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Connelly SV, Brazeau NF, Msellem M, Ngasala BE, Aydemir O, Goel V, Niaré K, Giesbrecht DJ, Popkin-Hall ZR, Hennelly C, Park Z, Moormann AM, Ong'echa JM, Verity R, Mohammed S, Shija SJ, Mhamilawa LE, Morris U, Mårtensson A, Lin JT, Björkman A, Juliano JJ, Bailey JA. Strong isolation by distance and evidence of population microstructure reflect ongoing Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Zanzibar. eLife 2024; 12:RP90173. [PMID: 38935423 PMCID: PMC11210957 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The Zanzibar archipelago of Tanzania has become a low-transmission area for Plasmodium falciparum. Despite being considered an area of pre-elimination for years, achieving elimination has been difficult, likely due to a combination of imported infections from mainland Tanzania and continued local transmission. Methods To shed light on these sources of transmission, we applied highly multiplexed genotyping utilizing molecular inversion probes to characterize the genetic relatedness of 282 P. falciparum isolates collected across Zanzibar and in Bagamoyo district on the coastal mainland from 2016 to 2018. Results Overall, parasite populations on the coastal mainland and Zanzibar archipelago remain highly related. However, parasite isolates from Zanzibar exhibit population microstructure due to the rapid decay of parasite relatedness over very short distances. This, along with highly related pairs within shehias, suggests ongoing low-level local transmission. We also identified highly related parasites across shehias that reflect human mobility on the main island of Unguja and identified a cluster of highly related parasites, suggestive of an outbreak, in the Micheweni district on Pemba island. Parasites in asymptomatic infections demonstrated higher complexity of infection than those in symptomatic infections, but have similar core genomes. Conclusions Our data support importation as a main source of genetic diversity and contribution to the parasite population in Zanzibar, but they also show local outbreak clusters where targeted interventions are essential to block local transmission. These results highlight the need for preventive measures against imported malaria and enhanced control measures in areas that remain receptive to malaria reemergence due to susceptible hosts and competent vectors. Funding This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, grants R01AI121558, R01AI137395, R01AI155730, F30AI143172, and K24AI134990. Funding was also contributed from the Swedish Research Council, Erling-Persson Family Foundation, and the Yang Fund. RV acknowledges funding from the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (reference MR/R015600/1), jointly funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), under the MRC/FCDO Concordat agreement and is also part of the EDCTP2 program supported by the European Union. RV also acknowledges funding by Community Jameel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean V Connelly
- MD-PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Nicholas F Brazeau
- MD-PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Mwinyi Msellem
- Research Division, Ministry of HealthZanzibarUnited Republic of Tanzania
| | - Billy E Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamUnited Republic of Tanzania
- Global Health and Migration Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Varun Goel
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Karamoko Niaré
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - David J Giesbrecht
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Zachary R Popkin-Hall
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Chris Hennelly
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Zackary Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Ann M Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - John M Ong'echa
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research InstituteKisumuKenya
| | - Robert Verity
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Safia Mohammed
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program (ZAMEP)ZanzibarUnited Republic of Tanzania
| | - Shija J Shija
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program (ZAMEP)ZanzibarUnited Republic of Tanzania
| | - Lwidiko E Mhamilawa
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamUnited Republic of Tanzania
- Global Health and Migration Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Ulrika Morris
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Andreas Mårtensson
- Global Health and Migration Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jessica T Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Anders Björkman
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
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Msellemu D, Tanner M, Yadav R, Moore SJ. Occupational exposure to malaria, leishmaniasis and arbovirus vectors in endemic regions: A systematic review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 6:100185. [PMID: 39027087 PMCID: PMC11252614 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, including dengue, leishmaniasis and malaria, may be more common among individuals whose occupations or behaviours bring them into frequent contact with these disease vectors outside of their homes. A systematic review was conducted to ascertain at-risk occupations and situations that put individuals at increased risk of exposure to these disease vectors in endemic regions and identify the most suitable interventions for each exposure. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines on articles published between 1945 and October 2021, searched in 16 online databases. The primary outcome was incidence or prevalence of dengue, leishmaniasis or malaria. The review excluded ecological and qualitative studies, abstracts only, letters, commentaries, reviews, and studies of laboratory-acquired infections. Studies were appraised, data extracted, and a descriptive analysis conducted. Bite interventions for each risk group were assessed. A total of 1170 articles were screened and 99 included. Malaria, leishmaniasis and dengue were presented in 47, 41 and 24 articles, respectively; some articles presented multiple conditions. The most represented populations were soldiers, 38% (43 of 112 studies); refugees and travellers, 15% (17) each; migrant workers, 12.5% (14); miners, 9% (10); farmers, 5% (6); rubber tappers and missionaries, 1.8% (2) each; and forest workers, 0.9% (1). Risk of exposure was categorised into round-the-clock or specific times of day/night dependent on occupation. Exposure to these vectors presents a critical and understudied concern for outdoor workers and mobile populations. When devising interventions to provide round-the-clock vector bite protection, two populations are considered. First, mobile populations, characterized by their high mobility, may find potential benefits in insecticide-treated clothing, though more research and optimization are essential. Treated clothing offers personal vector protection and holds promise for economically disadvantaged individuals, especially when enabling them to self-treat their clothing to repel vectors. Secondly, semi-permanent and permanent settlement populations can receive a combination of interventions that offer both personal and community protection, including spatial repellents, suitable for extended stays. Existing research is heavily biased towards tourism and the military, diverting attention and resources from vulnerable populations where these interventions are most required like refugee populations as well as those residing in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Msellemu
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rajpal Yadav
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Academy of Public Health Entomology, Udaipur, 313 002, India
| | - Sarah J. Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania
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Odero JI, Abong'o B, Moshi V, Ekodir S, Harvey SA, Ochomo E, Gimnig JE, Achee NL, Grieco JP, Oria PA, Monroe A. Early morning anopheline mosquito biting, a potential driver of malaria transmission in Busia County, western Kenya. Malar J 2024; 23:66. [PMID: 38438933 PMCID: PMC10910777 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) contributed significantly to the decline in malaria since 2000. Their protective efficacy depends not only on access, use, and net integrity, but also location of people within the home environment and mosquito biting profiles. Anopheline mosquito biting and human location data were integrated to identify potential gaps in protection and better understand malaria transmission dynamics in Busia County, western Kenya. METHODS Direct observation of human activities and human landing catches (HLC) were performed hourly between 1700 to 0700 h. Household members were recorded as home or away; and, if at home, as indoors/outdoors, awake/asleep, and under a net or not. Aggregated data was analysed by weighting hourly anopheline biting activity with human location. Standard indicators of human-vector interaction were calculated using a Microsoft Excel template. RESULTS There was no significant difference between indoor and outdoor biting for Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (RR = 0.82; 95% CI 0.65-1.03); significantly fewer Anopheles funestus were captured outdoors than indoors (RR = 0.41; 95% CI 0.25-0.66). Biting peaked before dawn and extended into early morning hours when people began to awake and perform routine activities, between 0400-0700 h for An. gambiae and 0300-0700 h for An. funestus. The study population away from home peaked at 1700-1800 h (58%), gradually decreased and remained constant at 10% throughout the night, before rising again to 40% by 0600-0700 h. When accounting for resident location, nearly all bites within the peri-domestic space (defined as inside household structures and surrounding outdoor spaces) occurred indoors for unprotected people (98%). Using an ITN while sleeping was estimated to prevent 79% and 82% of bites for An. gambiae and An. funestus, respectively. For an ITN user, most remaining exposure to bites occurred indoors in the hours before bed and early morning. CONCLUSION While use of an ITN was estimated to prevent most vector bites in this context, results suggest gaps in protection, particularly in the early hours of the morning when biting peaks and many people are awake and active. Assessment of additional human exposure points, including outside of the peri-domestic setting, are needed to guide supplementary interventions for transmission reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius I Odero
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Bernard Abong'o
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Vincent Moshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sheila Ekodir
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Steven A Harvey
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John E Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole L Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Eck Institute for Global Health, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - John P Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Eck Institute for Global Health, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Prisca A Oria
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Connelly SV, Brazeau NF, Msellem M, Ngasala BE, Aydemir Ö, Goel V, Niaré K, Giesbrecht DJ, Popkin-Hall ZR, Hennelly CM, Park Z, Moormann AM, Ong'echa JM, Verity R, Mohammed S, Shija SJ, Mhamilawa LE, Morris U, Mårtensson A, Lin JT, Björkman A, Juliano JJ, Bailey JA. Strong isolation by distance and evidence of population microstructure reflect ongoing Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Zanzibar. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.02.15.23285960. [PMID: 36865135 PMCID: PMC9980253 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.23285960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Zanzibar archipelago of Tanzania has become a low-transmission area for Plasmodium falciparum. Despite being considered an area of pre-elimination for years, achieving elimination has been difficult, likely due to a combination of imported infections from mainland Tanzania, and continued local transmission. To shed light on these sources of transmission, we applied highly multiplexed genotyping utilizing molecular inversion probes to characterize the genetic relatedness of 282 P. falciparum isolates collected across Zanzibar and in Bagamoyo District on the coastal mainland from 2016-2018. Overall, parasite populations on the coastal mainland and Zanzibar archipelago remain highly related. However, parasite isolates from Zanzibar exhibit population microstructure due to rapid decay of parasite relatedness over very short distances. This, along with highly related pairs within shehias, suggests ongoing low level local transmission. We also identified highly related parasites across shehias that reflect human mobility on the main island of Unguja and identified a cluster of highly related parasites, suggestive of an outbreak, in the Micheweni district on Pemba island. Parasites in asymptomatic infections demonstrated higher complexity of infection than those in symptomatic infections, but have similar core genomes. Our data support importation as a main source of genetic diversity and contribution to the parasite population on Zanzibar, but they also show local outbreak clusters where targeted interventions are essential to block local transmission. These results highlight the need for preventive measures against imported malaria and enhanced control measures in areas that remain receptive for malaria reemergence due to susceptible hosts and competent vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean V Connelly
- MD-PhD Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Mwinyi Msellem
- Research Division, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Billy E Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Global Health and Migration Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Özkan Aydemir
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Varun Goel
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Karamoko Niaré
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - David J Giesbrecht
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - Zachary R Popkin-Hall
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Christopher M Hennelly
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Zackary Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Ann M Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | | - Robert Verity
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College, London
| | - Safia Mohammed
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program (ZAMEP), Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Shija J Shija
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program (ZAMEP), Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Lwidiko E Mhamilawa
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Global Health and Migration Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Morris
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Mårtensson
- Global Health and Migration Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica T Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Anders Björkman
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599 USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
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Naserrudin NA, Adhikari B, Culleton R, Hod R, Jeffree MS, Ahmed K, Hassan MR. Knowledge, compliance, and challenges in anti-malarial products usage: a systematic review of at-risk communities for zoonotic malaria. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:317. [PMID: 38287308 PMCID: PMC10823597 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic malaria is a growing public health threat in the WHO Southeast Asia (SEA) and Western Pacific (WP) regions. Despite vector-control measures, the distribution of Macaque fascicularis and M. nemestrina, and Anopheles mosquitoes carrying non-human simian malaria parasites poses challenges to malaria elimination. The systematic review assesses the literature on knowledge and malaria-preventive practices in zoonotic malaria-affected areas across the WHO SEA and WP, aiming to identify challenges for malaria control. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles published in English, Malay and Indonesian between January 2010 and December 2022 were searched in OVID Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies of any design-excluding reviews, conference proceedings, and reports from all WHO SEA and WP countries vulnerable to zoonotic malaria-were included. Backwards-reference screening and thematic analysis were conducted. RESULTS Among 4,174 initially searched articles, 22 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. An additional seven articles were identified through backwards-reference screening, resulting in a total of 29 articles for this review. Half of these studies were conducted in Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Thailand, mainly in forests and remote communities. The review highlighted inconsistencies in the operationalization of knowledge, and five major themes were identified related to knowledge: causation and transmission, symptoms, treatment, severity and complications, and malaria prevention. While participants generally had some understanding of malaria causation/transmission, minority and indigenous ethnic groups demonstrated limited knowledge and held misconceptions, such as attributing malaria to drinking dirty water. Preventive practices included traditional and non-traditional or modern methods-with a preference for traditional approaches to avoid mosquito bites. Challenges to malaria control included feasibility, cost, and access to healthcare services. CONCLUSION This review provides insights into knowledge, local understandings, and preventive practices related to malaria in the WHO SEA and WP regions. The findings highlight the need for future research to explore the knowledge of at-risk communities regarding zoonotic malaria, their perceive threat of the disease and factors exposing them to zoonotic malaria. New strategies must be developed for zoonotic malaria programs tailored to local contexts, emphasizing the significance of community participation, health education, and socio-behavioural change initiatives. It is important to consider the interconnectedness of human health, environmental and non-human primates conservation. Socio-cultural nuances should also be carefully considered in the design and implementation of these programs to ensure their effect tailored to local contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Athirah Naserrudin
- Institute for Health Systems Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Setia Alam, Shah alam, 40170, Malaysia
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Bipin Adhikari
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Culleton
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia.
