The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research

Enhanced hepatoprotective efficacy of quercetin nanoparticles versus free quercetin against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity through modulation of MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathways and molecular docking validation

Acrylamide (ACR) is a hazardous contaminant posing significant hepatotoxic risks. This study investigates the hepatoprotective efficacy of quercetin-loaded nanoparticles compared to free quercetin in mitigating ACR-induced hepatotoxicity. Nanoparticles were formulated using nanoprecipitation with galactose-functionalized surfaces to enhance liver targeting. Rats were allocated into five groups: control, ACR-induced hepatotoxicity, blank nanoparticles, free quercetin, and quercetin nanoparticles. Hepatotoxicity was assessed through biochemical, molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses, along with molecular docking studies. Results demonstrated significant elevations in hepatic enzyme levels (ALT, AST), oxidative stress markers (MDA), inflammatory mediators (MAPK, NF-κB1, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-6), and apoptotic factors (CASP3, BAX, P53), alongside reductions in antioxidant enzymes (GSH, GPx) in the ACR group. Both quercetin treatments effectively reduced these adverse effects, with quercetin nanoparticles exhibiting superior performance, evidenced by a 25 % greater reduction in oxidative markers and a 30 % increase in antioxidant enzyme activity. Molecular docking confirmed strong interactions between quercetin and key inflammatory pathway proteins (MAPK, NF-κB, NLRP3). Enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery contributed to the nanoparticles' superior efficacy. These findings suggest that quercetin nanoparticles significantly outperform free quercetin in ameliorating ACR-induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, providing a robust foundation for their future clinical exploration..

Whole-brain BOLD responses to graded hypoxic challenges at 7 T, 9.4 T, and 15.2 T: Implications for ultrahigh-field functional and dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI

PURPOSE

Blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI signals depend on changes in deoxyhemoglobin content, which is associated with baseline cerebral blood volume (CBV) and blood oxygen saturation change. To accurately interpret activation-induced BOLD responses and quantify perfusion values by BOLD dynamic susceptibility contrast (BOLD-DSC) with transient hypoxia, it is critical to assess ΔR 2 * $$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ values in tissue and blood across varying levels of hypoxia and magnetic field strengths (B0).

METHODS

Whole-brain BOLD responses were examined using 5-s graded hypoxic challenges with 10%, 5%, and 0% O2 at ultrahigh field strengths of 7 T, 9.4 T, and 15.2 T. Both tissue and blood responses were analyzed for BOLD-DSC quantification.

RESULTS

Substantial heterogeneity in hypoxia-induced ΔR 2 * $$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ was observed among regions under different hypoxic doses and B0. Nonlinear ΔR 2 * $$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ responses with increasing field strength were observed, depending on hypoxic levels: 10% O2 condition exhibited pronounced supralinear trends, whereas 0% and 5% O2 conditions showed nearly linear dependencies. Blood arterial and venous∆ R 2 * $$ \Delta {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ responses showed a similar dependence as tissue. However, at 15.2 T, the venous signal saturated under 5% and 0% O2 conditions. Quantitative CBV values obtained from BOLD-DSC data showed dependency on susceptibility effects, and higher B0 and hypoxic severity resulted in slightly higher CBV, indicating that caution is needed when comparing quantitative CBV values derived from different experimental protocols. Normalizing regional CBV values to those of white matter effectively reduced the impact of varying susceptibility contrasts.

CONCLUSIONS

Our investigations provide biophysical insights into the BOLD contrast mechanism at ultrahigh fields, and address quantification issues in susceptibility-based CBV measurements.

Identification of a broad-spectrum lytic Bordetella phage and assessments of its potential for combating Bordetella infections

Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) is a zoonotic respiratory pathogen that frequently causes infections in farming and companion animals, posing threats to agricultural economics and public health. However, Bb strains are intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics commonly used to treat respiratory infections. Phage therapy has been recognized as a promising strategy to combat bacterial infections. In this study, a novel Bordetella phage, designated PY223, was isolated using Bb strains as indicators. Genome network analysis with different phages showed PY223 was related to 15 viral clusters but was not included in any of these clusters. PY223 did not carry any known genes involved in lysogeny and/or horizontal gene transfer. Host range analysis showed that PY223 exhibited the capacity to lyse 70 Bb strains isolated from pigs and/or cats. Measurement of the one-step growth curve showed that PY223 had an incubation period of 10 min and a rapid growth period of 80 min. The burst size was estimated to be approximately 109 PFU/cell. In addition, PY223 displayed the capacity to inhibit the growth of Bb for up to 17 h. PY223 was stable under environmental temperatures ranging from 4 °C to 60 °C and/or pH values between 5.0 and 9.0. It remained stable even when exposed to UV light for 30 min. Notably, PY223 effectively eliminated Bb biofilms, inhibited the growth of prophage-harboring Bb strains, and cleared Bb from the environment. In vivo testing in mouse models highlighted its excellent potential for treating respiratory Bordetella infections.

The role of the Helianthus genus in Hyperglycemia: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Hyperglycemia is characterized by high and uncompensated glucose levels, leading to diabetes mellitus (DM). Helianthus species extracts may have hypoglycemic properties and can be used as a complementary therapy for diabetes and its complications. This review evaluates the effects of extracts from Helianthus species on glycemia reduction in preclinical and clinical studies. Studies that isolated compounds or other associated compounds with the extract did not measure the glycemic profile; review articles and in vitro and ex vivo articles were excluded. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) protocols, and the systematic review center for laboratory animal experimentation (SYRCLE) tool was used for preclinical studies risk-of-bias (RoB) assessment. 14 studies, including 12 preclinical and 1 clinical study, were included. A meta-analysis was applied to preclinical studies and showed a significant effect in reducing glycemia and HbA1c levels. Qualitative analysis of the clinical study has also shown a reduction in glycemia. Inulin and chlorogenic acid (CGA) were identified in HelianthustuberosusL. and HelianthusannuusL., respectively, as compounds possibly responsible for these pharmacological effects. Extracts of the Helianthus species have been effective in improving the glycemic profile, making it possible to control DM and minimize its complications.

Topical Miconazole Nanogel: In Vitro Characterization, In Vivo Skin Irritation, and Enhanced Antifungal Efficacy

This study focused on the development of a miconazole nanogel formulation. The nanogel was prepared using the solvent diffusion method (high-speed homogenization) with Carbopol 940/chitosan/locust bean gum (Different gelling agents were used) and triethanolamine. The formulation was thoroughly evaluated for various physicochemical properties, including appearance, pH, FTIR analysis, viscosity, washability, spreadability, extrudability, drug content, entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), skin irritation, ex-vivo skin penetration, in-vitro diffusion, in-vitro antifungal activity, and stability. The prepared nanogel exhibited a clear, homogenous, white appearance with a pH compatible to skin pH (5.4-6.2). FTIR analysis confirmed the compatibility between the drug and polymers. The nanogel demonstrated good viscosity (3239-4175 cps), washability, and spreadability (2.5-3.5). Extrudability studies revealed easy extrusion of the formulation. Drug content ranged from 90.15% to 99.36%, with entrapment efficiency between 78.85% and 95.00%. The nanogel had a particle size of 534 nm and a zeta potential of -37.7 mV. Microscopic analysis showed spherical nanoparticles. DSC analysis indicated no change in the melting point of miconazole, which is one of the characteristics that confirm the stability of the drug with excipients. Skin irritation studies on rats revealed no erythema or edema after 24 h. In-vitro drug release ranged from 86.12% to 99.00%. Ex-vivo skin penetration and retention were higher for the nanogel than the marketed gel. In-vitro antifungal studies demonstrated superior activity of the nanogel compared to the marketed and standard formulations. Stability studies revealed no significant changes in drug content, extrudability, spreadability, pH, or in-vitro drug release. The developed miconazole nanogel formulation exhibited promising characteristics, including controlled drug release, enhanced skin penetration, and antifungal activity. It represents a potential advancement in topical antifungal therapy.

Intake of eggshell membrane enhances bone mass and suppresses bone marrow adiposity in normal growing rats

Eggshell membrane intake is considered to have beneficial effects on bone health; however, relevant evidence remains scant. Therefore, we aimed to explore the direct effects of eggshell membrane intake on osteogenic function in normal growing rats. Six-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into control (CO) and eggshell membrane (EM) groups. The experiment was conducted over 8 weeks. Visual observation and micro-computed tomography analysis revealed a significant increase in bone mass in the EM group compared with that in the CO group. Histological analysis showed thick and long trabeculae in the EM group, accompanied by an increase in the number of osteoblasts and suppression of adipocyte accumulation. Furthermore, Col1a1 expression was significantly higher in the EM group than in the CO group, although no significant differences were found in the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts or Ctsk expression. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a notable increase in the number of Col1-positive osteoblasts but a significant decrease in the number of Dlk1-positive adipocytes in the EM group. Gene expression analysis revealed no difference in the expression of Runx2 (the master regulator of osteoblast differentiation) between the groups. However, the expression of Sp7, which functions downstream of Runx2, was significantly upregulated, whereas that of Pparg, the master regulator of adipocyte differentiation, was significantly downregulated in the EM group compared with those in the CO group. Overall, the intake of eggshell membranes may enhance osteogenic function and suppress bone marrow adiposity. These findings support the beneficial effects of eggshell membrane intake on bone health.

