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Prajapati S, Ngono AE, Cauley MM, Timis J, Shrestha S, Bastola A, Mandal SK, Yadav SR, Napit R, Moi ML, Yamabhai M, Sessions OM, Shresta S, Manandhar KD. Genomic sequencing and neutralizing serological profiles during acute dengue infection: A 2017 cohort study in Nepal. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.03.597174. [PMID: 38895290 PMCID: PMC11185687 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.597174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that poses a threat to nearly 50% of the global population. DENV has been endemic in Nepal since 2006; however, little is known about how DENV is evolving or the prevalence of anti-DENV immunity within the Nepalese population. To begin to address these gaps, we performed a serologic and genetic study of 49 patients from across Nepal who presented at central hospitals during the 2017 dengue season with suspected DENV infection. Of the 49 subjects assessed, 21 (43%) were positive for DENV NS1 antigen; of these; 5 were also anti-DENV IgM + IgG + ; 7 were DENV IgM + IgG - , 2 were IgM - IgG + , and 7 were IgM - IgG - by specific ELISAs. Seven of the 21 NS1+ sera were RNA+ by RT-PCR (six DENV2, one DENV3), suggesting that DENV2 was the dominant serotype in our cohort. Whole-genome sequencing of two DENV2 isolates showed similarity with strains circulating in Singapore in 2016, and the envelope genes were also similar to strains circulating in India in 2017. DENV-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were present in 31 of 47 sera tested (66%); among these, 20, 24, 26, and 12 sera contained nAbs against DENV1, 2, 3, and 4 serotypes, respectively. Serology analysis suggested that 12 (26%) and 19 (40%) of the 49 subjects were experiencing primary and secondary DENV infections, respectively. Collectively, our results provide evidence for current and/or past exposure to multiple DENV serotypes in our cohort, and the RNA analyses further indicate that DENV2 was the likely dominant serotype circulating in Nepal in 2017. These data suggest that expanded local surveillance of circulating DENV genotypes and population immunity will be important to effectively manage and mitigate future dengue outbreaks in Nepal.
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Rimal S, Shrestha S, Paudel SW, Shah Y, Bhandari G, Pandey K, Kharbuja A, Kapandji M, Gautam I, Bhujel R, Takamatsu Y, Bhandari R, Klungthong C, Shrestha SK, Fernandez S, Malavige GN, Pandey BD, Urano T, Morita K, Ngwe Tun MM, Dumre SP. Molecular and Entomological Characterization of 2023 Dengue Outbreak in Dhading District, Central Nepal. Viruses 2024; 16:594. [PMID: 38675935 PMCID: PMC11053854 DOI: 10.3390/v16040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2023, Nepal faced its second largest dengue outbreak ever, following a record-breaking number of dengue cases in 2022, characterized by the expansion of infections into areas of higher altitudes. However, the characteristics of the 2023 circulating dengue virus (DENV) and the vector density remain poorly understood. Therefore, we performed DENV serotyping, clinical and laboratory assessment, and entomological analysis of the 2023 outbreak in central Nepal. A total of 396 fever cases in Dhading hospital suspected of being DENV positive were enrolled, and blood samples were collected and tested by different techniques including PCR. Of these, 278 (70.2%) had confirmed DENV infection. Multiple serotypes (DENV-1, -2, and -3) were detected. DENV-2 (97.5%) re-emerged after six years in Dhading while DENV-3 was identified for the first time. Dengue inpatients had significantly higher frequency of anorexia, myalgia, rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and thrombocytopenia (p < 0.05). In this area, Aedes mosquitoes largely predominated (90.7%) with the majority being A. aegypti (60.7%). We also found high levels of Aedes index (20.0%) and container index (16.7%). We confirmed multiple DENV serotype circulation with serotype re-emergence and new serotype introduction, and high vector density in 2023. These findings call for the urgent initiation and scaling up of DENV molecular surveillance in human and mosquito populations for dengue control and prevention in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Rimal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44601, Nepal; (S.R.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Sabin Shrestha
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44601, Nepal; (S.R.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (R.B.)
| | | | | | - Govinda Bhandari
- Dhading Hospital, Dhading Besi 45100, Nepal; (S.W.P.); (G.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44601, Nepal;
| | - Anjana Kharbuja
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44601, Nepal; (S.R.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Merveille Kapandji
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.K.); (Y.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Ishan Gautam
- Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University, Swayambhu, Kathmandu 44620, Nepal;
| | - Rajshree Bhujel
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44601, Nepal; (S.R.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.K.); (Y.T.); (K.M.)
| | | | - Chonticha Klungthong
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (C.K.); (S.F.)
| | | | - Stefan Fernandez
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (C.K.); (S.F.)
| | | | - Basu Dev Pandey
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (B.D.P.); (T.U.)
| | - Takeshi Urano
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (B.D.P.); (T.U.)
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.K.); (Y.T.); (K.M.)
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (B.D.P.); (T.U.)
- Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo 690-8504, Japan
- Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.K.); (Y.T.); (K.M.)