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
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Casella A, Monroe A, Toso M, Hunter G, Underwood C, Pillai R, Hughes J, Van Lith LM, Cash S, Hwang J, Babalola S. Understanding psychosocial determinants of malaria behaviours in low-transmission settings: a scoping review. Malar J 2024; 23:15. [PMID: 38200574 PMCID: PMC10782749 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent estimates show progress toward malaria elimination is slowing in many settings, underscoring the need for tailored approaches to fight the disease. In addition to essential structural changes, human behaviour plays an important role in elimination. Engagement in malaria behaviours depends in part on psychosocial determinants such as knowledge, perceived risk, and community norms. Understanding the state of research on psychosocial determinants in low malaria transmission settings is important to augment social and behaviour change practice. This review synthesizes research on psychosocial factors and malaria behaviours in low-transmission settings. METHODS A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature and supplemental manual search of grey literature was conducted using key terms and eligibility criteria defined a priori. Publications from 2000-2020 in the English language were identified, screened, and analysed using inductive methods to determine the relationship between the measured psychosocial factors and malaria behaviours. RESULTS Screening of 961 publications yielded 96 for inclusion. Nineteen articles collected data among subpopulations that are at increased risk of malaria exposure in low-transmission settings. Purposive and cluster randomized sampling were common sampling approaches. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods study designs were used. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceived risk were commonly measured psychosocial factors. Perceived response-efficacy, perceived self-efficacy, and community norms were rarely measured. Results indicate positive associations between malaria knowledge and attitudes, and preventive and care-seeking behaviour. Studies generally report high rates of correct knowledge, although it is comparatively lower among studies of high-risk groups. There does not appear to be sufficient extant evidence to determine the relationship between other psychosocial variables and behaviour. CONCLUSIONS The review highlights the need to deploy more consistent, comprehensive measures of psychosocial factors and the importance of reaching subpopulations at higher risk of transmission in low transmission contexts. Malaria-related knowledge is generally high, even in settings of low transmission. Programmes and research should work to better understand the psychosocial factors that have been positively associated with prevention and care-seeking behaviours, such as norms, perceived response efficacy, perceived self-efficacy, and interpersonal communication. These factors are not necessarily distinct from that which research has shown are important in settings of high malaria transmission. However, the importance of each factor and application to malaria behaviour change programming in low-transmission settings is an area in need of further research. Existing instruments and approaches are available to support more systematic collection of psychosocial determinants and improved sampling approaches and should be applied more widely. Finally, while human behaviour is critical, health systems strengthening, and structural interventions are essential to achieve malaria elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Casella
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
| | - April Monroe
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Michael Toso
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Gabrielle Hunter
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Carol Underwood
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior, & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ruchita Pillai
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Jayme Hughes
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lynn M Van Lith
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Shelby Cash
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jimee Hwang
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stella Babalola
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior, & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
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7
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Kihwele F, Gavana T, Makungu C, Msuya HM, Mlacha YP, Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Sunguya BF. Exploring activities and behaviours potentially increases school-age children's vulnerability to malaria infections in south-eastern Tanzania. Malar J 2023; 22:293. [PMID: 37789435 PMCID: PMC10548596 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strengthening malaria control activities in Tanzania has dramatically declined human malaria infections. However, there is an increasing epidemiological shift in the burden on school-age children. The underlying causes for such an epidemiological shift remain unknown in this context. This study explored activities and behaviours that could increase the vulnerability of school-age children to transmission risk to provide insight into protection gap with existing interventions and opportunities for supplementary interventions. METHODS This cross-sectional study conducted twenty-four focus group discussions (FGDs) in three districts of Rufiji, Kibiti and Kilwa in south-eastern Tanzania. Sixteen FGDs worked with school-age children (13 to 18 years) separating girls and boys and eight FGDs with their parents in mixed-gender groups. A total of 205 community members participated in FGDs across the study area. Of them, 72 participants were parents, while 133 were school-age children (65 boys and 68 girls). RESULTS Routine domestic activities such as fetching water, washing kitchen utensils, cooking, and recreational activities such as playing and watching television and studying were the reported activities that kept school-age children outdoors early evening to night hours (between 18:00 and 23:00). Likewise, the social and cultural events including initiation ceremonies and livelihood activities also kept this age group outdoors from late evening to early night and sometimes past midnight hours. Parents migrating to farms from December to June, leaving behind school-age children unsupervised affecting their net use behaviour plus spending more time outdoors at night, and the behaviour of children sprawling legs and hands while sleeping inside treated bed nets were identified as potential risks to infectious mosquito bites. CONCLUSION The risky activities, behaviours, and social events mostly occurring outdoors might increase school-age children's vulnerability to malaria infections. The findings provide preliminary insight on potential risk factors for persisting transmission. Further studies to quantify the risk behaviour and activities are recommended to establish the magnitude and anticipated impact on supplementary control strategies to control infection in school-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhila Kihwele
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, #5 Ifakara Street, Plot 463 Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Tegemeo Gavana
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, #5 Ifakara Street, Plot 463 Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Christina Makungu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, #5 Ifakara Street, Plot 463 Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Hajirani M Msuya
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, #5 Ifakara Street, Plot 463 Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Yeromin P Mlacha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, #5 Ifakara Street, Plot 463 Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nicodem James Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, #5 Ifakara Street, Plot 463 Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering (LISBE), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. BOX 447, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Prosper Pius Chaki
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, #5 Ifakara Street, Plot 463 Mikocheni, P.O. Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- The Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), KEMRI Headquarters, Mbagathi Road Nairobi, Nairobi, 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Bruno Fokas Sunguya
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
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Fakih BS, Holzschuh A, Ross A, Stuck L, Abdul R, Al-Mafazy AWH, Irema I, Mbena A, Thawer SG, Shija SJ, Aliy SM, Ali A, Fink G, Yukich J, Hetzel MW. Risk of imported malaria infections in Zanzibar: a cross-sectional study. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:80. [PMID: 37641152 PMCID: PMC10464242 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zanzibar has made substantial progress in malaria control with vector control, improved diagnosis, and artemisinin-based combination therapy. Parasite prevalence in the population has remained around 1% but imported infections from mainland Tanzania contribute to sustained local transmission. Understanding travel patterns between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, and the risk of malaria infection, may help to control malaria importation to Zanzibar. METHODS A rolling cross-sectional survey linked to routine reactive case detection of malaria was carried out in Zanzibar between May 2017 and October 2018. Households of patients diagnosed with malaria at health facilities were surveyed and household members were tested for malaria using rapid diagnostic tests and a sub-sample by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Interviews elicited a detailed travel history of all household members who had travelled within the past two months, including trips within and outside of Zanzibar. We estimated the association of malaria infection with travel destinations in pre-defined malaria endemicity categories, trip duration, and other co-variates using logistic regression. RESULTS Of 17,891 survey participants, 1177 (7%) reported a recent trip, of which 769 (65%) visited mainland Tanzania. Among travellers to mainland Tanzania with travel destination details and a qPCR result available, 241/378 (64%) reported traveling to districts with a 'high' malaria endemicity and for 12% the highest endemicity category was 'moderate'. Travelers to the mainland were more likely to be infected with malaria parasites (29%, 108/378) than those traveling within Zanzibar (8%, 16/206) or to other countries (6%, 2/17). Among travellers to mainland Tanzania, those visiting highly endemic districts had a higher odds of being qPCR-positive than those who travelled only to districts where malaria-endemicity was classified as low or very low (adjusted odd ratio = 7.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.9-25.5). Among travellers to the mainland, 110/378 (29%) never or only sometimes used a mosquito net during their travel. CONCLUSIONS Strategies to reduce malaria importation to Zanzibar may benefit from identifying population groups traveling to highly endemic areas in mainland Tanzania. Targeted interventions to prevent and clear infections in these groups may be more feasible than attempting to screen and treat all travellers upon arrival in Zanzibar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakar S Fakih
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Aurel Holzschuh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Amanda Ross
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Logan Stuck
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ramadhan Abdul
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Imani Irema
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Sumaiyya G Thawer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shija J Shija
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Safia M Aliy
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Abdullah Ali
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Günther Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Yukich
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Manuel W Hetzel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Abdalal SA, Yukich J, Andrinopoulos K, Alghanmi M, Wakid MH, Zawawi A, Harakeh S, Altwaim SA, Gattan H, Baakdah F, Gaddoury MA, Niyazi HA, Mokhtar JA, Alruhaili MH, Alsaady I, Alhabbab R, Alfaleh M, Hashem AM, Alahmadey ZZ, Keating J. Livelihood activities, human mobility, and risk of malaria infection in elimination settings: a case-control study. Malar J 2023; 22:53. [PMID: 36782234 PMCID: PMC9926773 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livelihood activities and human movements participate in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases and influence malaria risk in elimination settings. In Saudi Arabia, where malaria transmission intensity varies geographically, it is vital to understand the components driving transmission within specific areas. In addition, shared social, behavioural, and occupational characteristics within communities may provoke the risk of malaria infection. This study aims to understand the relationship between human mobility, livelihood activities, and the risk of malaria infection in the border region of Jazan to facilitate further strategic malaria interventions. In addition, the study will complement and reinforce the existing efforts to eliminate malaria on the Saudi and Yemen border by providing a deeper understanding of human movement and livelihood activities. METHODS An unmatched case-control study was conducted. A total of 261 participants were recruited for the study, including 81 cases of confirmed malaria through rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and microscopy and 180 controls in the Baish Governorate in Jazan Provinces, Saudi Arabia. Individuals who received malaria tests were interviewed regarding their livelihood activities and recent movement (travel history). A questionnaire was administered, and the data was captured electronically. STATA software version 16 was used to analyse the data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine if engaging in agricultural activities such as farming and animal husbandry, recent travel history outside of the home village within the last 30 days and participating in spiritual gatherings were related to malaria infection status. RESULTS A logistical regression model was used to investigate components associated with malaria infection. After adjusting several confounding factors, individuals who reported travelling away from their home village in the last 30 days OR 11.5 (95% CI 4.43-29.9), and those who attended a seasonal night spiritual gathering OR 3.04 (95% CI 1.10-8.42), involved in animal husbandry OR 2.52 (95% CI 1.10-5.82), and identified as male OR 4.57 (95% CI 1.43-14.7), were more likely to test positive for malaria infection. CONCLUSION Human movement and livelihood activities, especially at nighttime, should be considered malaria risk factors in malaria elimination settings, mainly when the targeted area is limited to a confined borderland area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa A. Abdalal
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joshua Yukich
- grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Katherine Andrinopoulos
- grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed H. Wakid
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Zawawi
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah A. Altwaim
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan Gattan
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadi Baakdah
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Gaddoury
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatoon A. Niyazi
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawahir A. Mokhtar
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Alruhaili
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra Alsaady
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Alhabbab
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Alfaleh
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziab Zakey Alahmadey
- grid.415696.90000 0004 0573 9824Microbiology and Serology Departments, Al-Ansar Hospital, Ministry of Health, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Keating
- grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA USA
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10