Neuroprotective potential of tranilast in streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease model targeting TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway

Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cerebral insulin resistance. Even though approximately 95 % of AD cases are reported as sporadic, the exact pathogenesis remains sparse. Tranilast, an analogue of tryptophan metabolite, was initially endowed as an anti-allergic agent and used in multiple inflammatory ailments. Still, the molecular mechanisms targeting sAD are yet to be investigated. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective potential of tranilast by performing biochemical, molecular and histopathological assessments using both in vivo and in vitro experimental sAD models. Streptozotocin (STZ; 3 mg/kg) was bilaterally injected on day 1 and 3 through the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route to Sprague Dawley rats for the in vivo model induction. Spontaneous alternation test, novel object recognition test, and passive avoidance test were performed to assess the altered behavioural patterns in animals. Furthermore, human neuroblastoma cells (SHSY5Y) were exposed to STZ (1 mM) and tranilast for 24 h to validate the in vivo results. Three weeks of tranilast (30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment improved neurobehavioural anomalies in ICV-STZ-treated rats by halting neuroinflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation caused by enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thioredoxin interaction protein (TXNIP) overexpression. The phosphorylated tau (p-tau S416) level was also increased in the ICV-STZ rat's hippocampus and reversed upon tranilast treatment. A high dose of tranilast (100 mg/kg) treatment sensitised hippocampal insulin signalling in ICV-STZ-treated rats. Furthermore, in cell culture studies, 24-h tranilast (30 and 100 μM) treatment reduced the mitochondrial ROS production and attenuated inflammasome activation in STZ-treated SHSY5Y cells. In summary, the findings of the study proclaim the neuroprotective potential of tranilast in STZ induced model of sAD by modulating the TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Better statistical reporting does not lead to statistical rigour: lessons from two decades of pseudoreplication in mouse-model studies of neurological disorders

BACKGROUND

Accurately determining the sample size ("N") of a dataset is a key consideration for experimental design. Misidentification of sample size can lead to pseudoreplication, a process of artificially inflating the number of experimental replicates which systematically underestimates variability, overestimates effect sizes and invalidates statistical tests performed on the data. While many journals have adopted stringent requirements with regard to statistical reporting over the last decade, it remains unknown whether such efforts have had a meaningful impact on statistical rigour.

METHODS

Here, we evaluated the prevalence of this type of statistical error among neuroscience studies involving animal models of Fragile-X Syndrome (FXS) and those using animal models of neurological disorders at large published between 2001 and 2024.

RESULTS

We found that pseudoreplication was present in the majority of publication, increasing over time despite marked improvements in statistical reporting over the last decade. This trend generalised beyond the FXS literature to rodent studies of neurological disorders at large between 2012 and 2024, suggesting that pseudoreplication remains a widespread issue in the literature.

LIMITATIONS

The scope of this study was limited to rodent-model studies of neurological disorders which had the potential for being pseudoreplicated, by allowing repeat observations from individual animals. We did not consider reviews or articles whose experimental design could not allow for pseudoreplication, for example studies which reported only behavioural results, or studies which did not use inferential statistics.

CONCLUSIONS

These observations identify an urgent need for better standards in experimental design and increased vigilance for this type of error during peer review. While reporting standards have significantly improved over the past two decades, this alone has not been enough to curb the prevalence of pseudoreplication. We offer suggestions for how this can be remedied as well as quantifying the severity of this particular type of statistical error. Although the examined literature concerns a specific neuroscience-related area of research, the implications of pseudoreplication apply to all fields of empirical research.

A Potential Role for c-MYC in the Regulation of Meibocyte Cell Stress

The integrated stress response (ISR) is a key regulator of cell survival, promoting apoptosis through the effector protein CHOP in instances of prolonged or severe stress. The ISR's role in the initiation and progression of epithelial malignancies has been investigated; however, the ISR has not been evaluated in ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (SebCA). Though uncommon, mortality rates of up to 40% have been reported, and the mechanisms underlying SebCA tumorigenesis remain unresolved; however, c-MYC upregulation has been documented. Our objective was to determine the role of MYC in modulating the ISR in the Meibomian gland. Human Meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) were subject to both pharmacologic and genetic manipulations of MYC expression. Cytotoxicity, proliferation, and changes in protein and gene expression were assessed. Conditionally MYC-overexpressing mice were subject to topical 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) induction of the eyelids prior to tissue harvest for histology, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and qPCR. MYC-inhibited HMGECs exhibited dose-dependent decreased proliferation, increased CHOP expression, and increased apoptosis. Conversely, MYC-overexpressing HMGECs and Meibomian glands from 4-OHT-induced mice demonstrated suppressed CHOP expression, reduced apoptosis, and upregulated fatty acid synthase expression. These results suggest that MYC inhibition induces the ISR and promotes apoptosis, while MYC induction suppresses CHOP expression. High MYC expression may, therefore, serve as a mechanism for SebCA to elude cell death by promoting lipogenesis.

LC-MS/MS quantification of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol in complex biological matrices for bioanalytical method validation and pharmacokinetic analysis

20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a saponin derivative of ginsenoside, with more potent biological and pharmacological activities than Rg3 and Rh2. The lack of ionizable centers leads to low mass spectrometry reactions and internal cleavage of three hydroxyl groups, making it challenging to establish highly sensitive PPD mass spectrometry methods. The aim of this study is to establish and validate a quantitative detection method for PPD in multiple matrices using mass spectrometry. The methods used Rh2 as the internal standard and organic solvent liquid-liquid extraction under alkaline conditions for biological sample pretreatment. Isometric separation was achieved through methanol, acetonitrile, and a 10 mmol/L solution of acetic acid (45:45:10, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Finally, perform mass spectrometry quantification. Comprehensive method validation was conducted on rat plasma samples, and partial method validations were performed on three types of rat tissues (adipose tissue, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle), bile, urine, fecal samples, and dog plasma samples. The results were in accordance with the requirements of NMPA for bioanalytical method validation, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of our analytical measurements. This study employed a conventional liquid-liquid extraction sample pretreatment scheme, utilizing multiple biological matrices commonly found in a single treatment protocol and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection parameters. The consistency of processing and detection across diverse samples eliminated the need for methodological changes, providing exceptional convenience. Up to 90% of the organic phase and a 50 mm short chromatographic column achieved rapid and effective separation of PPD. A key aspect of our work is the use of a "programmed injection" technique, which significantly reduces the analysis time from 4.2 min during method exploration to 2.4 min. These methods have achieved a relatively low quantification limit of 2.5 ng/mL. The methods established were successfully applied to the kinetic process of PPD in rats, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of PPD in dogs were studied for the first time.

Analysis of the Autophagy-related Gene NLRC4 in spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

To investigate the role of the autophagy-related gene NLR Family CARD Domain Containing 4 (NLRC4) in spinal cord injury via bioinformatics methods, which may provide new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord injury.

METHODS

This analysis is based on the GEO database dataset GSE151371. To identify potential autophagy-related genes involved in SCI, protein‒protein interaction (PPI) networks were analyzed. Immune microenvironment analysis (LM22) was performed via the CIBERSORTx database to determine the makeup of 22 immune cell types. Furthermore, a rat spinal cord injury model was generated, and the expression of selected autophagy-related genes was validated via immunofluorescence labeling and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Disease enrichment analysis via the Metascape database revealed enrichment for diseases related to the spinal cord, inflammation, infection, and immunity, which aligns with the functional analysis results of previously identified genes. Through the PPI and autophagy-related genes, we identified NLRC4 within the key subnetwork of the PPI network, highlighting its significance as a key signature gene associated with SCI. NLRC4 expression was significantly increased in the three groups, which was correlated with the severity of SCI. In the rat SCI model, NLRC4 protein expression was significantly greater in the SCI group than in the sham group (p < 0.001), confirming the validity of the model.

CONCLUSIONS

Since NLRC4 is an important gene involved in the autophagy that leads to spinal cord damage, it can be utilized to illuminate the optimal approach to immunotherapy for individuals with SCI and uncover new targets for therapy.

Clinical validation of the Unesp-Botucatu acute pain scale in sheep undergoing orthopedic surgery

Unesp-Botucatu sheep acute pain scale (USAPS) was validated for assessing postoperative abdominal pain. We aimed to investigate the clinical applicability and test the psychometric properties of USAPS to assess postoperative pain in sheep submitted to orthopedic surgery. Twenty-three healthy sheep undergoing patellofemoral joint arthrotomy were video-recorded for three minutes before and after surgery, after postoperative analgesic rescue, and 24 hours post-surgery. Four evaluators, unaware of the recording time points, randomly assessed all videos twice at one-month intervals. Intra-observer reliability based on the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was very good for all evaluators (ICC: 0.82-0.93). Inter-observer reliability was very good for four of six pairs of evaluators (ICC: 0.84-0.9) and good for two (ICC: 0.77 and 0.80). Principal component analyses and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the USAPS´s unidimensional structure. The concurrent criterion validity had a strong Spearman correlation (rho: 0.80) between the USAPS and the Visual Analogue Scale. Responsiveness was evidenced by the highest USAPS total score 2 and 24 hours after surgery, and intermediate scores after analgesic rescue. USAPS items had an acceptable Spearman item-total correlation (rho: 0.38-0.64), except appetite (rho: 0.25). Internal consistency was excellent according to Cronbach's alpha (α: 0.84) and acceptable according to McDonald's omega coefficients (ω: 0.75). Specificity was 100% and sensitivity was 71%. USAPS cut-off point was ≥ 4 of 10, the same applied for soft tissue surgery. The area under the curve of 0.91 demonstrates the high discriminatory capacity of the scale. The item appetite can be excluded without affecting the USAPS cut-off point. We concluded that USAPS had satisfactory psychometric properties and, is a valid and reliable clinical tool for assessing pain in sheep undergoing orthopedic surgery.

