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Zhong D, Lu Z, Xia Y, Wu H, Zhang X, Li M, Song X, Wang Y, Moon A, Qiu HJ, Li Y, Sun Y. Ferritin Nanoparticle Delivery of the E2 Protein of Classical Swine Fever Virus Completely Protects Pigs from Lethal Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:629. [PMID: 38932358 PMCID: PMC11209039 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), results in significant economic losses to the swine industry in many countries. Vaccination represents the primary strategy to control CSF and the CSFV E2 protein is known as the major protective antigen. However, the E2 protein expressed or presented by different systems elicits distinct immune responses. In this study, we established a stable CHO cell line to express the E2 protein and delivered it using self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles (NPs). Subsequently, we compared the adaptive immune responses induced by the E2-ferritin NPs and the monomeric E2 protein produced by the CHO cells or a baculovirus expression system. The results revealed that the NP-delivered E2 protein elicited higher titers of neutralizing antibodies than did the monomeric E2 protein in pigs. Importantly, only the NP-delivered E2 protein significantly induced CSFV-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells. Furthermore, all the pigs inoculated with the E2-ferritin NPs were completely protected from a lethal CSFV challenge infection. These findings demonstrate the ability of the E2-ferritin NPs to protect pigs against the lethal CSFV challenge by eliciting robust humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dailang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
| | - Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hongxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
| | - Yanjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
| | - Assad Moon
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (D.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.X.); (H.W.); (X.Z.); (M.L.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (A.M.); (H.-J.Q.)
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
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Bao X, Zhuang T, Xu Y, Chen L, Feng L, Yao H. Exosomes secreted by CSFV-infected cells evade neutralizing antibody to activate innate immune responses and establish productive infection in recipient cells. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110062. [PMID: 38518631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, which are small membrane-enclosed vesicles, are actively released into the extracellular space by a variety of cells. Growing evidence indicates that exosomes derived from virus-infected cells can selectively encapsulate viral proteins, genetic materials, or even entire virions. This enables them to mediate cell-to-cell communication and facilitate virus transmission. Classical swine fever (CSF) is a disease listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Terrestrial Animal Health Code and must be reported to the organisation. It is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles originating from autophagy can facilitate the antibody-resistant spread of classical swine fever virus. However, due to the extreme difficulty in achieving a complete separation from virions, the role of exosomes during CSFV infection and proliferation remains elusive. In this study, we ingeniously chose to perform immunoprecipitation (IP) targeting the CSFV E2 protein, thereby achieving the complete removal of infectious virions. Subsequently, we discovered that the purified exosomes are shown to contain viral genomic RNA and partial viral proteins. Furthermore, exosomes secreted by CSFV-infected cells can evade CSFV-specific neutralizing antibodies, establish subsequent infection, and stimulate innate immune system after uptake by recipient cells. In summary, exosomes play a critical role in CSFV transmission. This is of great significance for in-depth exploration of the characteristics of CSFV and its complex interactions with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Bao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Tenghan Zhuang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China; Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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Bohórquez JA, Muñoz-Aguilera A, Lanka S, Coronado L, Rosell R, Alberch M, Maddox CW, Ganges L. Development of a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification test for the sensitive, rapid, and economic detection of different genotypes of Classical swine fever virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1372166. [PMID: 38686097 PMCID: PMC11056584 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1372166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) remains one of the most important pathogens in animal health. Pathogen detection relies on viral RNA extraction followed by RT-qPCR. Novel technologies are required to improve diagnosis at the point of care. Methods A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) PCR technique was developed, with primers designed considering all reported CSFV genotypes. The reaction was tested using both fluorometric and colorimetric detection, in comparison to the gold standard technique. Viral strains from three circulating CSFV genotypes were tested, as well as samples from infected animals. Other pathogens were also tested, to determine the LAMP specificity. Besides laboratory RNA extraction methods, a heating method for RNA release, readily available for adaptation to field conditions was evaluated. Results Three primer sets were generated, with one of them showing better performance. This primer set proved capable of maintaining optimal performance at a wide range of amplification temperatures (60°C - 68°C). It was also able to detect CSFV RNA from the three genotypes tested. The assay was highly efficient in detection of samples from animals infected with field strains from two different genotypes, with multiple matrices being detected using both colorimetric and fluorometric methods. The LAMP assay was negative for all the unrelated pathogens tested, including Pestiviruses. The only doubtful result in both fluorometric and colorimetric LAMP was against the novel Pestivirus italiaense, ovine Italy Pestivirus (OVPV), which has proven to have cross-reaction with multiple CSFV diagnostic techniques. However, it is only possible to detect the OVPV in a doubtful result if the viral load is higher than 10000 viral particles. Conclusion The results from the present study show that LAMP could be an important addition to the currently used molecular diagnostic techniques for CSFV. This technique could be used in remote locations, given that it can be adapted for successful use with minimal equipment and minimally invasive samples. The joined use of novel and traditional diagnostic techniques could prove to be a useful alternative to support the CSF control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alejandro Bohórquez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Adriana Muñoz-Aguilera
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Liani Coronado
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Alberch
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol W. Maddox
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
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Chen YS, Lee CY, Wu CC, Kao PL, Chen TA, Huang Y, Chung WB, Kuo TY, Chen C. Efficacy evaluation of a bivalent subunit vaccine against classical swine fever virus and porcine circovirus type 2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2997. [PMID: 38316873 PMCID: PMC10844208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two of the most devastating and economically significant pathogens affecting pig populations worldwide. Administration of a combination of vaccines against swine pathogens has been demonstrated to be as efficacious as the administration of single vaccines. In this study, we developed and tested a novel bivalent subunit vaccine against CSFV and PCV2. The safety and efficacy of this vaccine were demonstrated in mice and specific pathogen-free (SPF) piglets. In addition to investigating the serological responses after immunization, challenge studies with both viruses were also conducted. The results showed that this CSFV/PCV2 bivalent vaccine elicited a high level of neutralizing antibodies against both viruses and provided protection in challenge studies. In conclusion, the CSFV/PCV2 bivalent vaccine is safe and effective against CSFV or PCV2 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-San Chen