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Mmbando AS, Mponzi WP, Ngowo HS, Kifungo K, Kasubiri R, Njalambaha RM, Gavana T, Eiras AE, Batista EPA, Finda MF, Sangoro OP, Okumu FO. Small-scale field evaluation of transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons and sandals for the control of malaria vectors in rural Tanzania. Malar J 2023; 22:43. [PMID: 36739391 PMCID: PMC9898903 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-evening and outdoor-biting mosquitoes may compromise the effectiveness of frontline malaria interventions, notably insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-cost insecticide-treated eave ribbons and sandals as supplementary interventions against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting mosquitoes in south-eastern Tanzania, where ITNs are already widely used. METHODS This study was conducted in three villages, with 72 households participating (24 households per village). The households were divided into four study arms and assigned: transfluthrin-treated sandals (TS), transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons (TER), a combination of TER and TS, or experimental controls. Each arm had 18 households, and all households received new ITNs. Mosquitoes were collected using double net traps (to assess outdoor biting), CDC light traps (to assess indoor biting), and Prokopack aspirators (to assess indoor resting). Protection provided by the interventions was evaluated by comparing mosquito densities between the treatment and control arms. Additional tests were done in experimental huts to assess the mortality of wild mosquitoes exposed to the treatments or controls. RESULTS TERs reduced indoor-biting, indoor-resting and outdoor-biting Anopheles arabiensis by 60%, 73% and 41%, respectively, while TS reduced the densities by 18%, 40% and 42%, respectively. When used together, TER & TS reduced indoor-biting, indoor-resting and outdoor-biting An. arabiensis by 53%, 67% and 57%, respectively. Protection against Anopheles funestus ranged from 42 to 69% with TER and from 57 to 74% with TER & TS combined. Mortality of field-collected mosquitoes exposed to TER, TS or both interventions was 56-78% for An. arabiensis and 47-74% for An. funestus. CONCLUSION Transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons and sandals or their combination can offer significant household-level protection against malaria vectors. Their efficacy is magnified by the transfluthrin-induced mortality, which was observed despite the prevailing pyrethroid resistance in the study area. These results suggest that TER and TS could be useful supplementary tools against residual malaria transmission in areas where ITN coverage is high but additional protection is needed against early-evening and outdoor-biting mosquitoes. Further research is needed to validate the performance of these tools in different settings, and assess their long-term effectiveness and feasibility for malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold S Mmbando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Winifrida P Mponzi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Khamis Kifungo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Robert Kasubiri
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Rukiyah M Njalambaha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Tegemeo Gavana
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Alvaro E Eiras
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation of Vector Control, Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elis P A Batista
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation of Vector Control, Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marceline F Finda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
| | - Onyango P Sangoro
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi City, Kenya
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
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11
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Ávila MI, Vajda ÉA, Jeffrey Gutiérrez E, Gibson D, Renteria MM, Presley N, O'Reilly D, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT)-generated actionable evidence on human and vector behaviours optimizes present interventions and reduces exposure to Anopheles vectors in two communities of Guna Yala, Panamá. Malar J 2023; 22:26. [PMID: 36698147 PMCID: PMC9875519 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically relevant questions on local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection to guide local vector control decision-making. METHODS The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan to answer priority programmatic questions about the appropriateness of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and spaces and times where humans remain exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection) in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala. Adult Anopheles were sampled at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs) during the rainy and dry seasons (2018/2019). Human behaviour observations (HBOs) were conducted alongside HLCs to examine intervention use, indoor versus outdoor activity, and sleeping patterns. HLC and HBO data were integrated to evaluate HBO-adjusted human biting rate (HBR). RESULTS A total of 7,431 adult Anopheles were collected across both sites. Of the 450 specimens molecularly confirmed to species-level, 75.5% (n = 340) were confirmed as Anopheles Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles (Ny.) aquasalis. Anopheles host seeking activity was demonstrated to be primarily exophagic throughout all sampling periods and in both communities. When adjusted with HBOs, exposure to mosquito bites was predominantly indoors and overnight in Permé (Nov, Mar), compared to predominantly outdoors in Puerto Obaldía (Nov, Mar, Jul). Differences in site-specific human-vector exposure profiles were due to contrasting cultural and lifestyle practices between Permé and Puerto Obaldía (possibly partly influenced by the absence of electricity in Permé), and lower LLIN use in Permé. This evidence supported a previously planned LLIN campaign alongside a social behaviour change communication (SBCC) strategy in the Guna Yala Comarca (Jul 2019), which increased LLIN use. In turn, this led to a reduction of indoor exposure to mosquito bites, and a shift to predominant outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. CONCLUSION ESPT-based question-driven planning and the integration of HBOs, intervention, and HLC data generated evidence towards answering the programmatic questions. This evidence enabled the characterization of site-specific human-vector exposure profiles, and the quantification of remaining gaps in protection. These data also provide important insights into remaining gaps in protection that must be addressed to further reduce human exposure to mosquito bites at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ávila
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, Panama
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA.
| | - Eileen Jeffrey Gutiérrez
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Daragh Gibson
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Nicolas Presley
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
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12
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Burton TA, Kabinga LH, Simubali L, Hayre Q, Moore SJ, Stevenson JC, Lobo NF. Semi-field evaluation of a volatile transfluthrin-based intervention reveals efficacy as a spatial repellent and evidence of other modes of action. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285501. [PMID: 37167335 PMCID: PMC10174509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently, the most common malaria control tools-i.e., long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)-are limited to targeting indoor biting and resting behaviors of Anopheles mosquito species. Few interventions are targeted towards malaria control in areas where transmission is driven or persists due to outdoor biting behaviors. This study investigated a volatile pyrethroid-based spatial repellent (VPSR) designed to bridge this gap and provide protection from mosquito bites in outdoor spaces. Southern Province, Zambia, is one such environment where outdoor biting is suspected to contribute to malaria transmission, where people are active in the evening in open-walled outdoor kitchens. This study assessed the VPSR in replica kitchens within a controlled semi-field environment. Endpoints included effects on mosquito host seeking, immediate and delayed mortality, deterrence, blood feeding inhibition, and fertility. Host-seeking was reduced by approximately 40% over the course of nightly releases in chambers containing VPSR devices. Mosquito behavior was not uniform throughout the night, and the modeled effect of the intervention was considerably higher when hourly catch rates were considered. These two observations highlight a limitation of this overnight semi-field design and consideration of mosquito circadian rhythms is recommended for future semi-field studies. Additionally, deterrence and immediate mortality were both observed in treatment chambers, with evidence of delayed mortality and a dose related response. These results demonstrate a primarily personal protective mode of action with possible positive and negative community effects. Further investigation into this primary mode of action will be conducted through a field trial of the same product in nearby communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | | | | | - Quinton Hayre
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health, and Ecological Sciences, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Choma District, Zambia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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13
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Davis L, Prosnitz D, Ye Y. The Value Added of Incorporating Qualitative Approaches into Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:32-37. [PMID: 36509057 PMCID: PMC9904161 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress toward malaria elimination and improvements in the performance of national malaria control programs (NMCPs) have stalled in recent years. The current COVID-19 pandemic further threatens building on previous gains. Surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation (SME) are critical for the continued success of NMCPs because they provide the information necessary for effective program planning and management. Interventions aimed at strengthening NMCPs focus on both the target population and the program provider. Qualitative approaches are often used to understand the target population and barriers to intervention success. Although there is growing emphasis on qualitative approaches in provider-focused SME, metrics of success tend to focus on quantitative measures. The integration of qualitative approaches offers added value because they provide additional data points to facilitate the understanding of barriers that impede sustaining the gains made from provider-focused capacity-building efforts. Qualitative approaches focus on understanding program implementation and interventions, but the systematic integration of qualitative data is limited. Qualitative approaches provide avenues to strengthen SME efforts, can lead to subsequent improvement for NMCPs, and fuel progress toward malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lwendo Davis
- ICF, Rockville, Maryland;,Address correspondence to: Lwendo Davis, ICF, 530 Gaither Rd., Ste. 500, Rockville, MD 20737. E-mail:
| | - Debra Prosnitz
- ICF, Berkeley, California;,CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia
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14
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Bamou R, Tchuinkam T, Kopya E, Awono-Ambene P, Njiokou F, Mwangangi J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria control among communities living in the south Cameroon forest region. IJID REGIONS 2022; 5:169-176. [PMID: 36467507 PMCID: PMC9713328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding malaria among communities living in the equatorial forest region of south Cameroon. METHODS The study was conducted in Olama and Nyabessan. Interviews were undertaken using a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection on KAP, while malaria rapid diagnostic testing, using SD BIOLINE kits, was employed for malaria parasite detection. RESULTS In total, 186 heads of households (HoH), comprising 105 (56.45%) males and 81 (43.45%) females, were interviewed. The majority of HoH demonstrated good knowledge of malaria (86.56%; n = 161) and control measures, with a high proportion of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) ownership (96.8%; n = 180). More than two-thirds (81.1%; n = 151) of households owned at least one LLIN for two people. The majority of HoH (85.40%) declared visiting hospitals or clinics in cases of suspected malaria. Malaria parasite prevalence was high in the two study sites (63.9% in Nyabessan and 48.65% in Olama), and varied according to age, house type, and sleeping time. CONCLUSION The study indicated that despite good knowledge of malaria, high possession and utilization of control measures by population, transmission of malaria still persist in the area. The study stress the need for implementing additional control measures to improve the fight against malaria in the area.
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Key Words
- Cameroon
- HoH, head of household
- IRS, indoor residual spraying
- KAP
- KAP, knowledge, attitude, and practice
- LLIN, long-lasting insecticidal net
- MoH, Ministry of Health. PBO, piperonyl butoxide
- NMCP, National Malaria Control Program
- WHO, World Health Organization
- forested area
- mRDT, malaria rapid diagnostic test
- malaria determinants
- malaria prevalence
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Center for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Vector Disease Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kwale, Kenya
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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15
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Karisa J, Ominde K, Muriu S, Munyao V, Mwikali K, Babu L, Ondieki Z, Bartilol B, Tuwei M, Wanjiku C, Maia M, Midega J, Rono M, Peshu N, Mbogo C, Mwangangi JM. Malaria vector bionomics in Taita-Taveta County, coastal Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:430. [DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Estimation of the composition and densities of mosquito species populations is crucial for monitoring the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases and provide information on local vectors to public health officials and policy-makers. The aim of this study was to evaluate malaria vector bionomics in ecologically distinct sites in Taita-Taveta County, Kenya.
Methods
Adult mosquitoes were collected using backpack aspirators and paired indoor/outdoor CDC light traps in 10 randomly selected households in six villages with distinct ecologies over a study period of 3 years. All Anopheles mosquitoes were morphotyped, and sibling species of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (An. gambiae s.l.) were identified and separated by PCR analysis of extracted ribosomal DNA. All female anophelines were tested for sporozoite infectivity, with engorged females screened for blood-meal sources using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. A subsample of those testing positive and those testing negative for Plasmodium in the ELISA were subjected to PCR assay.
Results
A total of eight different Anopheles species were collected both indoors and outdoors. Anopheles gambiae s.l. (82.6%, n = 5252) was the predominant species sensu lato, followed by Anopheles coustani sensu lato (An. coustani s.l.; (10.5%, n = 666) and Anopheles funestus sensu lato (An. funestus s.l.; 5.6%, n = 357). A subset of 683 mosquito samples representing An. gambiae s.l. (n = 580, approx. 11.0%) and An. funestus s.l. (n = 103, approx. 28.9%) were identified by molecular diagnostic assays into sibling species. The An. gambiae s.l. complex was composed of Anopheles arabiensis (62.5%, n = 363/580), An. gambiae sensu stricto (An. gambiae s.s.; 0.7%, n = 4/580), Anopheles merus (0.7%, n = 4/580) and Anopheles quadriannulatus (0.2%, n = 1/580), with the remaining samples (35.5%, n = 206/580) unamplified. Anopheles funestus s.l. was composed of An. rivulorum (14.6%, n = 15/103) and An. leesoni (11.6%, n = 12/103); the remaining samples were unamplified (73.8%, n = 76/103). A total of 981 samples were subjected to PCR analysis for malaria parasite detection; of these 16 (1.6%) were confirmed to be positive for Plasmodium falciparum. The overall human blood index was 0.13 (32/238).
Conclusions
Anopheles gambiae, An. funestus and An. coustani are key malaria vectors in the Taveta region of Kenya, showing concurrent indoor and outdoor transmission. All of the vectors tested showed a higher propensity for bovine and goat blood than for human blood.