Halloysite supplemented in the diet, and sex of Cherry Valley ducks affects growth, carcass composition, meat quality, and jejunum and leg bone strength

BACKGROUND

Natural minerals can be innovative feed additives in the waterfowl nutrition, affecting the production efficiency and the meat quality. The study assessed production results, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and strength of the jejunum and leg bones of male and female Cherry Valley ducks fed with 1% halloysite. The ducks were kept in control groups (males and females) and fed a commercial diet. In the experimental groups (males and females), 1% halloysite was added to the diet throughout the rearing period. 50 ducks in 5 repetitions were in each group. During 42 days of rearing, the ducks' body weight, growth, feed intake, and conversion ratio were controlled and calculated. After rearing, 10 carcasses per group were selected and dissected. The physicochemical characteristics of the leg and pectoral muscles and the strength of the jejunum and leg bones were analyzed.

RESULTS

The application of halloysite reduced the body weight of birds (P = 0.049) and body weight gain (P = 0.048) on day 42 and throughout the rearing period and increased the liver weight of ducks (P = 0.020). Female carcasses were characterized by a higher weight of pectoral muscle (P = 0.005), muscle total (P = 0.015), and abdominal fat (P = 0.007), and males by a higher weight of carcass remains (P = 0.013). In the pectoral muscles of ducks where the mineral was added, significantly lower protein content and higher collagen (P < 0.001), intramuscular fat (P < 0.001), and water (P = 0.014) content were found. The leg muscles of the birds from the control groups were characterized by significantly higher redness (P = 0.003) and yellowness (P = 0.031), and males had a higher content of intramuscular fat compared to females (P < 0.001). Halloysite increased the jejunum tensile strength (P = 0.023).

CONCLUSIONS

Halloysite adversely impacted ducks' body weight and weight gain while altering meat quality by increasing pectoral muscle pH (pectoralis major) and fat content (pectoralis major and pectoralis minor) and changing leg muscles' color. Jejunum tensile strength was higher post-halloysite supplementation. These results suggest halloysite has both positive and negative effects on duck growth, meat properties, and jejunum strength, warranting further research.

Preventive effect of acemannan on DMBA-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis by modulating inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis pathways: molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation approaches

Skin cancers, such as melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, are increasingly prevalent due to environmental and lifestyle factors. Melanoma arises from the aberrant proliferation of melanocytes and is significantly influenced by UV radiation-induced oxidative stress. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of acemannan against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-evoked skin cancer in mice. Mice were randomly divided (n = 6): a control (group I), DMBA-induced cancer (group II), and two treatment groups (group III & IV) that received acemannan at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg orally, respectively. After completion of the 14-week treatment protocol, various parameters, including body weight, tumor burden, oxidative stress markers (MDA, ROS), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β1), p65 subunit of NF-κB signaling, and apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase 9, Bax and Blc2) were assessed. Histopathological examination, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations were also performed. The results demonstrated that acemannan significantly reduced tumor burden, number, and volume in DMBA-treated mice. Acemannan exhibited protective effects by modulating oxidative stress, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting NF-κB signaling, and inducing apoptosis. Molecular docking analysis indicated that acemannan exhibited strong binding affinities to key inflammatory proteins: NFkB, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, TNF-Alpha, BCl2, and BAX, with calculated binding energies of -5.124, -6.631, -5.054, -6.224, -4.33, and -4.425 kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations provided evidence for substantial conformational changes induced by acemannan binding to these proteins. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that acemannan may be a promising therapeutic agent for skin cancer prevention due to its ability to regulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Vitamin A-Enriched Diet Increases Urothelial Cell Proliferation by Upregulating Itga3 and Areg After Cyclophosphamide-Induced Injury in Mice

Vitamin A (VitA) is an essential nutrient, affecting many cell functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, all of which are important for the regeneration of various tissues. In this study, we investigated the effects of a VitA-enriched diet on the regeneration of the urothelium of the urinary bladder in mice after cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced injury. Female mice were fed VitA-enriched and normal diet for 1 week before receiving an intraperitoneal injection of CP (150 mg/kg). Urinary bladders were removed 1 and 3 days after CP. On Day 1, RNA sequencing showed that VitA upregulated two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathways: the cell cycle and the PI3K-Akt pathway. This was confirmed by qPCR, which showed significantly increased expression of the Itga3 and Areg genes. In addition, the effect of VitA on the proliferation of urothelial cells was analyzed by immunohistochemistry of Ki-67, which confirmed an increased proliferation rate. No significant effects of the VitA-enriched diet were observed on the expression of apoptosis-related genes and on differentiation-related markers of superficial urothelial cells. Our results suggest that a VitA-enriched diet improves early urothelial regeneration after CP-induced injury by promoting cell proliferation.

N-Acetylcysteine-Amide Protects Against Acute Acrylamide Neurotoxicity in Adult Zebrafish

Acrylamide (ACR) is a potent neurotoxicant that disrupts cellular redox homeostasis by depleting reduced glutathione (GSH) and inducing oxidative stress. Despite its well-characterized mechanism, no effective treatments for ACR-induced neurotoxicity currently exist. This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of N-acetylcysteine-amide (AD4), a blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable derivative of N-acetylcysteine, in a novel severe acute ACR neurotoxicity model in adult zebrafish. Adult zebrafish received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of ACR (800 μg/g), followed by AD4 (400 μg/g i.p.) or PBS 24 h later. ACR exposure reduced brain GSH levels by 51% reduction at 48 h, an effect fully reversed by AD4 treatment. Behavioral analyses showed that AD4 rescued ACR-induced deficits in short-term habituation of the acoustic startle response (ASR). Surprisingly, ACR exposure did not alter the neurochemical profile of key neurotransmitters or the expression of genes related to redox homeostasis, synaptic vesicle recycling, regeneration, or myelination. These results demonstrate AD4's neuroprotective effects against acute ACR-induced brain toxicity, highlighting its therapeutic potential and validating adult zebrafish as a translational model for studying neurotoxic mechanisms and neuroprotective interventions.

Efficacy of combined targeted radionuclide therapy and immune checkpoint Inhibition in animal tumour models: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature

PURPOSE

Given radiation's immunomodulatory effects and the complementary anti-cancer mechanisms of targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) and immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), their combination holds promise as a cancer treatment. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarize the literature on the therapeutic efficacy of combined TRT/ICI in animal tumour models.

METHODS

A systematic search in MEDLINE-PubMed and Embase-OVID was performed. Study characteristics and risk of bias were assessed. Outcome parameters included normalized area under the tumour growth curve and restricted mean survival time, of which ratios between combined treatment and untreated and monotherapy groups were analysed in a random-effects meta-analyses. Predefined subgroup analyses explored potential moderators of treatment efficacy.

RESULTS

In total, 31 studies were included. Study characteristics such as animal sex and age, cancer type, TRT target, and radionuclides, varied considerably across studies. The quality of the included studies could not always be assessed due to poor reporting. All meta-analyses indicated significantly improved survival and tumour growth of combination treatment over untreated, TRT and ICI monotherapy controls (RMST ratio 1.96 [1.72-2.23], 1.44 [ 1.34-1.55], 1.54 [1.38-1.72], and nAUC ratio 0.32 [0.25-0.42], 0.49 [0.41-0.59], 0.41 [0.31-0.55], respectively), with high between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 76.7-98.2%). The specific mode of action of ICI emerged as a potential moderator of treatment efficacy in subgroup analyses.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review highlights the therapeutic potential of combined TRT/ICI treatment, demonstrating preclinical proof-of-concept and supporting its further evaluation in clinical trials. However, the current literature remains insufficient to determine optimal treatment parameters like TRT tumour-absorbed dose and ICI type for clinical translation. Further research with improved reporting standards should systematically evaluate the impact of such parameters to enable robust comparisons.

An injectable hydrogel enhances intratumoral retention and antitumor efficacy of cytokine immunotherapy in murine triple negative breast tumor models

Systemic delivery of immunotherapy is dose-limited and often causes serious immune-related adverse events. Intratumoral injections can reduce systemic immunotoxicities and increase immunotherapy concentrations within a tumor. However, high pressures associated with direct tumor injection limits injectate retention, as low viscosity, saline-based solutions rapidly leak out of tumors. Viscoelastic solids, such as hydrogels, can improve local retention of co-formulated immunotherapies and provide sustained delivery. Here, we investigated the potential of a novel injectable hydrogel, called XCSgel, to localize immunotherapies within murine models of orthotopic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Ex vivo and in vivo fluorescence imaging revealed enhanced intratumoral retention of immunotherapies co-formulated in XCSgel. Initial antitumor studies evaluated a range of antitumor cytokines co-formulated with XCSgel. Subsequent antitumor and rechallenge studies focused on the promising co-formulation of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and XCSgel (XCSgel-IL12). A single injection of XCSgel-IL12 eliminated 86 % of E0771 and 20 % of mWnt orthotopic primary TNBC tumors. Mice rendered tumor-free resisted a live tumor challenge. XCSgel-IL12 also eliminated untreated abscopal E0771 tumors in 67 % of mice. XCSgel-IL12 induced profound changes to the tumor-immune microenvironment, including a 3-fold reduction in the frequency of exhausted CD8+ T cells and a 3.2-fold increase in activated, proliferating CD8+ T cells. XCSgel and XCSgel-IL12 were well tolerated with no severe local or systemic side effects. Overall, XCSgel-IL12 is a promising localized immunotherapy capable of safely eliminating both primary treated and secondary abscopal tumors, indicating that systemic immunotherapy may not be required for systemic control of cancer.