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (B.D.P.); (T.U.)
- Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo 690-8504, Japan
- Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shyam Prakash Dumre
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44601, Nepal; (S.R.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (R.B.)
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Clarke J, Lim A, Gupte P, Pigott DM, van Panhuis WG, Brady OJ. A global dataset of publicly available dengue case count data. Sci Data 2024; 11:296. [PMID: 38485954 PMCID: PMC10940302 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OpenDengue is a global database of dengue case data collated from public sources and standardised and formatted to facilitate easy reanalysis. Dataset version 1.2 of this database contains information on over 56 million dengue cases from 102 countries between 1924 and 2023, making it the largest and most comprehensive dengue case database currently available. Over 95% of records are at the weekly or monthly temporal resolution and subnational data is available for 40 countries. To build OpenDengue we systematically searched databases, ministry of health websites, peer reviewed literature and Pro-MED mail reports and extracted denominator-based case count data. We undertake standardisation and error checking protocols to ensure consistency and resolve discrepancies. We meticulously documented the extraction process to ensure records are attributable and reproducible. The OpenDengue database remains under development with plans for further disaggregation and user contributions are encouraged. This new dataset can be used to better understand the long-term drivers of dengue transmission, improve estimates of disease burden, targeting and evaluation of interventions and improving future projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Clarke
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - A Lim
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - P Gupte
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - D M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W G van Panhuis
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - O J Brady
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Timilsina B, Suryabanshi A, Bhandari A, Pokhrel S, Chataut CP. Spontaneous widespread muscle hematoma complicated by pyomyositis in a case of dengue hemorrhagic fever: a case report from Nepal. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5223-5227. [PMID: 37811049 PMCID: PMC10553106 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and importance Most dengue infections are asymptomatic, and some of them develop haemorrhagic manifestations with or without shock. However, dengue can sometimes present with very rare complications like pyomyositis. Case presentation A healthy 27-year-old male, presented with a 2-day fever, confirmed to be dengue through a positive non-structural protein 1 test. Despite initial symptomatic management, his condition worsened and he was hospitalized. Leucocyte and platelet counts dropped to the lowest value on the seventh day of illness, followed by the gradual development of chest pain, persistent fever, and severe limb pain. Radiographic evaluation revealed pleural effusion, and multiple intramuscular haematomas complicated by pyomyositis. Pleural effusion resolved on its own. Pyomyositis resolved with 6 weeks of appropriate antibiotics and aspiration of pus. Clinical discussion Dengue infection, caused by a dengue virus transmitted through Aedes mosquitoes, is a significant public health concern in many parts of the world. Dengue haemorrhagic fever is a severe form of dengue infection characterized by vascular leakage, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding manifestations. Although musculoskeletal manifestations are common in dengue fever, the occurrence of multiple muscle haematomas and pyomyositis as complications of Dengue haemorrhagic fever is rare. Drainage or aspiration of pus combined with the antibiotics according to the pus culture and sensitivity report is the management strategy. Conclusion Prolonged fever with severe musculoskeletal pain and focal tenderness on examination in a dengue patient, warrant radiographic testing (ultrasonography or MRI) considering the differentials of haematoma, myositis, or pyomyositis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aashna Bhandari
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine
| | - Saroj Pokhrel
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Lessa CLS, Hodel KVS, Gonçalves MDS, Machado BAS. Dengue as a Disease Threatening Global Health: A Narrative Review Focusing on Latin America and Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050241. [PMID: 37235289 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses constitute the largest known group of viruses. These viruses are the etiological agents of pathologies known as arboviruses, with dengue being one of the most prevalent. Dengue has resulted in important socioeconomic burdens placed on different countries around the world, including those in Latin America, especially Brazil. Thus, this work intends to carry out a narrative-based review of the literature, conducted using a study of the secondary data developed through a survey of scientific literature databases, and to present the situation of dengue, particularly its distribution in these localities. Our findings from the literature demonstrate the difficulties that managers face in controlling the spread of and planning a response against dengue, pointing to the high cost of the disease for public coffers, rendering the resources that are already limited even scarcer. This can be associated with the different factors that affect the spread of the disease, including ecological, environmental, and social factors. Thus, in order to combat the disease, it is expected that targeted and properly coordinated public policies need to be adopted not only in specific localities, but also globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Letacio Silveira Lessa
- Postgraduate Program in Industrial Management and Technology, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil
| | - Marilda de Souza Gonçalves
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
- Anemia Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Industrial Management and Technology, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil
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Paudel D, Kakchapati S, Lageju N, Karki S, Dhungana J, Regmi S, Chudal D, Sharma RP. Factors influencing the knowledge, attitude, and practices of police personnel toward dengue fever in Kathmandu, Nepal. J Occup Health 2023; 65:e12421. [PMID: 37664983 PMCID: PMC10476170 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dengue fever is a significant public health problem in Nepal, and police personnel are considered to play a crucial role in preventing and controlling dengue fever. This study aimed to assess the factors that influence the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of police personnel toward dengue in Kathmandu, Nepal. METHODS The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional study among 422 police personnel, where data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Bi-variate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to examine the association between sociodemographic factors and environmental factors with knowledge, attitude, and practices of dengue. RESULTS The study found that the knowledge, attitude, and practice toward dengue prevention was 58%, 46%, and 