Graphical Abstract
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16
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Ngowo HS, Limwagu AJ, Ferguson HM, Matthiopoulos J, Okumu FO, Nelli L. A statistical calibration tool for methods used to sample outdoor-biting mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:293. [PMID: 35978415 PMCID: PMC9386948 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved methods for sampling outdoor-biting mosquitoes are urgently needed to improve surveillance of vector-borne diseases. Such tools could potentially replace the human landing catch (HLC), which, despite being the most direct option for measuring human exposures, raises significant ethical and logistical concerns. Several alternatives are under development, but detailed evaluation still requires common frameworks for calibration relative to HLC. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a statistical framework for predicting human-biting rates from different exposure-free alternatives. Methods We obtained mosquito abundance data (Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus and Culex spp.) from a year-long Tanzanian study comparing six outdoor traps [Suna Trap (SUN), BG Sentinel (BGS), M-Trap (MTR), M-Trap + CDC (MTRC), Ifakara Tent Trap-C (ITT-C) and Mosquito Magnet-X Trap (MMX)] and HLC. Generalised linear models were developed within a Bayesian framework to investigate associations between the traps and HLC, taking intra- and inter-specific density dependence into account. The best model was used to create a calibration tool for predicting HLC-equivalents. Results For An. arabiensis, SUN catches had the strongest correlation with HLC (R2 = 19.4), followed by BGS (R2 = 17.2) and MTRC (R2 = 13.1) catches. The least correlated catch was MMX (R2 = 2.5). For An. funestus, BGS had the strongest correlation with the HLC (R2 = 53.4), followed by MTRC (R2 = 37.4) and MTR (R2 = 37.4). For Culex mosquitoes, the traps most highly correlated with the HLC were MTR (R2 = 45.4) and MTRC (R2 = 44.2). Density dependence, both between and within species, influenced the performance of only BGS traps. An interactive Shiny App calibration tool was developed for this and similar applications. Conclusion We successfully developed a calibration tool to assess the performance of different traps for assessing outdoor-biting risk, and established a valuable framework for estimating human exposures based on the trap catches. The performance of candidate traps varied between mosquito taxa; thus, there was no single optimum. Although all the traps tested underestimated the HLC-derived exposures, it was possible to mathematically define their representativeness of the true biting risk, with or without density dependence. The results of this study emphasise the need to aim for a consistent and representative sampling approach, as opposed to simply seeking traps that catch the most mosquitoes. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05403-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halfan S Ngowo
- Department of Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania. .,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Alex J Limwagu
- Department of Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Department of Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.,School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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17
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Mgaya JN, Siria DJ, Makala FE, Mgando JP, Vianney JM, Mwanga EP, Okumu FO. Effects of sample preservation methods and duration of storage on the performance of mid-infrared spectroscopy for predicting the age of malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:281. [PMID: 35933384 PMCID: PMC9356448 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring the biological attributes of mosquitoes is critical for understanding pathogen transmission and estimating the impacts of vector control interventions on the survival of vector species. Infrared spectroscopy and machine learning techniques are increasingly being tested for this purpose and have been proven to accurately predict the age, species, blood-meal sources, and pathogen infections in Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. However, as these techniques are still in early-stage implementation, there are no standardized procedures for handling samples prior to the infrared scanning. This study investigated the effects of different preservation methods and storage duration on the performance of mid-infrared spectroscopy for age-grading females of the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis. METHODS Laboratory-reared An. arabiensis (N = 3681) were collected at 5 and 17 days post-emergence, killed with ethanol, and then preserved using silica desiccant at 5 °C, freezing at - 20 °C, or absolute ethanol at room temperature. For each preservation method, the mosquitoes were divided into three groups, stored for 1, 4, or 8 weeks, and then scanned using a mid-infrared spectrometer. Supervised machine learning classifiers were trained with the infrared spectra, and the support vector machine (SVM) emerged as the best model for predicting the mosquito ages. RESULTS The model trained using silica-preserved mosquitoes achieved 95% accuracy when predicting the ages of other silica-preserved mosquitoes, but declined to 72% and 66% when age-classifying mosquitoes preserved using ethanol and freezing, respectively. Prediction accuracies of models trained on samples preserved in ethanol and freezing also reduced when these models were applied to samples preserved by other methods. Similarly, models trained on 1-week stored samples had declining accuracies of 97%, 83%, and 72% when predicting the ages of mosquitoes stored for 1, 4, or 8 weeks respectively. CONCLUSIONS When using mid-infrared spectroscopy and supervised machine learning to age-grade mosquitoes, the highest accuracies are achieved when the training and test samples are preserved in the same way and stored for similar durations. However, when the test and training samples were handled differently, the classification accuracies declined significantly. Protocols for infrared-based entomological studies should therefore emphasize standardized sample-handling procedures and possibly additional statistical procedures such as transfer learning for greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline N Mgaya
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Doreen J Siria
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Faraja E Makala
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Joseph P Mgando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - John-Mary Vianney
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel P Mwanga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Abstract
Given the stagnating progress in the fight against malaria, there is an urgent need for area-wide integrated vector management strategies to complement existing intra-domiciliary tools, i.e., insecticide-treated bednets and indoor residual spraying. In this study, we describe a pilot trial using drones for aerial application of Aquatain Mosquito Formulation (AMF), a monomolecular surface film with larvicidal activity, against the African malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis in an irrigated rice agro-ecosystem in Unguja island, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Nine rice paddies were randomly assigned to three treatments: (a) control (drone spraying with water only), (b) drone spraying with 1 mL/m2, or (c) drone spraying with 5 mL/m2 of AMF. Compared to control paddies, AMF treatments resulted in highly significant (p < 0.001) reductions in the number of larvae and pupae and >90% fewer emerging adults. The residual effect of AMF treatment lasted for a minimum of 5 weeks post-treatment, with reductions in larval densities reaching 94.7% in week 5 and 99.4% in week 4 for the 1 and 5 mL/m2 AMF treatments, respectively. These results merit a review of the WHO policy regarding larval source management (LSM), which primarily recommends its use in urban environments with ‘few, fixed, and findable’ breeding sites. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can rapidly treat many permanent, temporary, or transient mosquito breeding sites over large areas at low cost, thereby significantly enhancing the role of LSM in contemporary malaria control and elimination efforts.
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19
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Sedda L, McCann RS, Kabaghe AN, Gowelo S, Mburu MM, Tizifa TA, Chipeta MG, van den Berg H, Takken W, van Vugt M, Phiri KS, Cain R, Tangena JAA, Jones CM. Hotspots and super-spreaders: Modelling fine-scale malaria parasite transmission using mosquito flight behaviour. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010622. [PMID: 35793345 PMCID: PMC9292116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria hotspots have been the focus of public health managers for several years due to the potential elimination gains that can be obtained from targeting them. The identification of hotspots must be accompanied by the description of the overall network of stable and unstable hotspots of malaria, especially in medium and low transmission settings where malaria elimination is targeted. Targeting hotspots with malaria control interventions has, so far, not produced expected benefits. In this work we have employed a mechanistic-stochastic algorithm to identify clusters of super-spreader houses and their related stable hotspots by accounting for mosquito flight capabilities and the spatial configuration of malaria infections at the house level. Our results show that the number of super-spreading houses and hotspots is dependent on the spatial configuration of the villages. In addition, super-spreaders are also associated to house characteristics such as livestock and family composition. We found that most of the transmission is associated with winds between 6pm and 10pm although later hours are also important. Mixed mosquito flight (downwind and upwind both with random components) were the most likely movements causing the spread of malaria in two out of the three study areas. Finally, our algorithm (named MALSWOTS) provided an estimate of the speed of malaria infection progression from house to house which was around 200-400 meters per day, a figure coherent with mark-release-recapture studies of Anopheles dispersion. Cross validation using an out-of-sample procedure showed accurate identification of hotspots. Our findings provide a significant contribution towards the identification and development of optimal tools for efficient and effective spatio-temporal targeted malaria interventions over potential hotspot areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sedda
- Lancaster Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. McCann
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alinune N. Kabaghe
- School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Steven Gowelo
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- MAC Communicable Diseases Action Centre, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Monicah M. Mburu
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Tinashe A. Tizifa
- School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Chipeta
- School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Henk van den Berg
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michèle van Vugt
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kamija S. Phiri
- School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Russell Cain
- Lancaster Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
| | - Julie-Anne A. Tangena
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Jones
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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20
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Musiba RM, Tarimo BB, Monroe A, Msaky D, Ngowo H, Mihayo K, Limwagu A, Chilla GT, Shubis GK, Ibrahim A, Greer G, Mcha JH, Haji KA, Abbas FB, Ali A, Okumu FO, Kiware SS. Outdoor biting and pyrethroid resistance as potential drivers of persistent malaria transmission in Zanzibar. Malar J 2022; 21:172. [PMID: 35672768 PMCID: PMC9171934 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-level of malaria transmission persist in Zanzibar despite high coverage of core vector control interventions. This study was carried out in hot-spot sites to better understand entomological factors that may contribute to residual malaria transmission in Zanzibar. METHODS A total of 135 households were randomly selected from six sites and consented to participate with 20-25 households per site. Mosquito vector surveillance was carried out indoors and outdoors from 6:00 pm-7:00 am using miniaturized double net trap (DN-Mini™). Additional collections were done indoors using mouth aspirators to retrieve resting mosquitoes from wall and ceiling surfaces, and outdoors using resting bucket and pit traps. All collected mosquitoes were morphologically and genetically (PCR) analysed in the laboratory. All collected anopheline and blood-fed mosquitoes were analysed for sporozoite infection and blood meal host preferences by Circumsporozoite Protein ELISA and blood meal ELISA, respectively. The differences between indoor and outdoor mosquito biting rates were analysed using generalized linear mixed models. Levels of resistance to commonly used insecticides were quantified by WHO susceptibility tests. RESULTS Out of 704 malaria vectors collected across 135 households, PCR analysis shows that 98.60% were Anopheles arabiensis, 0.6% Anopheles merus and 0.6% Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Sporozoite ELISA analysis indicates that all mosquitoes were negative for the malaria parasite. The results show that more An. arabiensis were collected outdoor (~ 85%) compared to indoor (~ 15%). Furthermore, large numbers of An. arabiensis were caught in outdoor resting sites, where the pit trap (67.2%) collected more mosquitoes compared to the outdoor DN-Mini trap (32.8%). Nearly two-thirds (60.7%) of blood-fed mosquitoes had obtained blood meals from non-human hosts. Mosquitoes displayed non-uniform susceptibility status and resistance intensity among the tested insecticides across the study sites to all WHO recommended insecticides across the study sites. CONCLUSION This study suggests that in contexts such as Zanzibar, testing of novel techniques to complement indoor protection and targeting outdoor biting and/or resting mosquitoes, may be warranted to complement existing interventions and contribute to malaria elimination efforts. The study highlights the need to implement novel interventions and/or adaptations of strategies that can target outdoors biting mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - April Monroe
- PMI VectorWorks Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Halfan Ngowo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Alex Limwagu
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - George Greer
- US President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Juma H Mcha
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Khamis A Haji
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Faiza B Abbas
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Abdullah Ali
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | | | - Samson S Kiware
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), Nairobi, Kenya
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21
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Opiyo M, Sherrard-Smith E, Malheia A, Nhacolo A, Sacoor C, Nhacolo A, Máquina M, Jamu L, Cuamba N, Bassat Q, Saúte F, Paaijmans K. Household modifications after the indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign in Mozambique reduce the actual spray coverage and efficacy. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000227. [PMID: 36962153 PMCID: PMC10021718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Indoor residual spraying of insecticides (IRS) is a key malaria vector control strategy. Whilst human attitude towards IRS is monitored before or shortly after implementation, human activities leading to the modification of insecticide-treated walls post-IRS are not. This could inadvertently reduce the protective effects of IRS. We monitored the extent of modifications to the sprayed indoor wall surfaces by household owners for six months post-IRS campaigns in two districts targeted for malaria elimination in southern Mozambique. In parallel, we assessed building of any additional rooms onto compounds, and mosquito net use. We quantified the contribution of wall modifications, added rooms, prolonged spray campaigns, and product residual efficacies on actual IRS coverage and relative mosquito bite reduction, using a mechanistic approach. Household owners continually modified insecticide-treated walls and added rooms onto compounds. Household surveys in southern Mozambique showed frequent modification of indoor walls (0-17.2% of households modified rooms monthly) and/or added rooms (0-16.2% of households added rooms monthly). Actual IRS coverage reduced from an assumed 97% to just 39% in Matutuine, but only from 96% to 91% in Boane, translating to 43% and 5.8% estimated increases in relative daily mosquito bites per person. Integrating post-IRS knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) surveys into programmatic evaluations to capture these modification and construction trends can help improve IRS program efficiency and product assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Opiyo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ellie Sherrard-Smith
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arlindo Malheia
