Dyslipidemia prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and risk factors in Chinese rural population: the Henan rural cohort study

Cross-sectional analysis of dyslipidemia risk in coal mine workers: from epidemiology to animal models

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between coal dust exposure and the occurrence of dyslipidemia in coal mine workers, and identify relevant risk factors. Methods: We selected a population who underwent occupational health examinations at Huainan Yangguang Xinkang Hospital from March 2020 to July 2022. Participants were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of dyslipidemia, and their baseline information was collected, including records of coal dust exposure. We employed single-factor analysis to identify risk factors for dyslipidemia and adjusted for confounding factors in the adjusted models. Additionally, we explored the effects in different populations using stratified analysis, smooth curve fitting, and propensity score matching. Finally, we confirmed the causal relationship between coal dust exposure and dyslipidemia by examining tissue sections and lipid-related indicators in a mouse model of coal dust exposure. Results A total of 5,657 workers were included in the study, among whom 924 individuals had dyslipidemia and 4,743 individuals did not have dyslipidemia. The results of the single-factor analysis revealed that dust exposure, age, BMI, blood pressure, and smoking were statistically significant risk factors for dyslipidemia (p < 0.05). Additionally, the three multivariate models, adjusted for different confounders, consistently showed a significant increase in the risk of dyslipidemia associated with coal dust exposure (Model 1: OR, 1.869; Model 2: OR, 1.863; Model 3: OR, 2.033). After conducting stratified analysis, this positive correlation remained significant. Furthermore, propensity score matching analysis revealed that with increasing years of work, the risk of dyslipidemia gradually increased, reaching 50% at 11 years. In the mouse model of coal dust exposure, significant coal dust deposition was observed in the lungs and livers of the mice, accompanied by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Conclusion Exposure to coal dust significantly increases the risk of developing dyslipidemia, and this positive correlation exists in different populations, particularly with increasing years of work, resulting in a higher risk.

Socioeconomic inequalities and dyslipidaemia in adult population of the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease Cohort Study: the role of sex and age

OBJECTIVES

This study represents a pioneering attempt to quantify the contribution of age, sex and socioeconomic status (SES) to the observed inequalities in lipid profile components.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

The data from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) Cohort Study were used.

PARTICIPANTS

10 000 individuals aged 35-65 years.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Principal component analysis was used to determine the SES of individuals. Using the concentration index (C-index) and curves, the study assessed socioeconomic inequalities in dyslipidaemia in different age groups and genders. Decomposition analysis was used to determine the contribution of sex, age and SES to the observed inequality in the prevalence of dyslipidaemia components between the wealthiest and poorest groups.

RESULTS

The prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 72.39% of the population and was significantly higher in women than in men (excluding hypertriglyceridaemia). Overall, no significant SES-based inequality in dyslipidaemia was observed (C-index=-0.045, p=0.116), but after adjustment for age and sex, individuals with high SES had increased odds of dyslipidaemia (OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.31). Hypercholesterolaemia and hyper-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were more common in individuals with lower SES (C-index=-0.117 and -0.105), while hypo-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was more prevalent in individuals with higher SES (C-index=0.029), regardless of adjustment for age, sex and confounding factors. SES played a significant role in hypercholesterolaemia and hyper-LDL (322.11% and 400.14%), while sex dominated in hypertriglyceridaemia and hypo-HDL (814.05% and -615.26%) and contributed to the existing inequalities.

CONCLUSION

The results highlight the existing inequalities in lipid profiles due to SES, sex and age. Consideration of these factors in interventions and policy decisions is critical to reduce abnormalities and inform future interventions.

Differences in IgG afucosylation between groups with and without carotid atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND

A previous study demonstrated that N-glycosylation profiles of IgG are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in a British population. However, the generalisability of this finding to other ethnic groups remains to be investigated, and it has yet to account for additional traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. The present study, thus, aims to explore IgG N-glycosylation profiles in Han Chinese with atherosclerosis, and their potential role in atherosclerosis, while controlling for traditional atherosclerotic risk factors.

METHODS

Data of this case-control study were obtained from an established umbrella Health Examination Cohort Study (registration number: ChiCTR2100048740). The investigation was conducted at the Health Care Centre of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College in China, from August 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022. A sample of 69 carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) cases was recruited from the umbrella cohort, along with 69 controls without carotid atherosclerosis, matched by traditional atherosclerosis-related risk factors, including gender, age, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity. Subsequently, serum IgG N-glycosylation was profiled using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

RESULTS

After propensity score matching, the relative abundance of IgG fucosylation in CAS cases was significantly lower than that in controls [95.32 (92.96, 95.99) vs. 95.96 (94.70, 96.58), P = 0.022]. The traditional atherosclerosis-related risk factors showed no statistically significant difference between CAS cases and controls (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The reduced fucosylation of IgG in CAS cases underscores the pivotal role of afucosylation in CAS. Enhancing the inflammatory capability of IgG via initiating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity could be the potential mechanism behind this, which should be further verified by functional studies.

A Prospective Study of the Medication Regimen Complexity Index and Hospitalization Due to Adverse Drug Reactions Among People Living with HIV

Background and Objective: The complexity of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in people living with HIV (PLHIV) poses significant challenges for medication management, impacting adherence and overall health outcomes. The Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) is a tool that quantifies regimen complexity, yet its correlation with hospitalization rates and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in PLHIV remains underexplored. Materials and Methods: This prospective study, which was conducted at a government-funded antiretroviral treatment center, investigated the relationships among MRCI scores, hospitalization due to ADRs, and the ADR rates in 285 PLHIV participants over 18 months. Results: The study revealed a significant association between higher baseline MRCI scores and hospitalization due to ADRs, with a threshold MRCI score of 8 indicating increased risk. There was no significant association between average MRCI scores and overall ADR rates or non-ADR-related hospitalizations. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring medication regimen complexity in PLHIV, particularly in the context of preventing hospitalizations related to ADRs. Further research is needed to understand the multifactorial influences on ADR occurrence and to optimize ART regimens for better patient outcomes.

Associations between individual and mixed urinary metal exposure and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults: Data from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study

The prevalence of dyslipidemia is increasing, and it has become a significant global public health concern. Some studies have demonstrated contradictory relationships between urinary metals and dyslipidemia, and the combined effects of mixed urinary metal exposure on dyslipidemia remain ambiguous. In this study, we examined how individual and combined urinary metal exposure are associated with the occurrence of dyslipidemia. According to the data from the 2018-2019 baseline survey database of the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) Study, a population of 9348 individuals was studied. Inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure 21 urinary metal concentrations in the collected adult urinary samples. The associations between urinary metals and dyslipidemia were analyzed by logistic regression, weighted quantile sum regression (WQS), and quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp), controlled for potential confounders to examine single and combined effects. Dyslipidemia was detected in 3231 individuals, which represented approximately 34.6 % of the total population. According to the single-exposure model, Al and Na were inversely associated with the risk of dyslipidemia (OR = 0.95, 95 % CI: 0.93, 0.98; OR = 0.89, 95 % CI: 0.83, 0.95, respectively), whereas Zn, Ca, and P were positively associated (OR = 1.69, 95 % CI: 1.42, 2.01; OR = 1.12, 95 % CI: 1.06, 1.18; OR = 1.21, 95 % CI: 1.09, 1.34, respectively). Moreover, Zn and P were significantly positively associated even after adjusting for these metals, whereas Al and Cr were negatively associated with the risk of dyslipidemia. The results of the WQS and qgcomp analyses showed that urinary metal mixtures were positively associated with the risk of dyslipidemia (OR = 1.26, 95 % CI: 1.15, 1.38; OR = 1.09, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.19). This positive association was primarily driven by Zn, P, and Ca. In the sensitivity analyses with collinearity diagnosis, interaction, and stratified analysis, the results remained, confirming the reliability of the study findings. In this study, the individual and combined effects of urinary Zn, P, and Ca on dyslipidemia were determined, which provided novel insights into the link between exposure to metals and dyslipidemia.

Early-onset and later-onset cancer: trends, risk factors, and prevention in Northern China

The characteristics of early-onset (onset age <50 years) and later-onset (onset age ≽ 50 years) cancers differ significantly. Identifying novel risk factors for both types of cancer is crucial for increasing awareness of cancer prevention and for reducing its burden. This study aimed to analyze the trends in incidence and risk factors for early-onset and late-onset cancers. We conducted a prospective study by drawing data from the Kailuan Study. This study included 6,741 participants with cancer (624 with early-onset cancer and 6,117 with later-onset cancer) and 6,780 matched controls among the 186,249 participants who underwent Kailuan health examinations from 2006 to 2019. The primary outcomes were cancer incidence rates, and associated risk factors for early- and later-onset cancer. Weighted Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of each exposure factor for early- and later-onset cancer by cancer type. Population-attributable risk proportions were used to estimate the number of cases that could be prevented by eliminating a risk factor from the population. Except for liver cancer, incidence rates for nearly all types of cancer increased during the study period. Smoking, alcohol consumption, lipid metabolism disorders, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, fatty liver, and inflammation were associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer at multiple sites, but risk factors for cancer incidence differed by site. Smoking, alcohol consumption, inflammation, and hypertension were the major contributors to preventable cancer. The incidence of several different types of cancer, including early-onset cancer, is increasing in northeastern China. Differences in risk factors between early-onset and later-onset malignancies may contribute to the divergence in the observed changes in incidence trends between these two specific types of cancer.

