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Shen A, Feng X, Wang D, Liu Y, Zhang K, Wang J, Li Y, Ali MM, Hu L. High-throughput proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from saliva by chemical probe-based array. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1309:342699. [PMID: 38772652 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-released, nucleus-free particles with a double-membrane structure that effectively prevents degradation of internal components by a variety of salivary enzymes. Saliva is an easily accessible biofluid that contains a wealth of valuable information for disease diagnosis and monitoring and especially reflect respiratory and digestive tract diseases. However, the lack of efficient and high-throughput methods for proteomic analysis of salivary biomarkers poses a significant challenge. Herein, we designed a salivary EV amphiphile-dendrimer supramolecular probe (SEASP) array which enables efficient enrichment and in situ detection of EVs protein biomarkers. Detergent Tween-20 washing of SEASP arrays removes high abundance of heteroproteins from saliva well. This array shows good analytical performance in the linear range of 10 μL-150 μL (LOD = 0.4 μg protein, or 10 μL saliva), exhibiting a good recovery (80.0 %). Compared to ultracentrifugation (UC), this procedure provides simple and convenient access to high-purity EVs (1.3 × 109 particles per mg protein) with good physiological status and structure. Coupling with mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis, differentially expressed proteins as selected asthma biomarkers have been screened. Then, we validated the proteomics primary screening results through clinical samples (100 μL each) using the SEASP array. Utilizing the dual antibody fluorescence technology, SEASP enables the simultaneous high-throughput detection of two proteins. Therefore, the EVs marker protein CD81 could be used as an internal standard to normalize the number of EVs, which was stably expressed in EVs. Proteomics and array results suggested that HNRNPU (P = 4.9 * 10-6) and MUC5B (P = 4.7 * 10-11) are promising protein biomarkers for infantile asthma. HNRNPU and MUC5B may be associated with disease onset and subtypes. The SEASP arrays provide a significant advancement in the field of salivary biomarker. The array enables high-throughput in situ protein detection for highly viscous and complex biological samples. It provides a rapid, low-cost, highly specific screening procedure and experimental basis for early disease screening and diagnosis in the field of liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shen
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, China; The π-HuB Project Infrastructure, International Academy of Phronesis Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, China; The π-HuB Project Infrastructure, International Academy of Phronesis Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaifu Zhang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Pediatrics Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Muhammad Mujahid Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Kanannejad Z, Arab S, Soleimanian S, Mazare A, Kheshtchin N. Exosomes in asthma: Underappreciated contributors to the pathogenesis and novel therapeutic tools. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1325. [PMID: 38934401 PMCID: PMC11209551 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease with diverse pathomechanisms, presents challenges in developing personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of exosomes, small extracellular vesicles, in asthma pathophysiology and explores their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools. METHODS A literature search was conducted to identify recent studies investigating the involvement of exosomes in asthma. The retrieved articles were analyzed to extract relevant information on the role of exosomes in maintaining lung microenvironment homeostasis, regulating inflammatory responses, and their diagnostic and therapeutic potential for asthma. RESULTS Exosomes secreted by various cell types, have emerged as crucial mediators of intercellular communication in healthy and diseased conditions. Evidence suggest that exosomes play a significant role in maintaining lung microenvironment homeostasis and contribute to asthma pathogenesis by regulating inflammatory responses. Differential exosomal content between healthy individuals and asthmatics holds promise for the development of novel asthma biomarkers. Furthermore, exosomes secreted by immune and nonimmune cells, as well as those detected in biofluids, demonstrate potential in promoting or regulating immune responses, making them attractive candidates for designing new treatment strategies for inflammatory conditions such as asthma. CONCLUSION Exosomes, with their ability to modulate immune responses and deliver therapeutic cargo, offer potential as targeted therapeutic tools in asthma management. Further research and clinical trials are required to fully understand the mechanisms underlying exosome-mediated effects and translate these findings into effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kanannejad
- Allergy Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Samaneh Arab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of MedicineSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
| | | | - Amirhossein Mazare
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Nasim Kheshtchin
- Allergy Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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Fattahi M, Alamdari-Palangi V, Rahimi Jaberi K, Ehtiati S, Ojaghi S, Rahimi-Jaberi A, Samavarchi Tehrani S, Dang P, Movahedpour A, Hossein Khatami S. Exosomal long non-coding RNAs in glioblastoma. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 553:117705. [PMID: 38086498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary tumor found in the central nervous system, accounting for 70% of all adult brain tumors. The median overall survival rate is one year post-diagnosis with treatment, and only four months without treatment. Current GBM diagnostic methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), surgery, and brain biopsies, have limitations. These include difficulty distinguishing between tumor recurrence and post-surgical necrotic regions, and operative risks associated with obtaining histological samples through direct surgery or biopsies. Consequently, there is a need for rapid, inexpensive, and minimally invasive techniques for early diagnosis and improved subsequent treatment. Research has shown that tumor-derived exosomes containing various long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in immunomodulation, cancer metastasis, cancer development, and drug resistance in GBM. They regulate genes that enhance cancer growth and progression and alter the expression of several key signaling pathways. Due to the specificity and sensitivity of exosomal lncRNAs, they have the potential to be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis, as well as to monitor a patient's response to chemotherapy for GBM. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomal lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of GBM and their potential clinical applications for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Vahab Alamdari-Palangi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khojaste Rahimi Jaberi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajad Ehtiati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ojaghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi-Jaberi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Phuyen Dang
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | | | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Afzal A, Khawar MB, Habiba U, Afzal H, Hamid SE, Rafiq M, Abbasi MH, Sheikh N, Abaidullah R, Asif Z, Saeed T. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of EVs in lungs diseases and inflammation. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:26. [PMID: 38127201 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived messengers which have been playing an important role in the inflammation and pathogenesis of lung diseases. EVs contain varieties of DNA, RNA, and membrane receptors through which they work as a delivery system for bioactive molecules as well as intracellular communicators. EV signaling mediates tumor progression and metastasis. EVs are linked with many diseases and perform a diagnostic role in lung injury and inflammation so are used to diagnose the severity of diseases. EVs containing a variety of biomolecules communicate with the recipient cells during pathophysiological mechanisms thereby acquiring the attention of clinicians toward the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in different lung diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of EVs in inflammation with an emphasis on their potential as a novel candidate in the diagnostics and therapeutics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Afzal
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan.
| | - Ume Habiba
- Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hanan Afzal
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Eisha Hamid
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mussarat Rafiq
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Abaidullah
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Zoya Asif
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Tahaa Saeed
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Xu Y, Wan W, Zeng H, Xiang Z, Li M, Yao Y, Li Y, Bortolanza M, Wu J. Exosomes and their derivatives as biomarkers and therapeutic delivery agents for cardiovascular diseases: Situations and challenges. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:341-354. [PMID: 38130647 PMCID: PMC10732499 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles known as exosomes have a diameter of 40 to 160 nm and are derived from small endosomal membranes. Exosomes have attracted increasing attention over the past ten years in part because they are functional vehicles that can deliver a variety of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to the target cells they encounter. Because of this function, exosomes may be used for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of many diseases. All throughout the world, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a significant cause of death. Because exosomes are mediators of communication between cells, which contribute to many physiological and pathological aspects, they may aid in improving CVD therapies as biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting CVDs. Many studies demonstrated that exosomes are associated with CVDs, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. Exosomes participate in the progression or inhibition of these diseases mainly through the contents they deliver. However, the application of exosomes in diferent CVDs is not very mature. So further research is needed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyang Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weimin Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou215008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huixuan Zeng
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou215008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiwen Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology, Respiratory Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, 66424Homburg, Germany
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou215008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mariza Bortolanza
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology, Respiratory Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, 66424Homburg, Germany
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou215008, Jiangsu Province, China
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E VIGNESHBALAJI, RAMESH DIVYA, SHAJU MANISHACHUNGAN, KUMAR AKSHARA, PANDEY SAMYAK, NAYAK RAKSHA, ALKA V, MUNJAL SRISHTI, SALIMI AMIR, PAI KSREEDHARARANGANATH, BAKKANNAVAR SHANKARM. Biological, pathological, and multifaceted therapeutic functions of exosomes to target cancer. Oncol Res 2023; 32:73-94. [PMID: 38188673 PMCID: PMC10767237 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small tiny vesicle contains a large number of intracellular particles that employ to cause various diseases and prevent several pathological events as well in the human body. It is considered a "double-edged sword", and depending on its biological source, the action of exosomes varies under physiological conditions. Also, the isolation and characterization of the exosomes should be performed accurately and the methodology also will vary depending on the exosome source. Moreover, the uptake of exosomes from the recipients' cells is a vital and initial step for all the physiological actions. There are different mechanisms present in the exosomes' cellular uptake to deliver their cargo to acceptor cells. Once the exosomal uptake takes place, it releases the intracellular particles that leads to activate the physiological response. Even though exosomes have lavish functions, there are some challenges associated with every step of their preparation to bring potential therapeutic efficacy. So, overcoming the pitfalls would give a desired quantity of exosomes with high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- VIGNESH BALAJI E