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Arsenio Nhacolo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Charfudin Sacoor
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ariel Nhacolo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Mara Máquina
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luis Jamu
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nelson Cuamba
- National Malaria Control Programme of Mozambique (NMCP), Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Quique Bassat
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Krijn Paaijmans
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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22
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Nguyen TT, Nguyen XX, Wilson-Barthes M, Sawada I, Muela J, Hausmann-Muela S, Pham TV, Van Nguyen H, Van Nguyen V, Tran DT, Gryseels C, D'Alessandro U, Grietens KP, Erhart A. Why using bed nets is a challenge among minority populations in Central Vietnam. Malar J 2022; 21:87. [PMID: 35292018 PMCID: PMC8922825 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite freely distributed insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and health information campaigns to increase their use among populations at risk, malaria transmission persists in forested areas in Vietnam, especially among ethnic minority communities. A mixed-methods study was conducted in four villages of Ca Dong and M'nong ethnicity in Central Vietnam between 2009 and 2011 to assess factors limiting the uptake of ITNs. METHODS The mixed-methods research design consisted of a qualitative study to explore the context and barriers to ITN use, and a cross-sectional household survey (n = 141) to quantify factors for limited and appropriate net use. RESULTS The Ca Dong and M'nong's livelihood was dependent on swidden farming in the forest. Poverty-related factors, including the lack of beds, blankets, the practice of sleeping around the kitchen fire and deteriorated ITNs due to open housing structures, were reasons for alternative and non-use of ITNs. When household members stayed overnight in plot huts at fields, ITNs were even more unavailable and easily deteriorated. 72.5% of households reported having received one net for every two persons, and 82.2% of participants reported to have used ITNs the night before the survey. However, only 18.4% of participants were estimated to be effectively protected by ITNs after accounting for the availability of torn ITNs and the way ITNs were used, for example as blankets, at both village and fields. Multi-variable logistic regression showed the effect of four significant factors for appropriate ITN use: i) being female (AOR = 8.08; p = 0.009); ii) aware of mosquito bites as the sole cause of malaria (AOR = 7.43; p = 0.008); iii) not sleeping around the kitchen fire (AOR = 24.57; p = 0.001); and iv) having sufficient number of ITNs in the household (AOR = 21.69; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION This study showed how social factors rooted in poverty and swidden agriculture limited the effective use of ITNs, despite high coverage, among ethnic minority populations in Central Vietnam. An in-depth understanding of the local context is essential to develop specific indicators for measuring ITN use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Thi Nguyen
- Socio-Ecological Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Xa Xuan Nguyen
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marta Wilson-Barthes
- International Health Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, USA
| | - Ikumi Sawada
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Joan Muela
- University Ramon I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Partners for Applied Social Sciences, PASS International, Tessenderlo, Belgium
| | | | - Thanh Vinh Pham
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hong Van Nguyen
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Duong Thanh Tran
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Charlotte Gryseels
- Socio-Ecological Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Koen Peeters Grietens
- Socio-Ecological Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Partners for Applied Social Sciences, PASS International, Tessenderlo, Belgium.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Annette Erhart
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
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23
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Malaria prevention interventions beyond long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review. Malar J 2022; 21:31. [PMID: 35109848 PMCID: PMC8812253 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Significant progress in malaria prevention during the past two decades has prompted increasing global dialogue on malaria elimination. Recent reviews on malaria strategies have focused mainly on long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), with little emphasis on other prevention methods. This article is a scoping review of literature on malaria prevention methods beyond LLINs and IRS in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This scoping review found articles published between from 1994 to 2020. Studies were obtained from a search of the PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Social Science abstracts. Grey literature and manual search of secondary references was also done. The search strategy included all study designs but limited only to English. Three independent reviewers performed the selection and characterization of articles, and the data collected were synthesized qualitatively. Results A total of 10,112 studies were identified among which 31 met the inclusion criteria. The results were grouped by the 3 emerging themes of: housing design; mosquito repellents; and integrated vector control. Housing design strategies included closing eves, screening of houses including windows, doors and ceilings, while mosquito repellents were mainly spatial repellents, use of repellent plants, and use of plant-based oils. Integrated vector control included larvae source management. Evidence consistently shows that improving housing design reduced mosquito entry and malaria prevalence. Spatial repellents also showed promising results in field experiments, while evidence on repellent plants is limited and still emerging. Recent literature shows that IVM has been largely ignored in recent years in many LMICs. Some malaria prevention methods such as spatial repellents and IVM are shown to have the potential to target both indoor and outdoor transmission of malaria, which are both important aspects to consider to achieve malaria elimination in LMICs. Conclusion The scoping review shows that other malaria prevention strategies beyond LLINs and IRS have increasingly become important in LMICs. These methods have a significant role in contributing to malaria elimination in endemic countries if they are adequately promoted alongside other conventional approaches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04052-6.
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24
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Ávila MI, Vajda ÉA, Gutiérrez EJ, Gibson DA, Renteria MM, Presley N, O'Reilly D, Burton TA, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. Anopheles drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala, Panamá: an operational investigation. Malar J 2021; 20:443. [PMID: 34819092 PMCID: PMC8611962 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically-relevant questions that would enhance the understanding of both local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection that result in persisting malaria transmission to guide local vector control decision-making. Methods The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan centered around the collection of minimum essential indicators to investigate the relevance of LLINs and IRS in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala, as well as to pinpoint any remaining spaces and times where humans are exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection). Adult Anopheles were collected at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs), CDC Light Traps (LT), and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) during the rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were identified to species via molecular methods. Insecticide susceptibility testing of the main vector species to fenitrothion was conducted. Results In total, 7537 adult Anopheles were collected from both sites. Of the 493 specimens molecularly confirmed to species, two thirds (n = 340) were identified as Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles aquasalis. Overall Anopheles human biting rates (HBRs) were higher outdoors than indoors, and were higher in Permé than in Puerto Obaldía: nightly outdoor HBR ranged from 2.71 bites per person per night (bpn) (Puerto Obaldía), to 221.00 bpn (Permé), whereas indoor nightly HBR ranged from 0.70 bpn (Puerto Obaldía) to 81.90 bpn (Permé). Generally, peak biting occurred during the early evening. The CDC LT trap yields were significantly lower than that of HLCs and this collection method was dropped after the first collection. Pyrethrum spray catches resulted in only three indoor resting Anopheles collected. Insecticide resistance (IR) of Ny. albimanus to fenitrothion was confirmed, with only 65.5% mortality at the diagnostic time. Conclusion The early evening exophagic behaviour of Anopheles vectors, the absence of indoor resting behaviours, and the presence of resistance to the primary intervention insecticide demonstrate limitations of the current malaria strategy, including indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and point to both gaps in protection and to the drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala. These findings highlight the need for continued and directed entomological surveillance, based on programmatic questions, that generates entomological evidence to inform an adaptive malaria elimination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ávila
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.
| | | | - Daragh A Gibson
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | - Daniel O'Reilly
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
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25
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Monroe A, Moore S, Olapeju B, Merritt AP, Okumu F. Unlocking the human factor to increase effectiveness and sustainability of malaria vector control. Malar J 2021; 20:404. [PMID: 34656116 PMCID: PMC8520184 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progress in the fight against malaria has stalled in recent years, highlighting the importance of new interventions and tailored approaches. A critical factor that must be considered across contexts and interventions is human behaviour. Main text Factors such as acceptance of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), ability and willingness to consistently use and appropriately care for ITNs and refraining from post-spray wall modifications can all impact the success of core vector control interventions. Understanding factors that can drive or inhibit these behaviours can contribute to improved social and behaviour change strategies and in turn, improved outcomes. Likewise, patterns of nighttime activities can reveal specific gaps in protection that cannot be filled by core interventions and inform development and deployment of complementary tools that meet people’s needs and preferences. There is an opportunity to increase use of approaches such as human-centred design to engage affected communities more actively in identifying and developing sustainable solutions that meet their needs and lifestyles. Integration of social and behavioural research with entomological and epidemiological evaluations will provide a more complete picture of malaria transmission dynamics and inform improved targeting of context-appropriate interventions. Finally, for gains to be maintained, interventions must be rooted within systems that support long-term success. This includes a movement toward more sustainable vector control solutions, increased decision-making and ownership of research, implementation, and strategy development at the country level, and inclusive approaches that ensure all men, women, boys, and girls are engaged as part of the solution. Conclusions No matter how efficacious, a tool will remain ineffective if communities do not engage with it or use it regularly. Entering the next decade in the fight against malaria there is a critical opportunity to elevate the role of social and behaviour change to increase the impact and sustainability of malaria control and elimination efforts. This includes removing social and structural barriers to use of existing tools at all levels, human-centred and inclusive design and implementation of new tools, and movement toward long-term solutions led by affected communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sarah Moore
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Bolanle Olapeju
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Killeen GF, Monroe A, Govella NJ. Simplified binomial estimation of human malaria transmission exposure distributions based on hard classification of where and when mosquitoes are caught: statistical applications with off-the-shelf tools. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:384. [PMID: 34344438 PMCID: PMC8336365 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts and limitations of personal protection measures against exposure to vectors of malaria and other mosquito-borne pathogens depend on behavioural interactions between humans and mosquitoes. Therefore, understanding where and when they overlap in time and space is critical. Commonly used approaches for calculating behaviour-adjusted estimates of human exposure distribution deliberately use soft classification of where and when people spend their time, to yield nuanced and representative distributions of mean exposure to mosquito bites across entire human populations or population groups. However, these weighted averages rely on aggregating individual-level data to obtain mean human population distributions across the relevant behavioural classes for each time increment, so they cannot be used to test for variation between individuals. Also, these summary outcomes are quite complex functions of the disaggregated data, so they do not match the standard binomial or count distributions to which routine off-the-shelf statistical tools may be confidently applied. Fortunately, the proportions of exposure to mosquito bites that occur while indoors or asleep can also be estimated in a simple binomial fashion, based on hard classification of human location over a given time increment, as being either completely indoors or completely outdoors. This simplified binomial approach allows convenient analysis with standard off-the-shelf logistic regression tools, to statistically assess variations between individual humans, human population subsets or vector species. Such simplified binomial estimates of behavioural interactions between humans and mosquitoes should be more widely used for estimating confidence intervals around means of these indicators, comparing different vector populations and human population groups, and assessing the influence of individual behaviour on exposure patterns and infection risk. Also, standard sample size estimation techniques may be readily used to estimate necessary minimum experimental scales and data collection targets for field studies recording these indicators as key outcomes. Sample size calculations for field studies should allow for natural geographic variation and seasonality, taking advantage of rolling cross-sectional designs to survey and re-survey large numbers of separate study locations in a logistically feasible manner. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry F Killeen
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland.
| | - April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicodem J Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,The School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institutions of Science and Technology, Tengeru, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
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27
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Threats to the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control: thinking beyond insecticide resistance. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 9:e1325-e1331. [PMID: 34216565 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
From 2004 to 2019, insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) have been the most effective tool for reducing malaria morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Recently, however, the decline in malaria cases and deaths has stalled. Some suggest that this inertia is due to increasing resistance in malaria vectors to the pyrethroid insecticides used for treating ITNs. However, there is presently little evidence to reach this conclusion and we therefore recommend that a broader perspective to evaluate ITN effectiveness in terms of access to nets, use of nets, bioefficacy, and durability should be taken. We argue that a single focus on insecticide resistance misses the bigger picture. To improve the effects of ITNs, net coverage should increase by increasing funding for programmes, adopting improved strategies for increasing ITN uptake, and enhancing the longevity of the active ingredients and the physical integrity of nets, while simultaneously accelerating the development and evaluation of novel vector control tools.