New findings on the risk of hypertension from organophosphorus exposure under different glycemic statuses: The key role of lipids?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Considering the widespread use of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and the global prevalence of hypertension (HTN), as well as studies indicating that different glycemic statuses may respond differently to the biological effects of OPs. Therefore, this study, based on the Henan rural cohort, aims to investigate the association between OPs exposure and HTN, and further explores whether lipids mediate these associations.

METHODS

We measured the plasma levels of OPs in 2730 participants under different glycemic statuses using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). A generalized linear model, Quantile g-computation (QGC), adaptive elastic net (AENET), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to assess the impact of OPs exposure on HTN, with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty regression identifying main OPs. Mediation models were used to evaluate the intermediary role of blood lipids in the OPs-HTN relationship.

RESULTS

The detection rates for all OPs were high, ranging from 76.35 % to 99.17 %. In the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) population, single exposure models indicated that malathion and phenthoate were associated with an increased incidence of HTN (P-FDR < 0.05), with corresponding odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of 1.624 (1.167,2.260) and 1.290 (1.072,1.553), respectively. QGC demonstrated a positive association between OP mixtures and HTN, with malathion and phenthoate being the primary contributors. Additionally, the AENET model's Exposure Response Score (ERS) suggested that the risk of HTN increases with higher ERS (P < 0.001). Furthermore, BKMR revealed that co-exposure to OPs increases HTN risk, with phenthoate having a significant impact. Furthermore, triglycerides (TG) mediated 6.55 % of the association between phenthoate and HTN. However, no association was observed in the impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) populations.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that in the NGT population, OPs may significantly contribute to the development of HTN, proposing TG as a potential novel target for HTN prevention.

Physical activity diminished adverse associations of obesity with lipid metabolism in the population of rural regions of China

The interactive effects of obesity and physical inactivity on lipid metabolism and prevalent dyslipidemia are scarcely reported in rural regions. 39029 subjects were obtained from the Henan Rural Cohort, and their metabolic equivalents (METs) of physical activity (PA) were computed. Independent associations of the obesity indices and PA with either lipid indices or prevalent dyslipidemia were analyzed by generalized linear models, and additive effects of obesity and PA on prevalent dyslipidemia were further quantified. Each obesity index was positively associated with total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein or prevalent dyslipidemia but negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein, whereas the opposite association of PA with either each lipid index or prevalent dyslipidemia was observed. Joint association of PA and each obesity index with each lipid index and prevalent dyslipidemia was observed. Furthermore, the association of each obesity index in association with each lipid index was attenuated by increased PA levels.

Impact of LDLR polymorphisms on lipid levels and atorvastatin's efficacy in a northern Chinese adult Han cohort with dyslipidemia

BACKGROUND

Dyslipidemia, a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), is influenced by genetic variations, particularly those in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of LDLR polymorphisms on baseline serum lipid levels and the therapeutic efficacy of atorvastatin in an adult Han population in northern China with dyslipidemia.

METHODS

In this study, 255 Han Chinese adults receiving atorvastatin therapy were examined and followed up. The 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the LDLR gene was sequenced to identify polymorphisms. The associations between gene polymorphisms and serum lipid levels, as well as changes in lipid levels after intervention, were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, with a P < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Assessment of linkage disequilibrium patterns and haplotype structures was conducted utilizing Haploview.

RESULTS

Eleven distinct polymorphisms at LDLR 3' UTR were identified. Seven polymorphisms (rs1433099, rs14158, rs2738466, rs5742911, rs17249057, rs55971831, and rs568219285) were correlated with the baseline serum lipid levels (P < 0.05). In particular, four polymorphisms (rs14158, rs2738466, rs5742911, and rs17249057) were in strong linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 1), and patients with the AGGC haplotype had higher TC and LDL-C levels at baseline. Three polymorphisms (rs1433099, rs2738467, and rs7254521) were correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of atorvastatin (P < 0.05). Furthermore, carriers of the rs2738467 T allele demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels post-atorvastatin treatment (P = 0.03), indicating a potentially crucial genetic influence on therapeutic outcomes. Two polymorphisms (rs751672818 and rs566918949) were neither correlated with the baseline serum lipid levels nor atorvastatin's efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

This research outlined the complex genetic architecture surrounding LDLR 3' UTR polymorphisms and their role in lipid metabolism and the response to atorvastatin treatment in adult Han Chinese patients with dyslipidemia, highlighting the importance of genetic profiling in enhancing tailored therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, this investigation advocates for the integration of genetic testing into the management of dyslipidemia, paving the way for customized therapeutic approaches that could significantly improve patient care.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This multicenter study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital Central South University (ethics number K22144). It was a general ethic. In addition, this study was approved by The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University (ethics number 20220418).

Awareness of Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, and Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Characteristics in Russian Adults

Russia has higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality compared to other European countries. The major CVD risk factors are age, male sex, and three conditions, namely hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to assess awareness of these three conditions among Russian adults (N = 3803) and the associated socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics. We used cross-sectional data from a randomly drawn population-based sample of Russians aged 35-69 years, who participated in the Know Your Heart (KYH) study conducted in Arkhangelsk and Novosibirsk between 2015-2018. Participants' self-reported awareness of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and DM was assessed against the measures at the KYH health check (blood pressure, cholesterol, HbA1c and/or use of medication for each condition). Prevalence estimates for the awareness were age- and sex-standardized to the Standard European Population. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health-related correlates of the awareness were investigated using logistic regression modelling. Among participants with hypertension (N = 2206), hypercholesterolemia (N = 3171), and DM (N = 329) recorded at a health check, 79%, 45%, and 61% self-reported these conditions, respectively. Higher awareness of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension was associated with older age, female sex, nonsmoking status, obesity, and history of CVD diagnoses. Low household income and history of CVD diagnoses were associated with being aware of DM. The awareness rates of hypertension were relatively high, whereas awareness rates of hypercholesterolemia and DM were relatively low. CVD prevention and early intervention could be improved in Russia through increasing the awareness of the risk factors.

A cross-sectional study on the moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between sociodemographic variables and nutrition literacy among older adults in rural areas of North Sichuan

Objective

The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating role of self-efficacy among rural elderly individuals in northern Sichuan Province in the relationship between certain sociodemographic variables and nutritional literacy.

Methods

Convenience sampling was used to select 264 elderly individuals aged 60 and above from rural communities in Cangxi County, Guangyuan City, Yilong County, Nanchong City, and Bazhou District, Bazhong City, Sichuan Province. A self-designed questionnaire, including sociodemographic variables, the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and the Nutrition Literacy Questionnaire for the Elderly (NLQ-E), was administered through face-to-face interviews using a paper-based version. The relationships between sociodemographic variables, self-efficacy, and nutritional literacy in the elderly were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and the Process plugin to examine the relationships between variables and to test for moderation effects.

Results

(1) There were significant differences in nutrition literacy scores among elderly people of different ages, genders, marital statuses, educational levels, personal monthly living expenses, dental conditions, and number of chronic diseases (p < 0.05). (2) When elderly individuals have lower self-efficacy, their nutritional literacy is lower as they become older, and they have poorer nutritional literacy with a higher number of chronic diseases.

Conclusion

General population demographic data has a significant impact on the nutritional literacy level of elderly people in rural areas of northern Sichuan. Self-efficacy plays a moderating role in the relationship between age and nutritional literacy, as well as the relationship between the number of chronic diseases and nutritional literacy.

Dyslipidemia among HIV-infected patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Dyslipidemia is responsible for more than half of the global ischemic heart disease (IHD) and more than 4 million deaths annually. Assessing the prevalence of dyslipidemia can be crucial in predicting the future disease development and possible intervention strategies. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed at assessing the pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients.

METHODS

Electronic databases such as EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct were searched for articles and grey literature. All relevant studies found until our search period of May 24, 2023 were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The data were extracted in Microsoft Excel. The STATA version 14 software was used to conduct the meta-analysis. I2 and Cochran's Q test were employed to assess the presence of heterogeneity between studies. Due to the presence of heterogeneity, a random effect model was used. The publication bias was assessed using the symmetry of the funnel plot and Egger's test statistics. Moreover, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were also done.

RESULTS

A total of nine studies that reported the prevalence of dyslipidemia were included. The overall pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia among HIV-infected patients in Ethiopia was 67.32% (95% CI = 61.68%-72.96%). Furthermore, the overall pooled estimates of dyslipidemia among ART-taking and treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients were 69.74% (95% CI: 63.68-75.8, I2 = 87.2) and 61.46% (95% CI: 45.40-77.52, I2 = 90.3), respectively. Based on lipid profile fractionations, the pooled estimates for high total cholesterol (TC) were 39.08% (95% CI: 31.16-46.99), high triglycerides were 38.73% (95% CI: 28.58-48.88), high low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) was 28.40% (95% CI: 17.24-39.56), and low high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) was 39.42% (95% CI: 30.47-48.38).

CONCLUSION

More than two-thirds of HIV-infected patients experienced dyslipidemia. Therefore, it's critical to regularly evaluate lipid alterations in HIV-infected patients in order to prevent the onset of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular problems.

Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and increased risk of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study in Beijing, China

Limited data have examined the association between air pollution and the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to investigate whether long-term exposure to air pollutants is related to the development of ESRD among patients with T2DM and CKD. A total of 1,738 patients with T2DM and CKD hospitalized in Peking University Third Hospital from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2021 were enrolled in this study. The outcome was defined as the occurrence of ESRD. Data on six air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3) from 35 monitoring stations were obtained from the Beijing Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center. Long-term exposure to air pollutants during the follow-up period was measured using the ordinary Kriging method. During a mean follow-up of 41 months, 98 patients developed ESRD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that an increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 (odds ratio [OR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.36) and PM10 (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.30) concentration were positively associated with ESRD. An increase of 1 mg/m3 in CO (2.80, 1.05-7.48) and an increase of 1 μg/m3 in SO2 (1.06, 1.00-1.13) concentration were also positively associated with ESRD. Apart from O3 and NO2, all the above air pollutants have additional predictive value for ESRD in patients with T2DM and CKD. The results of Bayesian kernel machine regression and the weighted quantile sum regression all showed that PM2.5 was the most important air pollutant. Backward stepwise logistic regression showed that PM2.5 was the only pollutant remaining in the prediction model. In patients with T2DM and CKD, long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5, PM10, CO, and SO2 was positively associated with the development of ESRD.

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidaemia and their determinants: results from a population-based survey of 60 283 residents in eastern China

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidaemia and its associated factors in eastern China.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Data were collected from the 2017 Nanjing Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance.

PARTICIPANTS

This study included 60 283 participants aged ≥18 years.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Prevalence of dyslipidaemia was defined as self-reported history of dyslipidaemia and/or the use of lipid-lowering medication, and/or meeting at least one of the following during on-site investigation: total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/L, triglyceride ≥2.3 mmol/L, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥4.1 mmol/L and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.0 mmol/L. Dyslipidaemia awareness was defined as the proportion of patients with dyslipidaemia who explicitly indicate their awareness of having a diagnosis of dyslipidaemia. Treatment was based on medication use among individuals with dyslipidaemia. Control was defined as having dyslipidaemia, receiving treatment and achieving serum lipid control to the standard level.

ANALYSIS

Complex weighting was used to calculate weighted prevalence. A two-level logistic regression model determined the influencing factors for dyslipidaemia prevalence, awareness, treatment and control.

RESULTS

The crude prevalence rate of dyslipidaemia was 28.4% (17 093 of 60 283). Among 17 093 patients with dyslipidaemia, the crude rates of awareness, treatment and control were 40.0% (n=6830), 27.5% (n=4695) and 21.9% (n=3736), respectively. The corresponding weighted prevalence rates were 29.8%, 41.6%, 28.9% and 22.9%. Older age (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.82 to 2.23), urban residence (1.24, 1.19 to 1.31), higher education level (1.31, 1.21 to 1.42), current smoking (1.22, 1.15 to 1.29), alcohol consumption (1.20, 1.14 to 1.26), obesity (2.13, 1.99 to 2.29), history of hypertension (1.64, 1.56 to 1.71) and diabetes (1.92, 1.80 to 2.04) were identified as independent risk factors for dyslipidaemia (all p<0.001). Participants who were older, female, living in urban areas, had higher education levels, did not smoke or drink alcohol, had central obesity, had hypertension or had diabetes were more likely to be aware of their dyslipidaemia conditions, receive treatment and achieve serum lipid control to a standard level than their comparators (all p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of dyslipidaemia is relatively high in eastern China; however, awareness, treatment and control levels are relatively low.

Association of baseline and dynamic arterial stiffness status with dyslipidemia: a cohort study

Background and aims

Dyslipidemia is known to contribute to arterial stiffness, while the inverse association remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the association of baseline arterial stiffness and its changes, as determined by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), with dyslipidemia onset in the general population.

Methods

This study enrolled participants from Beijing Health Management Cohort using measurements of the first visit from 2012 to 2013 as baseline, and followed until the dyslipidemia onset or the end of 2019. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional regression models were used to evaluate the associations of baseline baPWV and baPWV transition (persistent low, onset, remitted and persistent high) with incident dyslipidemia.

Results

Of 4362 individuals (mean age: 55.5 years), 1490 (34.2%) developed dyslipidemia during a median follow-up of 5.9 years. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants with elevated arterial stiffness at baseline had an increased risk of dyslipidemia (HR, 1.194; 95% CI, 1.050-1.358). Compared with persistent low baPWV, new-onset and persistent high baPWV were associated with a 51.2% and 37.1% excess risk of dyslipidemia.

Conclusion

The findings indicated that arterial stiffness is an early risk factor of dyslipidemia, suggesting a bidirectional association between arterial stiffness and lipid metabolism.

Dyslipidemias: Prevalence and Associated Factors among Lactating Women in a Lower- and Middle-Income Country, Ghana

Background

Dyslipidemia, an abnormally high level of lipids in the blood, has a negative impact on the health status of the individual and has lately emerged as a major public health concern, especially for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) globally, including Ghana. However, it is still unclear what the burden and drivers of these lipid abnormalities are, especially among lactating women in the Upper West of Ghana. Thus, this study is aimed at determining the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its associated factors among lactating mothers in the Wa Municipality of Ghana. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2020 in 8 health facilities within the Wa Municipality. Multistage and simple random sampling methods were used to select the facilities and the 200 study subjects. Sociodemographic data were collected using questionnaires, while blood samples were taken to determine the lipid profile of participants. Dietary patterns were also assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS 17 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). The chi-square test and multiple regression analysis were performed to determine the predictors associated with the various types of dyslipidemia, with statistical significance set at a p value < 0.05.

Results

The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C), hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia (TG) was 57%, 59%, and 22%, respectively. Chi-square and multinomial regression analysis revealed that duration of lactation (X2 = 3.95, p = 0.047), religion (AOR = 0.375, 95% CI 0.144-0.978, p = 0.045), low income (AOR = 0.116, 95% CI 0.026-0.514, p = 0.005), middle income (AOR = 0.163, 95% CI 0.044-0.600, p = 0.006), and alcohol intake (AOR = 6.312, 95% CI 1.108-35.949, p = 0.038) were associated with LDL-C, while age (AOR = 0.963, 95% CI 0.910-1.019, p < 0.001) and educational status (AOR = 0.365, 95% CI 0.140-0.954, p = 0.040) predicted HDL status.

Conclusion

Dyslipidemia is common among lactating mothers of Wa Municipality, and it is predicted by lifestyle factors. Furthermore, future research to look at a larger sample size on dyslipidemia during lactation is recommended.

Higher HDL-C levels attenuated the association of plasma polybrominated diphenyl ethers with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural Chinese adults

BACKGROUND

Plasma polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) were used as flame retardants widely, however, epidemiological evidence for the association between PBDEs and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is inconsistent. Moreover, the combined effects of PBDEs and blood lipid indicators on impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and T2DM remains largely unknown in rural areas lacking good waste recycling infrastructure.

METHODS

In this study, a total of 2607 subjects aged 18-79 years were included from the Henan Rural Cohort. Generalized linear and logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the associations of various PBDE pollutants on IFG and T2DM. Quantile g-computation regression and PBDE pollution score created by the adaptive elastic net were applied to evaluate the impact of PBDEs mixtures on IFG and T2DM. Interaction effects of individual PBDE pollutants and blood lipid indicators on IFG and T2DM were assessed by using Interaction plots.

RESULTS

The geometric mean concentrations (detection rates) were 0.09 ng/mL (100.0%), 0.12 ng/mL (97.8%), 0.22 ng/mL (94.7%), 0.16 ng/mL (99.2%) and 0.28 ng/mL (100.0%) for PBDE-28, PBDE-47, PBDE-99, and PBDE-153 respectively. However, PBDE-28, PBDE-99, PBDE-100, and ΣPBDEs were positively associated with IFG (odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)): 1.14 (1.06, 1.23), 1.16 (1.04, 1.29), 1.25 (1.14, 1.37), and 1.27 (1.08, 1.50)). Similarly, PBDE-28, PBDE-47, PBDE-99, PBDE-100, and ΣPBDEs were positively associated with T2DM (ORs (95% CIs): 1.30 (1.10, 1.54), 1.13 (1.06, 1.22), 1.27 (1.13, 1.43), 1.27 (1.15, 1.40), and 1.30 (1.10, 1.54)). Moreover, five PBDE mixtures or jointly as PBDE pollution score, were significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM (P < 0.05 for all). In addition, the harmful effect of PBDE exposure on T2DM was decreased with accompanying high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlight the importance of managing PBDEs contamination and suggest that HDL-C may be a novel way to prevent T2DM.

Novel Associations of Dyslipidaemia with Vitamin D and Bone Metabolism in Elderly Patients with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective

Little is known about whether diabetic dyslipidaemia contributes to increased bone fragility in patients with diabetes. This study aimed to explore the potential effects of dyslipidaemia on vitamin D and bone metabolism in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods

A total of 1479 male patients and 1356 female patients 50 years or older with T2D were included in Shanghai, China. Lipid profiles, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), β-C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTX) and other parameters were measured. Principal component regression (PCR) and mediation analysis were used to estimate the associations of lipid profile, 25(OH)D and bone turnover levels.

Results

Female patients presented with higher blood lipids, lower 25(OH)D, and higher P1NP and β-CTX levels than male patients with T2D. TC was associated with P1NP in males and females (β=0.056, P<0.05; β=0.095, P<0.01, respectively), and 25(OH)D fully mediated the associations in males and mediated approximately 17.89% of the effects in females. LDL-C was associated with P1NP in males and females (β=0.072 and 0.105 respectively, all P<0.01), and 25(OH)D mediated the relationships approximately 20.83% in males and 14.29% in females. TG was negatively associated with P1NP (in males, β= -0.063, P<0.05; in females, β= -0.100, P<0.01) and β-CTX (in males, β= -0.108; in females, β= -0.128, all P<0.01) independent of 25(OH)D, while HDL-C was not associated with P1NP or β-CTX in diabetic patients.