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ye Lee
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Wu
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Kao
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Tai-An Chen
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yahui Huang
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Chung
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Yung Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Charles Chen
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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Hinojosa Y, Liniger M, García-Nicolás O, Gerber M, Rajaratnam A, Muñoz-González S, Coronado L, Frías MT, Perera CL, Ganges L, Ruggli N. Evolutionary-Related High- and Low-Virulent Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolates Reveal Viral Determinants of Virulence. Viruses 2024; 16:147. [PMID: 38275957 PMCID: PMC10820463 DOI: 10.3390/v16010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) has been eradicated from Western and Central Europe but remains endemic in parts of Central and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. CSF virus (CSFV) has been endemic in Cuba since 1993, most likely following an escape of the highly virulent Margarita/1958 strain. In recent years, chronic and persistent infections with low-virulent CSFV have been observed. Amino acid substitutions located in immunodominant epitopes of the envelope glycoprotein E2 of the attenuated isolates were attributed to positive selection due to suboptimal vaccination and control. To obtain a complete picture of the mutations involved in attenuation, we applied forward and reverse genetics using the evolutionary-related low-virulent CSFV/Pinar del Rio (CSF1058)/2010 (PdR) and highly virulent Margarita/1958 isolates. Sequence comparison of the two viruses recovered from experimental infections in pigs revealed 40 amino acid differences. Interestingly, the amino acid substitutions clustered in E2 and the NS5A and NS5B proteins. A long poly-uridine sequence was identified previously in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of PdR. We constructed functional cDNA clones of the PdR and Margarita strains and generated eight recombinant viruses by introducing single or multiple gene fragments from Margarita into the PdR backbone. All chimeric viruses had comparable replication characteristics in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages. Recombinant PdR viruses carrying either E2 or NS5A/NS5B of Margarita, with 36 or 5 uridines in the 3'UTR, remained low virulent in 3-month-old pigs. The combination of these elements recovered the high-virulent Margarita phenotype. These results show that CSFV evolution towards attenuated variants in the field involved mutations in both structural and non-structural proteins and the UTRs, which act synergistically to determine virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoandry Hinojosa
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anojen Rajaratnam
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liani Coronado
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frías
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Robert E, Goonewardene K, Lamboo L, Perez O, Goolia M, Lewis C, Erdelyan CNG, Lung O, Handel K, Moffat E, Embury-Hyatt C, Amaya NN, Parra CPC, Rueda DCG, Monroy MAR, Clavijo A, Ambagala A. Molecular and Pathological Characterization of Classical Swine Fever Virus Genotype 2 Strains Responsible for the 2013-2018 Outbreak in Colombia. Viruses 2023; 15:2308. [PMID: 38140549 PMCID: PMC10747092 DOI: 10.3390/v15122308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild pigs. Despite mass vaccination and continuous eradication programs, CSF remains endemic in Asia, some countries in Europe, the Caribbean and South America. Since June 2013, Northern Colombia has reported 137 CSF outbreaks, mostly in backyard production systems with low vaccination coverage. The purpose of this study was to characterize the virus responsible for the outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length E2 sequence shows that the virus is closely related to CSF virus (CSFV) genotype 2.6 strains circulating in Southeast Asia. The pathotyping experiment suggests that the virus responsible is a moderately virulent strain. The 190 nucleotide stretch of the E2 hypervariable region of these isolates also shows high similarity to the CSFV isolates from Colombia in 2005 and 2006, suggesting a common origin for the CSF outbreaks caused by genotype 2.6 strains. The emergence of genotype 2.6 in Colombia suggests a potential transboundary spread of CSFV from Asia to the Americas, complicating the ongoing CSF eradication efforts in the Americas, and emphasizes the need for continuous surveillance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Robert
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Lindsey Lamboo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Orlando Perez
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Melissa Goolia
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Charles Lewis
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Cassidy N. G. Erdelyan
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Oliver Lung
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Katherine Handel
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Estella Moffat
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Nancy Naranjo Amaya
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Claudia Patricia Calderón Parra
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Diana Cristina Gómez Rueda
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Maria Antonia Rincón Monroy
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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7
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Liu HM, Deng MC, Huang YL, Tsai KJ, Chang HW, Chang CY. In vivo characterization of the superior fitness of classical swine fever virus genotype 2.1 to genotype 3.4. Vet Microbiol 2023; 285:109854. [PMID: 37633061 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is a highly contagious disease in pigs. In Taiwan, the emerging genotype 2.1 (G2.1) CSFV caused sporadic outbreaks in 1994 and replaced the previous G3.4 CSFV in the field. The shift of CSFV genotypes to G2 CSFV was also observed in several CSFV-affected countries. The present study aimed to explore the mechanism of the genotype shift of CSFV. Two groups of specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were first inoculated with either G2.1 or G3.4 CSFV (single-inoculated group) and housed together with naïve SPF pigs (cohabitating group). The results showed that peak viremia, viral loads in blood and tissues, and viral shedding of G2.1 were consistently higher than those of G3.4 CSFV in single-inoculated and cohabitating pigs. The phenomenon of superinfection exclusion (SIE), characterized by the prevention of secondary infection by a primary infection, was readily observed in CSFV single-inoculated pigs. Interestingly, coinfection of both genotypes of CSFV was observed in 3 out of 4 cohabitating pigs, while only one pig was infected with G2.1 CSFV alone. These findings suggest that the genetic shift in CSFV in the field may be in part the consequence of SIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Meng Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, ROC; Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Liang Huang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Yi Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, ROC.