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - DIVYA RAMESH
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - MANISHA CHUNGAN SHAJU
- School of Health and Community Services, Durham College, Oshawa, Ontario, L1G2G5, Canada
| | - AKSHARA KUMAR
- Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - SAMYAK PANDEY
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - RAKSHA NAYAK
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - V. ALKA
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - SRISHTI MUNJAL
- Department of Speech and Hearing, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - AMIR SALIMI
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - K. SREEDHARA RANGANATH PAI
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - SHANKAR M. BAKKANNAVAR
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Rezaeeyan H, Arabfard M, Rasouli HR, Shahriary A, Gh BFNM. Evaluation of common protein biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases with proteomic methods: A systematic review. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1090. [PMID: 38018577 PMCID: PMC10659759 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Respiratory disease (RD) is one of the most common diseases characterized by lung dysfunction. Many diagnostic mechanisms have been used to identify the pathogenic agents of responsible for RD. Among these, proteomics emerges as a valuable diagnostic method for pinpointing the specific proteins involved in RD pathogenesis. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, we examined the protein markers involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), asthma, bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), and chemical warfare victims exposed to mustard gas, using the proteomics method as a systematic study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search was performed up to September 2023 on several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane. In total, selected 4246 articles were for evaluation according to the criteria. Finally, 119 studies were selected for this systematic review. RESULTS A total of 13,806 proteins were identified, 6471 in COPD, 1603 in Asthma, 5638 in IPF, three in BO, and 91 in mustard gas exposed victims. Alterations in the expression of these proteins were observed in the respective diseases. After evaluation, the results showed that 31 proteins were found to be shared among all five diseases. CONCLUSION Although these 31 proteins regulate different factors and molecular pathways in all five diseases, they ultimately lead to the regulation of inflammatory pathways. In other words, the expression of some proteins in COPD and mustard-exposed patients increases inflammatory reactions, while in IPF, they cause lung fibrosis. Asthma, causes allergic reactions due to T-cell differentiation toward Th2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rezaeeyan
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings InstituteBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion MedicineIranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO)TehranIran
| | - Masoud Arabfard
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings InstituteBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hamid R. Rasouli
- Trauma Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings InstituteBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - B. Fatemeh Nobakht M. Gh
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings InstituteBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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8
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Li J, Zhang Y, Dong PY, Yang GM, Gurunathan S. A comprehensive review on the composition, biogenesis, purification, and multifunctional role of exosome as delivery vehicles for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115087. [PMID: 37392659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All forms of life produce nanosized extracellular vesicles called exosomes, which are enclosed in lipid bilayer membranes. Exosomes engage in cell-to-cell communication and participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Exosomes function via their bioactive components, which are delivered to target cells in the form of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Exosomes function as drug delivery vehicles due to their unique properties of innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, biodistribution, accumulation in desired tissues, low toxicity in normal tissues, and the stimulation of anti-cancer immune responses, and penetration capacity into distance organs. Exosomes mediate cellular communications by delivering various bioactive molecules including oncogenes, oncomiRs, proteins, specific DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA). These bioactive substances can be transferred to change the transcriptome of target cells and influence tumor-related signaling pathways. After considering all of the available literature, in this review we discuss the biogenesis, composition, production, and purification of exosomes. We briefly review exosome isolation and purification techniques. We explore great-length exosomes as a mechanism for delivering a variety of substances, including proteins, nucleic acids, small chemicals, and chemotherapeutic drugs. We also talk about the benefits and drawbacks of exosomes. This review concludes with a discussion future perspective and challenges. We hope that this review will provide us a better understanding of the current state of nanomedicine and exosome applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Pei-Yu Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guo-Ming Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Pollachi Road, Eachanari, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641021, India.