Conclusion

Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridaemia might affect bone metabolism by distinguishing pathways in diabetes patients. Ameliorating lipid control in elderly diabetes patients, especially female patients, will benefit both vitamin D and bone metabolism.

The associations between sleep timing and night sleep duration with dyslipidemia in a rural population: The Henan Rural Cohort Study

Evidence linking sleep timing and night sleep duration to dyslipidemia was limited and inconclusive, especially among low- and middle-income adults. The aims were to evaluate the associations between sleep timing, night sleep duration and dyslipidemia in a rural population. Based on the Henan Rural Cohort Study, a total of 37 164 participants were included. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to collect sleep information. Logistic regression and restrictive cubic splines were conducted to explore the associations. Of the 37 164 enrolled participants, 13881 suffered from dyslipidemia. Compared to the reference groups, people who went to sleep after 23:00 or woke up after 7:30 had higher prevalence of dyslipidemia, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)were 1.30 (1.20-1.41) and 1.34 (1.19-1.50). The adjusted OR (95%CI) of participants in the Late-sleep/Late-rise category compared to the Early-sleep/Early-rise category was 1.55 (1.08-1.23). Compared to the reference (7~≤8 h), the adjusted OR (95%CI) was 1.11 (1.03-1.20) for longer (>9 h) night sleep duration. Moreover, the combined effects of sleep duration (>9 h) with sleep time (22:00~) (OR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.16-1.84), sleep duration (>9 h) with wake-up time (≥7:30) (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.08-1.51), and sleep duration (>9 h) with the Late-sleep/Late-rise category (OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.14-1.75) increased the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Accordingly, our results indicate that delayed sleep timing and longer night sleep duration had independent and joint effects on higher risks of dyslipidemia in rural population.

Epidemic trends of dyslipidemia in young adults: a real-world study including more than 20,000 samples

BACKGROUND

There is an urgent need to learn more about the epidemiological features of dyslipidemia in youth to address the high burden of cardiovascular disease.

METHODS

This experiment was an observational, cross-sectional study. The samples were collected from 22,379 college students at Xinjiang Medical University.

RESULT

The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 13.17%, which was significantly higher in men (23%) than in women (7.2%), p < 0.01. Similarly, the prevalence rate of obesity in men (11.4%) was significantly higher than that in women (3.4%). The composition of blood lipids, such as triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), began to increase gradually from the age of 22 and showed a sharp increase after the age of 30; however, a reverse trend was present in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In terms of the proportion of dyslipidemia in both men and women, low HDL-C accounted for the largest proportion (74%), followed by elevated TGs (14.5%). The overall distribution of rates of dyslipidemia and excess weight showed a U-shaped trend with increasing age, with the lowest rates seen in the 20-24 age group.

CONCLUSION

Our study sheds light on the epidemiological features of dyslipidemia in young adults and enriches the limited data available on dyslipidemia, providing a reference for the close monitoring and control of risk factors to reduce the occurrence and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and its associated factors among university academic staff and students in Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

Dyslipidemia is one of the important contributors to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. There is little or no information on dyslipidemia among academic staff and students in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors related to dyslipidemia among university academic staff and students in Bangladesh.

METHODS

A total of 533 participants (302 academic staff and 231 students) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. A simple random sampling technique was used to enrol the participants. Fasting blood samples were obtained from the participants, and serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured using the standard methods. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP-III) model guideline. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify the factors related to lipid marker abnormalities.

RESULTS

Overall, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 81.5%, of which 85% was in staff and 76.5% in students. A significant difference was found in the prevalence of dyslipidemia between males and females only in the student group (p < 0.01). Among staff, hypertriglyceridemia prevalence was 49.7%, hypercholesterolemia 23%, high LDL-C 24.7% and low HDL-C 77.3%. On the other hand, hypertriglyceridemia prevalence was 39%, hypercholesterolemia 25.6%, high LDL-C 26.5% and low HDL-C 69.3% among students. The most common lipid abnormality was low HDL-C in both groups. The prevalence of mixed dyslipidemia was 14.2% and 14.1% in staff and students, respectively. According to the regression analysis, increased age, obesity, diabetes, and inadequate physical activity were significantly associated with dyslipidemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Dyslipidemia was prevalent among the majority of the study participants. Increased age, obesity, diabetes, and inadequate physical activity were significantly associated with dyslipidemia. The study's results highlight the importance of implementing interventions to address the associated risk factors of dyslipidemia among academic staff and students in Bangladesh.

Effectiveness of Internet-based health management in patients with dyslipidemia: A four-year longitudinal study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for coronary artery disease and stroke, and it has emerged as a major public health issue worldwide. Internet-based health management and intervention may offer a new approach to health management. This study was conducted to provide health guidance and education to people with dyslipidemia using an Internet health management platform and to assess the effectiveness of Internet health management and intervention in improving health-related behaviors and controlling blood lipids.

METHODS

Starting in 2013 (Baseline, N = 56,542), a Western longitudinal study in China was performed, and all interventional objects were provided with Internet health management. Health checkups were conducted annually, and questionnaires were administered every two years to analyze changes in health behaviors two years (2015) and four years (2017) following the intervention. In addition, factors affecting behavioral changes and lipid control were analyzed in the dyslipidemic population to understand the effectiveness and influencing factors of Internet health management on lipid control.

RESULTS

By guiding interventional objects through the Internet health management platform, the awareness rate of dyslipidemia increased from 19.1% in 2013 to 34.4% in 2017; and the control rate of dyslipidemia increased from 9.1% at baseline to 18.5%. Certain health-related behaviors that are beneficial to health (tobacco use, physical activity, and partial dietary) were gradually improved over the intervention time. For patients with dyslipidemia, triglyceride decreased from 2.90 mmol/L (2013) to 2.77 mmol/L (2017) as the years went by. Analysis of factors affecting lipid control showed that non-compliance with health instructions affected lipid control; in addition to these, being female (0.722, 95% CI: 0.546,0.954) was found to be a protective factor for effective lipid control.

CONCLUSIONS

The basic Internet-based health management platform in this study appears to be moderately successful and is a valuable and feasible application. Tobacco, dietary, and physical activity interventions provided significant protection against dyslipidemia in patients.

Development and validation of a simple-to-use nomogram for self-screening the risk of dyslipidemia

This study aimed to help healthy adults achieve self-screening by analyzing the quantitative relationship between body composition index measurements (BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, etc.) and dyslipidemia and establishing a logical risk prediction model for dyslipidemia. We performed a cross-sectional study and collected relevant data from 1115 adults between November 2019 and August 2020. The least absolute shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was performed to select the best predictor variables, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to construct the prediction model. In this study, a graphic tool including 10 predictor variables (a "nomogram," see the precise definition in the text) was constructed to predict the risk of dyslipidemia in healthy adults. A calibration diagram, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to verify the model's utility. Our proposed dyslipidemia nomogram showed good discriminative ability with a C-index of 0.737 (95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.773). In the internal validation, a high C-index value of 0.718 was achieved. DCA showed a dyslipidemia threshold probability of 2-45%, proving the value of the nomogram for clinical application for dyslipidemia. This nomogram may be useful for self-screening the risk of dyslipidemia in healthy adults.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Dyslipidemia Among People Living with HIV/AIDS on Follow-Up Care at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

Despite its importance as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia remains poorly characterized in the African population.

Objective

To assess the prevalence and factors associated with dyslipidemia in people with HIV/AIDS in follow-up at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Materials and Methods

A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the charts of 288 people living with HIV/AIDS who had received Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment for at least six months at Zewditu Memorial Hospital from July to September 2021. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from the patient's charts. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 25.

Results

The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 55.2% in people living with HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dl in men and <50 in women was 46.9%; total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dl was 22.6%; triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl was 18.8%, and low-density lipoprotein ≥130 mg/dl was 4.9%. Sex [Female adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.595, 95% CI: 0.37-0.956], age greater than 40 years (AOR = 1.026, 95% CI: 1.005-1.048), body mass index >25 kg/m2 (AOR = 1.767, 95% CI: 1.099-2.84), viral load >50 (AOR = 0.477, 95% CI: 0.27-0.842), and CD4 <500 (AOR = 1.938, 95% CI: 1.18-3.183) were identified as determinants of dyslipidemia.

Conclusion

There was a high prevalence of dyslipidemia among study participants compared to several studies published in a similar population. Being male, older age, higher BMI, low CD4 count, and viral load of < 50 copies/mL were associated with dyslipidemia in people living with HIV/AIDS. Therefore, lipid profile measurements at baseline must be part of routine care to prevent the devastating effects of dyslipidemia.