Assessment of untreated and vermifiltration treated pharmaceutical industrial effluent in fish Channa punctata using biochemical, histopathological, ultrastructural and ATR-FTIR analysis

The unfettered discharge of untreated pharmaceutical effluent into water bodies poses severe menace to aquatic ecosystem. The conventional approaches found to be ineffectual in treating pharmaceutical effluent due to certain issues such as lack of eco-friendliness, cost extensive, also sludge is formed which further increases the expenditure for processing. In context of developing nations, the cost effectiveness and environmental sustainability of vermifiltration technology make it an ideal alternative to conventional wastewater treatment techniques. The current exploration was devised to appraise the effect of untreated and vermifiltration treated effluent in fish Channa punctata through biochemical, histopathological, ultrastructural and ATR-FTIR analysis. Considerably augmented alterations in biochemical parameters (MDA, SOD, CAT and GST) in liver, gill and kidney tissues were scrutinized in untreated group. After 45 days of exposure, 4.35, 4.19 and 3.89 folds hike in MDA content were noticed in liver, gill and kidney tissues of untreated group respectively in contrast to control group. Histopathological examination in fish unveiled to untreated effluent exhibited numerous distortions in liver (necrosis, vacuolization, hepatocyte degeneration), gill (disintegration of primary lamellae, upliftment of gill epithelial layer, fusion of secondary lamellae) and kidney (necrosis, degenerated and constricted glomerulus) tissues. Scanning electron microscopy examination further reiterated the anomalies perceived in histopathological investigation. Further, ATR-FTIR analysis presented more biomolecular alterations in exposed tissues. On contrary, fewer biochemical, histopathological, ultrastructural and biomolecular alterations were noticed in treated effluent exposed fish implies its less toxic nature. The outcomes of the study concluded that vermifiltration technology is trustworthy, economic and sustainable technology for treating different industrial effluents.

A pre-existing chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection promotes epileptogenesis and neuropathology in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

OBJECTIVE

There is initial evidence that the common neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a risk factor for the development of epilepsy; however, whether it influences epileptogenesis is unknown. This study investigated whether a pre-existing chronic T. gondii infection alters epileptogenesis and neuropathology in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

METHODS

Male and female C57BL/6Jax mice were intraperitoneally administered T. gondii tachyzoites or vehicle control. After 6 weeks, mice underwent self-sustained electrical status epilepticus (SSSE) through an implanted bipolar electrode, or a sham procedure. Continuous video-EEG recordings were taken 0-4- and 12-16-weeks post-SSSE to detect spontaneous seizures. Neuroinflammatory markers were assessed within 1-week post-SSSE, behavior testing was done at 8-12 weeks post-SSSE, and ex vivo MRI was conducted at 16 weeks post-SSSE.

RESULTS

Male T. gondii + SSSE mice had an increased incidence of epilepsy compared to Vehicle + SSSE, while female T. gondii + SSSE mice had worse seizure severity compared to non-infected SSSE mice. There was amplified neuroinflammation in both male and female T. gondii + SSSE mice compared to Vehicle + SSSE mice. T. gondii infection in the absence of SSSE also resulted in epilepsy and neuroinflammation. MRI revealed abnormalities in brain morphology in T. gondii + SSSE male and female mice and changes in white matter integrity in male T. gondii + SSSE mice, compared to both non-infected SSSE and T. gondii control mice. SSSE and T. gondii infection impacted anxiety and spatial memory in males, and anxiety and social behavior in females.

INTERPRETATION

These findings demonstrate that a chronic T. gondii infection can result in epilepsy, and that a pre-existing T. gondii infection exacerbates epileptogenesis following a brain insult, in mice.

Evaluation and characterization of framycetin sulphate loaded hydrogel dressing for enhanced wound healing

BACKGROUND

Hydrogels loaded with antibiotics can be an effective drug delivery systemfor treating skin diseases or conditions such asinburns and wound healing.

OBJECTIVES

The current research work was planned to preparea hydrogel dressing for an effective wound healing. The hydrogel formulation was aimed to provide sustained drug release, reducing the frequency of repeated applying the transdermal drug formulation or patch.

METHODS

Different polymers, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, and polyvinyl pyrrolidonein varying ratios were used to prepare hydrogels by freeze-thawing method. The prepared hydrogel formulations were loaded with framycetinsulphate (FC-S), a topical aminoglycoside.

RESULTS

Swelling behaviour, drug release pattern, wereinvestigated.Equilibrium and dynamic studies were conducted at pH 7.4. The prepared hydrogel formulations showed Euilibriumswellingratio of 197.5%. The in-vitro release pattern of FC-Shydrogels was determined by dissolution testing. The prepared hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)andfourier transform infrared (FTIR)spectroscopy.Animal study was conducted on rats to evaluatethe in-vivo therapeutic effectiveness of FC-S hydrogels in wound healing. For that purpose,wounds were induced in the animals. The drug loaded hydrogel dressing was effiecent in wound heaing as the wound treated with FC-S loaded hydrogel was almost completely healed (97%) on the fifth day in comparison to commercially available product (Sofra Tulle gauze) that healed 86%, whereas free FC-S manifested healing at 76%.

CONCLUSION

It was observed that hydrogel dressing loaded with FC-S was therapeutically more efficient and can be used as a potential candidate for wound healing.

Genetically engineered BMSCs promote dopamine secretion and ameliorate motor dysfunction in a Parkinson's disease rat model

Regenerative therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is regarded as a promising strategy for treating Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell transplantation has the potential to treat Parkinson's disease, but its specific mechanism of action is still unclear. In the present study, we generate genetically engineered bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) encoding three critical genes (TH, DDC, and GCH1) for dopamine synthesis (DA-BMSCs). The DA-BMSCs maintain their MSCs characteristics and stable ability to secrete dopamine after passage. Moreover, the DA-BMSCs survived and functioned in a rat model of PD treated with 6-OHDA 8 weeks after transplantation. Histological studies showed that DA-BMSCs could differentiate into various functional neurons and astrocytes, and DA-BMSCs derived mature dopaminergic neurons extended dense neurites into the host striatum. Importantly, DA-BMSCs promoted the reconstruction of midbrain dopamine pathways by upregulating striatal dopamine and 5-HT levels and downregulating the levels of inflammatory factors including IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10. These findings suggest that engineered mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for dopamine synthesis may be an attractive donor material for treating Parkinson's disease.

Genetic variation at 11q23.1 confers colorectal cancer risk by dysregulation of colonic tuft cell transcriptional activator POU2AF2

BACKGROUND

Common genetic variation at 11q23.1 is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, exerting local expression quantitative trait locus (cis-eQTL) effects on POU2AF2, COLCA1 and POU2AF3 genes. However, complex linkage disequilibrium and correlated expression has hindered elucidation of the mechanisms by which genetic variants impart underlying CRC risk.

OBJECTIVE

Undertake an interdisciplinary approach to understand how variation at 11q23.1 locus imparts CRC risk.

DESIGN

We employ analysis of RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and single-cell ATAC sequencing data to identify, prioritise and characterise the genes that contribute to CRC risk. We further validate these findings using mouse models and demonstrate parallel effects in human colonic mucosa.

RESULTS

We establish rs3087967 as a prime eQTL variant at 11q23.1, colocalising with CRC risk. Furthermore, rs3087967 influences expression of 21 distant genes, thereby acting as a trans-eQTL hub for a gene-set highly enriched for tuft cell markers. Epigenomic analysis implicates POU2AF2 as controlling the tuft cell-specific trans-genes, through POU2F3-correlated genomic regulation. Immunofluorescence confirms rs3087967 risk genotype (T) to be associated with a tuft cell deficit in the human colon. CRISPR-mediated deletion of the 11q23.1 risk locus genes in the mouse germline exacerbated the ApcMin/+ mouse phenotype on abrogation of Pou2af2 expression specifically.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrate that genotype at rs3087967 controls a portfolio of genes through misregulation of POU2AF2. POU2AF2 is the primary transcriptional activator of tuft cells with a tumour suppressive role in mouse models. We therefore implicate tuft cells as having a key tumour-protective role in the large bowel epithelium.

Effect of hemp seed oil on accelerating wound healing: Evaluation of wound size reduction, epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and vascularization in murine models

Essential oils have gained interest in wound management, with prior studies exploring combinations of hemp seed oil (Cannabis sativa) and other oils. However, single-oil strategies may offer simpler formulation, reducing the risk of interactions while preserving therapeutic benefits. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of hemp seed oil on accelerating wound healing, focusing on wound size reduction, epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and vascularization in murine models. An in vivo with a post-test-only control group was conducted using 36 male Mus musculus mice (3-4 months, 150-250 grams) which were divided into three groups: negative control (NC), positive control (PC, treated with chloramphenicol ointment twice daily), and treatment group (TG, treated with hemp seed oil 400,000 mg/mL twice daily). Mice were euthanized on day 3, 7, 14, and 21 for wound healing assessment, including macroscopic evaluation (visual observation, wound size, and wound healing rate) and microscopic evaluation (epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and vascularization). The present study found that the TG group demonstrated smaller wound sizes on day 14 (p < 0.001) and day 21 (p < 0.001). This group also enhanced wound healing rates observed on day 14 (p < 0.001) and day 21 (p = 0.001) compared to PC and NC groups. Epithelialization was significantly higher in the TG group compared to PC and NC groups on day 14 (p = 0.007), while granulation tissue formation showed significant improvement on day 3 (p = 0.045), day 14 (p = 0.028), and day 21 (p = 0.003). Additionally, TG group showed significantly greater new blood vessel formation on day 21 (p = 0.001) compared to the PC and NC groups. In conclusion, hemp seed oil demonstrated significant potential in accelerating wound healing processes suggesting a superior effect compared to chloramphenicol ointment. Therefore, hemp seed oil may serve as a promising natural and cost-effective adjunct for wound management.