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Agborbesong E, Bissler J, Li X. Liquid Biopsy at the Frontier of Kidney Diseases: Application of Exosomes in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1367. [PMID: 37510273 PMCID: PMC10379367 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, liquid biopsy techniques, especially the use of urine analysis, represent a paradigm shift in the identification of biomarkers, with considerable implications for clinical practice in the field of nephrology. In kidney diseases, the use of this non-invasive tool to identify specific and sensitive biomarkers other than plasma creatinine and the glomerular filtration rate is becoming crucial for the diagnosis and assessment of a patient's condition. In recent years, studies have drawn attention to the importance of exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in kidney diseases. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer structure, composed of a variety of biologically active substances. In the context of kidney diseases, studies have demonstrated that exosomes are valuable carriers of information and are delivery vectors, rendering them appealing candidates as biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles with beneficial therapeutic outcomes for kidney diseases. This review summarizes the applications of exosomes in kidney diseases, emphasizing the current biomarkers of renal diseases identified from urinary exosomes and the therapeutic applications of exosomes with reference to drug delivery and immunomodulation. Finally, we discuss the challenges encountered when using exosomes for therapeutic purposes and how these may affect its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Pediatric Medicine Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Lu N, Tay HM, Petchakup C, He L, Gong L, Maw KK, Leong SY, Lok WW, Ong HB, Guo R, Li KHH, Hou HW. Label-free microfluidic cell sorting and detection for rapid blood analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1226-1257. [PMID: 36655549 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00904h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood tests are considered as standard clinical procedures to screen for markers of diseases and health conditions. However, the complex cellular background (>99.9% RBCs) and biomolecular composition often pose significant technical challenges for accurate blood analysis. An emerging approach for point-of-care blood diagnostics is utilizing "label-free" microfluidic technologies that rely on intrinsic cell properties for blood fractionation and disease detection without any antibody binding. A growing body of clinical evidence has also reported that cellular dysfunction and their biophysical phenotypes are complementary to standard hematoanalyzer analysis (complete blood count) and can provide a more comprehensive health profiling. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in microfluidic label-free separation of different blood cell components including circulating tumor cells, leukocytes, platelets and nanoscale extracellular vesicles. Label-free single cell analysis of intrinsic cell morphology, spectrochemical properties, dielectric parameters and biophysical characteristics as novel blood-based biomarkers will also be presented. Next, we will highlight research efforts that combine label-free microfluidics with machine learning approaches to enhance detection sensitivity and specificity in clinical studies, as well as innovative microfluidic solutions which are capable of fully integrated and label-free blood cell sorting and analysis. Lastly, we will envisage the current challenges and future outlook of label-free microfluidics platforms for high throughput multi-dimensional blood cell analysis to identify non-traditional circulating biomarkers for clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 65 Nanyang Drive, Block N3, 637460, Singapore
| | - Hui Min Tay
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Chayakorn Petchakup
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Linwei He
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Lingyan Gong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Kay Khine Maw
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Sheng Yuan Leong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Wan Wei Lok
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hong Boon Ong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Ruya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - King Ho Holden Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 65 Nanyang Drive, Block N3, 637460, Singapore
| | - Han Wei Hou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 65 Nanyang Drive, Block N3, 637460, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
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11
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Jang YO, Ahn HS, Dao TNT, Hong J, Shin W, Lim YM, Chung SJ, Lee JH, Liu H, Koo B, Kim MG, Kim K, Lee EJ, Shin Y. Magnetic transferrin nanoparticles (MTNs) assay as a novel isolation approach for exosomal biomarkers in neurological diseases. Biomater Res 2023; 27:12. [PMID: 36797805 PMCID: PMC9936675 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived exosomes released into the blood are considered a liquid biopsy to investigate the pathophysiological state, reflecting the aberrant heterogeneous pathways of pathological progression of the brain in neurological diseases. Brain-derived blood exosomes provide promising prospects for the diagnosis of neurological diseases, with exciting possibilities for the early and sensitive diagnosis of such diseases. However, the capability of traditional exosome isolation assays to specifically isolate blood exosomes and to characterize the brain-derived blood exosomal proteins by high-throughput proteomics for clinical specimens from patients with neurological diseases cannot be assured. We report a magnetic transferrin nanoparticles (MTNs) assay, which combined transferrin and magnetic nanoparticles to isolate brain-derived blood exosomes from clinical samples. METHODS The principle of the MTNs assay is a ligand-receptor interaction through transferrin on MTNs and transferrin receptor on exosomes, and electrostatic interaction via positively charged MTNs and negatively charged exosomes to isolate brain-derived blood exosomes. In addition, the MTNs assay is simple and rapid (< 35 min) and does not require any large instrument. We confirmed that the MTNs assay accurately and efficiently isolated exosomes from serum samples of humans with neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Moreover, we isolated exosomes from serum samples of 30 patients with three distinct neurodegenerative diseases and performed unbiased proteomic analysis to explore the pilot value of brain-derived blood protein profiles as biomarkers. RESULTS Using comparative statistical analysis, we found 21 candidate protein biomarkers that were significantly different among three groups of neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSION The MTNs assay is a convenient approach for the specific and affordable isolation of extracellular vesicles from body fluids for minimally-invasive diagnosis of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ok Jang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Ahn
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Nguyen Thi Dao
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - JeongYeon Hong
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea ,grid.267370.70000 0004 0533 4667Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Wangyong Shin
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Lim