The association of serum testosterone with dyslipidemia is mediated by obesity: the Henan Rural Cohort Study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

This study aimed to evaluate the relationships of serum testosterone with dyslipidemia and blood lipid levels and test whether obesity mediated these associations by gender in Chinese rural population.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 6150 subjects were finally analyzed in this study. Serum testosterone for each subject was detected by liquid chromatography equipped with tandem mass spectrometry. Logistic regression and linear regression were employed to evaluate the associations of serum testosterone with the prevalence of dyslipidemia and blood lipid levels. Mediation analysis was conducted to identify the mediation effects of obesity on the relationship between serum testosterone and dyslipidemia. After adjusting for multiple confounders, per unit change in serum ln-testosterone levels was associated with a decreased prevalent dyslipidemia in men (odds ratio (OR): 0.785, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.708, 0.871)). Males with the levels of serum testosterone in the third or fourth quartiles had a 49.4% (OR: 0.506, 95% CI 0.398, 0.644) or 67.1% (OR: 0.329, 95% CI 0.253, 0.428) significantly lower odds of prevalence of dyslipidemia. In addition, a onefold increase in ln-testosterone was related to a 0.043 mmol/L (95% CI 0.028, 0.059) increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in men. Results of the mediation analysis suggested that obesity played a partial role in the association of testosterone with dyslipidemia in men.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggested that serum testosterone levels were negatively associated with lipid levels and prevalent dyslipidemia, and obesity mediated the effects of serum testosterone on dyslipidemia in men, implying that obesity prevention should be highlighted to decrease the prevalence of dyslipidemia related to changes in testosterone levels.

Trajectories of 24-Hour Physical Activity Distribution and Relationship with Dyslipidemia

The association between physical activity (PA) and dyslipidemia is well known, but the relationship between a temporal pattern of PA and dyslipidemia remain unknown. Here, we aimed to identify the intensity and temporal patterns of PA clustered by the trajectory model and their relationship with dyslipidemia. The participants were 701 adults (305 males) aged 18−60 years undergoing continuous measurement of PA with Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers for at least 3 days. A trajectory analysis was applied based on moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) accumulated values over every period per day. The association between PA and dyslipidemia was estimated using a logistic regression model. Four distinct PA trajectory groups in the population were identified (continued low, stable and moderate, late increasing, and early increasing). Specifically, the “moderate and stable group” was associated with a decreased rate of high TG (p < 0.05) and the “moderate and stable group” and “late increasing group” were associated with decreased rates of low HDL-C (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there were four activity trajectory groups in this population and the continued low PA trajectory was associated with a high prevalent rate of an abnormal lipid profile, and continued and moderate activity or late afternoon increasing activity might have lower HDL-C distribution.

Association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease

Aims

It has been suggested that the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a novel and reliable surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR). However, its relationship with the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains uncertain. Accordingly, we sought to examine the relationship between the TyG index and ESRD risk in patients with T2DM and CKD.

Methods

From January 2013 to December 2021, 1,936 patients with T2DM and CKD hospitalized at Peking University Third Hospital (Beijing, China) were enrolled into the study. The formula for calculating the TyG index was ln[fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)/2]. ESRD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m² or the commencement of dialysis or renal transplantation. The relationship between the TyG index and ESRD risk was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression.

Results

105 (5.42%) participants developed ESRD over a mean follow-up of 41 months. The unadjusted analysis revealed a 1.50-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.93; P = 0.001) increased risk for ESRD per one unit rise in the TyG index, and the positive association remained stable in the fully adjusted model (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.12-1.99; P = 0.006). Analysis using restricted cubic spline revealed a significant positive association between the TyG index and ESRD risk. In addition, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significant risk stratification with a TyG index cutoff value of 9.5 (P = 0.003).

Conclusion

In individuals with T2DM and CKD, a significant and positive association was shown between an elevated TyG index and the risk of ESRD. This conclusion provides evidence for the clinical importance of the TyG index for evaluating renal function decline in individuals with T2DM and CKD.

Influence of age on the association between the triglyceride-glucose index and all-cause mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases

BACKGROUND

In patients with cardiovascular diseases, it is reported that the triglyceride-glucose index (TGI) potentially indicates prognosis. However, the results are controversial. Moreover, whether age has an impact on the predictive value of TGI remains unclear.

METHODS

Participants with cardiovascular diseases were enrolled using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) registry. TGI was calculated as ln (triglyceride×glucose/2). The survival status was recorded every 2 years in the follow-up waves. Multivariate regression analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between TGI levels and long-term all-cause mortality in patients grouped by different age. Patients younger than 65 years old were regarded as middle-aged group. Otherwise, they were classified as old group.

RESULTS

In total, 2923 patients with cardiovascular diseases and baseline blood test results were included. After 7 years of follow-up, 242 (8.91%) patients died. Cox regression analysis revealed that higher TGI levels were associated with a higher risk of long-term all-cause mortality in middle-aged participants (hazard ratio [HR], 3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-9.22, P = 0.006) but not in old participants (HR 1.20, 95% CI 0.62-2.32, P = 0.594, P for interaction = 0.017), after adjusting physical activity and other factors. Kaplan-Meier estimate analysis and restricted cubic spline curves showed similar results.

CONCLUSION

TGI was a promising marker for predicting all-cause mortality in middle-aged patients after cardiovascular diseases. Patients younger than 65 years old who have a higher level of TGI may develop a higher risk of all-cause mortality, and they are encouraged to control vascular risk factors and take more physical activity to improve their prognosis. Additionally, whether intervention in regulating TGI levels is beneficial for the prognosis of these patients needs further investigation.

The effects of olive oil consumption on blood lipids: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

We performed a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised trials on the effects of olive oil consumption on blood lipids in adults. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases until May 2021. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) evaluating the effect of olive oil intake on serum total cholesterol (TC), TAG, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in adults were included. The mean difference (MD) and 95 % CI were calculated for each 10 g/d increment in olive oil intake using a random-effects model. A total of thirty-four RCT with 1730 participants were included. Each 10 g/d increase in olive oil consumption had minimal effects on blood lipids including TC (MD: 0·79 mg/dl; 95 % CI (-0·08, 1·66); I² = 57 %; n 31, GRADE = low certainty), LDL-cholesterol (MD: 0·04 mg/dl, 95 % CI (-1·01, 0·94); I² = 80 %; n 31, GRADE = very low certainty), HDL-cholesterol (MD: 0·22 mg/dl; 95 % CI (-0·01, 0·45); I² = 38 %; n 33, GRADE = low certainty) and TAG (MD: 0·39 mg/dl; 95 % CI (-0·33, 1·11); I² = 7 %; n 32, GRADE = low certainty). Levels of TC increased slightly with the increase in olive oil consumption up to 30 g/d (MD_{30 g/d}: 2·76 mg/dl, 95 % CI (0·01, 5·51)) and then appeared to plateau with a slight downward curve. A trivial non-linear dose-dependent increment was seen for HDL-cholesterol, with the greatest increment at 20 g/d (MD_{20 g/d}: 1·03 mg/dl, 95 % CI (-1·23, 3·29)). Based on existing evidence, olive oil consumption had trivial effects on levels of serum lipids in adults. More large-scale randomized trials are needed to present more reliable results.

Gender-specific relationship between frequency of food-away-from-home with serum lipid levels and dyslipidemia in chinese rural adults

Objective

Food-away-from-home (FAFH) is one of the leading dietary patterns in Chinese families. However, the relationship between FAFH and dyslipidemia remains unclear, especially in the rural adult population. This study explored the relationship of FAFH frequency with serum lipid levels and dyslipidemia in rural Chinese adults.

Methods

A total of 12,002 men and 17,477 women aged 18–79 were included from the Henan rural cohort. Serum lipid levels were measured by enzyme colorimetry. Information on FAFH frequency was collected using a validated questionnaire. The associations of FAFH frequency and serum lipid levels were assessed through multiple linear regression modeling. Logistic regression was performed to explore the linkages of the FAFH frequency to dyslipidemia and its four parameter types. Mediation analysis examined whether body mass index (BMI) acted as a mediator between the FAFH frequency and dyslipidemia.

Results

After adjusting for potential confounders, the adjusted odds ratio (OR ) and 95% confidence interval (CI ) of the groups with 8–11 FAFH times/week for dyslipidemia were 1.991 (1.569, 2.526) in men compared with 0-frequency subgroup. Participants who consumed 8–11 FAFH times/week had a higher risk of high total cholesterol (TC), high triglycerides (TG), high LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) with the OR and 95% CI of 1.928 (1.247, 2.980), 1.723 (1.321, 2.247), 1.875 (1.215, 2.893), and 1.513 (1.168, 1.959), respectively. In addition, the interaction effect between FAFH and gender was significantly associated with dyslipidemia and lipid levels (P  < 0.001). BMI played a fully mediating effect between FAFH frequency and dyslipidemia in men, and the Sobel test showed the significance of the mediating effect (z = 4.2158, P  < 0.001).

Conclusion

In rural Chinese adults, FAFH was significantly associated with a higher risk of dyslipidemia, which indicated the importance of FAFH reduction and dietary intervention in patients with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease, especially in clinical practice.

Trial Registration

The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15,006,699).

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01719-6.

Red cell distribution width, anemia, and lower-extremity physical function among rural-dwelling older adults

BACKGROUND

Elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) has been associated with degenerative conditions in aging.

AIMS

We aimed to evaluate the associations of RDW and anemia with lower-extremity physical function among rural-dwelling older adults.