Impact of proximity definitions and sampling rates on social networks in pigs based on tracking using computer vision

In farm animals, social network analysis has become a popular approach to explore preferential associations. This study investigated how different spatial proximity definitions and sampling rates affect social networks based on proximity using computer vision. Video data collected over three days in 21 pens (6 pigs/pen), either enriched or barren, were analyzed using a tracking-by-detection method based on bounding boxes. Networks were constructed with five different definitions of proximity: (1) distance between centroids of bounding boxes < 50 cm, (2) occurrence of overlap of surfaces of bounding boxes, (3) surface overlap of bounding boxes > 20%, (4) a combination of (1) and (3), and (5) the harmonic mean of the distance between the two individuals. For each proximity definition, networks built with downsampled data were compared to a network built with 0.5 frames per second. The network metric degree centrality was less affected by proximity definitions compared to eigenvector centrality and clustering coefficient. To maintain high correlations with the complete network (r > 0.90), downsampling should not go beyond 1 frame every 6 min. This work shows how computer vision data can be used for social network analysis in livestock with limited space and choice of social environment, and how metrics depend on proximity definitions and sampling rates.

Targeting extracellular matrix components to attenuate microglia neuroinflammation: A study of fibulin-2 and CSPGs in a model of multiple sclerosis

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the central nervous system (CNS), shaping tissue structure and functions as well as contributing to the pathology of chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). ECM components, including fibulin-2 (FBLN2) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), may impact neuroinflammation and remyelination. We investigated the capacity of FBLN2 to modulate immune responses and evaluated its interaction with CSPGs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a common model for MS. We show that FBLN2 deficiency in EAE mice reduced microglial pro-inflammatory activity, while effects on monocyte-derived macrophages and border-associated macrophages were less pronounced. Targeting FBLN2 and CSPGs individually, using FBLN2-/- mice and the CSPG-synthesis inhibitor difluorosamine (DIF), respectively, enhanced recovery of disability and reduced neuroinflammation in EAE mice. However, their combined targeting did not result in additive therapeutic effects beyond either alone. This study underscores the complex regulatory roles of ECM components on neuroinflammation and provides insights into potential therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammatory diseases.

Bicomponent nano- and microfiber aerogels for effective management of junctional hemorrhage

Managing junctional hemorrhage is challenging due to ineffective existing techniques, with the groin being the most common site, accounting for approximately 19.2% of potentially survivable field deaths. Here, we report a bicomponent nano- and microfiber aerogel (NMA) for injection into deep, narrow junctional wounds to effectively halt bleeding. The aerogel comprises intertwined poly(lactic acid) nanofibers and poly(ε-caprolactone) microfibers, with mechanical properties tunable through crosslinking. Optimized aerogels demonstrate improved resilience, toughness, and elasticity, enabling rapid re-expansion upon blood contact. They demonstrate superior blood absorption and clotting efficacy compared to commercial products (i.e., QuikClot® Combat Gauze and XStat®). Most importantly, in a lethal swine junctional wound model (Yorkshire swine, both male and female, n = 5), aerogel treatment achieved immediate hemostasis, a 100% survival rate, no rebleeding, hemodynamic stability, and stable coagulation, hematologic, and arterial blood gas testing.

Evaluation of a nanoparticle influenza vaccine in the pig model

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes substantial disease burden and vaccines capable of conferring broad immunity are lacking, necessitating frequent reformulation of seasonal vaccines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of an influenza nanoparticle vaccine developed to confer immunity against human seasonal H1N1 viruses from the pandemic 2009 (1A.3.3.2) clade and to compare this vaccine with a conventional, whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccine. Using the pig model of human influenza, both vaccines were found to be immunogenic and elicited humoral and cellular immune responses that reflected the differences in vaccine design. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated by challenging vaccinated or unvaccinated, control pigs with a swine-origin 1A.3.3.2 virus and monitoring these groups longitudinally. Nasal shedding of viral RNA was reduced in the vaccinated groups compared to controls, although a statistically significant reduction was only observed on certain days in WIV-vaccinated pigs. To better understand correlates of immune protection, expression of porcine Mx1, CCL2 and TNFa mRNA was assessed in tissues. Virus infection of unvaccinated pigs induced mRNA expression of porcine Mx1, an innate IAV inhibitor protein, in lung tissue. In contrast, elevated Mx1 mRNA levels were not observed in lung tissue from WIV-vaccinated and, to a lesser extent, nanoparticle vaccinated pigs. These findings suggest that, although reduction in virus shedding was limited following challenge, vaccination elicited an immunoprotective response in the lower respiratory tract of challenged animals.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of endotracheal versus supraglottic airway epinephrine in a healthy neonatal piglet model

BACKGROUND

Epinephrine is currently the only vasopressor recommended for use during neonatal resuscitation. Epinephrine can be administered via intravenous, intraosseous, or endotracheal tube (ETT) route during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Supraglottic airway (SGA) may be a novel route of epinephrine administration. This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 0.1 mg/kg epinephrine administered via ETT, SGA top end, and SGA bottom end.

DESIGN/METHODS

Newborn piglets (n = 5/group) were anesthetized, randomized to SGA or tracheostomy, then surgically instrumented. Piglets randomized to SGA underwent another round of randomization following stabilization to receive epinephrine at the top or bottom of the SGA. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, carotid blood flow, and cardiac function (e.g., stroke volume and ejection fraction) were continuously recorded throughout the experiment. Blood was collected prior to drug administration and throughout the observation period for pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic analysis.

RESULTS

Significant changes in hemodynamic parameters of HR, carotid blood flow, and cardiac function were only observed following ETT administration of epinephrine, while pharmacokinetic parameters were not different between ETT, SGA top, or SGA bottom.

CONCLUSION

There were no differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between ETT, SGA top, or SGA bottom routes of epinephrine administration in neonatal piglets.

IMPACT

Endotracheal tube (ETT) epinephrine results in significant hemodynamic parameters changes, whereas supraglottic airway (SGA) epinephrine did not produce the same hemodynamic effects, despite similar pharmacokinetic profiles. Systematic comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epinephrine via SGA versus ETT identifying potential limitations of SGA for epinephrine administration. The study raises important questions about the effectiveness of SGA for epinephrine administration during neonatal resuscitation. This research could influence future resuscitation guidelines and drive further studies to explore alternative dosing strategies or methods to improve the efficacy of SGA epinephrine. Further experiments examining SGA epinephrine during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation are warranted.

Genotoxic, biochemical, cytotoxic and biomolecular alterations in the early-life stage of zebrafish exposed to diphenyl ether

Diphenyl ether (DE) is a chemical compound being used in a number of industries such as soap, detergents, perfumes, adhesive, dyes, herbicides and as a flame retardant in plastics, rubbers and textiles, etc. DE is the final debromination product of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) under anaerobic conditions. The present investigation evaluated the genotoxic, biochemical, histopathological, ultrastructural (SEM) and biomolecular (ATR-FTIR) changes in the zebrafish larvae after DE exposure. After the determination of 96 h LC50 value zebrafish embryos were exposed to sublethal concentrations (¼ LC50 and ½ LC50) of DE. Significantly increased DNA damage in terms of tail length (TL), tail intensity (TI), olive tail moment (OTM) and tail moment (TM) was observed after the DE exposure to zebrafish larvae. Also, increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) and decreased FRAP activity were reported after DE exposure. The catalase (CAT), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were reported to be significantly increased and a decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in DE-exposed groups. After DE exposure, Decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis were reported in zebrafish larvae. The histological and ultrastructural (SEM) analysis revealed the alterations in the zebrafish larvae exposed to DE. The ATR-FTIR study revealed the changes in the biomolecules such as DNA and protein after the DE exposure. The present study will help to understand the destructive aspects of DE in the early life stages of aquatic organisms and could be utilized to assess environmental risk.

In vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of isoflavans from Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson timber by-products

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease are neglected tropical diseases that affect millions worldwide. Despite the high morbidity associated with these infections, current treatments are often highly toxic and are showing diminishing efficacy. Thus, new therapeutic options are urgently needed. In this study, bio-guided assays were conducted on the sawdust of Tabebuia chrysantha ("guayacán") to identify promising bioactive compounds. The ethanolic crude extract, five chromatography fractions, pure isoflavans sativan and vestitol, and a mixture were evaluated in vitro against Leishmania braziliensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. High leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities were observed in the crude extract, fraction F2 (rich in sativan and vestitol), and the two pure isoflavans. Given the abundance and ease of obtaining the isoflavan mixture, its therapeutic potential was further evaluated in vivo in hamsters infected with L. braziliensis and mice infected with T. cruzi. Remarkably, topical and intraperitoneal administration of the chromatography fraction achieved a 67% clinical cure in hamsters with L. braziliensis infection and a 75% reduction in parasitemia in T. cruzi-infected mice. While the antiparasitic effects of certain flavonoids have been documented, this study is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of isoflavans in animal models for both diseases. The potential efficacy observed against T. cruzi and L. braziliensis, two pathogens with limited treatment options and a significant drawback of the available treatments, highlights the therapeutic potential of this combination of sativan and vestitol, which can be derived from timber industry waste, presenting an abundant and accessible source for further development.