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Huifang Liu
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Bonhan Koo
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Gyu Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Tinè M, Neri T, Biondini D, Bernardinello N, Casara A, Conti M, Minniti M, Cosio MG, Saetta M, Celi A, Nieri D, Bazzan E. Do Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Strictly Reflect Bronchoalveolar Lavage Extracellular Vesicles in COPD? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032966. [PMID: 36769286 PMCID: PMC9918055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) found in the circulation and body fluids contain biomolecules that could be used as biomarkers for lung and other diseases. EVs from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) might be more informative of lung abnormalities than EVs from blood, where information might be diluted. To compare EVs' characteristics in BAL and blood in smokers with and without COPD. Same-day BAL and blood samples were obtained in 9 nonsmokers (NS), 11 smokers w/o COPD (S), and 9 with COPD (SCOPD) (FEV1: 59 ± 3% pred). After differential centrifugation, EVs (200-500 nm diameter) were identified by flow cytometry and labeled with cell-type specific antigens: CD14 for macrophage-derived EVs, CD326 for epithelial-derived EVs, CD146 for endothelial-derived EVs, and CD62E for activated-endothelial-derived EVs. In BAL, CD14-EVs were increased in S compared to NS [384 (56-567) vs. 172 (115-282) events/μL; p = 0.007] and further increased in SCOPD [619 (224-888)] compared to both S (p = 0.04) and NS (p < 0.001). CD326-EVs were increased in S [760 (48-2856) events/μL, p < 0.001] and in SCOPD [1055 (194-11,491), p < 0.001] when compared to NS [15 (0-68)]. CD146-EVs and CD62E-EVs were similar in the three groups. In BAL, significant differences in macrophage and epithelial-derived EVs can be clearly detected between NS, S and SCOPD, while these differences were not found in plasma. This suggests that BAL is a better medium than blood to study EVs in lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaenrica Tinè
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Neri
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Davide Biondini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicol Bernardinello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Alvise Casara
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Conti
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marianna Minniti
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuel G. Cosio
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Respiratory Division, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Marina Saetta
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Celi
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Nieri
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Erica Bazzan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
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13
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He Y, Fu Y, Wu Y, Zhu T, Li H. Pathogenesis and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis from the perspective of sinonasal epithelial dysfunction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1139240. [PMID: 37138733 PMCID: PMC10149833 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1139240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a clinical syndrome primarily characterized by long-term mucosal inflammation of the nasal cavity and sinuses. The pathogenesis of CRS is still unclear due to its high heterogeneity. A number of studies have recently focused on the sinonasal epithelium. Thus, there has been a quantum leap in awareness of the role of the sinonasal epithelium, which is now understood as an active functional organ rather than simply an inert mechanical barrier. Undoubtedly, epithelial dysfunction plays a vital role in the onset and development of CRS. Objective In this article, we discuss the potential contribution of sinonasal epithelium dysfunction to CRS pathogenesis and explore a few current and developing therapeutic options targeting the sinonasal epithelium. Results Impaired mucociliary clearance (MCC) and an abnormal sinonasal epithelial barrier are usually considered to be the main causative factors in CRS. Epithelial-derived bioactive substances, such as cytokines, exosomes, and complements, play a vital role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity and contribute to the pathophysiological alterations of CRS. The phenomena of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), mucosal remodeling, and autophagy observed in CRS offer some novel insights into the pathogenesis of this disease. In addition, existing treatment options targeting disorder of sinonasal epithelium can help to relieve the main symptoms associated with CRS to some extent. Conclusion The presence of a normal epithelium is fundamental for maintaining homeostasis in the nasal and paranasal sinuses. Here, we describe various aspects of the sinonasal epithelium and highlight the contributions of epithelial dysfunction to CRS pathogenesis. Our review provides sound evidence of the need for in-depth study of the pathophysiological alterations of this disease and for the development of novel epithelium-targeting alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqiong He
- School of Heath Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijie Fu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- School of Heath Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianmin Zhu
- School of Heath Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Li
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14
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Li H, Wang Y, Han X. ESP-B4 promotes nasal epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles containing miR-146a-5p to modulate Smad3/GATA-3 thus relieving allergic rhinitis: ESP-B4/miR-146a-5p in AR. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154516. [PMID: 36370637 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though generally a mild affliction, allergic rhinitis (AR) is very common and causes considerable discomfort. Ephedra sinica polysaccharide is a candidate cost-effective therapy to relieve AR symptoms. PURPOSE We explore the molecular mechanism of pure polysaccharide ESP-B4 action in AR. METHODS RPMI2650 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide to induce an in vitro sensitization model, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated. A rat model of AR was established using ovalbumin as the allergen and was treated with Ephedra sinica polysaccharide to observe changes in rhinitis symptoms, nasal mucosa histopathology and molecular pathology. ESP-B4-treated sensitized cells were adopted in vitro to verify effect of Ephedra sinica polysaccharide on miR-146a-5p expression in RPMI2650 cell-derived EVs and helper T cell differentiation. RESULTS miR-146a-5p inhibited Smad3, impeded the Smad3/GATA-3 interaction, upregulated IFN-γ expression, and promoted CD4+T cell Th1 differentiation. Treatment with ESP-B4 relieved AR in rats, and elevated miR-146a-5p in the EVs from the nasal epithelial cells, apparently in relation to effects on helper T cell Th1/Th2 equilibrium. CONCLUSION Overall, ESP-B4 can promote miR-146a-5p secretion, affect the Th1/Th2 balance of helper T cells, and relieve AR symptoms through Smad3/GATA-3 interaction, thus presenting a potential strategy for AR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250001, PR China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250014, PR China.