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28
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Ekusai-Sebatta D, Arinaitwe E, Mpimbaza A, Nankabirwa JI, Drakeley C, Rosenthal PJ, Staedke SG, Muyinda H. Challenges and opportunities for use of long-lasting insecticidal nets to prevent malaria during overnight travel in Uganda: a qualitative study. Malar J 2021; 20:283. [PMID: 34174892 PMCID: PMC8235645 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Travel is a well-recognized risk factor for malaria. Within sub-Saharan Africa, travellers from areas of lower to higher transmission intensity are potentially at high risk of malaria. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the primary tool for prevention of malaria, and their widespread use has contributed to substantial reductions in malaria burden. However, travellers often fail to use LLINs. To further explore the challenges and opportunities of using LLINs, travellers were interviewed in Uganda. METHODS In August and September 2019, 20 participants attending outpatient clinics at Naguru General Hospital in Kampala with a history of travel out of Kampala within the previous 60 days were purposively selected. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analysed thematically using NVivo 12. RESULTS Of the 20 participants, 13 were male. Thirteen of the 20 participants tested positive for malaria by microscopy, and 5 reported using of LLINs during travel. The main reasons for travel were to attend social events (weddings, funerals, overnight prayers) and for work. travellers who attended social events reported using LLINs less commonly than those who travelled for work. Challenges to using LLINs during travel included: (1) limited access to LLINs; (2) challenges in planning ahead of travel; (3) lack of space or ability to hang LLINs while travelling; (4) impression that LLINs in lodging places were unhygienic; (5) cultural beliefs discouraging use of LLINs during social events; (6) participation in overnight ceremonies; and (7) doubts about efficacy of LLINs. Positive factors influencing use of LLINs during travel included knowledge regarding malaria prevention and good affordability and availability of LLINs. CONCLUSIONS Despite good traveller knowledge regarding malaria control measures, use of LLINs was limited. Use of LLINs in the prevention of malaria among travellers from low to high transmission settings needs to be prioritized. This calls for increased behaviour change oriented communication to improve traveller preparedness and consideration of use of repellents in situations where LLINs may not be feasible. The Uganda Ministry of Health and Malaria Control Division should use educational messages to increase awareness about the risks of getting malaria during overnight travel through the media. Truck drivers should be sensitized through their companies to use the available space at the back of the trucks for hanging nets and consider using pop-up nets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Arinaitwe
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Arthur Mpimbaza
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Child Health & Development Centre, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joaniter I Nankabirwa
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Herbert Muyinda
- Child Health & Development Centre, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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29
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Bamou R, Rono M, Degefa T, Midega J, Mbogo C, Ingosi P, Kamau A, Ambelu A, Birhanu Z, Tushune K, Kopya E, Awono-Ambene P, Tchuinkam T, Njiokou F, Yewhalaw D, Antonio Nkondjio C, Mwangangi J. Entomological and Anthropological Factors Contributing to Persistent Malaria Transmission in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Cameroon. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:S155-S170. [PMID: 33906217 PMCID: PMC8079137 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In order to improve our understanding of the fundamental limits of core interventions and guide efforts based on prioritization and identification of effective/novel interventions with great potentials to interrupt persistent malaria transmission in the context of high vector control coverage, the drivers of persistent disease transmission were investigated in three eco-epidemiological settings; forested areas in Cameroon, coastal area in Kenya and highland areas in Ethiopia. Methods Mosquitoes were sampled in three eco-epidemiological settings using different entomological sampling techniques and analysed for Plasmodium infection status and blood meal origin in blood-fed specimens. Human behavioural surveys were conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of the population on malaria and preventive measures, their night activities, and sleeping pattern. The parasitological analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium infection in the population using rapid diagnostic tests. Results Despite the diversity in the mosquito fauna, their biting behaviour was found to be closely associated to human behaviour in the three settings. People in Kenya and Ethiopia were found to be more exposed to mosquito bites during the early hours of the evening (18-21h) while it was in the early morning (4-6 am) in Cameroon. Malaria transmission was high in Cameroon compared to Kenya and Ethiopia with over 50% of the infected bites recorded outdoors. The non-users of LLINs were 2.5 to 3 times more likely to be exposed to the risk of acquiring malaria compared to LLINs users. Malaria prevalence was high (42%) in Cameroon, and more than half of the households visited had at least one individual infected with Plasmodium parasites. Conclusions The study suggests high outdoor malaria transmission occurring in the three sites with however different determinants driving residual malaria transmission in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Martin Rono
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi,Kenya.,Center for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya.,Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Teshome Degefa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Janet Midega
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi,Kenya.,Center for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles Mbogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi,Kenya.,Center for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Prophet Ingosi
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alice Kamau
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi,Kenya
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Public Health Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kora Tushune
- Department of Health Management, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Christophe Antonio Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Center for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya.,Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Vector Disease Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kwale,Kenya
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30
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Hii J, Hustedt J, Bangs MJ. Residual Malaria Transmission in Select Countries of Asia-Pacific Region: Old Wine in a New Barrel. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:S111-S142. [PMID: 33906222 PMCID: PMC8079134 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite substantial reductions in malaria burden and improvement in case management, malaria remains a major public health challenge in the Asia-Pacific region. Residual malaria transmission (RMT) is the fraction of total transmission that persists after achievement of full operational coverage with effective insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs)/long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and/or indoor residual spray interventions. There is a critical need to standardize and share best practices for entomological, anthropological, and product development investigative protocols to meet the challenges of RMT and elimination goals. Methods A systematic review was conducted to describe when and where RMT is occurring, while specifically targeting ownership and usage of ITN/LLINs, indoor residual spray application, insecticide susceptibility of vectors, and human and vector biting behavior, with a focus on nighttime activities. Results Sixty-six publications from 1995 to present met the inclusion criteria for closer review. Associations between local vector control coverage and use with behaviors of human and mosquito vectors varied by locality and circumstance. Consequently, the magnitude of RMT is insufficiently studied and analyzed with sparse estimates of individual exposure in communities, insufficient or incomplete observations of ITN/LLIN use, and the local human population movement into and from high-risk areas. Conclusions This review identified significant gaps or deficiencies that require urgent attention, namely, developing standardized procedures and methods to estimate risk exposure beyond the peridomestic setting, analytical approaches to measure key human-vector interactions, and seasonal location-specific agricultural or forest use calendars, and establishing the collection of longitudinal human and vector data close in time and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Hii
- Malaria Consortium Asia, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Jl. Kertajasa, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasertart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Degefa T, Githeko AK, Lee MC, Yan G, Yewhalaw D. Patterns of human exposure to early evening and outdoor biting mosquitoes and residual malaria transmission in Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105837. [PMID: 33485868 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethiopia has shown a notable progress in reducing malaria burden over the past decade, mainly due to the scaleup of vector control interventions such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Based on the progress, the country has set goals to eliminate malaria by 2030. However, residual malaria transmission due to early evening and outdoor biting vectors could pose a challenge to malaria elimination efforts. This study assessed vector behavior, patterns of human exposure to vector bites and residual malaria transmission in southwestern Ethiopia. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected monthly from January to December 2018 using human landing catches (HLCs), human-baited double net traps, CDC light traps and pyrethrum spray catches. Human behavior data were collected using questionnaire to estimate the magnitude of human exposure to mosquito bites occurring indoors and outdoors at various times of the night. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine mosquito blood meal sources and sporozoite infections. A total of 2,038 female Anopheles mosquitoes comprising Anopheles arabiensis (30.8%), An. pharoensis (40.5%), An. coustani (28.1%), An. squamosus (0.3%) and An. funestus group (0.2%) were collected. Anopheles arabiensis and An. pharoensis were 2.4 and 2.5 times more likely to seek hosts outdoors than indoors, respectively. However, 66% of human exposure to An. arabiensis and 39% of exposure to An. pharoensis bites occurred indoors for LLIN non-users. For LLIN users, 75% of residual exposure to An. arabiensis bites occurred outdoors while 23% occurred indoors before bed time. Likewise, 84% of residual exposure to An. pharoensis bites occurred outdoors while 15% occurred indoors before people retired to bed. Anopheles arabiensis and An. pharoensis were 4.1 and 4.8 times more likely to feed on bovine than humans, respectively. Based on the HLC, an estimated indoor and outdoor EIR of An. arabiensis was 6.2 and 1.4 infective bites/person/year, respectively, whereas An. pharoensis had an estimated outdoor EIR of 3.0 infective bites/person/year. In conclusion, An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis showed exophagic and zoophagic behavior. Human exposure to An. arabiensis bites occurred mostly indoors for LLIN non-users, while most of the exposure to both An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis bites occurred outdoors for LLIN users. Malaria transmission by An. arabiensis occurred both indoors and outdoors, whereas An. pharoensis contributed exclusively to outdoor transmission. Additional control tools targeting early-evening and outdoor biting malaria vectors are required to complement the current control interventions to control residual transmission and ultimately achieve malaria elimination.
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Mapua SA, Finda MF, Nambunga IH, Msugupakulya BJ, Ukio K, Chaki PP, Tripet F, Kelly AH, Christofides N, Lezaun J, Okumu FO. Addressing key gaps in implementation of mosquito larviciding to accelerate malaria vector control in southern Tanzania: results of a stakeholder engagement process in local district councils. Malar J 2021; 20:123. [PMID: 33653355 PMCID: PMC7923449 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larval source management was historically one of the most effective malaria control methods but is now widely deprioritized in Africa, where insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are preferred. However, in Tanzania, following initial successes in urban Dar-es-Salaam starting early-2000s, the government now encourages larviciding in both rural and urban councils nationwide to complement other efforts; and a biolarvicide production-plant has been established outside the commercial capital. This study investigated key obstacles and opportunities relevant to effective rollout of larviciding for malaria control, with a focus on the meso-endemic region of Morogoro, southern Tanzania. METHODS Key-informants were interviewed to assess awareness and perceptions regarding larviciding among designated health officials (malaria focal persons, vector surveillance officers and ward health officers) in nine administrative councils (n = 27). Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to assess awareness and perceptions of community members in selected areas regarding larviciding (n = 490). Thematic content analysis was done and descriptive statistics used to summarize the findings. RESULTS A majority of malaria control officials had participated in larviciding at least once over the previous three years. A majority of community members had neutral perceptions towards positive aspects of larviciding, but overall support for larviciding was high, although several challenges were expressed, notably: (i) insufficient knowledge for identifying relevant aquatic habitats of malaria vectors and applying larvicides, (ii) inadequate monitoring of programme effectiveness, (iii) limited financing, and (iv) lack of personal protective equipment. Although the key-informants reported sensitizing local communities, most community members were still unaware of larviciding and its potential. CONCLUSIONS The larviciding programme was widely supported by both communities and malaria control officials, but there were gaps in technical knowledge, implementation and public engagement. To improve overall impact, it is important to: (i) intensify training efforts, particularly for identifying habitats of important vectors, (ii) adopt standard technical principles for applying larvicides or larval source management, (iii) improve financing for local implementation and (iv) improve public engagement to boost community awareness and participation. These lessons could also be valuable for other malaria endemic areas wishing to deploy larviciding for malaria control or elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salum A Mapua
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Marceline F Finda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ismail H Nambunga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Betwel J Msugupakulya
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kusirye Ukio
- President's Office-Regional Administration and Local Government, Morogoro Regional Secretariat, P.O. Box 610, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Prosper P Chaki
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Frederic Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ann H Kelly
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Christofides
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Javier Lezaun
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PN, UK
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Almalik AMA, Guy Reeves R, Azrag RS. Comparison of the temporal efficacy of Aquatain surface films for the control of Anopheles arabiensis and Ochlerotatus caspius larvae from Sudan. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:200980. [PMID: 33972842 PMCID: PMC8074655 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatain mosquito formulation (AMF) is a surfactant that spreads across the surface of water bodies to produce a monomolecular film. This study experimentally evaluates the temporal efficacy of AMF against aquatic stages of Anopheles arabiensis and Ochlerotatus caspius under laboratory conditions. Using the recommended application dose of 1 ml m-2, a large species-specific difference in the median lethal time for L3-L4 larvae was observed. The median lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) and 90% mortality (LT90) was 1.3 h, 95% CI [1.2, 1.4] and 3.8 h, 95% CI [3.6, 4.0], respectively, for Oc. caspius. The corresponding values for An. arabiensis were 8.1 h, 95% CI [7.3, 9.0] and 59.6 h, 95% CI [48.5, 76.2]. Based on data from published laboratory studies for a total of seven mosquito species, drawn from four genera, results in the following three groups, [LT50 = 1-2 h, Culex quinquefasciatus, Ochlerotatus caspius] [LT50 = 8-24, hours, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles gambiae s.s.] and [LT50 = 72-143 h, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti]. In all experiments, 100% mortality was achieved given sufficient time. The potential relevance of mortality rate estimates, in the context of other studies, on the use of monomolecular films for the control of malaria and arbovirus diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Mahmoud Ali Almalik
- Vector Genetics and Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | - R. Guy Reeves
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön Germany
| | - Rasha Siddig Azrag
- Vector Genetics and Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan
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Bamou R, Nematchoua-Weyou Z, Lontsi-Demano M, Ningahi LG, Tchoumbou MA, Defo-Talom BA, Mayi MPA, Tchuinkam T. Performance assessment of a widely used rapid diagnostic test CareStart™ compared to microscopy for the detection of Plasmodium in asymptomatic patients in the Western region of Cameroon. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06271. [PMID: 33665437 PMCID: PMC7897993 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