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8
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Chang CY, Tsai KJ, Deng MC, Wang FI, Liu HM, Tsai SH, Tu YC, Lin NN, Huang YL. Transmission of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Cohabitating Piglets with Various Immune Statuses Following Attenuated Live Vaccine. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030368. [PMID: 36766258 PMCID: PMC9913813 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a systemic hemorrhagic disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. The modified live vaccine (MLV) induces quick and solid protection against CSF virus (CSFV) infection. Maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) via colostrum could interfere with the MLV's efficacy, leading to incomplete protection against CSFV infection for pigs. This study investigated CSFV transmission among experimental piglets with various post-MLV immune statuses. Nineteen piglets, 18 with MDAs and 1 specific-pathogen-free piglet infected with CSFV that served as the CSFV donor, were cohabited with piglets that had or had not been administered the MLV. Five-sixths of the piglets with MDAs that had been administered one dose of MLV were fully protected from contact transmission from the CSFV donor and did not transmit CSFV to the piglets secondarily exposed through cohabitation. Cell-mediated immunity, represented by the anti-CSFV-specific interferon-γ-secreting cells, was key to viral clearance and recovery. After cohabitation with a CSFV donor, the unvaccinated piglets with low MDA levels exhibited CSFV infection and spread CSFV to other piglets through contact; those with high MDA levels recovered but acted as asymptomatic carriers. In conclusion, MLV still induces solid immunity in commercial herds under MDA interference and blocks CSFV transmission within these herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Fun-In Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Tsai
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Tu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Nong Lin
- Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 9F., No. 100, Sec. 2, Heping-West Road, Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei 10060, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Huang
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 306)
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9
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Acosta A, Dietze K, Baquero O, Osowski GV, Imbacuan C, Burbano A, Ferreira F, Depner K. Risk Factors and Spatiotemporal Analysis of Classical Swine Fever in Ecuador. Viruses 2023; 15:288. [PMID: 36851503 PMCID: PMC9966056 DOI: 10.3390/v15020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important re-emergent swine diseases worldwide. Despite concerted control efforts in the Andean countries, the disease remains endemic in several areas, limiting production and trade opportunities. In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors and spatiotemporal implications associated with CSF in Ecuador. We analysed passive surveillance and vaccination campaign datasets from 2014 to 2020; Then, we structured a herd-level case-control study using a logistic and spatiotemporal Bayesian model. The results showed that the risk factors that increased the odds of CSF occurrence were the following: swill feeding (OR 8.53), time until notification (OR 2.44), introduction of new pigs during last month (OR 2.01) and lack of vaccination against CSF (OR 1.82). The spatiotemporal model showed that vaccination reduces the risk by 33%. According to the priority index, the intervention should focus on Morona Santiago and Los Rios provinces. In conclusion, the results highlight the complexity of the CSF control programs, the importance to improve the overall surveillance system and the need to inform decision-makers and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Acosta
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oswaldo Baquero
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Germana Vizzotto Osowski
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Christian Imbacuan
- General Coordination of Animal Health, Phyto-Zoosanitary Regulation and Control Agency, Quito 170903, Ecuador
| | - Alexandra Burbano
- General Coordination of Animal Health, Phyto-Zoosanitary Regulation and Control Agency, Quito 170903, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Klaus Depner
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
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10
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Bohórquez JA, Wang M, Díaz I, Alberch M, Pérez-Simó M, Rosell R, Gladue DP, Borca MV, Ganges L. The FlagT4G Vaccine Confers a Strong and Regulated Immunity and Early Virological Protection against Classical Swine Fever. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091954. [PMID: 36146761 PMCID: PMC9502879 DOI: 10.3390/v14091954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in endemic countries relies on vaccination, mostly using vaccines that do not allow for differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA). FlagT4G vaccine is a novel candidate that confers robust immunity and shows DIVA capabilities. The present study assessed the immune response elicited by FlagT4G and its capacity to protect pigs for a short time after vaccination. Five days after a single dose of FlagT4G vaccine, animals were challenged with a highly virulent CSFV strain. A strong, but regulated, interferon-α response was found after vaccination. Vaccinated animals showed clinical and virological protection against the challenge, in the absence of antibody response at 5 days post-vaccination. Upon challenge, a rapid rise in the titers of CSFV neutralizing antibodies and an increase in the IFN-γ producing cells were noticed in all vaccinated-challenged pigs. Meanwhile, unvaccinated pigs showed severe clinical signs and high viral replication, being euthanized before the end of the trial. These animals were unable to generate neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ responses after the CSFV challenge. The results from the present study assert the fast and efficient protection by FlagT4G, a highly promising tool for CSFV control worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Bohórquez
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Alberch
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.); (L.G.)
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11
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Chen N, Wang Q, Hu Y, Sun Y, Li J, Wu H, Xu L, Liu H, Yang C, Chen X, Deng Y, Xia Y, Zhang Q, Cheng S, Fan A, Chen G. Comparative efficacy evaluation of different CSF vaccines in pigs with CSF maternally derived antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109541. [PMID: 36027683 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and important swine disease in China. Sporadic outbreaks with mild clinical signs are still being reported despite massive vaccination with the CSF C-strain vaccine. One possible reason for vaccine failure could be interference from maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) during vaccination in the field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different CSF vaccines in the presence of MDAs and to assess the different vaccination schemes in the field. The results demonstrated that vaccination with a single dose of C-strain-PK vaccine protected pigs against severe clinical signs and significantly reduced viremia. The impact of MDAs was negligible. The interference was also mild during a prime and boost vaccination scheme using the C-strain-ST vaccine. In contrast, a significant influence of MDAs on the efficacy of the subunit E2 vaccine in a one-dose vaccination scheme was observed, with pigs showing severe clinical signs, CSF-associated death, typical pathological lesions and a high level of viremia after challenge, despite robust E2 antibody induction. A field vaccination and challenge study further confirmed the superior effectiveness of a single dose of C-strain-PK vaccine in the presence of MDAs in comparison to a routine prime and boost vaccination scheme applied in the field, with pigs having fever, chronic signs, significant viremia and shedding after challenge. Delaying the vaccination time from the age of 28 days to 45 days, when MDA was low, was beneficial for improving the clinical protection and immunity induced by vaccines. Altogether, the results presented here emphasize that a high-quality vaccine and a scientific design of the vaccination scheme based on serological surveillance are essential pillars to control and eliminate CSF in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Wang
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Hu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Li
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Wu
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghuai Yang
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Deng
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingju Xia
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyi Zhang
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Cheng
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Fan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghua Chen