| | - Xiuli Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250014, PR China
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15
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Ambrożej D, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Czystowska-Kuźmicz M, Feleszko W. "Liquid biopsy" - extracellular vesicles as potential novel players towards precision medicine in asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025348. [PMID: 36466836 PMCID: PMC9714548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as vital mediators in intracellular communication in the lung microenvironment. Environmental exposure to various triggers (e.g., viruses, allergens) stimulates the EV-mediated cascade of pro-inflammatory responses that play a key role in the asthma pathomechanism. This complex EV-mediated crosstalk in the asthmatic lung microenvironment occurs between different cell types, including airway epithelial cells and immune cells. The cargo composition of EVs mirrors hereby the type and activation status of the parent cell. Therefore, EVs collected in a noninvasive way (e.g., in nasal lavage, serum) could inform on the disease status as a "liquid biopsy", which is particularly important in the pediatric population. As a heterogeneous disease, asthma with its distinct endotypes and phenotypes requires more investigation to develop novel diagnostics and personalized case management. Filling these knowledge gaps may be facilitated by further EV research. Here, we summarize the contribution of EVs in the lung microenvironment as potential novel players towards precision medicine in the development of asthma. Although rapidly evolving, the EV field is still in its infancy. However, it is expected that a better understanding of the role of EVs in the asthma pathomechanism will open up new horizons for precision medicine diagnostic and therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Ambrożej
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Kumar S, Basu M, Ghosh P, Ansari A, Ghosh MK. COVID-19: Clinical status of vaccine development to date. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 89:114-149. [PMID: 36184710 PMCID: PMC9538545 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced COVID-19 is a complicated disease. Clinicians are continuously facing difficulties to treat infected patients using the principle of repurposing of drugs as no specific drugs are available to treat COVID-19. To minimize the severity and mortality, global vaccination is the only hope as a potential preventive measure. After a year-long global research and clinical struggle, 165 vaccine candidates have been developed and some are currently still in the pipeline. A total of 28 candidate vaccines have been approved for use and the remainder are in different phases of clinical trials. In this comprehensive report, the authors aim to demonstrate, classify and provide up-to-date clinical trial status of all the vaccines discovered to date and specifically focus on the approved candidates. Finally, the authors specifically focused on the vaccination of different types of medically distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kumar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB), TRUE CampusKolkataIndia
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of MicrobiologyDhruba Chand Halder CollegeIndia
| | - Pratyasha Ghosh
- Department of Economics, Bethune CollegeUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
| | - Aafreen Ansari
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB), TRUE CampusKolkataIndia
| | - Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB), TRUE CampusKolkataIndia
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17
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Roles of Exosomes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911284. [PMID: 36232588 PMCID: PMC9570170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is multifactorial and not entirely clear. The objective of the review was to examine the current state of knowledge concerning the role of exosomes in CRS. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases for studies published until 7 August 2022. Only original research articles describing studies published in English were included. Reviews, book chapters, case studies, conference papers, and opinions were excluded. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the modified Office and Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. Of 250 records identified, 17 were eligible, all of which had a low to moderate risk of overall bias. Presented findings indicate that exosomal biomarkers, including proteins and microRNA, act as promising biomarkers in the diagnostics and prognosis of CRS patients and, in addition, may contribute to finding novel therapeutic targets. Exosomes reflecting tissue proteomes are excellent, highly available material for studying proteomic alterations noninvasively. The first steps have already been taken, but more advanced research on nasal exosomes is needed, which might open a wider door for individualized medicine in CRS.