75%, respectively. The study found that family history of dengue (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.38-5.6), owning bed nets (AOR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.04-4.35) and having covered water storage containers (AOR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.74-5.13) were associated with higher odds of knowledge on dengue. Having family history of dengue (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.24-4.87) and the presence of broken glasses or discarded plastic bottles in the house (AOR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.93-5.36) were associated with attitude on dengue. Knowledge on dengue was associated with higher odds of attitude (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI = 2.09-5.36) and practices (AOR = 3.21, 95% CI = 1.93, 5.36). CONCLUSION The study identified specific factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and practices toward dengue prevention. The study concluded that regular training and awareness-raising activities are needed to improve their knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodar Paudel
- Department of MedicineNepal Police HospitalKathmanduNepal
| | | | - Nabin Lageju
- Department of MedicineNepal Police HospitalKathmanduNepal
| | | | | | - Sirish Regmi
- Department of MedicineNepal Police HospitalKathmanduNepal
| | - Deepa Chudal
- Department of MedicineNepal Police HospitalKathmanduNepal
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Arguni E, Indriani C, Rahayu A, Supriyati E, Yohan B, Hayati RF, Wardana S, Tantowijoyo W, Anshari MR, Rahayu E, Ahmad RA, Utarini A, Simmons CP, Sasmono RT. Dengue virus population genetics in Yogyakarta, Indonesia prior to city-wide Wolbachia deployment. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 102:105308. [PMID: 35644356 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dengue has been endemic in Yogyakarta, Indonesia for decades. Here, we report the dengue epidemiology, entomology, and virology in Yogyakarta in 2016-2017, prior to the commencement of the Applying Wolbachia to Eliminate Dengue (AWED) randomized trial. Dengue epidemiological data were compiled and blood samples from dengue-suspected patients were tested for dengue virus (DENV). Ae. aegypti mosquito samples were caught from the field using BG-Sentinel traps and tested for the presence of DENV infection. Sequencing of the DENV E gene was used to determine the phylogeny and genotypes of circulating DENV. Within the last decade, the 2016-2017 dengue incidence was considered very high. Among the 649 plasma samples collected between March 2016-February 2017; and 36,910 mosquito samples collected between December 2016-May 2017, a total of 197 and 38 samples were DENV-positive by qRT-PCR, respectively. All four DENV serotypes were detected, with DENV-3 (n = 88; 44.67%) and DENV-1 (n = 87; 44.16%) as the predominant serotype, followed by DENV-4 (n = 12; 6.09%) and DENV-2 (n = 10; 5.08%). The Yogyakarta DENV-1 isolates were classified into Genotype I and IV, while DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 isolates were classified into the Cosmopolitan genotype, Genotype I, and Genotype II, respectively. Yogyakarta DENV isolates were closely related to Indonesian strains from neighboring Javanese cities, consistent with the endemic circulation of DENV on this highly populous island. Our study provides comprehensive baseline information on the DENV population genetic characteristics in Yogyakarta, which are useful as baseline data for the AWED trial and the future DENV surveillance in the city in the presence of a Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eggi Arguni
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Citra Indriani
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ayu Rahayu
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Endah Supriyati
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Rahma F Hayati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Satrio Wardana
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Warsito Tantowijoyo
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ridwan Anshari
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Endang Rahayu
- Disease Control Department, Yogyakarta District Health Office, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Riris Andono Ahmad
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Adi Utarini
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- World Mosquito Program, Institute of Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - R Tedjo Sasmono
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Saud B, Adhikari S, Maharjan L, Paudel G, Amatya N, Amatya S. An Epidemiological Prospective of Focal Outbreak of Dengue Infection in Kathmandu, Nepal. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Paradkar PN, Sahasrabudhe PR, Ghag Sawant M, Mukherjee S, Blasdell KR. Towards Integrated Management of Dengue in Mumbai. Viruses 2021; 13:2436. [PMID: 34960705 PMCID: PMC8703503 DOI: 10.3390/v13122436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing urbanisation, the dengue disease burden is on the rise in India, especially in large cities such as Mumbai. Current dengue surveillance in Mumbai includes municipal corporation carrying out specific activities to reduce mosquito breeding sites and the use of insecticides to suppress the adult mosquito populations. Clinical cases remain either underreported or misreported due to the restriction to government clinics, missing the large private health care sector. There is a need for an integrated approach to manage dengue outbreaks in Mumbai. There are various novel strategies available for use that can be utilised to improve disease detection, mosquito surveillance, and control of mosquito-borne diseases. These novel technologies are discussed in this manuscript. Given the complex ecosystem of mosquito-borne diseases in Mumbai, integrating data obtained from these technologies would support the ongoing mosquito control measures in Mumbai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad N. Paradkar
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Australia;
| | | | - Mrunal Ghag Sawant
- Department of Zoonosis, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India;
| | - Sandeepan Mukherjee
- Department of Virology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India;
| | - Kim R. Blasdell
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Australia;
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Ngwe Tun MM, Pandey K, Nabeshima T, Kyaw AK, Adhikari M, Raini SK, Inoue S, Dumre SP, Pandey BD, Morita K. An Outbreak of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Cosmopolitan Genotype in Nepal, 2017. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081444. [PMID: 34452310 PMCID: PMC8402744 DOI: 10.3390/v13081444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases, with half of the world's population at risk of infection. In Nepal, DENV was first reported in 2004, and its prevalence is increasing every year. The present study aimed to obtain and characterize the full-length genome sequence of DENV from the 2017 outbreak. Hospital-based surveillance was conducted in two provinces of Nepal during the outbreak. Acute-phase serum samples were collected from 141 clinically suspected dengue patients after the rainy season. By serological and molecular techniques, 37 (26.9%) and 49 (34.8%), respectively, were confirmed as dengue patients. The cosmopolitan genotype of DENV-2 was isolated from 27 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients. Genomic analysis showed many amino acid substitutions distributed mainly among the E, NS3, and NS5 genes. Phylogenetic analyses of the whole genome sequence revealed two clades (Asian and Indian) among DENV-2 isolates from Nepal. The DENV isolates from hilly and Terai areas were similar to Asian and Indian strains, respectively. Further genomic study on different DENV serotypes is warranted to understand DENV epidemics in Nepal, where there are limited scientific resources and infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44060, Nepal;
| | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Mandira Adhikari
- Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology, Kathmandu 44060, Nepal;
| | - Sandra Kendra Raini
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Shyam Prakash Dumre
- Central Department of Microbiology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal;
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu 44060, Nepal
- Correspondence: (B.D.P.); (K.M.); Tel.: +977-9851065451 (B.D.P.); +81-95-819-7827 (K.M.)
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (T.N.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.R.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.P.); (K.M.); Tel.: +977-9851065451 (B.D.P.); +81-95-819-7827 (K.M.)
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11
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Gyawali N, Johnson BJ, Dixit SM, Devine GJ. Patterns of dengue in Nepal from 2010-2019 in relation to elevation and climate. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:741-749. [PMID: 33197254 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding and describing the regional and climatic patterns associated with increasing dengue epidemics in Nepal is critical to improving vector and disease surveillance and targeting control efforts. METHODS We investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of annual dengue incidence in Nepal from 2010 to 2019, and the impacts of seasonal meteorological conditions (mean maximum, minimum temperature and precipitation) and elevation on those patterns. RESULTS More than 25 000 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases were reported from 2010 to 2019. Epidemiological trends suggest that dengue epidemics are cyclical with major outbreaks occurring at 2- to 3-y intervals. A significant negative relationship between dengue incidence and increasing elevation (metres above sea level) driven by temperature was observed (p<0.05) with dengue risk being greatest below 500 m. Risk was moderate between 500 and 1500 m and decreased substantially above 1500 m. Over the last decade, increased nightly temperatures during the monsoon months correlated with increased transmission (p<0.05). No other significant relationship was observed between annual dengue cases or incidence and climatological factors. CONCLUSIONS The spatial analysis and interpretation of dengue incidence over the last decade in Nepal confirms that dengue is now a well-established public health threat of increasing importance, particularly in low elevation zones and urbanised areas with a tropical or subtropical climate. Seasonal variations in temperature during the monsoon months are associated with increased transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Gyawali
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.,Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Brian J Johnson
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Sameer M Dixit
- Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
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12
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Tsheten T, Gray DJ, Clements ACA, Wangdi K. Epidemiology and challenges of dengue surveillance in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:583-599. [PMID: 33410916 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue poses a significant health and economic burden in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Approaches for control need to be aligned with current knowledge on the epidemiology of dengue in the region. Such knowledge will ensure improved targeting of interventions to reduce dengue incidence and its socioeconomic impact. This review was undertaken to describe the contemporary epidemiology of dengue and critically analyse the existing surveillance strategies in the region. Over recent decades, dengue incidence has continued to increase with geographical expansion. The region has now become hyper-endemic for multiple dengue virus serotypes/genotypes. Every epidemic cycle was associated with a change of predominant serotype/genotype and this was often associated with severe disease with intense transmission. Classical larval indices are widely used in vector surveillance and adult mosquito samplings are not implemented as a part of routine surveillance. Further, there is a lack of integration of entomological and disease surveillance systems, often leading to inaction or delays in dengue prevention and control. Disease surveillance does not capture all cases, resulting in under-reporting, and has thus failed to adequately represent the true burden of disease in the region. Possible solutions include incorporating adult mosquito sampling into routine vector surveillance, the establishment of laboratory-based sentinel surveillance, integrated vector and dengue disease surveillance and climate-based early warning systems using available technologies like mobile apps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsheten Tsheten
- Department of Globa l Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Bhutan
| | - Darren J Gray
- Department of Globa l Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- Department of Globa l Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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13
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Wang D, Zhao Y, Luo J, Leng H. Simplicial SIRS epidemic models with nonlinear incidence rates. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:053112. [PMID: 34240944 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical epidemiology that describes the complex dynamics on social networks has become increasingly popular. However, a few methods have tackled the problem of coupling network topology with complex incidence mechanisms. Here, we propose a simplicial susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible (SIRS) model to investigate the epidemic spreading via combining the network higher-order structure with a nonlinear incidence rate. A network-based social system is reshaped to a simplicial complex, in which the spreading or infection occurs with nonlinear reinforcement characterized by the simplex dimensions. Compared with the previous simplicial susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) models, the proposed SIRS model can not only capture the discontinuous transition and the bistability of a complex system but also capture the periodic phenomenon of epidemic outbreaks. More significantly, the two thresholds associated with the bistable region and the critical value of the reinforcement factor are derived. We further analyze the stability of equilibrium points of the proposed model and obtain the condition of existence of the bistable states and limit cycles. This work expands the simplicial SIS models to SIRS models and sheds light on a novel perspective of combining the higher-order structure of complex systems with nonlinear incidence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianfeng Luo
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Leng