While malaria remains a serious public health concern, its rapid or prompt diagnosis in remote areas is important in the fight against the disease. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of widely used Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits for routinely detection of Plasmodium asymptomatic patients. A total of 400 asymptomatic participants of both sexes aged between 1-89 years from Menoua Division (Santchou and Dschang) were tested for malaria infection using both microscopy and CareStart™ RDT. The prevalence of malaria was higher when using the standard gold tool (Microscopy) (26.0%) compared to RDT (21.8%) with a significant difference (P < 0.05). However, a strong agreement was observed between both tests (kappa = 0.883; P < 0.0001). RDT CareStart™ sensitivity and specificity were 83.65% and 100% respectively while the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 100% and 95.57% respectively. RDT sensitivity increased with parasite density while false negative (40.4%; n = 17) were observed only when parasite density was low (<500 parasites per microliter of blood). RDT kits appear to be good tools in areas where malaria diagnosis through microscopy is not feasible. However, the low sensibility observed when parasite density is low could be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P.288 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Zidedine Nematchoua-Weyou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Michel Lontsi-Demano
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Laura Gilberine Ningahi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Melanie Adèle Tchoumbou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Blaise Armand Defo-Talom
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O Box: 2008, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
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Mmbando AS, Kaindoa EW, Ngowo HS, Swai JK, Matowo NS, Kilalangongono M, Lingamba GP, Mgando JP, Namango IH, Okumu FO, Nelli L. Fine-scale distribution of malaria mosquitoes biting or resting outside human dwellings in three low-altitude Tanzanian villages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245750. [PMID: 33507908 PMCID: PMC7842886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While malaria transmission in Africa still happens primarily inside houses, there is a substantial proportion of Anopheles mosquitoes that bite or rest outdoors. This situation may compromise the performance of indoor insecticidal interventions such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). This study investigated the distribution of malaria mosquitoes biting or resting outside dwellings in three low-altitude villages in south-eastern Tanzania. The likelihood of malaria infections outdoors was also assessed. METHODS Nightly trapping was done outdoors for 12 months to collect resting mosquitoes (using resting bucket traps) and host-seeking mosquitoes (using odour-baited Suna® traps). The mosquitoes were sorted by species and physiological states. Pooled samples of Anopheles were tested to estimate proportions infected with Plasmodium falciparum parasites, estimate proportions carrying human blood as opposed to other vertebrate blood and identify sibling species in the Anopheles gambiae complex and An. funestus group. Environmental and anthropogenic factors were observed and recorded within 100 meters from each trapping positions. Generalised additive models were used to investigate relationships between these variables and vector densities, produce predictive maps of expected abundance and compare outcomes within and between villages. RESULTS A high degree of fine-scale heterogeneity in Anopheles densities was observed between and within villages. Water bodies covered with vegetation were associated with 22% higher densities of An. arabiensis and 51% lower densities of An. funestus. Increasing densities of houses and people outdoors were both associated with reduced densities of An. arabiensis and An. funestus. Vector densities were highest around the end of the rainy season and beginning of the dry seasons. More than half (14) 58.3% of blood-fed An. arabiensis had bovine blood, (6) 25% had human blood. None of the Anopheles mosquitoes caught outdoors was found infected with malaria parasites. CONCLUSION Outdoor densities of both host-seeking and resting Anopheles mosquitoes had significant heterogeneities between and within villages, and were influenced by multiple environmental and anthropogenic factors. Despite the high Anopheles densities outside dwellings, the substantial proportion of non-human blood-meals and absence of malaria-infected mosquitoes after 12 months of nightly trapping suggests very low-levels of outdoor malaria transmission in these villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold S. Mmbando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel W. Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
| | - Halfan S. Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Johnson K. Swai
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Nancy S. Matowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Masoud Kilalangongono
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Godfrey P. Lingamba
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Joseph P. Mgando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Isaac H. Namango
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Denz A, Njoroge MM, Tambwe MM, Champagne C, Okumu F, van Loon JJA, Hiscox A, Saddler A, Fillinger U, Moore SJ, Chitnis N. Predicting the impact of outdoor vector control interventions on malaria transmission intensity from semi-field studies. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:64. [PMID: 33472661 PMCID: PMC7819244 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semi-field experiments with human landing catch (HLC) measure as the outcome are an important step in the development of novel vector control interventions against outdoor transmission of malaria since they provide good estimates of personal protection. However, it is often infeasible to determine whether the reduction in HLC counts is due to mosquito mortality or repellency, especially considering that spatial repellents based on volatile pyrethroids might induce both. Due to the vastly different impact of repellency and mortality on transmission, the community-level impact of spatial repellents can not be estimated from such semi-field experiments. METHODS We present a new stochastic model that is able to estimate for any product inhibiting outdoor biting, its repelling effect versus its killing and disarming (preventing host-seeking until the next night) effects, based only on time-stratified HLC data from controlled semi-field experiments. For parameter inference, a Bayesian hierarchical model is used to account for nightly variation of semi-field experimental conditions. We estimate the impact of the products on the vectorial capacity of the given Anopheles species using an existing mathematical model. With this methodology, we analysed data from recent semi-field studies in Kenya and Tanzania on the impact of transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons, the odour-baited Suna trap and their combination (push-pull system) on HLC of Anopheles arabiensis in the peridomestic area. RESULTS Complementing previous analyses of personal protection, we found that the transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons act mainly by killing or disarming mosquitoes. Depending on the actual ratio of disarming versus killing, the vectorial capacity of An. arabiensis is reduced by 41 to 96% at 70% coverage with the transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons and by 38 to 82% at the same coverage with the push-pull system, under the assumption of a similar impact on biting indoors compared to outdoors. CONCLUSIONS The results of this analysis of semi-field data suggest that transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons are a promising tool against malaria transmission by An. arabiensis in the peridomestic area, since they provide both personal and community protection. Our modelling framework can estimate the community-level impact of any tool intervening during the mosquito host-seeking state using data from only semi-field experiments with time-stratified HLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Denz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Margaret M Njoroge
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mgeni M Tambwe
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Clara Champagne
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Hiscox
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Adam Saddler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Ulrike Fillinger
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
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Mbuba E, Odufuwa OG, Tenywa FC, Philipo R, Tambwe MM, Swai JK, Moore JD, Moore SJ. Single blinded semi-field evaluation of MAÏA ® topical repellent ointment compared to unformulated 20% DEET against Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti in Tanzania. Malar J 2021; 20:12. [PMID: 33407496 PMCID: PMC7788821 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) topical mosquito repellents are effective personal protection tools. However, DEET-based repellents tend to have low consumer acceptability because they are cosmetically unappealing. More attractive formulations are needed to encourage regular user compliance. This study evaluated the protective efficacy and protection duration of a new topical repellent ointment containing 15% DEET, MAÏA® compared to 20% DEET in ethanol using malaria and dengue mosquito vectors in Bagamoyo Tanzania. METHODS Fully balanced 3 × 3 Latin square design studies were conducted in large semi-field chambers using laboratory strains of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti. Human volunteers applied either MAÏA® ointment, 20% DEET or ethanol to their lower limbs 6 h before the start of tests. Approximately 100 mosquitoes per strain per replicate were released inside each chamber, with 25 mosquitoes released at regular intervals during the collection period to maintain adequate biting pressure throughout the test. Volunteers recaptured mosquitoes landing on their lower limbs for 6 h over a period of 6 to 12-h post-application of repellents. Data analysis was conducted using mixed-effects logistic regression. RESULTS The protective efficacy of MAÏA® and 20% DEET was not statistically different for each of the mosquito strains: 95.9% vs. 97.4% against An. gambiae (OR = 1.53 [95% CI 0.93-2.51] p = 0.091); 96.8% vs 97.2% against An. arabiensis (OR = 1.08 [95% CI 0.66-1.77] p = 0.757); 93.1% vs 94.6% against Ae. aegypti (OR = 0.76 [95% CI 0.20-2.80] p = 0.675). Average complete protection time (CPT) in minutes of MAÏA® and that of DEET was similar for each of the mosquito strains: 571.6 min (95% CI 558.3-584.8) vs 575.0 min (95% CI 562.1-587.9) against An. gambiae; 585.6 min (95% CI 571.4-599.8) vs 580.9 min (95% CI 571.1-590.7) against An. arabiensis; 444.1 min (95% CI 401.8-486.5) vs 436.9 min (95% CI 405.2-468.5) against Ae. aegypti. CONCLUSIONS MAÏA® repellent ointment provides complete protection for 9 h against both An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, and 7 h against Ae. aegypti similar to 20% DEET (in ethanol). MAÏA® repellent ointment can be recommended as a tool for prevention against outdoor biting mosquitoes in tropical locations where the majority of the people spend an ample time outdoor before going to bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Mbuba
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, St. Petersplatz 1, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Olukayode G Odufuwa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Frank C Tenywa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Rose Philipo
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Mgeni M Tambwe
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, St. Petersplatz 1, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johnson K Swai
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Jason D Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Science, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, St. Petersplatz 1, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Arinaitwe E, Nankabirwa JI, Krezanoski P, Rek J, Kamya V, Epstein A, Rosenthal PJ, Drakeley C, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Staedke SG. Association between recent overnight travel and use of long-lasting insecticidal nets in rural Uganda: a prospective cohort study in Tororo. Malar J 2020; 19:405. [PMID: 33176793 PMCID: PMC7661187 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of malaria in Uganda remains high, but has become increasingly heterogenous following intensified malaria control. Travel within Uganda is recognized as a risk factor for malaria, but behaviours associated with travel are not well-understood. To address this knowledge gap, malaria-relevant behaviours of cohort participants were assessed during travel and at home in Uganda. Methods Residents from 80 randomly selected households in Nagongera sub-county, Tororo district were enrolled into a cohort to study malaria in rural Uganda. All participants were given long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) at enrolment and were evaluated every 4 weeks at the study clinic. Participants were asked if they had travelled overnight from their home, and if so, a questionnaire was administered to capture information on travel details and behaviours. Behaviour while travelling was assessed within 4 weeks following travel during the study clinic visit. Behaviour while at home was assessed using a similar questionnaire during two-weekly home visits. Behaviours while travelling vs at home were compared using log binomial regression models with generalized estimating equations adjusting for repeated measures in the same individual. Analysis of factors associated with LLIN adherence, such as destination and duration of travel, time to bed during travel, gender and age at time of travel, were assessed using log binomial regression models with generalized estimating equations adjusting for repeated measures in the same individual. Results Between October 2017 and October 2019, 527 participants were enrolled and assessed for travel. Of these, 123 (23.2%) reported taking 211 overnight trips; 149 (70.6%) trips were within Tororo. Participants were less likely to use LLINs when travelling than when at home (41.0% vs. 56.2%, relative risk [RR] 0.73, 95% CI 0.60–0.89, p = 0.002); this difference was noted for women (38.8% vs 59.2%, RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52–0.83, p = 0.001) but not men (48.3% vs 46.6%, RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.67–1.40, p = 0.85). In an adjusted analysis, factors associated with LLIN use when travelling included destination (travelling to districts not receiving indoor residual spraying [IRS] 65.8% vs Tororo district 32.2%, RR 1.80, 95% CI 1.31–2.46, p < 0.001) and duration of travel (> 7 nights 60.3% vs one night 24.4%, RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.07–3.64, p = 0.03). Conclusions Travellers, particularly women, were less likely to use LLINs when travelling than when at home. LLIN adherence was higher among those who travelled to non-IRS districts and for more than 1 week, suggesting that perceived malaria risk influences LLIN use. Strategies are needed to raise awareness of the importance of using LLINs while travelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Arinaitwe
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joaniter I Nankabirwa
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Krezanoski
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Victor Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adrienne Epstein
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chris Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Martin JA, Hendershot AL, Saá Portilla IA, English DJ, Woodruff M, Vera-Arias CA, Salazar-Costa BE, Bustillos JJ, Saénz FE, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Koepfli C, Lobo NF. Anopheline and human drivers of malaria risk in northern coastal, Ecuador: a pilot study. Malar J 2020; 19:354. [PMID: 33008438 PMCID: PMC7532652 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding local anopheline vector species and their bionomic traits, as well as related human factors, can help combat gaps in protection. Methods In San José de Chamanga, Esmeraldas, at the Ecuadorian Pacific coast, anopheline mosquitoes were sampled by both human landing collections (HLCs) and indoor-resting aspirations (IAs) and identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Human behaviour observations (HBOs) (including temporal location and bed net use) were documented during HLCs as well as through community surveys to determine exposure to mosquito bites. A cross-sectional evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections was conducted alongside a malaria questionnaire. Results Among 222 anopheline specimens captured, based on molecular analysis, 218 were Nyssorhynchus albimanus, 3 Anopheles calderoni (n = 3), and one remains unidentified. Anopheline mean human-biting rate (HBR) outdoors was (13.69), and indoors (3.38) (p = 0.006). No anophelines were documented resting on walls during IAs. HBO-adjusted human landing rates suggested that the highest risk of being bitten was outdoors between 18.00 and 20.00 h. Human behaviour-adjusted biting rates suggest that overall, long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) only protected against 13.2% of exposure to bites, with 86.8% of exposure during the night spent outside of bed net protection. The malaria survey found 2/398 individuals positive for asymptomatic P. falciparum infections. The questionnaire reported high (73.4%) bed net use, with low knowledge of malaria. Conclusion The exophagic feeding of anopheline vectors in San Jose de Chamanga, when analysed in conjunction with human behaviour, indicates a clear gap in protection even with high LLIN coverage. The lack of indoor-resting anophelines suggests that indoor residual spraying (IRS) may have limited effect. The presence of asymptomatic infections implies the presence of a human reservoir that may maintain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Martin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Allison L Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Iván Alejandro Saá Portilla
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Daniel J English
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Madeline Woodruff
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Claudia A Vera-Arias
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Bibiana E Salazar-Costa
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Juan José Bustillos
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Fabián E Saénz
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador.