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18
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Wu X, Xu X, Xiang Y, Fan D, An Q, Yue G, Jin Z, Ding J, Hu Y, Du Q, Xu J, Xie R. Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:163. [PMID: 36045437 PMCID: PMC9429695 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles containing RNA and proteins that are specifically secreted in vivo. Exosomes have many functions, such as material transport and signal transduction between cells. Many studies have proven that exosomes can not only be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis but also as carriers to transmit information between cells. Exosomes participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including the immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, cell differentiation, and tumour development. Differences in exosome functions depend on cell type. In recent years, exosome origin, cargo composition, and precise regulatory mechanisms have been the focus of research. Although exosomes have been extensively reported in digestive tumours, few articles have reviewed their roles in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system, especially inflammatory-related diseases (such as reflux oesophagitis, gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis, and pancreatitis). This paper briefly summarizes the roles of exosomes in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system to provide a basis for research on the mechanism of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system targeted by exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yiwei Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dongdong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiming An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Gengyu Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianhong Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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19
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Karami Fath M, Azami J, Masoudi A, Mosaddeghi Heris R, Rahmani E, Alavi F, Alagheband Bahrami A, Payandeh Z, Khalesi B, Dadkhah M, Pourzardosht N, Tarhriz V. Exosome-based strategies for diagnosis and therapy of glioma cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:262. [PMID: 35989351 PMCID: PMC9394011 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma belongs to the most aggressive type of cancer with a low survival rate that is characterized by the ability in forming a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Intercellular communication are created via exosomes in the tumor microenvironment through the transport of various biomolecules. They are primarily involved in tumor growth, differentiation, metastasis, and chemotherapy or radiation resistance. Recently several studies have highlighted the critical role of tumor-derived exosomes against immune cells. According to the structural and functional properties, exosomes could be essential instruments to gain a better molecular mechanism for tumor understanding. Additionally, they are qualified as diagnostic/prognostic markers and therapeutic tools for specific targeting of invasive tumor cells such as glioblastomas. Due to the strong dependency of exosome features on the original cells and their developmental status, it is essential to review their critical modulating molecules, clinical relevance to glioma, and associated signaling pathways. This review is a non-clinical study, as the possible role of exosomes and exosomal microRNAs in glioma cancer are reported. In addition, their content to overcome cancer resistance and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Azami
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Masoudi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Alied Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Elnaz Rahmani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armina Alagheband Bahrami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Biochemistry Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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The Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles and MicroRNAs in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis and Nasal Polyps. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:4428617. [PMID: 35757106 PMCID: PMC9225904 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4428617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps are common otorhinolaryngological diseases. Small extracellular vesicles and microRNAs have recently become major research topics of interest due to their key regulatory roles in cancer, inflammation, and various diseases. Although very detailed and in-depth studies on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps have been conducted, few studies have assessed the regulatory effects of exosomes and microRNAs on allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps. This paper reviews the studies on small extracellular vesicles and microRNAs in allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps conducted in recent years and focuses on the regulation of small extracellular vesicles and microRNAs in allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps with the aim of providing insights for the future diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps.
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21
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Ghosh S, Ghosh S. Exosome: The “Off-the-Shelf” Cellular Nanocomponent as a Potential Pathogenic Agent, a Disease Biomarker, and Neurotherapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:878058. [PMID: 35685643 PMCID: PMC9170956 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.878058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized “off-the-shelf” lipid vesicles released by almost all cell types and play a significant role in cell–cell communication. Exosomes have already been proven to carry cell-specific cargos of proteins, lipids, miRNA, and noncoding RNA (ribonucleic acid). These vesicles can be selectively taken up by the neighboring cell and can regulate cellular functions. Herein, we have discussed three different roles of exosomes in neuroscience. First, we have discussed how exosomes play the role of a pathogenic agent as a part of cell–cell communication and transmit pathogens such as amyloid-beta (Aβ), further helping in the propagation of neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. In the next section, the review talks about the role of exosomes in biomarker discovery in neurological disorders. Toward the end, we have reviewed how exosomes can be harnessed and engineered for therapeutic purposes in different brain diseases. This review is based on the current knowledge generated in this field and our comprehension of this domain.