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Removal of the E rns RNase Activity and of the 3' Untranslated Region Polyuridine Insertion in a Low-Virulence Classical Swine Fever Virus Triggers a Cytokine Storm and Lethal Disease. J Virol 2022; 96:e0043822. [PMID: 35758667 PMCID: PMC9327722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00438-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the potential synergistic effect of the Erns RNase activity and the poly-U insertion in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the low-virulence classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolate Pinar de Rio (PdR) in innate and adaptive immunity regulation and its relationship with classical swine fever (CSF) pathogenesis in pigs. We knocked out the Erns RNase activity of PdR and replaced the long polyuridine sequence of the 3′ UTR with 5 uridines found typically at this position, resulting in a double mutant, vPdR-H30K-5U. This mutant induced severe CSF in 5-day-old piglets and 3-week-old pigs, with higher lethality in the newborn (89.5%) than in the older (33.3%) pigs. However, the viremia and viral excretion were surprisingly low, while the virus load was high in the tonsils. Only alpha interferon (IFN-α) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) were highly and consistently elevated in the two groups. Additionally, high IL-8 levels were found in the newborn but not in the older pigs. This points toward a role of these cytokines in the CSF outcome, with age-related differences. The disproportional activation of innate immunity might limit systemic viral spread from the tonsils and increase virus clearance, inducing strong cytokine-mediated symptoms. Infection with vPdR-H30K-5U resulted in poor neutralizing antibody responses compared with results obtained previously with the parent and RNase knockout PdR. This study shows for the first time the synergistic effect of the 3′ UTR and the Erns RNase function in regulating innate immunity against CSFV, favoring virus replication in target tissue and thus contributing to disease severity. IMPORTANCE CSF is one of the most relevant viral epizootic diseases of swine, with high economic and sanitary impact. Systematic stamping out of infected herds with and without vaccination has permitted regional virus eradication. However, the causative agent, CSFV, persists in certain areas of the world, leading to disease reemergence. Nowadays, low- and moderate-virulence strains that could induce unapparent CSF forms are prevalent, posing a challenge for disease eradication. Here, we show for the first time the synergistic role of lacking the Erns RNase activity and the 3′ UTR polyuridine insertion from a low-virulence CSFV isolate in innate immunity disproportional activation. This might limit systemic viral spread to the tonsils and increase virus clearance, inducing strong cytokine-mediated symptoms, thus contributing to disease severity. These results highlight the role played by the Erns RNase activity and the 3′ UTR in CSFV pathogenesis, providing new perspectives for novel diagnostic tools and vaccine strategies.
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13
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Nguyen NH, Thi Phuong BN, Nguyen TQ, Do Tien D, Nguyen Thi MD, Nguyen MN. Genotypic diversity of CSFV field strains: A silent risk reduces vaccination efficacy of CSFV vaccines in Vietnam. Virology 2022; 571:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Current Status of Genetically Modified Pigs That Are Resistant to Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020417. [PMID: 35216010 PMCID: PMC8874825 DOI: 10.3390/v14020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs play an important role in agriculture and biomedicine. The globally developing swine industry must address the challenges presented by swine-origin viruses, including ASFV (African swine fever virus), PRRSV (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus), PEDV (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), PRV (pseudorabies virus), CSFV (classical swine fever virus), TGEV (transmissible gastroenteritis virus), et al. Despite sustained efforts by many government authorities, these viruses are still widespread. Currently, gene-editing technology has been successfully used to generate antiviral pigs, which offers the possibility for increasing animal disease tolerance and improving animal economic traits in the future. Here, we summarized the current advance in knowledge regarding the host factors in virus infection and the current status of genetically modified pigs that are resistant to virus infection in the world. There has not been any report on PEDV-resistant pigs, ASFV-resistant pigs, and PRV-resistant pigs owing to the poor understanding of the key host factors in virus infection. Furthermore, we summarized the remaining problems in producing virus-resistant pigs, and proposed several potential methods to solve them. Using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening to explore the key host receptors in virus infection may be a feasible method. At the same time, exploring the key amino acids of host factors in virus infection with library screening based on ABEs and CBEs (Bes) may provide creative insight into producing antiviral pigs in the future.
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15
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Jang G, Kim EJ, Cho SC, Moon SU, Kim BS, Kim J, Jeong KJ, Song K, Mun SH, Kang WM, Lee J, Park C, Yang HS, Lee C. Field evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a classical swine fever virus E2 subunit vaccine in breeding and nursery animals on Jeju Island, South Korea. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2022; 11:264-273. [DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2022.11.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guehwan Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Cho
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sung-Up Moon
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Byeong Soo Kim
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ju Jeong
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kyungok Song
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Mun
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Won-Myoung Kang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jonghoo Lee
- Jeju-si Livestock Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Changnam Park
- Seogwipo-si Livestock Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Seok Yang
- Seogwipo-si Livestock Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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16
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Wang T, Zhang L, Liang W, Liu S, Deng W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Song M, Guo K, Zhang Y. Extracellular vesicles originating from autophagy mediate an antibody-resistant spread of classical swine fever virus in cell culture. Autophagy 2021; 18:1433-1449. [PMID: 34740307 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1987673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Free spread is a classical mode for mammalian virus transmission. However, the efficiency of this transmission approach is generally low as there are structural barriers or immunological surveillances in the extracellular environment under physiological conditions. In this study, we systematically analyzed the spreading of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) using multiple viral replication analysis in combination with antibody neutralization, transwell assay, and electron microscopy, and identified an extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated spreading of CSFV in cell cultures. In this approach, intact CSFV virions are enclosed within EVs and transferred into uninfected cells with the movement of EVs, leading to an antibody-resistant infection of the virus. Using fractionation assays, immunostaining, and electron microscopy, we characterized the CSFV-containing EVs and demonstrated that the EVs originated from macroautophagy/autophagy. Taken together, our results showed a new spreading mechanism for CSFV and demonstrated that the EVs in CSFV spreading are closely related to autophagy. These findings shed light on the immune evasion mechanisms of CSFV transmission, as well as new functions of cellular vesicles in virus lifecycles.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; CCK-8: Cell Counting Kit-8; CSF: classical swine fever; CQ: chloroquine; CSFV: classical swine fever virus; DAPI, 4-,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EVs: extracellular vesicles; hpi: h post infection; IEM: immunoelectron microscopy; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MVs: microvesicles; ND50: half neutralizing dose; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; SEC: size-exclusion chromatography; siRNA: small interfering RNA; TEM: transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Wulong Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanchuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Wen Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Yangruiyu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengzhao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&f University, Yangling, China
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17
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Bohórquez JA, Defaus S, Rosell R, Pérez-Simó M, Alberch M, Gladue DP, Borca MV, Andreu D, Ganges L. Development of a Dendrimeric Peptide-Based Approach for the Differentiation of Animals Vaccinated with FlagT4G against Classical Swine Fever from Infected Pigs. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101980. [PMID: 34696410 PMCID: PMC8540558 DOI: 10.3390/v13101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes a viral disease of high epidemiological and economical significance that affects domestic and wild swine. Control of the disease in endemic countries is based on live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) that induce an early protective immune response against highly virulent CSFV strains. The main disadvantage of these currently available LAVs is the lack of serological techniques to differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals (DIVA concept). Here, we describe the development of the FlagDIVA test, a serological diagnostic tool allowing for the differentiation between animals vaccinated with the FlagT4G candidate and those infected with CSFV field strains. The FlagDIVA test is a direct ELISA based on a dendrimeric peptide construct displaying a conserved epitope of CSFV structural protein E2. Although FlagDIVA detected anti-CSFV anti-bodies in infected animals, it did not recognize the antibody response of FlagT4G-vaccinated animals. Therefore, the FlagDIVA test constitutes a valuable accessory DIVA tool in implementing vaccination with the FlagT4G candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (R.R.); (M.P.-S.); (M.A.)
| | - Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Rosa Rosell
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (R.R.); (M.P.-S.); (M.A.)
- Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (R.R.); (M.P.-S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mònica Alberch
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (R.R.); (M.P.-S.); (M.A.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.)
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (R.R.); (M.P.-S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Huang YL, Meyer D, Postel A, Tsai KJ, Liu HM, Yang CH, Huang YC, Berkley N, Deng MC, Wang FI, Becher P, Crooke H, Chang CY. Identification of a Common Conformational Epitope on the Glycoprotein E2 of Classical Swine Fever Virus and Border Disease Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081655. [PMID: 34452520 PMCID: PMC8402670 DOI: 10.3390/v13081655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) shares high structural and antigenic homology with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV). Because all three viruses can infect swine and elicit cross-reactive antibodies, it is necessary to differentiate among them with regard to serological diagnosis of classical swine fever. To understand the mechanism of cross-reactivity, it is important to define common or specific epitopes of these viruses. For this purpose, epitope mapping of six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was performed using recombinant expressed antigenic domains of CSFV and BDV E2 proteins. One CSFV-specific conformational epitope and one CSFV and BDV common epitope within domain B/C of E2 were identified. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that residues G725 and V738/I738 of the CSFV-specific epitope and P709/L709 and E713 of the second epitope are important for mAbs binding. Infection of CSFV in porcine cells was significantly reduced after pre-incubation of the cells with the domain B/C of E2 or after pre-incubation of CSFV with the mAbs detecting domain B/C. 3D structural modeling suggested that both epitopes are exposed on the surface of E2. Based on this, the identified epitopes represent a potential target for virus neutralization and might be involved in the early steps of CSFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Huang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Denise Meyer
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Chia-Huei Yang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Yu-Chun Huang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Nicholas Berkley
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK;
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Fun-In Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Paul Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Helen Crooke
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK;
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (C.-Y.C.); Tel.: +44-0-1932-357331 (H.C.); +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 343) (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chia-Yi Chang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (C.-Y.C.); Tel.: +44-0-1932-357331 (H.C.); +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 343) (C.-Y.C.)
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19
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Wang M, Bohórquez JA, Hinojosa Y, Muñoz-González S, Gerber M, Coronado L, Perera CL, Liniger M, Ruggli N, Ganges L. Abrogation of the RNase activity of E rns in a low virulence classical swine fever virus enhances the humoral immune response and reduces virulence, transmissibility, and persistence in pigs. Virulence 2021; 12:2037-2049. [PMID: 34339338 PMCID: PMC8331007 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1959715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of low virulence classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains makes viral eradication difficult in endemic countries. However, the determinants for natural CSFV attenuation and persistence in the field remain unidentified. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of the RNase activity of CSFV Erns in pathogenesis, immune response, persistent infection, and viral transmission in pigs. To this end, a functional cDNA clone pPdR-H30K-36U with an Erns lacking RNase activity was constructed based on the low virulence CSFV field isolate Pinar de Rio (PdR). Eighteen 5-day-old piglets were infected with vPdR-H30K-36U. Nine piglets were introduced as contacts. The vPdR-H30K-36U virus was attenuated in piglets compared to the parental vPdR-36U. Only RNA traces were detected in sera and body secretions and no virus was isolated from tonsils, showing that RNase inactivation may reduce CSFV persistence and transmissibility. The vPdR-H30K-36U mutant strongly activated the interferon-α (IFN-α) production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, while in vivo, the IFN-α response was variable, from moderate to undetectable depending on the animal. This suggests a role of the CSFV Erns RNase activity in the regulation of innate immune responses. Infection with vPdR-H30K-36U resulted in higher antibody levels against the E2 and Erns glycoproteins and in enhanced neutralizing antibody responses when compared with vPdR-36U. These results pave the way toward a better understanding of viral attenuation mechanisms of CSFV in pigs. In addition, they provide novel insights relevant for the development of DIVA vaccines in combination with diagnostic assays for efficient CSF control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Yoandry Hinojosa
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Centro Nacional De Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Gerber
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional De Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Mayabeque, Cuba
| | | | - Matthias Liniger
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Liu ZH, Xu HL, Han GW, Tao LN, Lu Y, Zheng SY, Fang WH, He F. Self-Assembling Nanovaccine Enhances Protective Efficacy Against CSFV in Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689187. [PMID: 34367147 PMCID: PMC8334734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious pathogen, which pose continuous threat to the swine industry. Though most attenuated vaccines are effective, they fail to serologically distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals, hindering CSFV eradication. Beneficially, nanoparticles (NPs)-based vaccines resemble natural viruses in size and antigen structure, and offer an alternative tool to circumvent these limitations. Using self-assembling NPs as multimerization platforms provides a safe and immunogenic tool against infectious diseases. This study presented a novel strategy to display CSFV E2 glycoprotein on the surface of genetically engineered self-assembling NPs. Eukaryotic E2-fused protein (SP-E2-mi3) could self-assemble into uniform NPs as indicated in transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). SP-E2-mi3 NPs showed high stability at room temperature. This NP-based immunization resulted in enhanced antigen uptake and up-regulated production of immunostimulatory cytokines in antigen presenting cells (APCs). Moreover, the protective efficacy of SP-E2-mi3 NPs was evaluated in pigs. SP-E2-mi3 NPs significantly improved both humoral and cellular immunity, especially as indicated by the elevated CSFV-specific IFN-γ cellular immunity and >10-fold neutralizing antibodies as compared to monomeric E2. These observations were consistent to in vivo protection against CSFV lethal virus challenge in prime-boost immunization schedule. Further results revealed single dose of 10 μg of SP-E2-mi3 NPs provided considerable clinical protection against lethal virus challenge. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that this NP-based technology has potential to enhance the potency of subunit vaccine, paving ways for nanovaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hui Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Wei Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Tao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su-Ya Zheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Huan Fang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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22
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Early and Solid Protection Afforded by the Thiverval Vaccine Provides Novel Vaccination Alternatives Against Classical Swine Fever Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050464. [PMID: 34066376 PMCID: PMC8148177 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) remains a challenge for the porcine industry. Inefficient vaccination programs in some endemic areas may have contributed to the emergence of low and moderate virulence CSFV variants. This work aimed to expand and update the information about the safety and efficacy of the CSFV Thiverval-strain vaccine. Two groups of pigs were vaccinated, and a contact and control groups were also included. Animals were challenged with a highly virulent CSFV strain at 21- or 5-days post vaccination (dpv). The vaccine induced rapid and strong IFN-α response, mainly in the 5-day immunized group, and no vaccine virus transmission was detected. Vaccinated pigs showed humoral response against CSFV E2 and Erns glycoproteins, with neutralising activity, starting at 14 days post vaccination (dpv). Strong clinical protection was afforded in all the vaccinated pigs as early as 5 dpv. The vaccine controlled viral replication after challenge, showing efficient virological protection in the 21-day immunized pigs despite being housed with animals excreting high CSFV titres. These results demonstrate the high efficacy of the Thiverval strain against CSFV replication. Its early protection capacity makes it a useful alternative for emergency vaccination and a consistent tool for CSFV control worldwide.
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23
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Investigation of congenital tremor associated with Classical swine fever virus genotype 2.2 in an organized pig farm in north-eastern India. Virusdisease 2021; 32:173-182. [PMID: 33748346 PMCID: PMC7965332 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes an outbreak of Classical swine fever (CSF) in an organized pig farm followed by an episode of CSF virus (CSFV) associated congenital tremors in piglets. The outbreak was recorded in a newly procured herd of Hampshire pigs housed adjacent to the existing pigs of the farm. The recorded CSF outbreak caused a mortality of 100% in the newly procured and 54.28% in the existing herd. As the disease subsides, the clinically recovered boars were served naturally with Tamworth gilts. Though, the sows farrowed on usual gestation period, litters born to each sow showed congenital tremors and eventually died within 24 h of birth. Necropsy analysis of affected piglets was indicative of CSFV infection and was further confirmed using RT-PCR signifying a transplacental infection. The CSFV strains from the initial outbreak and post outbreak episode of congenital tremors were successfully isolated in PK-15 cells and detected in indirect FAT and RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on E2 gene and 5′NTR of CSFV grouped the isolates within the genotype 2.2 and revealed close resemblance with previously reported Indian isolates of CSFV genotype 2.2 origin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CSFV induced congenital form reported from India under natural conditions.
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24
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Suárez-Pedroso M, Sordo-Puga Y, Sosa-Teste I, Rodriguez-Molto MP, Naranjo-Valdés P, Sardina-González T, Santana-Rodríguez E, Montero-Espinosa C, Frías-Laporeaux MT, Fuentes-Rodríguez Y, Pérez-Pérez D, Oliva-Cárdenas A, Pereda CL, González-Fernández N, Bover-Fuentes E, Vargas-Hernández M, Duarte CA, Estrada-García MP. Novel chimeric E2CD154 subunit vaccine is safe and confers long lasting protection against classical swine fever virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110222. [PMID: 33690056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
E2CD154 is a vaccine candidate against classical swine fever (CSF) based on a chimeric protein composed of the E2 glycoprotein fused to porcine CD154 antigen, and formulated in the oil adjuvant Montanide™ ISA 50 V2. This vaccine confers early protection in pigs and prevents vertical transmission in pregnant sows. The objectives of this study were to assess the safety of this immunogen in piglets, to compare several doses of antigen in the formulation, and to study the duration of the immunity provided by this vaccine for up to 9 months. Three trials were conducted by immunizing pigs with a two-dose regime of the vaccine. Challenge experiments were carried out with the highly pathogenic Margarita strain. No local or systemic adverse effects were documented, and neither macroscopic nor microscopic pathological findings were observed in the vaccinated animals. The three antigen doses explored were safe and induced CSF protective neutralizing antibodies. The dose of 50 μg was selected for further development because it provided the best clinical and virological protection. Finally, this protective immunity was sustained for at least 9 months. This study demonstrates that E2CD154 vaccine is safe; defines a vaccine dose of 50 μg antigen, and evidences the capacity of this vaccine to confer long term protection from CSFV infection for up to 9 months post- vaccination. These findings complement previous data on the evaluation of this vaccine candidate, and suggest that E2CD154 is a promising alternative to modified live vaccines in CSF endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Suárez-Pedroso
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba.