METHODS

This population-based cross-sectional study included 5093 rural residents (age ≥ 60 years, 57.3% women) who participated in the MIND-China Study in Shandong. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory tests. RDW was categorized according to quartiles and the lower-extremity physical function was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), RESULTS: Multiple linear regression analyses suggested that the fourth quartile of RDW (vs. first quartile) was associated with lower SPPB summary score (β-coefficient - 0.38; 95% CI - 0.58 to - 0.18) and lower scores in balance test (- 0.09; - 0.17 to - 0.01), chair stand test (- 0.17; - 0.27 to - 0.07), and walking speed test (- 0.12; - 0.19 to - 0.05). Anemia was associated with a multiple-adjusted β-coefficient of - 0.34 (- 0.52 to - 0.16) for SPPB summary score. Stratified analysis by anemia showed that there was a linear association between RDW and SPPB in individuals without anemia but a J-shaped association in individuals with anemia.

DISCUSSION

This large-scale population-based study revealed the associations of high RDW and anemia with poor lower-extremity physical function among rural-dwelling Chinese older adults. These findings suggest that an elevated RDW might be a biochemical marker for poor lower-extremity physical function among older adults.

CONCLUSIONS

Anemia and an elevated RDW are associated with poor performance in lower-extremity physical function among rural-dwelling Chinese older adults.

Prevalence and Regulation of Dyslipidemia Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes From Three Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh

Background

Dyslipidemia is an added risk factor in patients with type 2 diabetes who are more prone to develop cardiovascular diseases as it implies an alteration of the lipid level leading to serious health complications.

Objective

This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of dyslipidemia among patients with type 2 diabetes and comparing the lipid profile measurements between controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patients.

Method

A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed in three primary health care centers in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 418 patients with type 2 diabetes was enrolled in this study. To collect data, the researcher used a structured questionnaire and retrieved patients' data from the electronic medical records in the study setting.

Results

The findings of the study showed that 82.1% of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients recruited in this study were dyslipidemic. In addition, it was found that there was a significant difference in triglycerides, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) between controlled and uncontrolled diabetic patients (p≤0.05). Moreover, a significant interaction was found between gender, HbA1c control, educational level, and frequency of exercising on one hand and dyslipidemia on the other hand (p≤0.05).

Conclusion

The study concluded that there is a high prevalence of dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia and a significant interaction between dyslipidemia and diabetic patients' gender, HbA1c control, educational level, and frequency of exercising. The study recommends increasing type 2 diabetic patients' awareness regarding the management of diabetes and dyslipidemia and the importance of providing educational intervention regarding diabetes self-care activities.

Molecular networks underlying cannabinoid signaling in skeletal muscle plasticity

The cannabinoid system is ubiquitously present and is classically considered to engage in neural and immunity processes. Yet, the role of the cannabinoid system in the whole body and tissue metabolism via central and peripheral mechanisms is increasingly recognized. The present review provides insights in (i) how cannabinoid signaling is regulated via receptor-independent and -dependent mechanisms and (ii) how these signaling cascades (might) affect skeletal muscle plasticity and physiology. Receptor-independent mechanisms include endocannabinoid metabolism to eicosanoids and the regulation of ion channels. Alternatively, endocannabinoids can act as ligands for different classic (cannabinoid receptor 1 [CB₁ ], CB₂ ) and/or alternative (e.g., TRPV1, GPR55) cannabinoid receptors with a unique affinity, specificity, and intracellular signaling cascade (often tissue-specific). Antagonism of CB₁ might hold clues to improve oxidative (mitochondrial) metabolism, insulin sensitivity, satellite cell growth, and muscle anabolism, whereas CB₂ agonism might be a promising way to stimulate muscle metabolism and muscle cell growth. Besides, CB₂ ameliorates muscle regeneration via macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, induction of MyoD and myogenin expression and antifibrotic mechanisms. Also TRPV1 and GPR55 contribute to the regulation of muscle growth and metabolism. Future studies should reveal how the cannabinoid system can be targeted to improve muscle quantity and/or quality in conditions such as ageing, disease, disuse, and metabolic dysregulation, taking into account challenges that are inherent to modulation of the cannabinoid system, such as central and peripheral side effects.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with opium consumption in the Rafsanjan cohort study

The potential effects of opium consumption on lipid profile remain unquantified. We considered the association between opium use and dyslipidemia. In this cross-sectional study, we used data obtained from the Rafsanjan cohort study, as a part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) with detailed and validated data on opium consumption and selected other exposures. A total of 9932 adults were included in the study. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships of opium consumption with the prevalence of dyslipidemia and lipid disorders. In this population, 73.33% had dyslipidemia and the prevalence rates of high TC, high TG, high LDL and low HDL were 54.24%, 47.45%, 34.43% and 11.91% respectively. After adjustment for all confounders, opium users compared with non-users had lower odds ratios (OR) of high TC and high LDL [0.81 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.71–0.92) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.69–0.93) respectively] and greater OR of low HDL [1.30 (95% CI 1.04–1.62)]. Longer duration of opium consumption resulted in lower ORs of high TC, 0.68 (95% CI 0.55–0.84) and high LDL, 0.82 (95% CI 0.67–0.99), and shorter duration of opium consumption resulted in increased odds of low HDL, 1.30 (95% CI 1.02–1.66). High dose of opium consumption was associated with an OR of dyslipidemia of 0.80 (95% CI 0.65–0.97), high TC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.67–0.95), and high LDL of 0.78 (95% CI 0.64–0.96) and low dose of opium consumption, with an OR of low HDL of 1.30 (95% CI 1.02–1.65). In relation to route of consumption, opium smoking was a risk factor for low HDL with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.31 (1.04–1.63). Opium use was associated with selected changes on serum lipid levels, but opium users had higher frequency of cardiovascular disease history.

Snoring and napping independently increased the serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia risk: The Henan Rural Cohort Study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Evidence on the association of snoring, daily sleep duration (daytime napping and night sleep duration) with hyperuricemia (HUA) was limited, especially in the resources-poor areas. This study aimed to investigate the independent effect of snoring frequency and daily sleep duration on HUA prevalence in rural Chinese adults.

METHODS AND RESULTS

29,643 participants aged 18-79 years were included in the final cross-sectional analysis from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression models with HUA and serum uric acid (SUA) levels as dependent variables were conducted, respectively. Of the 29,643 included adults, 3498 suffered from HUA. Compared to never snoring, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of HUA for rare snoring, occasional snoring, and habitual snoring were 1.35 (1.17, 1.56), 1.30 (1.14, 1.47), and 1.59 (1.47, 1.73), respectively (P for trend <0.001). Compared with no napping, participants who had daytime napping of 61-90 and > 91 min were associated with a 29% and 30% increase in the prevalence of HUA, respectively (P for trend <0.001). But in night sleep duration groups, no significant associations were observed. The positive associations between snoring and HUA were attenuated in people aged ≥65 and people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (both P for interaction <0.05).

CONCLUSION

Habitual snoring or longer daytime napping was independently associated with increased HUA prevalence and SUA levels in rural Chinese adults, which indicates the significance of early intervention and treatment of snoring and longer daytime napping to prevent hyperuricemia.

Factors Determining the Three-Year Dynamics of Lipid Metabolism Indicators in Residents of a Large Industrial Region of Siberia

Aim. To assess the contribution of traditional and socio-economic factors to the development and dynamics of dyslipidemia based on the results of an epidemiological study in a large region of Siberia.

Material and methods. Clinical and epidemiological prospective study of the population 35-70 years old was carried out. At the basic stage, 1600 participants were examined, including 1124 women and 476 men, the prospective stage included 807 respondents (the response was 84.1%). A survey was carried out to find out the state of health (presence of diseases, taking medications), socio-economic status (level of education and income, marital status) and the presence of behavioral risk factors (tobacco and alcohol use).

Results. The proportion of people with hypercholesterolemia increased 1.2 times, low LDL – 1.1 times, and hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL – 1.7 times. In persons with hypertriglyceridemia, the frequency of detected obesity and hypertension decreased by 7.9% and 4.6%, respectively (p = 0.046). Obesity was associated with an increased risk of developing hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.49, CI: 1.0-2.2), hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.14, CI: 1.5-3.0), high LDL cholesterol (OR = 2.16, CI: 1.3-3.6) and low HDL cholesterol (OR = 2.07, CI: 1.5-2.9). The presence of hypertension - with an increased risk of developing hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.19, CI: 1.5-3.1) and low HDL (OR = 2.49, CI: 1.8-3.5). Among people with low HDL levels, the number of smokers and drinkers decreased (by 7.0% and 5.7%, respectively), as well as those with obesity by 8.6%. The prevalence of dyslipidemia increased in all socioeconomic groups.

Conclusion. Over 3 years of follow-up, there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of persons with dyslipidemia in all socio-economic groups. There was a significant decrease in such risk factors as obesity, hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption and an increase in the number of respondents taking lipid-lowering therapy.

Joint effects of self-reported sleep and modifiable physical activity on risk of dyslipidaemia in women aged 45-55 years: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

Modifiable physical activity (PA) plays an important role in dyslipidaemia risk in middle-aged women with sleep problems, especially perimenopausal women. We aimed to explore the joint effects of sleep and PA on the risk of dyslipidaemia in women aged 45-55 years, and the extent to which PA moderated the effect of sleep on the risk of dyslipidaemia.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study.

SETTING

This study was based on the survey of Chronic Disease and Nutrition Monitoring in Adults in Inner Mongolia in 2015.

PARTICIPANTS

721 women aged 45-55 years were included.

OUTCOME MEASUREMENT

PA was measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Sleep was measured by questionnaire formulated by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the joint effects of sleep and PA on dyslipidaemia risk. OR and 95% CI were reported.