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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14
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Rijal KR, Adhikari B, Ghimire B, Dhungel B, Pyakurel UR, Shah P, Bastola A, Lekhak B, Banjara MR, Pandey BD, Parker DM, Ghimire P. Epidemiology of dengue virus infections in Nepal, 2006-2019. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:52. [PMID: 33858508 PMCID: PMC8047528 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is one of the newest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing burden and geographic spread over the years. The main objective of this study was to explore the epidemiological patterns of dengue since its first outbreak (2006) to 2019 in Nepal. METHODS This study is a retrospective analysis that covers the last 14 years (2006-2019) of reported dengue cases from Epidemiology Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal. Reported cases were plotted over time and maps of reported case incidence were generated (from 2016 through 2019). An ecological analysis of environmental predictors of case incidence was conducted using negative binomial regression. RESULTS While endemic dengue has been reported in Nepal since 2006, the case load has increased over time and in 2019 a total of 17 992 dengue cases were reported from 68 districts (from all seven provinces). Compared to the case incidence in 2016, incidence was approximately five times higher in 2018 [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 4.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-15.3] and over 140 times higher in 2019 (IRR: 141.6; 95% CI 45.8-438.4). A one standard deviation increase in elevation was associated with a 90% decrease in reported case incidence (IRR: 0.10; 95% CI 0.01-0.20). However, the association between elevation and reported cases varied across the years. In 2018 there was a cluster of cases reported from high elevation Kaski District of Gandaki Province. Our results suggest that dengue infections are increasing in magnitude and expanding out of the lowland areas to higher elevations over time. CONCLUSIONS There is a high risk of dengue outbreak in the lowland Terai region, with increasing spread towards the mid-mountains and beyond as seen over the last 14 years. Urgent measures are required to increase the availability of diagnostics and resources to mitigate future dengue epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raj Rijal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Bipin Adhikari
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bindu Ghimire
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Binod Dhungel
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Uttam Raj Pyakurel
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Department of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prakash Shah
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Department of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anup Bastola
- Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Binod Lekhak
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Department of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Prakash Ghimire
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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15
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Ripari N, Sartori AA, da Silva Honorio M, Conte FL, Tasca KI, Santiago KB, Sforcin JM. Propolis antiviral and immunomodulatory activity: a review and perspectives for COVID-19 treatment. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:281-299. [PMID: 33793885 PMCID: PMC7928728 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Viral outbreaks are a frequent concern for humans. A great variety of drugs has been used to treat viral diseases, which are not always safe and effective and may induce adverse effects, indicating the need for new antiviral drugs extracted from natural sources. Propolis is a bee-made product exhibiting many biological properties. An overview of viruses, antiviral immunity, propolis safety and its immunomodulatory and antiviral action is reported, as well as perspectives for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. PubMed platform was used for data collection, searching for the keywords "propolis", "virus", "antiviral", "antimicrobial" and "coronavirus". KEY FINDINGS Propolis is safe and exerts antiviral and immunomodulatory activity; however, clinical trials should investigate its effects on individuals with viral diseases, in combination or not with antiviral drugs or vaccines. SUMMARY Regarding COVID-19, the effects of propolis should be investigated directly on the virus in vitro or on infected individuals alone or in combination with antiviral drugs, due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory action. Propolis administration simultaneously with vaccines should be analyzed, due to its adjuvant properties, to enhance the individuals' immune response. The search for therapeutic targets may be useful to find out how propolis can help to control COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ripari
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Arthur Alves Sartori
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Honorio
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lopes Conte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Karen Ingrid Tasca
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Karina Basso Santiago
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - José Maurício Sforcin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil
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16
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Pasaribu AP, Tsheten T, Yamin M, Maryani Y, Fahmi F, Clements ACA, Gray DJ, Wangdi K. Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Dengue Incidence in Medan City, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6010030. [PMID: 33807820 PMCID: PMC8006016 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue has been a perennial public health problem in Medan city, North Sumatera, despite the widespread implementation of dengue control. Understanding the spatial and temporal pattern of dengue is critical for effective implementation of dengue control strategies. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology and spatio-temporal patterns of dengue in Medan City, Indonesia. Data on dengue incidence were obtained from January 2016 to December 2019. Kulldorff’s space-time scan statistic was used to identify dengue clusters. The Getis-Ord Gi* and Anselin Local Moran’s I statistics were used for further characterisation of dengue hotspots and cold spots. Results: A total of 5556 cases were reported from 151 villages across 21 districts in Medan City. Annual incidence in villages varied from zero to 439.32 per 100,000 inhabitants. According to Kulldorf’s space-time scan statistic, the most likely cluster was located in 27 villages in the south-west of Medan between January 2016 and February 2017, with a relative risk (RR) of 2.47. Getis-Ord Gi* and LISA statistics also identified these villages as hotpot areas. Significant space-time dengue clusters were identified during the study period. These clusters could be prioritized for resource allocation for more efficient prevention and control of dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodhia Pitaloka Pasaribu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, North Sumatera, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-8126024392
| | - Tsheten Tsheten
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (T.T.); (D.J.G.); (K.W.)
