nguyen-Phuc
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Aihua Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Diana Ortiz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA, Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Luch Hac
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Dhara Bhatt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael Ayliffe
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Ellis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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26
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Luthar Z, Fabjan P, Mlinarič K. Biotechnological Methods for Buckwheat Breeding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1547. [PMID: 34451594 PMCID: PMC8399956 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Fagopyrum genus includes two cultivated species, namely common buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench) and Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum Gaertn.), and more than 25 wild buckwheat species. The goal of breeders is to improve the properties of cultivated buckwheat with methods of classical breeding, with the support of biotechnological methods or a combination of both. In this paper, we reviewed the possibility to use transcriptomics, genomics, interspecific hybridization, tissue cultures and plant regeneration, molecular markers, genetic transformation, and genome editing to aid in both the breeding of buckwheat and in the identification and production of metabolites important for preserving human health. The key problems in buckwheat breeding are the unknown mode of inheritance of most traits, associated with crop yield and the synthesis of medicinal compounds, low seed yield, shedding of seeds, differential flowering and seed set on branches, and unknown action of genes responsible for the synthesis of buckwheat metabolites of pharmaceutical and medicinal interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Primož Fabjan
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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27
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Michalski K, Hertig C, Mańkowski DR, Kumlehn J, Zimny J, Linkiewicz AM. Functional Validation of cas9/guideRNA Constructs for Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Triticale ABA8'OH1 loci. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7038. [PMID: 34210100 PMCID: PMC8269138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cas endonuclease-mediated genome editing provides a long-awaited molecular biological approach to the modification of predefined genomic target sequences in living organisms. Although cas9/guide (g)RNA constructs are straightforward to assemble and can be customized to target virtually any site in the plant genome, the implementation of this technology can be cumbersome, especially in species like triticale that are difficult to transform, for which only limited genome information is available and/or which carry comparatively large genomes. To cope with these challenges, we have pre-validated cas9/gRNA constructs (1) by frameshift restitution of a reporter gene co-introduced by ballistic DNA transfer to barley epidermis cells, and (2) via transfection in triticale protoplasts followed by either a T7E1-based cleavage assay or by deep-sequencing of target-specific PCR amplicons. For exemplification, we addressed the triticale ABA 8'-hydroxylase 1 gene, one of the putative determinants of pre-harvest sprouting of grains. We further show that in-del induction frequency in triticalecan beincreased by TREX2 nuclease activity, which holds true for both well- and poorly performing gRNAs. The presented results constitute a sound basis for the targeted induction of heritable modifications in triticale genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Michalski
- GMO Controlling Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Department, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; (K.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Christian Hertig
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany; (J.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Dariusz R. Mańkowski
- Laboratory of Seed Production and Plant Breeding Economics, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany; (J.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Janusz Zimny
- GMO Controlling Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Department, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; (K.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Anna M. Linkiewicz
- GMO Controlling Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Department, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; (K.M.); (J.Z.)
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Bhat MA, Mir RA, Kumar V, Shah AA, Zargar SM, Rahman S, Jan AT. Mechanistic insights of CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing towards enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1255-1268. [PMID: 33576013 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses such as temperature (high/low), drought, salinity, and others make the environment hostile to plants. Abiotic stressors adversely affect plant growth and development; and thereby makes a direct impact on overall plant productivity. Plants confront stress by developing an internal defense system orchestrated by compatible solutes, reactive oxygen species scavengers and phytohormones. However, routine exposure to unpredictable environmental stressors makes it essential to equip plants with a system that contributes to sustainable agricultural productivity, besides imparting multi-stress tolerance. The sustainable approach against abiotic stress is accomplished through breeding of tolerant cultivars. Though eco-friendly, tedious screening and crossing protocol limits its usage to overcome stress and in attaining the goal of global food security. Advancement on the technological front has enabled adoption of genomic engineering approaches to perform site-specific modification in the plant genome for improving adaptability, increasing the yield and in attributing resilience against different stressors. Of the different genome editing approaches, CRISPR/Cas has revolutionized biological research with wider applicability to crop plants. CRISPR/Cas emerged as a versatile tool in editing genomes for desired traits in highly accurate and precise manner. The present study summarizes advancement of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing tool in its adoption to manipulate plant genomes for novel traits towards developing high-yielding and climate-resilient crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Aamir Bhat
- Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ali Asghar Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- Proteomics Lab., Division of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Shalimar, Kashmir, India
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Botany, MS College, BR Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
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29
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Biswas S, Zhang D, Shi J. CRISPR/Cas systems: opportunities and challenges for crop breeding. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:979-998. [PMID: 33977326 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing crop production to meet the demands of a growing population depends largely on crop improvement through new plant-breeding techniques (NPBT) such as genome editing. CRISPR/Cas systems are NPBTs that enable efficient target-specific gene editing in crops, which is supposed to accelerate crop breeding in a way that is different from genetically modified (GM) technology. Herein, we review the applications of CRISPR/Cas systems in crop breeding focusing on crop domestication, heterosis, haploid induction, and synthetic biology, and summarize the screening methods of CRISPR/Cas-induced mutations in crops. We highlight the importance of molecular characterization of CRISPR/Cas-edited crops, and pay special attentions to emerging highly specific genome-editing tools such as base editors and prime editors. We also discuss future improvements of CRISPR/Cas systems for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Biswas
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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30
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Demirer GS, Silva TN, Jackson CT, Thomas JB, W Ehrhardt D, Rhee SY, Mortimer JC, Landry MP. Nanotechnology to advance CRISPR-Cas genetic engineering of plants. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:243-250. [PMID: 33712738 PMCID: PMC10461802 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas genetic engineering of plants holds tremendous potential for providing food security, battling biotic and abiotic crop stresses caused by climate change, and for environmental remediation and sustainability. Since the discovery of CRISPR-Cas technology, its usefulness has been demonstrated widely, including for genome editing in plants. Despite the revolutionary nature of genome-editing tools and the notable progress that these tools have enabled in plant genetic engineering, there remain many challenges for CRISPR applications in plant biotechnology. Nanomaterials could address some of the most critical challenges of CRISPR genome editing in plants through improvements in cargo delivery, species independence, germline transformation and gene editing efficiency. This Perspective identifies major barriers preventing CRISPR-mediated plant genetic engineering from reaching its full potential, and discusses ways that nanoparticle technologies can lower or eliminate these barriers. We also describe advances that are needed in nanotechnology to facilitate and accelerate plant genome editing. Timely advancement of the application of CRISPR technologies in plant engineering is crucial for our ability to feed and sustain the growing human population under a changing global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde S Demirer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Tallyta N Silva
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher T Jackson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jason B Thomas
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Seung Y Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, CA, USA.
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), Berkeley, CA, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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31
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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of HOS1 Reveals Its Role in the Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010104. [PMID: 33419060 PMCID: PMC7825447 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, the RING finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES 1 (HOS1) functions as a main regulator of the cold signaling. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of the HOS1 gene in the first exon was performed. DNA sequencing showed that frameshift indels introduced by genome editing of HOS1 resulted in the appearance of premature stop codons, disrupting the open reading frame. Obtained hos1Cas9 mutant plants were compared with the SALK T-DNA insertion mutant, line hos1-3, in terms of their tolerance to abiotic stresses, accumulation of secondary metabolites and expression levels of genes participating in these processes. Upon exposure to cold stress, enhanced tolerance and expression of cold-responsive genes were observed in both hos1-3 and hos1Cas9 plants. The hos1 mutation caused changes in the synthesis of phytoalexins in transformed cells. The content of glucosinolates (GSLs) was down-regulated by 1.5-times, while flavonol glycosides were up-regulated by 1.2 to 4.2 times in transgenic plants. The transcript abundance of the corresponding MYB and bHLH transcription factors, which are responsible for the regulation of secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis, were also altered. Our data suggest a relationship between HOS1-regulated downstream signaling and phytoalexin biosynthesis.