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Monroe A, Msaky D, Kiware S, Tarimo BB, Moore S, Haji K, Koenker H, Harvey S, Finda M, Ngowo H, Mihayo K, Greer G, Ali A, Okumu F. Patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors in Zanzibar and implications for malaria elimination efforts. Malar J 2020; 19:212. [PMID: 32571338 PMCID: PMC7310102 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zanzibar provides a good case study for malaria elimination. The islands have experienced a dramatic reduction in malaria burden since the introduction of effective vector control interventions and case management. Malaria prevalence has now been maintained below 1% for the past decade and the islands can feasibly aim for elimination. Methods To better understand factors that may contribute to remaining low-level malaria transmission in Zanzibar, layered human behavioural and entomological research was conducted between December 2016 and December 2017 in 135 randomly selected households across six administrative wards. The study included: (1) household surveys, (2) structured household observations of nighttime activity and sleeping patterns, and (3) paired indoor and outdoor mosquito collections. Entomological and human behavioural data were integrated to provide weighted estimates of exposure to vector bites, accounting for proportions of people indoors or outdoors, and protected by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) each hour of the night. Results Overall, 92% of female Anopheles mosquitoes were caught in the rainy season compared to 8% in the dry season and 72% were caught outdoors compared to 28% indoors. For individual ITN users, ITNs prevented an estimated two-thirds (66%) of exposure to vector bites and nearly three quarters (73%) of residual exposure was estimated to occur outdoors. Based on observed levels of ITN use in the study sites, the population-wide mean personal protection provided by ITNs was 42%. Discussion/conclusions This study identified gaps in malaria prevention in Zanzibar with results directly applicable for improving ongoing programme activities. While overall biting risk was low, the most notable finding was that current levels of ITN use are estimated to prevent less than half of exposure to malaria vector bites. Variation in ITN use across sites and seasons suggests that additional gains could be made through targeted social and behaviour change interventions. However, even for ITN users, gaps in protection remain, with a majority of exposure to vector bites occurring outdoors before going to sleep. Supplemental interventions targeting outdoor exposure to malaria vectors, and groups that may be at increased risk of exposure to malaria vectors, should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Monroe
- PMI VectorWorks Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Dickson Msaky
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Samson Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Brian B Tarimo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Moore
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Khamis Haji
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Hannah Koenker
- PMI VectorWorks Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven Harvey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marceline Finda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Halfan Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kimberly Mihayo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - George Greer
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Abdullah Ali
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Monroe A, Moore S, Okumu F, Kiware S, Lobo NF, Koenker H, Sherrard-Smith E, Gimnig J, Killeen GF. Methods and indicators for measuring patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors. Malar J 2020; 19:207. [PMID: 32546166 PMCID: PMC7296719 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective targeting and evaluation of interventions that protect against adult malaria vectors requires an understanding of how gaps in personal protection arise. An improved understanding of human and mosquito behaviour, and how they overlap in time and space, is critical to estimating the impact of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and determining when and where supplemental personal protection tools are needed. Methods for weighting estimates of human exposure to biting Anopheles mosquitoes according to where people spend their time were first developed over half a century ago. However, crude indoor and outdoor biting rates are still commonly interpreted as indicative of human-vector contact patterns without any adjustment for human behaviour or the personal protection effects of ITNs. MAIN TEXT A small number of human behavioural variables capturing the distribution of human populations indoors and outdoors, whether they are awake or asleep, and if and when they use an ITN over the course of the night, can enable a more accurate representation of human biting exposure patterns. However, to date no clear guidance is available on what data should be collected, what indicators should be reported, or how they should be calculated. This article presents an integrated perspective on relevant indicators of human-vector interactions, the critical entomological and human behavioural data elements required to quantify human-vector interactions, and recommendations for collecting and analysing such data. CONCLUSIONS If collected and used consistently, this information can contribute to an improved understanding of how malaria transmission persists in the context of current intervention tools, how exposure patterns may change as new vector control tools are introduced, and the potential impact and limitations of these tools. This article is intended to consolidate understanding around work on this topic to date and provide a consistent framework for building upon it. Additional work is needed to address remaining questions, including further development and validation of methods for entomological and human behavioural data collection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, PMI VectorWorks Project, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Moore
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Samson Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Hannah Koenker
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, PMI VectorWorks Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ellie Sherrard-Smith
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - John Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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Degefa T, Yewhalaw D, Zhou G, Atieli H, Githeko AK, Yan G. Evaluation of human-baited double net trap and human-odour-baited CDC light trap for outdoor host-seeking malaria vector surveillance in Kenya and Ethiopia. Malar J 2020; 19:174. [PMID: 32381009 PMCID: PMC7206766 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surveillance of outdoor host-seeking malaria vectors is crucial to monitor changes in vector biting behaviour and evaluate the impact of vector control interventions. Human landing catch (HLC) has been considered the most reliable and gold standard surveillance method to estimate human-biting rates. However, it is labour-intensive, and its use is facing an increasing ethical concern due to potential risk of exposure to infectious mosquito bites. Thus, alternative methods are required. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of human-odour-baited CDC light trap (HBLT) and human-baited double net trap (HDNT) for outdoor host-seeking malaria vector surveillance in Kenya and Ethiopia. Methods The sampling efficiency of HBLT and HDNT was compared with CDC light trap and HLC using Latin Square Design in Ahero and Iguhu sites, western Kenya and Bulbul site, southwestern Ethiopia between November 2015 and December 2018. The differences in Anopheles mosquito density among the trapping methods were compared using generalized linear model. Results Overall, 16,963 female Anopheles mosquitoes comprising Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles funestus s.l., Anopheles pharoensis, Anopheles coustani and Anopheles squamosus were collected. PCR results (n = 552) showed that Anopheles arabiensis was the only member of An. gambiae s.l. in Ahero and Bulbul, while 15.7% An. arabiensis and 84.3% An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) constituted An. gambiae s.l. in Iguhu. In Ahero, HBLT captured 2.23 times as many An. arabiensis and 2.11 times as many An. funestus as CDC light trap. In the same site, HDNT yielded 3.43 times more An. arabiensis and 3.24 times more An. funestus than HBLT. In Iguhu, the density of Anopheles mosquitoes did not vary between the traps (p > 0.05). In Bulbul, HBLT caught 2.19 times as many An. arabiensis as CDC light trap, while HDNT caught 6.53 times as many An. arabiensis as CDC light trap. The mean density of An. arabiensis did not vary between HDNT and HLC (p = 0.098), whereas the HLC yielded significantly higher density of An. arabiensis compared to HBLT and CDC light trap. There was a significant density-independent positive correlation between HDNT and HLC (r = 0.69). Conclusion This study revealed that both HBLT and HDNT caught higher density of malaria vectors than conventional CDC light trap. Moreover, HDNT yielded a similar vector density as HLC, suggesting that it could be an alternative tool to HLC for outdoor host-seeking malaria vector surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshome Degefa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. .,Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Harrysone Atieli
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Andrew K Githeko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Orsborne J, Mohammed AR, Jeffries CL, Kristan M, Afrane YA, Walker T, Yakob L. Evidence of extrinsic factors dominating intrinsic blood host preferences of major African malaria vectors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:741. [PMID: 31959845 PMCID: PMC6971008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key determinants of a haematophagous vector’s capacity to transmit pathogens is its selection of which host to secure a blood meal from. This choice is influenced by both intrinsic (genetic) and extrinsic (environmental) factors, but little is known of their relative contributions. Blood fed Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from a malaria endemic village in Ghana. Collections were conducted across a range of different host availabilities and from both indoor and outdoor locations. These environmental factors were shown to impact dramatically the host choice of caught malaria vectors: mosquitoes caught indoors were ten-fold more likely to have sourced their blood meal from humans; and a halving in odds of being human-fed was found for mosquitoes caught only 25 m from the centre of the village. For the first time, we demonstrate that anthropophagy was better explained by extrinsic factors (namely, local host availability and indoor/outdoor trapping location) than intrinsic factors (namely, the (sibling) species of the mosquito caught) (respective Akaike information criterion estimates: 243.0 versus 359.8). Instead of characterizing biting behaviour on a taxonomic level, we illustrate the importance of assessing local entomology. Accounting for this behavioural plasticity is important, both in terms of measuring effectiveness of control programmes and in informing optimal disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Orsborne
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abdul Rahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Ahorlu CS, Adongo P, Koenker H, Zigirumugabe S, Sika-Bright S, Koka E, Tabong PTN, Piccinini D, Segbaya S, Olapeju B, Monroe A. Understanding the gap between access and use: a qualitative study on barriers and facilitators to insecticide-treated net use in Ghana. Malar J 2019; 18:417. [PMID: 31831004 PMCID: PMC6909499 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mass and continuous distribution channels have significantly increased access to insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in Ghana since 2000. Despite these gains, a large gap remains between ITN access and use. Methods A qualitative research study was carried out to explore the individual and contextual factors influencing ITN use among those with access in three sites in Ghana. Eighteen focus group discussions, and free listing and ranking activities were carried out with 174 participants; seven of those participants were selected for in-depth case study. Focus group discussions and case study interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically. Results ITN use, as described by study participants, was not binary; it varied throughout the night, across seasons, and over time. Heat was the most commonly cited barrier to consistent ITN use and contributed to low reported ITN use during the dry season. Barriers to ITN use throughout the year included skin irritation; lack of airflow in the sleeping space; and, in some cases, a lack of information on the connection between the use of ITNs and malaria prevention. Falling ill or losing a loved one to malaria was the most powerful motivator for consistent ITN use. Participants also discussed developing a habit of ITN use and the economic benefit of prevention over treatment as facilitating factors. Participants reported gender differences in ITN use, noting that men were more likely than women and children to stay outdoors late at night and more likely to sleep outdoors without an ITN. Conclusion The study results suggest the greatest gains in ITN use among those with access could be made by promoting consistent use throughout the year among occasional and seasonal users. Opportunities for improving communication messages, such as increasing the time ITNs are aired before first use, as well as structural approaches to enhance the usability of ITNs in challenging contexts, such as promoting solutions for outdoor ITN use, were identified from this work. The information from this study can be used to inform social and behaviour change messaging and innovative approaches to closing the ITN use gap in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Stephen Ahorlu
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Philip Adongo
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Hannah Koenker
- PMI VectorWorks Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sixte Zigirumugabe
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Accra, Ghana
| | - Solomon Sika-Bright
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Eric Koka
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Danielle Piccinini
- PMI VectorWorks Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Bolanle Olapeju
- PMI VectorWorks Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - April Monroe
- PMI VectorWorks Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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