Relationships between arterial and central venous blood acid-base variables in anaesthetised cats during euvolaemic and hypovolaemic states

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine differences, agreements and correlations of acid-base variables between arterial and venous blood gas in anaesthetised cats in a euvolaemic or hypovolaemic state.MethodsA group of six cats was used in a prospective randomised crossover haemorrhage-resuscitation study. Anaesthetised cats underwent three treatments at intervals of 2 months. Each treatment had a controlled haemorrhage phase and a resuscitation phase. The haemorrhage phase is the focus of this study. Arterial (carotid artery) and central venous blood were drawn simultaneously from preplaced catheters before haemorrhage (euvolaemic state; mean ± SD blood loss 1.3 ± 0.3 ml/kg for pre-haemorrhage data collection) and soon after controlled haemorrhage (hypovolaemic state; mean ± SD blood loss 15.8 ± 9.9 ml/kg). Acid-base variables from arterial and venous blood were compared under euvolaemic and hypovolaemic states as follows: (1) a paired t-test to determine the differences between the two samples; (2) a Bland-Altman plot to evaluate agreement and establish maximum clinically acceptable differences (defined a priori); and (3) Pearson's correlation with least squares linear regression to determine the strength of correlation between the variables.ResultsThe differences in pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide were statistically significant under euvolaemic and hypovolaemic states but would not alter clinical decision-making. Agreements were clinically acceptable for all acid-base variables, except for the bias observed in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide under a hypovolaemic state. Correlations for all variables were strong under a euvolaemic state but weakened under a hypovolaemic state.Conclusions and relevanceUsing central venous blood sampling for acid-base analysis was clinically acceptable compared with arterial blood in our haemorrhage-resuscitation cat model during early compensated hypovolaemia. However, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide should be interpreted with caution, especially during hypovolaemia. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether these findings can be translated to critically ill cats.

In silico and in vivo evaluation of erucic acid against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice by modulating oxidative stress, neurotransmitters and neuroinflammation markers

BACKGROUND

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is a commonly used chemical to induce epileptic seizures in experimental animals.

AIM

To investigate the neuroprotective effects of erucic acid against PTZ-induced seizures in mice and explore its underlying mechanisms.

METHODOLOGY

The mice were randomly allocated into four groups: normal control, PTZ-treated (35 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection), and PTZ + erucic acid (at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg). Various parameters were assessed, including the percentage of animals experiencing convulsions, latency to death, percentage of deaths, levels of neurotransmitters, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and caspase-3. The docking analysis was performed using AutoDock Vina software.

RESULTS

Erucic acid markedly reduced the severity and frequency of PTZ-induced seizures, significantly decreased mortality rates, and restored altered neurotransmitter levels in mice. It alleviated oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Additionally, erucic acid mitigated neuroinflammation by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inhibiting NF-κB activation. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that erucic acid exhibited strong binding affinities toward key molecular targets, including GABA (-4.546), NF-κB (-5.982), and caspase-3 (-5.22), suggesting its potential as a neuroprotective agent.

CONCLUSION

Erucic acid may be an effective natural compound in PTZ-induced seizures in mice by restoring neurotransmitters, oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory mediators. It could prove to be a better alternative in the treatment of epilepsy.

CD4+ T cell-innate immune crosstalk is critical during Staphylococcus aureus craniotomy infection

Access to the brain for treating neurological sequalae requires a craniotomy, which can be complicated by infection. Staphylococcus aureus accounts for half of craniotomy infections, increasing morbidity in a medically fragile patient population. T cells preferentially traffic to the brain during craniotomy infection; however, their functional importance is unknown. Using a mouse model of S. aureus craniotomy infection, CD4+ T cells were critical for bacterial containment, as treatment of WT animals with anti-CD4 exacerbated infection that was similar to phenotypes in Rag1-/- mice. Single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) revealed transcriptional heterogeneity in brain CD3+ infiltrates, with CD4+ cells most prominent that displayed Th1- and Th17-like characteristics, and adoptive transfer of either subset in Rag1-/- animals during early infection prevented S. aureus outgrowth. scRNA-Seq identified a robust IFN signature in several innate immune clusters, and examination of cell-to-cell interactions revealed extensive T cell crosstalk with monocytes/macrophages that was also observed in human craniotomy infection. A cooperative role for Th1 and Th17 responses was demonstrated by treatment of Ifng-/- mice with IL-17A neutralizing antibody that recapitulated phenotypes in Rag1-/- animals. Collectively, these findings implicate Th1- and Th17-mediated proinflammatory responses in shaping the innate immune landscape for S. aureus containment during craniotomy infection.

Gadoteric Acid and Gadolinium: Exploring Short- and Long-Term Effects on Healthy Animals

Regarding the safety of gadolinium (Gd (III))-based contrast agents, we aimed to evaluate the short- and long-term effects following a single exposure to gadoteric acid (DOTA) or to free Gd (III) using animal models. Biomarkers of kidney injury, inflammation, iron metabolism, dyslipidemia, hepatic and hematologic disturbances and kidney histopathological and differential gene expression (DGE) analyses were evaluated. In the short-term study, compared to the controls, exposure to Gd (III) was associated with higher inflammation; changes in lipid, iron and hepatic metabolisms; hematological alterations; and kidney damage. Exposure to DOTA revealed changes in hematological, lipid and hepatic biomarkers. In the long-term study, compared to the controls, exposure to Gd (III) or to DOTA showed much fewer changes than the short-term exposure. Comparing the kidney gene expression of Gd (III) or DOTA exposure versus the control, we found clearly different DGE patterns and a lower number of differently expressed genes in the long-term study, for both compounds. Our data show that a single-dose exposure to these compounds induces several short-term changes which over time return to normal or are sustained, although with less severity, especially in the case of DOTA.

Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Modify Postinfarct Cardiac Remodeling and Function in the Murine Heart

BACKGROUND

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which are derived from the diet, are markedly elevated in cardiac tissue following myocardial infarction (MI). Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether dietary BCAA levels influence post-MI remodeling.

METHODS

To investigate the impact of dietary BCAAs on cardiac remodeling and function after MI, we fed mice a low or a high BCAA diet for 2 weeks before MI and for 4 weeks after MI. Cardiac structural and functional changes were evaluated by echocardiography, gravimetry, and histopathological analyses. Immunoblotting was used to evaluate the effects of BCAAs on isolated cardiac myofibroblast differentiation.

RESULTS

The low BCAA diet decreased circulating BCAA concentrations by >2-fold when compared with the high BCAA diet. Although neither body weights nor heart masses were different in female mice fed the custom diets, male mice fed the high BCAA diet had significantly higher body and heart masses than those on the low BCAA diet. The low BCAA diet preserved stroke volume and cardiac output after MI, whereas the high BCAA diet promoted progressive decreases in cardiac function. Although BCAAs were required for myofibroblast differentiation in vitro, cardiac fibrosis, scar collagen topography, and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area were not different between the dietary groups; however, male mice fed the high BCAA diet had longer cardiomyocytes and higher capillary density compared with the low BCAA group.

CONCLUSIONS

A low BCAA diet mitigates eccentric cardiomyocyte remodeling and loss of cardiac function after MI in mice, with dietary effects more prominent in males.

Motor and Non-Motor Effects of Acute MPTP in Adult Zebrafish: Insights into Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been extensively used in different animal species to develop chemical models of PD. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acute exposure to MPTP (3 × 150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on adult zebrafish by assessing the neurochemical, transcriptional, and motor changes associated with PD pathogenesis. MPTP treatment resulted in a significant decrease in brain catecholamines, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and normetanephrine. Additionally, a trend towards decreased levels of dopamine precursors (tyrosine and L-DOPA) and degradation products (3-MT and DOPAC) was also observed, although these changes were not statistically significant. Gene expression analysis showed the downregulation of dbh, while the expression of other genes involved in catecholamine metabolism (th1, th2, mao, comtb) and transport (slc6a3 and slc18a2) remained unaltered, suggesting a lack of dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Behavioral assessments revealed that MPTP-exposed zebrafish exhibited reduced motor activity, consistent with the observed decrease in dopamine levels. In contrast, the kinematic parameters of sharp turning were unaffected. A significant impairment in the sensorimotor gating of the ASR was detected in the MPTP-treated fish, consistent with psychosis. Despite dopamine depletion and behavioral impairments, the absence of neurodegeneration and some hallmark PD motor symptoms suggests limitations in the validity of this model for fully recapitulating PD pathology. Further studies are needed to refine the use of MPTP in zebrafish PD models.