| | - Yusmel Sordo-Puga
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Iliana Sosa-Teste
- Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), Cuba
| | | | | | - Talía Sardina-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Elaine Santana-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Carlos Montero-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Yohandy Fuentes-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Danny Pérez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Ayme Oliva-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Carmen Laura Pereda
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Apdo 10, San José de Las Lajas, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nemecio González-Fernández
- Departamento de Desarrollo de Procesos, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Eddy Bover-Fuentes
- Departamento de Desarrollo de Procesos, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Milagros Vargas-Hernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Carlos A Duarte
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
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Yuan F, Feng Y, Bai J, Liu X, Arruda B, Anbalagan S, Peddireddi L. Genetic diversity and prevalence of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in the Midwest of US swine herds during 2016-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:753-763. [PMID: 33621429 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), a highly divergent pestivirus, has a wide geographical distribution around the world. APPV is known to cause type A-II congenital tremors in newborn piglets. The main objective of this study is to access APPV prevalence in the US swine herds utilizing a newly developed quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay. Retrospective analysis of 1,785 samples revealed a 19.0% prevalence in Midwest swine herds over a period of three years (2016-2018). Among all clinical and field samples that were APPV positive, 82 samples (24.19%) were also positive for one or more swine viral pathogens. Two APPV US strains identified in this study demonstrated significant sequence diversity (~12% in full genome) compared to the first reported APPV strain from the United States in 2014. Of the two strains identified in this study, USA/023005/2016 is closer to two strains identified in Germany, and USA/047310/2017 shares more similarities with two US strains including Minnesota-1 and ISDVDL2014016573. Partial NS5B sequences (9127-9836 nt of the polyprotein gene) obtained from 54 APPV-positive samples revealed considerable sequence diversity, ranging from 85.8% to 100% nucleotide identity, within the US strains in samples from different geographic regions. Analysis of all US samples indicates high prevalence of APPV in Minnesota (37.35%), followed by Illinois (32.86%), Iowa (30.60%) and Kansas (21.89%). APPV was detected in 15.48% of samples assayed from 2017, slightly higher than that in 2016 (13.08%), but much lower than 2018 (28.77%). Among the various sample types tested, oral fluid samples had the highest prevalence and lowest average Ct value suggesting their suitability as a reliable diagnostic specimen for APPV detection. Overall, sequence variation among APPV strains and prevalence of the pathogen within the United States provides a basis for understanding the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of APPV in the US swine herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfeng Yuan
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yuan Feng
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Xuming Liu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bailey Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,North Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, Raleigh, NC, USA
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26
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Bazarragchaa E, Isoda N, Kim T, Tetsuo M, Ito S, Matsuno K, Sakoda Y. Efficacy of Oral Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever in Wild Boar and Estimation of the Disease Dynamics in the Quantitative Approach. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020319. [PMID: 33672749 PMCID: PMC7924559 DOI: 10.3390/v13020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in the wild boar population has been spreading in Japan, alongside outbreaks on pigs, since classical swine fever (CSF) reemerged in September 2018. The vaccination using oral bait vaccine was initially implemented in Gifu prefecture in March 2019. In the present study, antibodies against CSFV in wild boar were assessed in 1443 captured and dead wild boars in Gifu prefecture. After the implementation of oral vaccination, the increase of the proportion of seropositive animals and their titer in wild boars were confirmed. Quantitative analysis of antigen and antibodies against CSFV in wild boar implies potential disease diversity in the wild boar population. Animals with status in high virus replication (Ct < 30) and non- or low-immune response were confirmed and were sustained at a certain level after initial oral vaccination. Through continuous vaccination periods, the increase of seroprevalence among wild boar and the decrease of CSFV-positive animals were observed. The epidemiological analysis based on the quantitative virological outcomes could provide more information on the efficacy of oral vaccination and dynamics of CSF in the wild boar population, which will help to improve the implementation of control measures for CSF in countries such as Japan and neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhbold Bazarragchaa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (S.I.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5208 (N.I.); +81-11-706-5207 (Y.S.)
| | - Taksoo Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Madoka Tetsuo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (S.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (S.I.); (K.M.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5208 (N.I.); +81-11-706-5207 (Y.S.)
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Coronado L, Perera CL, Rios L, Frías MT, Pérez LJ. A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:154. [PMID: 33671909 PMCID: PMC7918945 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infectious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV. The current review pursues to gather all the available information about the vaccines in use or under developing stages against CSFV. From the perspective concerning the evolutionary viral process, this review also discusses the current problematic in CSF-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Carmen L. Perera
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada;
| | - María T. Frías
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Lester J. Pérez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA
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Tao J, Li B, Cheng J, Shi Y, Shen X, Liu H. Development and neutralization analysis of recombinant BVDVs expressing a CSF single chain antibody in vitro. Biologicals 2021; 70:38-43. [PMID: 33582026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the immunization against swine fever (SF) is compulsory in China, it has still emerged in several areas at times. Herein, this study was conducted to develop an antibody vaccine which can clear the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) immediately after the pathogen invasion. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infectious cDNA clone pASH28 was used to express a single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody against CSFV (CSFV/scFv) by reverse genetic technique. CSFV/scFv was inserted at the N-terminus of the C or Erns gene, generating two rBVDVs (rBVDV/C-CSFV/scFv and rBVDV/Erns-CSFV/scFv). Although both the rBVDVs could stably propagate on MDBK cells, different cellular characteristics existed. Obvious green fluorescence against the CSFV/scFv antibody could be visual on the cytomembrane or outside of the cells infected with rBVDV/Erns-CSFV/scFv, while much weaker fluorescence was observed in rBVDV/C-CSFV/scFv - infected cells. The CSFV/scFv antibodies induced by the two rBVDVs could recognize CSFV, but the rBVDV/Erns-CSFV/scFv induced stronger viral neutralization reaction. It was speculated that the neutralization activity might be associated with the expression location of CSFV/scFv antibody. The datas in this study provide evidence that rBVDV/Erns-CSFV/scFv may be engineered as a new antibody vaccine candidate against CSFV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Jinghua Cheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Xiaohui Shen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China.