| | - Muhammad Yamin
- Medical School, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, North Sumatera, Indonesia;
| | - Yulia Maryani
- North Sumatera Provincial Health Office, Medan 20232, North Sumatera, Indonesia;
| | - Fahmi Fahmi
- Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, North Sumatera, Indonesia;
| | - Archie C. A. Clements
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia;
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Darren J. Gray
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (T.T.); (D.J.G.); (K.W.)
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (T.T.); (D.J.G.); (K.W.)
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17
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Manandhar KD, McCauley M, Gupta BP, Kurmi R, Adhikari A, Nguyen AV, Elong Ngono A, Zompi S, Sessions OM, Shresta S. Whole Genome Sequencing of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 from Two Clinical Isolates and Serological Profile of Dengue in the 2015-2016 Nepal Outbreak. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:115-120. [PMID: 33073748 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases, and up to half of the world's population is at risk for infection. Recent results from clinical trials have shown that DENV vaccination can induce the development of severe dengue disease and/or prolong hospitalization after natural infection in certain naive populations. Thus, it is crucial that vaccine development takes into account the history of DENV exposure in the targeted population. In Nepal, DENV infection was first documented in 2004, and despite the increasing prevalence of DENV infection, the population remains relatively naive. However, it is not known which of the four DENV serotypes circulate in Nepal or whether there is evidence of repeated exposure to DENV in the Nepali population. To address this, we studied 112 patients who presented with symptomology suspicious for DENV infection at clinics throughout Nepal during late 2015 and early 2016. Of the 112 patients examined, 39 showed serological and/or genetic evidence of primary or secondary DENV infection: 30 were positive for DENV exposure by IgM/IgG ELISA, two by real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and seven by both methods. Dengue virus 1-3, but not DENV4, serotypes were detected by RT-PCR. Whole genome sequencing of two DENV2 strains isolated from patients with primary and secondary infections suggests that DENV was introduced into Nepal through India, with which it shares a porous border. Further study is needed to better define the DENV epidemic in Nepal, a country with limited scientific resources and infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Das Manandhar
- 1Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California.,2Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Melanie McCauley
- 1Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California.,3Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Birendra Prasad Gupta
- 1Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California.,2Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | - Anurag Adhikari
- 2Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Anh-Viet Nguyen
- 1Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Annie Elong Ngono
- 1Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Simona Zompi
- 5Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - October M Sessions
- 6Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,7Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,8Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sujan Shresta
- 1Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California.,3Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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18
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Fuzzy Approach Analyzing SEIR-SEI Dengue Dynamics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1508613. [PMID: 33123563 PMCID: PMC7582080 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1508613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne infectious disease threatening more than a hundred tropical countries of the world. The heterogeneity of mosquito bites of human during the spread of dengue virus is an important factor that should be considered while modeling the dynamics of the disease. However, traditional models assumed homogeneous transmission between host and vectors which is inconsistent with reality. Mathematically, we can describe the heterogeneity and uncertainty of the transmission of the disease by introducing fuzzy theory. In the present work, we study transmission dynamics of dengue with the fuzzy SEIR-SEI compartmental model. The transmission rate and recovery rate of the disease are considered as fuzzy numbers. The dynamical behavior of the system is discussed with different amounts of dengue viruses. Also, the fuzzy basic reproduction number for a group of infected individuals with different virus loads is calculated using Sugeno integral. Simulations are made to illustrate the mathematical results graphically.