Length-weight relationship, condition factors and reproductive biology of the spineless cuttlefish Sepiella inermis (Ferussac & d'Orbigny, 1848) in the southeastern regions of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Sepiella inermis, spineless and small-size cuttlefish, is one of the important species of cephalopods and widely distributed in the Indo-west Pacific region. This study, for the first time in the southeastern region of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, was conducted to investigate the length-weight relationship, condition factors and spawning season of S. inermis. Samples (∼149) were collected monthly from the Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation (BFDC) landing center, Cox's Bazar from July 25, 2022 to May 15, 2023. Females were dominant throughout the year. Female exhibited higher dorsal mantle length (DML, 6.56 cm) and body weight (BW, 41.55 g) than males. b value of the length-weight (DML vs BW) relationship of female and male was 1.912 (r2 = 0.5072, p < 0.001) and 2.119 (r2 = 0.9557, p < 0.001), respectively, which indicated a negative allometric growth pattern. The Fulton's, relative condition factors and relative weight fluctuated based on sexes and seasons. Five gonadal (immature, maturing, mature, spawning, and spent) and four testis maturation stages were observed. The highest percentage of mature females (100 %) and males (75 %) were observed between 10-10.99 and 9-9.99 cm DML, respectively. 50 % of the females and males matured at 7.2 cm and 5.2 cm DML, respectively. On average, females have a greater gonadosomatic index (6.87 %) than males (1.98 %). A major peak in GSI of females was observed in September 2022, and second peak was in January 2023. The major spawning season in males was observed during January and May 2023. GSI had a negative correlation with condition factors in females and males. Since this is the baseline study on the reproduction aspects of S. inermis, further study could consider the effects of oceanographic and climatic parameters on the abundance and reproduction of cuttlefish in the Bay of Bengal.

Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on ulcerative colitis model in rats: The gut-brain axis

Study objectives

The impact of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the TLR4/MYD88/NF-kB signaling pathway in the colon in the ulcerative colitis model, as well as the incidence of anxiety behaviors caused by the colitis model was investigated.

Methods

Twenthy four ats were induced with ulcerative colitis using a 4 % acetic acid solution administered intrarectally and were subsequently treated with prednisolone and FMT. The study examined several indicators, such as TLR4, MYD88, and NF-κB mRNA expression, along with oxidative stress factors. Additionally, it examined the relationship between anxiety-related behaviors and colitis and assessed the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus.

Results

FMT led to lower disease score index and improved colon tissue pathology findings. This was associated with reduced mRNA expression of TLR4, MYD88, and NF-κB, as well as lower levels of TOS, and higher levels of TAC, GSH, and GSSG in colon tissues. FMT was found to reduce anxiety in both the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Additionally, levels of IL-6 and TNF-a were decreased in the hippocampus.

Conclusions

FMT suppressed acetic acid-induced colitis by inhibiting the TLR4/MYD88/NF-kB signaling pathway. FMT reduced anxiety in open field and plus maze tests, and resulted in decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-a in the hippocampus.

Single-nucleus analysis of thoracic perivascular adipose tissue reveals critical changes in cell composition, communication, and gene regulatory networks induced by a high fat hypertensive diet

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, with hypertension being its primary causal factor. Most blood vessels are surrounded by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which regulates blood vessel tone through the secretion of vasoactive factors. PVAT is recognized as a key mediator of vascular function and dysfunction in CVD, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To investigate PVAT's mechanistic role in hypertension, we performed single nucleus RNA-Sequencing analysis of thoracic aortic PVAT from Dahl SS rats fed a high-fat, hypertensive diet. Computational analysis revealed extensive diet-induced changes in cell-type composition, cell-type specific gene expression, cell-cell communication pathways, and intracellular gene regulatory networks within PVAT. Furthermore, we identified key transcription factors mediating these networks and demonstrated through virtual knock-out experiments that these factors could serve as potential therapeutic targets for preventing or reversing PVAT's hypertensive state.

Pharmacokinetics of Snake Antivenom Following Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration in Envenomed Large Animal Model

Background: The parenteral administration of antivenoms is the mainstay in snakebite envenoming therapy. The standardized protocol does not exist, but it is agreed that the intravenous (i.v.) route is more effective than the others, especially the intramuscular (i.m.) route, based on the monitoring of venom/antivenom pharmacokinetics in the systemic circulation. Recent evidence suggests that the lymphatic system may be crucial in abolishing venom action. Methods: A preclinical study was performed to determine the optimal administration route with emphasis on venom/antivenom interplay in both the blood and lymph of experimentally envenomed sheep. Timed level measurements were used to compare the antivenom effect on the decrement of venom quantities in both relevant body compartments. Hematological and coagulation parameters, as well as proportions of developed anti-antivenom IgGs, were evaluated. Results: The i.m. antivenom resulted in faster and greater lymphatic absorption and complete neutralization of the venom, whereas the i.v. antivenom only slowed its absorption. The total amount of venom reaching the lymph (AUC0-t) was two times lower after i.m. administration. In the systemic circulation, i.m. antivenom had a lower peak concentration (cmax) and a longer time to reach it (tmax). However, the total venom exposure was three times lower than with i.v. antivenom. Irrespective of the treatment approach, both groups showed improvement in blood disorders with no significant difference in humoral response against equine F(ab')2 fragments. Conclusions:I.m. administration proved to be a viable option for the snakebite management.

Development of paroxetine loaded nanotransferosomal gel for intranasal delivery with enhanced antidepressant activity in rats

The aim of this study was to develop paroxetine (PXT) loaded nanotransferosomal gel (PXT-NTFG) for intranasal brain delivery. The process involved fabricating PXT-NTFs (paroxetine-loaded nanotransferosomes) through a thin film hydration method and optimizing them based on parameters such as particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (EE). The optimized PXT-NTFs exhibited uniform morphology with a PS of 158.30 ± 2.73 nm, low PDI (0.142 ± 0.072), high ZP (21.00 ± 0.75 mV), and excellent EE (88.09 ± 3.40 %). Characterization through various techniques confirmed the incorporation of PXT into the nanotransferosomes and its conversion to amorphous state. Moreover, PXT-NTFG was formulated with suitable viscosity and mucoadhesive properties. In vitro release studies demonstrated sustained drug release from PXT-NTFG at different pH levels as compared to PXT-NTFs and NTF dispersion. Similarly, ex vivo experiments showed 4 folds enhanced drug permeation from PXT-NTFG when compared with PXT conventional gel. Stability studies indicated that the optimized PXT-NTFs remained stable for four months at 4°C and 25°C. Additionally, improved behavioral outcomes, increased neuronal survival rates, and upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression was observed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced depressed Sprague-Dawley rats after treatment with PXT-NTFG as compared to PXT-dispersion treated and untreated LPS-control groups. Notably, the formulation led to a significant reduction in brain and plasma TNF-α levels. In conclusion, intranasal PXT-NTFG is a promising formulation with sustained drug release, improved brain targeting and enhanced antidepressant activity.

The critical role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in kidney fibrosis

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a condition in which the ER is overwhelmed and unable to manage its protein load properly. The precise activation mechanisms and role of ER stress in kidney disease remain unclear. To study this, we performed unbiased transcriptomics analysis to demonstrate ER stress in kidneys of patients with chronic kidney disease and in mouse models of acute and chronic kidney injury (cisplatin and unilateral ureteral obstruction and reanalyzed previously published data on folic acid and mitochondrial transcription factor A(TFAM) knockout mice). Inhibiting the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) arm of ER stress but not activating transcription factor 6 or inositol-requiring enzyme 1, protected mice from kidney fibrosis. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was identified as an important upstream activator of ER stress in kidney tubule cells. STING and PERK were found to physically interact, and STING agonists induced PERK activation in kidney tubule cells. Mice with a STING activating mutation presented with ER stress and kidney fibroinflammation. We also generated mice with a tubule specific STING deletion that were resistant to ER stress and kidney fibrosis. Human kidney spatial transcriptomics highlighted a spatial correlation between STING, ER stress and fibrotic gene expression. Thus, our results indicate that STING is an important upstream regulator of PERK and ER stress in tubule cells during kidney fibrosis development.

Essential and risk elements in horses affect haematology, serum biochemistry and oxidative status parameters

The abundance of chemical elements in the blood of horses can indicate the physiological balance, health of animal as well as can be taken as an indicator of environmental pollution. The aim of this work was to analyse haematological, biochemical parameters, TOS, FRAP, SOD, Gpx, TAS and their correlations with concentrations of essential and risk elements in blood of horses stabled in two different locations: The National Stud Farm Topoľčianky (n = 11; 11 stallions, consisting of the breeds 6 Lipizzan, 3 Slovak warmblood, 2 Holsteiner) and Experimental Centre at Institute of Animal Husbandry, SUA in Nitra (n = 10; 4 stallions, 5 geldings, 1 mare, 4 stallions, 5 geldings and 1 mare, consisting of the breeds 3 Slovak warmblood, 4 Czech warmblood, 3 Holsteiner). Blood samples were obtained from horses (n = 21) from two localities in the Slovak Republic during May. The haematological profiles of horses from both locations were within reference values. The values of biochemical parameters of horse samples that underwent analysis showed only minor deviations from the referential values reported by several authors. Fe was the most accumulated elements (383.95 mg/L and 403.61 mg/L, respectively). Finally, this investigation based on correlation analyses identified essential and risk elements in horse blood serum and significant negative correlation between Cd and GRA, HGB and HCT was observed in The National Stud Farm Topoľčianky and a positive correlation was recorded between Zn and total proteins in the Experimental Centre at Institute of Animal Husbandry, SUA Nitra. The obtained data could be used as a control indicator to identify risk hazards related to the heavy metals in relation to the health of animals.