RESULTS

Among all participants, 60.6% had sleep problems, 29.0% had low PA and 41.1% had dyslipidaemia. Women with sleep problems had higher dyslipidaemia risk than women without sleep problems, irrespective of low, moderate or high PA, with OR (95% CI) of 4.24 (2.40 to 7.49), 3.14 (1.80 to 5.49) and 2.04 (1.20 to 3.48), respectively. PA could not completely attenuate the negative association between sleep and dyslipidaemia risk. With PA increased from low to high, the OR of dyslipidaemia decreased by 2.20. Women with sleep problems and low PA had higher risks of high total cholesterol, high triglyceride, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than women without sleep problems and high PA, with OR (95% CI) of 2.51 (1.18 to 5.35), 2.42 (1.23 to 4.74), 2.88 (1.44 to 5.74) and 2.52 (1.12 to 5.70), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Among women aged 45-55 years, the joint effects of self-reported sleep and PA on dyslipidaemia risk were more marked for sleep than for PA. Modifiable PA is a widely accessible and effective intervention to reduce the dyslipidaemia risk in women with sleep problems, particularly among perimenopausal women.

Association between Health-Related Physical Fitness and Risk of Dyslipidemia in University Staff: A Cross-Sectional Study and a ROC Curve Analysis

Background: This study aimed to assess the relationship between dyslipidemia (DL) risk and health-related physical fitness (HPF) and evaluated the prognostic value of HPF for risk of DL. Methods: A total of 776 university staff members were recruited, of which 407 were females, and 369 males. Blood samples and HPF tests were collected from all participants after 12 h fasting. Results: The prevalence of DL was 41.77% and 51.49% in female and male university staff members, respectively, and there was no significant difference between genders (χ2 = 2.687, p = 0.101). According to the logistic regression analysis, age, male sex, GLU, hypertension, BMI, BF, WHtR, and LAP were significant risk factors for DL (p < 0.05), VCI and, SAR were significant protective factors for DL (p < 0.05), and SMI, GS, and VG were not significantly associated with the risk of DL. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) analysis indicated that, LAP (AUC: 0.730, 95CI%: 0.697–0.762), WHtR (AUC: 0.626, 95CI%: 0.590–0.660), and BMI (AUC: 0.599, 95CI%: 0.563–0.634) are valid predictors of DL, and LAP and WHtR perform better than BMI (Z = 8.074, p < 0.001) in predicting DL in male and female university staff members. Conclusion: The risk of DL is significantly related to body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and flexibility. LAP and WHtR perform better than BMI in predicting risk of DL in male and female university staff members.

A semi-systematic review on hypertension and dyslipidemia care in Egypt-highlighting evidence gaps and recommendations for better patient outcomes

BACKGROUND

Both hypertension and dyslipidemia are considered as major modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and their prevalence in Egypt has increased in recent years. Evidence-based systematic evaluation of data on hypertension and dyslipidemia is critical for effective patient-centric management to reduce the overall risk of CVDs in Egypt. This semi-systematic review aimed to quantify and identify data gaps in the prevalence and distribution of patient journey touchpoints including awareness, screening, diagnosis, treatment, adherence, and control of hypertension and dyslipidemia to provide the basis for research prioritization, practice guidance, and health care reforms in Egypt.

MAIN BODY

Structured search was conducted on MEDLINE and Embase to identify articles published in English between January 2010 and December 2019 that reported key patient journey touchpoints in hypertension and dyslipidemia management. Unstructured search was conducted on public or government websites with no date restriction. Data from all sources were extracted and presented descriptively. In total, 22 studies published between 1995 and 2020 on hypertension and dyslipidemia were included in the final analyses. The prevalence of hypertension in Egypt ranged from 12.1 to 59%. Studies reported awareness (37.5% and 43.9%), diagnosis (42% and 64.7%), treatment (24% and 54.1%), and adherence to antihypertensive medication (51.9%) to be low. Furthermore, the percentage of patients who had their blood pressure controlled ranged from 8 to 53.2%. The prevalence of dyslipidemia varied in the general population (range 19.2-36.8%) but was higher in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (50.9% and 52.5%) and coronary artery disease (58.7%). A national report indicated that 8.6% of the general population was screened for dyslipidemia; however, no data was available on the diagnosis and treatment rates. Among ACS patients, 73.9% were treated for dyslipidemia. Data indicated low levels of medication adherence (59%) among dyslipidemia patients, with overall low control rates ranging from 5.1 to 34.4% depending on CVD risk in populations including ACS patients.

CONCLUSION

Data on patient journey touchpoints of hypertension and dyslipidemia are limited in Egypt, indicating the need for more systematic and high-quality evidence-based studies covering different aspects of patient-centric management for better management of CVD and its risk factors.

Associations of spicy food flavour and intake frequency with blood lipid levels and risk of abnormal serum lipid levels in Chinese rural population: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the current study was to investigate associations between spicy food intake and serum lipids levels in Chinese rural population.

DESIGN

Information on spicy food flavour and intake frequency was obtained using a two-item questionnaire survey. Dietary data were collected using a validated thirteen-item FFQ. Fasting blood samples were collected and measured for total cholesterol (TC), TAG, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were employed to examine the relationship between spicy food and serum lipids levels according to the spicy food flavour and intake frequency, respectively.

SETTING

A cross-sectional study in Henan Province.

PARTICIPANTS

38 238 participants aged 18-79 years old.

RESULTS

Spicy flavour and intake frequency were consistently associated with decreased TC and non-HDL-cholesterol levels but mildly associated with elevated TAG levels. Each level increment in spicy flavour was inversely associated with high TC (OR: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·88, 0·93) and high non-HDL-cholesterol (OR: 0·88; 95 % CI 0·85, 0·91) but positively associated with high TAG (OR: 1·04; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·07). Similarly, 1-d increment in spicy food intake frequency was also inversely associated with high TC (OR: 0·92; 95 % CI 0·91, 0·94) and high non-HDL-cholesterol (OR: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·89, 0·93) but positively associated with high TAG (OR: 1·04; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·06).

CONCLUSIONS

Spicy food intake was mildly associated with increased risk of abnormal TAG level, significantly associated with decreased risk of abnormal TC and non-HDL levels. Spicy food intake may be contribute to the management of lipid levels.

Dynamic changes in metabolic health status in Chinese adults: Multiple population-based surveys in Shanghai, China

AIMS/INTRODUCTION

Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been increasing worldwide. The secular change in MS components, however, remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the dynamic change in metabolic health status in Chinese adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three population-based surveys using multistage stratified sampling were performed in Chinese aged 35-74 years in Shanghai in 2002-2003 (n = 12,302), 2009 (n = 7,400), and 2017 (n = 19,023). MS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian-Americans. Generalized Estimating Equations and Cochran-Armitage Trend Test was used to assess the prevalence trend over the years.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MS doubled in Chinese adults over the period (P for trend < 0.001). The largest increase occurred in younger men. Among MS components, the prevalence of high waist-circumference (HWC), high blood glucose (HBG) and high blood pressure (HBP) increased in all subjects, whereas the prevalence of high triglycerides (HTG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LHC) increased in men but decreased in women. The increase in HBP contributed most to elevated MS, followed by HBG and HWC, resulting in the HBP-HBG-HWC the most common cluster of MS components. Metabolically unhealthy overweight also grew over the period.

CONCLUSIONS

Metabolic health status has been exacerbating in Chinese adults and may increase burden of non-communicable diseases.

WITHDRAWN: Health risk appraisal of rural population in poverty

Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.

6-Year trends in lipids among adults in Shenzhen, China

BACKGROUND

There may be a beneficial effect on lipid levels in Shenzhen in recent years. In this study, we aimed to examine trends in serum lipids in population in Shenzhen between 2009 and 2015.

METHODS

We enrolled 2210 adults aged 18-70 years from two independent cross-sectional studies conducted in 2009 and 2015. Blood lipid profiles, such as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were measured. Chi-square test, t-test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied for data analysis.

RESULTS

From 2009 to 2015, mean LDL-C declined from 3.05 ± 0.76 mmol/L in 2009 to 2.27 ± 0.75 mmol/L in 2015 (P < 0.001). Similarly, a significant 7.09% decrease in the prevalence of high LDL-C was observed over the same period (P < 0.001). There was an increasing trend in the prevalence of low HDL-C among adults in Shenzhen (P < 0.001). A no-significant increase in prevalence of dyslipidemia was also observed over this 6-year interval (P = 0.139). The prevalence of dyslipidemia was closely related with increasing age, male gender, current smoker, diabetes, obesity and overweight.

CONCLUSION

This study shows a favourable downward trend in LDL-C concentration in Shenzhen. However, more intense strategies are needed to control dyslipidemia.

Awareness, treatment, control, and determinants of dyslipidemia among adults in China

Effective management of dyslipidemia is important. This study aimed to determine the awareness, treatment, control, and determinants of dyslipidemia in middle-aged and older Chinese adults in China. Using data from the 2015 China National Stroke Screening and Prevention Project (CNSSPP), a nationally representative sample of 135,403 Chinese adults aged 40 years or more were included in this analysis. Dyslipidemia was defined by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults final report (NCEP-ATP III) and the 2016 Chinese guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in adults. Models were constructed to adjust for subjects’ characteristics with bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Overall, 51.1% of the subjects were women. Sixty-four percent were aware of their condition, of whom 18.9% received treatment, and of whom 7.2% had adequately controlled dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia treatment was higher in men from rural areas than their urban counterparts. The multivariable logistic regression models revealed that women, urban residents, and general obesity were positively related to awareness. Women, married respondents, and current drinkers had higher odds of treatment. Age group, overweight, general obesity, urban residence, and women were independent determinants of control. Dyslipidemia awareness rate was moderately high, but treatment and control rates were low. Results can be used to develop policies and health promotion strategies with special focus on middle-aged and older adults.