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19
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Prajapati S, Napit R, Bastola A, Rauniyar R, Shrestha S, Lamsal M, Adhikari A, Bhandari P, Yadav SR, Manandhar KD. Molecular phylogeny and distribution of dengue virus serotypes circulating in Nepal in 2017. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234929. [PMID: 32634137 PMCID: PMC7340289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is endemic in Nepal. Although infection rates are reported annually, little information is available about the circulating viral serotypes and genotypes. Here, we report the results of a multicentre cross-sectional study of DENV serotypes and genotypes sampled from individuals with suspected DENV infection in Nepal in 2017. Of the 50 patients sampled, 40 were serologically positive for DENV NS1, 29 for anti-DENV IgM, 21 for anti-DENV IgG and 14 were positive by qRT-PCR. The three serotypes DENV-1, 2 and 3 were detected and there was no DENV-4. Positive samples from serotyping were subjected to PCR amplification by envelope (E) gene specific primer and subsequent bidirectional sequencing of 5 samples. A time to most recent common ancestor phylogenetic tree was constructed from the new sequences obtained here together with historical DENV-1 and DENV-2 E gene sequences. The DENV-1 isolates (n = 2) from Nepalese individuals were closely related to Indian genotype V, whereas DENV-2 isolates (n = 3) belonged to Cosmopolitan genotype IVa, which is closely related to Indonesian isolates. Historical DENV isolates obtained between 2004 and 2013 clustered with Cosmopolitan IVb, Cosmopolitan IVa, and Asian II genotypes. All Nepalese isolates had different lineages with distinct ancestries. With the exception of isolates obtained in 2004, all other previously published isolates had ancestry to geographically distant part of the world. Molecular analysis revealed dengue epidemics to be comprised of different genotypes of serotype 1 and 2 raising concerns on potential role of different genotypes causing Dengue hemorrhagic fever. Also, our result indicated spread of DENV-2 in non-endemic area such as hilly region of Nepal which was considered to be free of dengue due to high altitude and cold weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Prajapati
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajindra Napit
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Virology, Centre for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anup Bastola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ramanuj Rauniyar
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Srijan Shrestha
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mahesh Lamsal
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anurag Adhikari
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Parmananda Bhandari
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Disease, Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjay Ray Yadav
- Department of Haematology and Biochemistry, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Krishna Das Manandhar
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- * E-mail:
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20
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Khadka S, Proshad R, Thapa A, Acharya KP, Kormoker T. Wolbachia: a possible weapon for controlling dengue in Nepal. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:50. [PMID: 32581639 PMCID: PMC7310046 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral infectious disease, causes a high morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In Nepal, the first case of dengue was reported in 2004 followed by frequent outbreaks in subsequent years, with the largest being in 2019 taking the death toll of six. It is reported that the number of dengue fever cases are soaring in Nepal spreading from the plains to more hilly regions. This might have serious public health implications in the future when combined with other factors, such as: global warming, lack of early detection and treatment of dengue, lack of diagnostic facilities, poor healthcare systems and mosquito control strategies. Nepal, thus, needs a cost-effective mosquito control strategy for the prevention and control of dengue. The Wolbachia-mediated biological method of the dengue control strategy is novel, economic, and environment-friendly. It has been successfully trialed in several areas of dengue-prone countries of the world, including Australia, Malaysia, Vietnam etc. resulting in significant reductions in dengue incidence. Given the lack of effective vector control strategy and weak economic condition of the country along with the persistence of climate and environment conditions that favors the host (Aedes mosquito) for Wolbachia, this approach can be a promising option to control dengue in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Chitwan 44200 Nepal.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ram Proshad
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Alina Thapa
- State Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | | | - Tapos Kormoker
- Department of Emergency Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
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21
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Acharya KP, Chaulagain B, Acharya N, Shrestha K, Subramanya SH. Establishment and recent surge in spatio-temporal spread of dengue in Nepal. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:676-679. [PMID: 32200695 PMCID: PMC7144339 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1740062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Acharya
- Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Animal Quarantine Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Co-operatives (MoLMAC), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bhim Chaulagain
- Botany and Plant Pathology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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22
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Lachish T, Lustig Y, Leshem E, Katz-Likvornik S, Biber A, Nadir E, Schwartz E. High incidence of dengue in Israel travelers to Kathmandu, Nepal, in 2019. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5693887. [PMID: 31897487 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe the emergence of dengue in Kathmandu in Nepal in 2019. We found a high incidence in Israeli travelers. The circulating serotypes were identified as DENV-2 and DENV-3 with phylogenetic analysis suggesting that the latter serotype originated from India. Travelers to Nepal should be aware of the potential dengue risk beyond the Terai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Lachish
- The Infectious Diseases Unit, Shaare-Zedek Medical Center and the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.,Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eyal Leshem
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Travel and Tropical Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shiri Katz-Likvornik
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Asaf Biber
- The Center for Travel and Tropical Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eyal Nadir
- Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Travel and Tropical Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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23
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Ghimire TR, Regmi GR, Huettmann F. When Micro Drives the Macro: A Fresh Look at Disease and its Massive Contributions in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya. HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYA WATERSHEDS DOWNHILL: LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION PERSPECTIVES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7197387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36275-1_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have a high impact on the human and animal health because they are the underlying causes of disability, death, and long-term illness. For many regions those details are not, or just poorly known. Here we present on the morbidity and mortality in faunal diversities including domestic and wild species caused by various viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases prevalent in Nepal and relevant for the wider Hindu Kush Himalaya. In addition, we provide details how antibiotic resistivity, vectors, and zoonosis have resulted on a landscape-scale in the huge public and veterinary health problem has been dealt with in the context of Nepal and the wider region.