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves accelerates skin tissue regeneration in excisional wound model: possible molecular mechanisms

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves are a traditional medicinal herb used for treating many infectious and inflammatory-related conditions, including wound healing. To validate its traditional use, our study evaluates the acute toxicity and wound-healing effects of methanolic extracts of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves (MEPL) on excisional neck injury in rats. A uniform dorsal neck injury was created for twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats, which were randomly aligned into 4 groups and treated topically twice daily with 0.2 ml of the following: group A, rats treated with 1% CMC; group B, rats received intrasite gel; groups C and D, rats treated with MEPL (0.2 ml of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively). The toxicity results showed a lack of physiologic alteration or mortality in rats ingested with an oral dosage of up to 5 g/kg of MEPL. Histological screening of regenerated skin tissues revealed higher deposition of collagen, fibroblast cells, and reduced inflammatory cells in MEPL-treated rats. The topical application of MEPL led to positive modulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (angiogenetic factor) in wound tissues, indicating increased tissue regeneration and faster wound contraction. MEPL treatment caused a significant elevation of tissue antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and hydroxyproline (collagen) contents while reducing malondialdehyde contents. The inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and IL-6) were lower, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10) were higher in MEPL-treated rats than in the vehicle group. The study outcomes back up the traditional use of MEPL for wound healing, which could be linked with its phytochemicals (flavonoids and terpenoids) that require further isolation and molecular identification.

External negative pressure improves lung aeration in near-term rabbit kittens at risk of developing respiratory distress

Introduction

As airway liquid is cleared into lung interstitial tissue after birth, the chest wall must expand to accommodate this liquid and the incoming air. We examined the effect of applying external positive and negative pressures to the chest wall on lung aeration in near-term rabbit kittens at risk of developing respiratory distress.

Methods

Rabbit kittens (30 days; term ∼31 days) were randomised into Control and Elevated Liquid (EL) groups. Lung liquid was drained in Control kittens to simulate expected volumes following vaginal delivery. EL kittens had lung liquid drained before 30 ml/kg was returned to simulate expected volumes after caesarean section. Kittens were delivered, placed in a water-filled plethysmograph and the external pressure was adjusted to -6 (negative), 0 (atmospheric), or +6 (positive) cmH2O. Kittens were ventilated with an 8 ml/kg tidal volume and PEEP of 0 cmH2O and lungs imaged using phase contrast x-ray imaging.

Results

Compared to external atmospheric pressures, external negative pressures expanded the chest (by 2100 ± 43 vs. 1805 ± 59 mm2; Control kittens; P = 0.028), directed tidal ventilation into lower, larger lung regions and increased functional residual capacity (FRC) levels in both Control (26.7 ± 2.0 vs. 12.6 ± 2.2 ml/kg; P < 0.001) and EL (19.6 ± 1.6 vs. 10.0 ± 2.9 ml/kg; P < 0.01) kittens. External positive pressures reduced FRC levels in Control (6.3 ± 0.8 vs. 12.6 ± 2.2 ml/kg; P < 0.05), but not in EL kittens, and directed tidal ventilation into upper lung regions.

Discussion

External negative pressures increased lung aeration and resulted in a more evenly distributed tidal ventilation immediately after birth in near-term rabbit kittens, whereas external positive pressures reduced lung aeration and compliance.

Experimental reporting of fish transcriptomic responses in environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology

Due to its increasing affordability and efforts to understand transcriptional responses of organisms to biotic and abiotic stimuli, transcriptomics has become an important tool with significant impact on toxicological investigations and hazard and risk assessments, especially during development and application of new approach methodologies (NAMs). Data generated using transcriptomic methodologies have directly informed adverse outcome pathway frameworks, chemical and biological read across, and aided in the identification of points of departure. Using data reporting frameworks for transcriptomics data offers improved transparency and reproducibility of research and an opportunity to identify barriers to adoption of these NAMs, especially in environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology with aquatic models. Improved reporting also allows for reexamination of existing data, limiting needs for experiment replication and further reducing animal experimentation. Here, we use a standardized form of data reporting for omics-based studies, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development omics reporting framework, which specifically reports on a list of parameters that should be included in transcriptomics studies used in a regulatory context. We focused specifically on fish studies using RNA- Sequencing (Seq)/microarray technologies within a toxicology context. Inconsistencies in reporting and methodologies among the experimental designs (toxicology vs. molecular characterization) were observed in addition to foundational differences in reporting of sample concentration or preparation or quality assessments, which can affect reproducibility and read across, confidence in results, and contribute substantially to understanding molecular mechanisms of toxicants and toxins. Our findings present an opportunity for improved research reporting. We also provide several recommendations as logical steps to reduce barriers to adoption of transcriptomics within environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology.

Increased TRPV4 Channel Expression Enhances and Impairs Blood Vessel Function in Hypertension

BACKGROUND

Endothelial cell TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) channels provide a control point that is pivotal in regulating blood vessel diameter by mediating the Ca2+-dependent release of endothelial-derived vasoactive factors. In hypertension, TRPV4-mediated control of vascular function is disrupted, but the underlying mechanisms and precise physiological consequences remain controversial.

METHODS

Here, using a comprehensive array of methodologies, endothelial TRPV4 channel function was examined in intact mesenteric resistance arteries from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

RESULTS

Our results show there is a notable shift in vascular reactivity in hypertension characterized by enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation at low levels of TRPV4 channel activation. However, at higher levels of TRPV4 activity, this vasodilatory response is reversed, contributing to the aberrant vascular tone observed in hypertension. The change in response, from dilation to constriction, was accompanied by a shift in intracellular Ca2+ signaling modalities arising from TRPV4 activity. Oscillatory TRPV4-evoked IP3 (inositol triphosphate)-mediated Ca2+ release, which underlies dilation, decreased, while the contraction inducing sustained Ca2+ rise, arising from TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ influx, increased. Our findings also reveal that while the sensitivity of endothelial cell TRPV4 to activation was unchanged, expression of the channel is upregulated and IP3 receptors are downregulated in hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS

These data highlight the intricate interplay between endothelial TRPV4 channel expression, intracellular Ca2+ signaling dynamics, and vascular reactivity. Moreover, the data support a new unifying hypothesis for the vascular impairment that accompanies hypertension. Specifically, endothelial cell TRPV4 channels play a dual role in modulating blood vessel function in hypertension.

Time-Course physiopathology of Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii Envenomation in Swiss Webster Mice: Insights into Systemic Manifestations

OBJECTIVE

The expansion of human activities in northern Colombia has increased human-snake encounters, particularly with venomous Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii. Given the limited knowledge of systemic envenomation effects and previous studies focusing only on early murine symptoms, this investigation aimed to describe the time-course physiopathology of P. lansbergii lansbergii envenomation following intramuscular injection in vivo.

METHODS

Venom was inoculated in the gastrocnemius muscles of Swiss Webster mice, and blood, urine, and tissue samples were taken at different times to evaluate lethality and biochemical markers of renal function and oxidative stress.

RESULTS

This study reports the first intramuscular LD50 for P. lansbergii lansbergii venom at 24.83 mg/Kg. Administering 80% of this LD50 induced early signs of renal injury, evidenced by urinary biomarkers over 24 h. The antioxidant activity was found at low levels in kidney tissue throughout the evaluated time post-envenomation. Malondialdehyde activity increased at the earliest point, while proinflammatory activity increased later. Urine metabolomics revealed elevated taurine and allantoin in the envenomed groups.

DISCUSSION

Compensatory mechanisms in response to oxidative stress and tissue damage induced by the venom were evident in the envenomed mice over the evaluated time. However, histological analysis revealed evidence of pro-inflammatory processes occurring only at early times. Metabolomic analyses of urine samples identified taurine as a potential early biomarker of elevated oxidative stress and protein and creatinine levels.

CONCLUSIONS

P. lansbergii lansbergii venom induces alterations in murine renal tissue, affecting urinary biomarkers of kidney function within hours post-envenomation. Delayed proinflammatory effects may suggest an antioxidant imbalance in the envenomed mice, with unknown long-term effects. Further research on the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in renal structure and function following envenomation is necessary, emphasizing the need for prompt clinical management.

Attention-based Vision Transformer Enables Early Detection of Radiotherapy-Induced Toxicity in Magnetic Resonance Images of a Preclinical Model

IntroductionEarly identification of patients at risk for toxicity induced by radiotherapy (RT) is essential for developing personalized treatments and mitigation plans. Preclinical models with relevant endpoints are critical for systematic evaluation of normal tissue responses. This study aims to determine whether attention-based vision transformers can classify MR images of irradiated and control mice, potentially aiding early identification of individuals at risk of developing toxicity.MethodC57BL/6J mice (n = 14) were subjected to 66 Gy of fractionated RT targeting the oral cavity, swallowing muscles, and salivary glands. A control group (n = 15) received no irradiation but was otherwise treated identically. T2-weighted MR images were obtained 3-5 days post-irradiation. Late toxicity in terms of saliva production in individual mice was assessed at day 105 after treatment. A pre-trained vision transformer model (ViT Base 16) was employed to classify the images into control and irradiated groups.ResultsThe ViT Base 16 model classified the MR images with an accuracy of 69%, with identical overall performance for control and irradiated animals. The ViT's model predictions showed a significant correlation with late toxicity (r = 0.65, p < 0.01). One of the attention maps from the ViT model highlighted the irradiated regions of the animals.ConclusionsAttention-based vision transformers using MRI have the potential to predict individuals at risk of developing early toxicity. This approach may enhance personalized treatment and follow-up strategies in head and neck cancer radiotherapy.