Association Between Blood Heavy Metal Concentrations and Dyslipidemia in the Elderly

Our objective was to evaluate the relationship of blood metal levels including strontium, cadmium, lead, vanadium, aluminum, cobalt, and manganese with dyslipidemia in the elderly Chinese population. In this study, stratified cluster sampling was adopted in the elderly in two communities of Lu'an City from June to September 2016, and 1013 participants were finally included. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure the metals' concentrations in whole blood. After multivariable adjustment, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) of dyslipidemia associated with the highest quartile of metal concentrations were 1.32 (0.89 ~ 1.96), 1.28 (0.83 ~ 1.97), 1.86 (1.23 ~ 2.80), 0.80 (0.55 ~ 1.16), 0.76 (0.51 ~ 1.13), 0.76 (0.53 ~ 1.11), and 1.14 (0.78 ~ 1.67) for strontium, cadmium, lead, vanadium, aluminum, cobalt, and manganese, respectively, compared with the lowest quartile. After reducing the dimensionality of metal elements by principal component analysis, we found that the combined exposure of aluminum, cobalt, and vanadium was the protective factor of non-dyslipidemia, while the combined exposure of cadmium, strontium, and lead was the risk factor of dyslipidemia.

Independent and combined associations of solid-fuel use and smoking with obesity among rural Chinese adults

Although solid-fuel use or smoking is associated with obesity measured by body mass index (BMI), research on their interactive effects on general and central obesity is limited. Data of 20,140 individuals in the Henan Rural Cohort Study was examined the independent and combined associations of solid-fuel use and smoking with prevalent obesity, which was measured by BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body fat percentage (BFP), and visceral fat index (VFI). Multiple adjusted logistic regression models showed that the OR (95% CI) of prevalent obesity measured by BMI associated with exposure to solid fuels alone or with smoking was 0.78 (0.70, 0.86) or 0.46 (0.32, 0.66), compared with neither smoking nor solid-fuel exposure. Similar results had been found in other obese anthropometric indices and in the results of linear regression analysis. The results indicated that solid-fuel use and smoking have a synergistic effect on reduction in obesity indices. The effects of household air pollution from solid-fuel use and smoking on obesity should be considered when exploring the influencing factors of obesity.

Dyslipidemia prevalence and trends among adult mental disorder inpatients in Beijing, 2005-2018: A longitudinal observational study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate dyslipidemia prevalence and trends among adult mental disorder inpatients in Beijing from 2005 to 2018.

METHODS

This is a longitudinal observational study. Data of electronic health record of 19 psychiatry specialized hospitals in Beijing was obtained. The participants were adult inpatients who admitted in these hospitals between 2005 and 2018. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed according to ICD-10 code. Overall and annual prevalence of dyslipidemia was calculated. Dyslipidemia prevalence stratified by age group and mental disorder types was calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyses the risk factors associated with dyslipidemia among mental disorder inpatients including demographic characteristics, comorbidities, schizophrenia and antipsychotics use.

RESULTS

157,570 adult mental disorder inpatients were included in the study. Dyslipidemia prevalence increased over time from 4.88 % (4.33 %-5.43 %) in 2005 to 19.66 % (19.00 %-20.33 %) in 2018. The increased trends were similar in all age groups, with the highest prevalence observed in ≥60 years age group. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 18.36 % (18.06 %-18.67 %), 14.70 % (13.99 %-15.41 %), 11.63 % (11.26 %-12.01 %) among inpatients with schizophrenia, recurrent depressive disorder, bipolar disorder. Results from multivariate logistic regressions showed that dyslipidemia was related to male, increased age, divorced or widow (OR = 1.18, 95 %CI: 1.12-1.24), hypertension (OR = 1.63, 95 %CI: 1.57-1.70), diabetes (OR = 1.92, 95 %CI: 1.84-2.00), fatty liver (OR = 2.61, 95 %CI: 2.51-2.72), schizophrenia (OR = 1.66, 95 %CI: 1.61-1.72), antipsychotics use (OR = 1.71, 95 %CI: 1.65-1.77).

CONCLUSIONS

Dyslipidemia prevalence was high among adult mental disorder inpatients in Beijing, and increased between 2005 and 2018 in all age groups. The risk of dyslipidemia increased with age. Schizophrenia was associated with higher dyslipidemia prevalence. These finding highlight the urgent need for dyslipidemia prevention and control programs among mental disorder inpatients.

Genetic factors increase the identification efficiency of predictive models for dyslipidaemia: a prospective cohort study

Background

Few studies have developed risk models for dyslipidaemia, especially for rural populations. Furthermore, the performance of genetic factors in predicting dyslipidaemia has not been explored. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate prediction models with and without genetic factors for dyslipidaemia in rural populations.

Methods

A total of 3596 individuals from the Henan Rural Cohort Study were included in this study. According to the ratio of 7:3, all individuals were divided into a training set and a testing set. The conventional models and conventional+GRS (genetic risk score) models were developed with Cox regression, artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting machine (GBM) classifiers in the training set. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), net reclassification index (NRI), and integrated discrimination index (IDI) were used to assess the discrimination ability of the models, and the calibration curve was used to show calibration ability in the testing set.

Results

Compared to the lowest quartile of GRS, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of individuals in the highest quartile of GRS was 1.23(1.07, 1.41) in the total population. Age, family history of diabetes, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were used to develop the conventional models, and the AUCs of the Cox, ANN, RF, and GBM classifiers were 0.702(0.673, 0.729), 0.736(0.708, 0.762), 0.787 (0.762, 0.811), and 0.816(0.792, 0.839), respectively. After adding GRS, the AUCs increased by 0.005, 0.018, 0.023, and 0.015 with the Cox, ANN, RF, and GBM classifiers, respectively. The corresponding NRI and IDI were 25.6, 7.8, 14.1, and 18.1% and 2.3, 1.0, 2.5, and 1.8%, respectively.

Conclusion

Genetic factors could improve the predictive ability of the dyslipidaemia risk model, suggesting that genetic information could be provided as a potential predictor to screen for clinical dyslipidaemia.

Trial registration

The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register. (Trial registration: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699. Registered 6 July 2015 - Retrospectively registered).

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01439-3.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors among adult residents of Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia

Introduction

Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The prevalence of dyslipidemia is not known among Ethiopian adults. The prevalence is expected to rise due to the socio-economic development accompanied by lifestyle changes. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors among adult residents of Mekelle City.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 321 randomly selected subjects. Data were collected on sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics of the participants using the WHO STEPS survey instrument. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24.0. Student’s t-test and Pearson’s Chi-square test were used to assessing the interrelationship between each factor and outcome variables. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify risk factors associated with dyslipidemia. All statistical significance was considered at p ≤0.05.

Results

The prevalence of dyslipidemia in this study was 66.7%. The prevalence of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), elevated triglyceride, elevated total cholesterol, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was 49.5%, 40.2%, 30.8%, and 16.5%, respectively. Being above 64 years (aOR: 2.196, 95% CI: 1.183–4.078) and 40–64 years old (aOR: 2.196, 95% CI: 1.183–4.078), overweight (aOR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.314–4.756) and obesity (aOR: 15.489, 95% CI: 3.525–68.070), walking <150 minutes per week (aOR: 1.722, 95% CI: 1.004–2.953), raised fasting blood glucose (FBG) (aOR: 4.804, 95% CI: 1.925–11.988), and medium socio-economic status (aOR: 2.017, 95% CI: 1.044–3.899) were identified as significant predictors of dyslipidemia.

Conclusions

The finding of this study indicated that the prevalence of dyslipidemia is unacceptably high among adult residents of Mekelle City, which underlines an urgent need for early detection and public health interventions through the integrated involvement of public, governmental, and non-governmental organizations.

The association between dietary patterns with type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes in the Henan rural cohort study

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate whether dietary patterns were associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or pre-diabetes in adults of rural area in Henan.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns, while multivariate logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic spline regression models were used to analyse the association between dietary patterns and both pre-diabetes and T2DM.

SETTING

Rural area of Henan province, China.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 38 779 adults aged 18-79 years were recruited from the Henan rural cohort study as the subjects.

RESULTS

The prevalence of pre-diabetes and T2DM in rural Henan was 6·8 % and 9·4 %, respectively. A total of three dietary patterns were assessed in the present study. Dietary pattern I with a high intake of red meat and white meat; dietary pattern II with a high intake of grains, nuts, milk and eggs and dietary pattern III with a high intake of vegetables, staple food and fruits. The highest quintile (Q5) of pattern III could reduce 32·7 % risk of pre-diabetes. The Q5 of pattern II showed a 15·5 % decreased risk of T2DM, in a U-shaped dose-response manner; meanwhile, the Q5 of pattern III was significantly associated with reduced risks of T2DM (OR: 0·582, 95 % CI (0·497, 0·682)).

CONCLUSIONS

Pattern III is beneficial for reducing risk of pre-diabetes or T2DM. Though a higher consumption of 'grains-nuts-egg' may associate with a reduced risk of T2DM, excessive intakes should be avoided. This study may provide a reference for the prevention of diabetes on dietary precautions.