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Luo M, Xie L, Chakraborty S, Wang A, Matny O, Jugovich M, Kolmer JA, Richardson T, Bhatt D, Hoque M, Patpour M, Sørensen C, Ortiz D, Dodds P, Steuernagel B, Wulff BBH, Upadhyaya NM, Mago R, Periyannan S, Lagudah E, Freedman R, Lynne Reuber T, Steffenson BJ, Ayliffe M. A five-transgene cassette confers broad-spectrum resistance to a fungal rust pathogen in wheat. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:561-566. [PMID: 33398152 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-00770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Breeding wheat with durable resistance to the fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), a major threat to cereal production, is challenging due to the rapid evolution of pathogen virulence. Increased durability and broad-spectrum resistance can be achieved by introducing more than one resistance gene, but combining numerous unlinked genes by breeding is laborious. Here we generate polygenic Pgt resistance by introducing a transgene cassette of five resistance genes into bread wheat as a single locus and show that at least four of the five genes are functional. These wheat lines are resistant to aggressive and highly virulent Pgt isolates from around the world and show very high levels of resistance in the field. The simple monogenic inheritance of this multigene locus greatly simplifies its use in breeding. However, a new Pgt isolate with virulence to several genes at this locus suggests gene stacks will need strategic deployment to maintain their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia
| | - Liqiong Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | | | - Aihua Wang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia
| | - Oadi Matny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michelle Jugovich
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Dhara Bhatt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mohammad Hoque
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mehran Patpour
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Chris Sørensen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Diana Ortiz
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables Unit, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Montfavet, France
| | - Peter Dodds
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Rohit Mago
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Evans Lagudah
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - T Lynne Reuber
- 2Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, USA.,Enko Chem, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michael Ayliffe
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia.
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Bhat MA, Bhat MA, Kumar V, Wani IA, Bashir H, Shah AA, Rahman S, Jan AT. The era of editing plant genomes using CRISPR/Cas: A critical appraisal. J Biotechnol 2020; 324:34-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sandhya D, Jogam P, Allini VR, Abbagani S, Alok A. The present and potential future methods for delivering CRISPR/Cas9 components in plants. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:25. [PMID: 32638190 PMCID: PMC7340682 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology is a DNA manipulation tool for trait improvement. This technology has been demonstrated and successfully applied to edit the genome in various species of plants. The delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components within rigid plant cells is very crucial for high editing efficiency. Here, we insight the strengths and weaknesses of each method of delivery. MAIN TEXT The mutation efficiency of genome editing may vary and affected by different factors. Out of various factors, the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components into cells and genome is vital. The way of delivery defines whether the edited plant is transgenic or transgene-free. In many countries, the transgenic approach of improvement is a significant limitation in the regulatory approval of genetically modified crops. Gene editing provides an opportunity for generating transgene-free edited genome of the plant. Nevertheless, the mode of delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 component is of crucial importance for genome modification in plants. Different delivery methods such as Agrobacterium-mediated, bombardment or biolistic method, floral-dip, and PEG-mediated protoplast are frequently applied to crops for efficient genome editing. CONCLUSION We have reviewed different delivery methods with prons and cons for genome editing in plants. A novel nanoparticle and pollen magnetofection-mediated delivery systems which would be very useful in the near future. Further, the factors affecting editing efficiency, such as the promoter, transformation method, and selection pressure, are discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulam Sandhya
- Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana India
| | - Phanikanth Jogam
- Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana India
| | | | | | - Anshu Alok
- Department of Biotechnology, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Li J, Wang Z, He G, Ma L, Deng XW. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of TaNP1 genes results in complete male sterility in bread wheat. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:263-272. [PMID: 32694014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Male sterile genes and mutants are valuable resources in hybrid seed production for monoclinous crops. High genetic redundancy due to allohexaploidy makes it difficult to obtain the nuclear recessive male sterile mutants through spontaneous mutation or chemical or physical mutagenesis methods in wheat. The emerging effective genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9 system, makes it possible to achieve simultaneous mutagenesis in multiple homoeoalleles. To improve the genome modification efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in wheat, we compared four different RNA polymerase (Pol) III promoters (TaU3p, TaU6p, OsU3p, and OsU6p) and three types of sgRNA scaffold in the protoplast system. We show that the TaU3 promoter-driven optimized sgRNA scaffold was most effective. The optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to edit three TaNP1 homoeoalleles, whose orthologs, OsNP1 in rice and ZmIPE1 in maize, encode a putative glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase and are required for male sterility. Triple homozygous mutations in TaNP1 genes result in complete male sterility. We further demonstrated that any one wild-type copy of the three TaNP1 genes is sufficient for maintenance of male fertility. Taken together, this study provides an optimized CRISPR/Cas9 vector for wheat genome editing and a complete male sterile mutant for development of a commercially viable hybrid wheat seed production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China
| | - Guangming He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ligeng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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