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29
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Chen JY, Wu CM, Chen ZW, Liao CM, Deng MC, Chia MY, Huang C, Chien MS. Evaluation of classical swine fever E2 (CSF-E2) subunit vaccine efficacy in the prevention of virus transmission and impact of maternal derived antibody interference in field farm applications. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:9. [PMID: 33431028 PMCID: PMC7798205 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most devastating pig diseases that affect the swine industry worldwide. Besides stamping out policy for eradication, immunization with vaccines of live attenuated CSF or the CSF-E2 subunit is an efficacious measure of disease control. However, after decades of efforts, it is still hard to eliminate CSF from endemically affected regions and reemerging areas. Most of previous studies demonstrated the efficacy of different CSF vaccines in laboratories under high containment conditions, which may not represent the practical performance in field farms. The inadequate vaccine efficacy induced by unrestrained factors may lead to chronic or persistent CSF infection in animals that develop a major source for virus shedding among pig populations. In this study, a vaccination-challenge-cohabitation trial on specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs and long-term monitoring of conventional sows and their offspring were used to evaluate the efficacy and the impact of maternally derived antibody (MDA) interference on CSF vaccines in farm applications. Results The trials demonstrated higher neutralizing antibody (NA) titers with no clinical symptoms and significant pathological changes in the CSF-E2 subunit vaccine immunized group after CSFV challenge. Additionally, none of the sentinel pigs were infected during cohabitation indicating that the CSF-E2 subunit vaccine could provoke adequately acquired immunity to prevent horizontal transmission. In field farm applications, sows immunized with CSF-E2 subunit vaccine revealed an average of higher and consistent antibody level with significant reduction of CSF viral RNA detection via saliva monitoring in contrast to those of live attenuated CSF vaccine immunized sows possessing diverse antibody titer distributions and higher viral loads. Furthermore, early application of the CSF-E2 subunit vaccine in 3-week-old piglets illustrated no MDA interference on primary immunization and could elicit consistent and long-lasting adequate antibody response suggesting the flexibility of CSF-E2 subunit vaccine on vaccination program determination. Conclusions The CSF-E2 subunit vaccine demonstrated significant efficacy and no MDA interference for immunization in both pregnant sows and piglets. These advantages provide a novel approach to avoid possible virus shedding in sow population and MDA interference in piglets for control of CSF in field farm applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-020-00188-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ming Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Weng Chen
- Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, No. 52, Kedong 2nd Rd., Zhunan Township, Miaoli County, 350401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Ming Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, Taipei, 25158, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chienjin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Maw-Sheng Chien
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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30
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Wang Q, Liu H, Xu L, Li J, Wu H, Yang C, Chen X, Deng Y, Sun Y, Tu C, Chen N, Gong W, Chen G. Different clinical presentations of subgenotype 2.1 strain of classical swine fever infection in weaned piglets and adults, and long-term cross-protection conferred by a C-strain vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2020; 253:108915. [PMID: 33309157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever is an important swine disease in China, and sporadic outbreaks with mild clinical signs despite compulsory vaccination have raised questions about the virulence and pathogenicity of prevalent subgenotype 2.1 strains, and the ability of C-strain vaccines to cross-protect against them. To investigate this, three field isolates were evaluated in experimentally infected piglets and compared with the highly virulent reference Shimen strain. Clinical signs for the field strains ranged from mild to severe, and mortality ranged from 0 to 80 %. These data show differences in virulence among the subgenotype 2.1 field isolates and support the use of field strain GD191 as a genotype 2 challenge virus to assess efficacy of C-strain vaccines. In contrast to the historical genotype 1 strain, which caused acute infection with significant virus shedding in non-vaccinated animals, the subgenotype 2.1 GD191 strain produced different clinical manifestations in weaned piglets and adults. Adult pigs showed subclinical infection with viral shedding, whereas weaned piglets showed overt signs of infection. Efficacy of, and duration of immunity conferred by a C-strain vaccine were assessed using the reference Shimen strain and field isolate GD191 at 12 and 15 months after vaccination. A robust antibody response and sterilising protection were seen in all vaccinated animals and lasted up to 15 months post-vaccination. This study confirms that C-strain vaccines confer both clinical and virological protection against the historical genotype 1 Shimen strain and cross-protection against the prevalent genotype 2 field strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Li
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Wu
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghuai Yang
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Deng
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Ganges L, Crooke HR, Bohórquez JA, Postel A, Sakoda Y, Becher P, Ruggli N. Classical swine fever virus: the past, present and future. Virus Res 2020; 289:198151. [PMID: 32898613 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is among the most relevant viral epizootic diseases of swine. Due to its severe economic impact, CSF is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health. Strict control policies, including systematic stamping out of infected herds with and without vaccination, have permitted regional virus eradication. Nevertheless, CSF virus (CSFV) persists in certain areas of the world and has re-emerged regularly. This review summarizes the basic established knowledge in the field and provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the recent advances in fundamental CSFV research, diagnostics and vaccine development. It covers the latest discoveries on the genetic diversity of pestiviruses, with implications for taxonomy, the progress in understanding disease pathogenesis, immunity against acute and persistent infections, and the recent findings in virus-host interactions and virulence determinants. We also review the progress and pitfalls in the improvement of diagnostic tools and the challenges in the development of modern and efficacious marker vaccines compatible with serological tests for disease surveillance. Finally, we highlight the gaps that require research efforts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Helen R Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jose Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Paul Becher
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Bohórquez JA, Muñoz-González S, Pérez-Simó M, Muñoz I, Rosell R, Coronado L, Domingo M, Ganges L. Foetal Immune Response Activation and High Replication Rate during Generation of Classical Swine Fever Congenital Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040285. [PMID: 32295279 PMCID: PMC7238013 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) induces trans-placental transmission and congenital viral persistence; however, the available information is not updated. Three groups of sows were infected at mid-gestation with either a high, moderate or low virulence CSFV strains. Foetuses from sows infected with high or low virulence strain were obtained before delivery and piglets from sows infected with the moderate virulence strain were studied for 32 days after birth. The low virulence strain generated lower CSFV RNA load and the lowest proportion of trans-placental transmission. Severe lesions and mummifications were observed in foetuses infected with the high virulence strain. Sows infected with the moderately virulence strain showed stillbirths and mummifications, one of them delivered live piglets, all CSFV persistently infected. Efficient trans-placental transmission was detected in sows infected with the high and moderate virulence strain. The trans-placental transmission occurred before the onset of antibody response, which started at 14 days after infection in these sows and was influenced by replication efficacy of the infecting strain. Fast and solid immunity after sow vaccination is required for prevention of congenital viral persistence. An increase in the CD8+ T-cell subset and IFN-alpha response was found in viremic foetuses, or in those that showed higher viral replication in tissue, showing the CSFV recognition capacity by the foetal immune system after trans-placental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Iván Muñoz
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Rosa Rosell
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
- Departament d’Agricultura, Ramadería, Pesca, Alimentació I Medi Natural i Rural (DAAM), 08007 Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
| | - Liani Coronado
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Mayabeque 32700, Cuba
| | - Mariano Domingo
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Departament de Sanitat I d’Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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