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24
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Tuladhar R, Singh A, Varma A, Choudhary DK. Climatic factors influencing dengue incidence in an epidemic area of Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:131. [PMID: 30867027 PMCID: PMC6417253 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Geographic expansion of dengue incidence has drawn a global interest to identify the influential factors that instigate the spread of this disease. The objective of this study was to find the environmental factors linked to dengue incidence in a dengue epidemic area of Nepal by negative binomial models using climatic factors from 2010 to 2017. Results Minimum temperature at lag 2 months, maximum temperature and relative humidity without lag period significantly affected dengue incidence. Rainfall was not associated with dengue incidence in Chitwan district of Nepal. The incident rate ratio (IRR) of dengue case rise by more than 1% for every unit increase in minimum temperature at lag 2 months, maximum temperature and relative humidity, but decrease by .759% for maximum temperature at lag 3 months. Considering the effect of minimum temperature of previous months on dengue incidence, the vector control and dengue management program should be implemented at least 2 months ahead of dengue outbreak season. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4185-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Tuladhar
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. .,Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India.
| | - Anjana Singh
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
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25
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Gupta BP, Haselbeck A, Kim JH, Marks F, Saluja T. The Dengue virus in Nepal: gaps in diagnosis and surveillance. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2018; 17:32. [PMID: 30008269 PMCID: PMC6047123 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-018-0284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The introduction of the dengue virus (DENV) in Nepal is recent, first reports date back to 2004 from a Japanese traveller and limited information is available about DENV infection in the Nepali population. Within a decade after the first DENV detection, it is now endemic in multiple districts of Nepal with approximately 11.2 million people residing in the Terai belt being at risk of DENV infection. Sporadic cases of DENV infection have been reported every year for the past decade during the monsoon season, mainly in the Terai region. Methods Medline/Embase/Cochrane databases were reviewed for reports on the burden of dengue infection, diagnostic methods, and national surveillance. Results Four outbreaks were reported since 2004 including the diagnosis of all serotypes in 2006 and predominance of a single serotype in 2010 (DENV-1), 2013 (DENV-2), and 2016 (DENV-1). The clinical diagnoses showed a predominance of dengue fever while 4/917 (0.4%), 8/642 (1.2%) and 8/1615 (0.4%) dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome cases were identified during the outbreaks in 2010, 2013 and 2016, respectively. The number of cases reported in males was significantly higher (67.4%) than in females. Disease occurrence was primarily found in the Terai region until 2010 and was increasingly detected in the Hilly region in 2016. Conclusion In Nepal currently weak diagnostic facilities, very limited research on mosquitoes vectors, and poor surveillance of dengue leading to inappropriate detection and control of DENV. We surmise that improved basic research and epidemiological training courses for local scientists and laboratory personal at national and international level will help better understand the evolution and distribution of DENV transmission and its eventual control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tarun Saluja
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Khetan RP, Stein DA, Chaudhary SK, Rauniyar R, Upadhyay BP, Gupta UP, Gupta BP. Profile of the 2016 dengue outbreak in Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:423. [PMID: 29970132 PMCID: PMC6029055 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to obtain clinical, virological and demographic data detailing the 2016 dengue outbreak in Nepal. RESULTS Dengue disease was first reported in Nepal in 2004 and several major outbreaks have occurred since then, with a significant impact on public health. An outbreak of dengue fever occurred in Nepal during June to November 2016, with a peak number of cases reported in September. 1473 patients with laboratory confirmed DENV infections visited or were admitted to hospitals during this period. The most common clinical symptoms included fever, headache, joint pain and thrombocytopenia. Serotyping of 75 serum samples from patients having fever for less than 4 days was carried out with a dengue virus (DENV) serotype-specific RT-PCR strategy. Our results indicate that the dengue outbreak in Nepal during 2016 was caused predominantly, if not exclusively, by DENV-1, representing a shift in the prevailing serotype from DENV-2, the dominant serotype characterizing the 2013 dengue epidemic in Nepal. Hopefully, this report will assist Nepalese public health agencies in developing improved dengue-related programs including mosquito-vector control, DENV surveillance, and diagnosis and treatment of dengue fever patients, in order to reduce the impact of future dengue epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Stein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA
| | | | - Ramanuj Rauniyar
- Virology Unit, Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bishnu Prasad Upadhyay
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Umesh Prasad Gupta
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Birendra Prasad Gupta
- Virology Unit, Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu, Nepal
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