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22
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D’Amato M, Iadarola P, Viglio S. Proteomic Analysis of Human Sputum for the Diagnosis of Lung Disorders: Where Are We Today? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105692. [PMID: 35628501 PMCID: PMC9144372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of markers of inflammatory activity at the early stages of pulmonary diseases which share common characteristics that prevent their clear differentiation is of great significance to avoid misdiagnosis, and to understand the intrinsic molecular mechanism of the disorder. The combination of electrophoretic/chromatographic methods with mass spectrometry is currently a promising approach for the identification of candidate biomarkers of a disease. Since the fluid phase of sputum is a rich source of proteins which could provide an early diagnosis of specific lung disorders, it is frequently used in these studies. This report focuses on the state-of-the-art of the application, over the last ten years (2011-2021), of sputum proteomics in the investigation of severe lung disorders such as COPD; asthma; cystic fibrosis; lung cancer and those caused by COVID-19 infection. Analysis of the complete set of proteins found in sputum of patients affected by these disorders has allowed the identification of proteins whose levels change in response to the organism's condition. Understanding proteome dynamism may help in associating these proteins with alterations in the physiology or progression of diseases investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura D’Amato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.D.); (S.V.)
| | - Paolo Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Simona Viglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.D.); (S.V.)
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23
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Hallan SS, Amirian J, Brangule A, Bandere D. Lipid-Based Nano-Sized Cargos as a Promising Strategy in Bone Complications: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1146. [PMID: 35407263 PMCID: PMC9000285 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis has been considered the fatal phase of cancers, which remains incurable and to be a challenge due to the non-availability of the ideal treatment strategy. Unlike bone cancer, bone metastasis involves the spreading of the tumor cells to the bones from different origins. Bone metastasis generally originates from breast and prostate cancers. The possibility of bone metastasis is highly attributable to its physiological milieu susceptible to tumor growth. The treatment of bone-related diseases has multiple complications, including bone breakage, reduced quality of life, spinal cord or nerve compression, and pain. However, anticancer active agents have failed to maintain desired therapeutic concentrations at the target site; hence, uptake of the drug takes place at a non-target site responsible for the toxicity at the cellular level. Interestingly, lipid-based drug delivery systems have become the center of interest for researchers, thanks to their biocompatible and bio-mimetic nature. These systems possess a great potential to improve precise bone targeting without affecting healthy tissues. The lipid nano-sized systems are not only limited to delivering active agents but also genes/peptide sequences/siRNA, bisphosphonates, etc. Additionally, lipid coating of inorganic nanomaterials such as calcium phosphate is an effective approach against uncontrollable rapid precipitation resulting in reduced colloidal stability and dispersity. This review summarizes the numerous aspects, including development, design, possible applications, challenges, and future perspective of lipid nano-transporters, namely liposomes, exosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), and lipid nanoparticulate gels to treat bone metastasis and induce bone regeneration. Additionally, the economic suitability of these systems has been discussed and different alternatives have been discussed. All in all, through this review we will try to understand how far nanomedicine is from clinical and industrial applications in bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supandeep Singh Hallan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (S.S.H.); (J.A.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jhaleh Amirian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (S.S.H.); (J.A.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
| | - Agnese Brangule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (S.S.H.); (J.A.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (S.S.H.); (J.A.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
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24
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Morales-Sanfrutos J, Munoz J. UNRAVELLING THE COMPLEXITY OF THE EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE LANDSCAPE WITH ADVANCED PROTEOMICS. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:89-101. [PMID: 35290757 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2022.2052849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is rapidly advancing. This progress is fuelled by the potential applications of these agents as biomarkers and also as an attractive source to encapsulate therapeutics and other agents to target specific cells. AREAS COVERED Different types of EVs, including exosomes, and other nanoparticles have been identified in the last years with key regulatory functions in cell-cell communication. However, the techniques used for their purification possess inherent limitations, resulting in heterogeneous preparations contaminated by other EVs subtypes and nano-size structures. It is therefore urgent to deconvolute the molecular constituents present in each type of EVs in order to accurately ascribe their specific functions. In this context, proteomics can profile, not only the lumen proteins and surface markers, but also their post-translational modifications, which will inform on the mechanisms of cargo selection and sorting. EXPERT OPINION Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is now a mature technique and has started to deliver new insights in the EV field. Here, we review recent developments in sample preparation, mass spectrometry (MS) and computational analysis and discuss how these technological advances, in conjunction with improved purification protocols, could impact the proteomic characterization of the complex landscape of EVs and other secreted nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Munoz
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Cell Signaling and Clinical Proteomics Group. Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute. 48903 Barkaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque foundation for science, Bilbao, Spain
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25
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Mueller SK. The Role of Exosomes in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:812920. [PMID: 35155273 PMCID: PMC8837187 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.812920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive biomarker analysis has made repetitive and painless sampling over time possible. Exosomes are being released from a parent cell and their cargo mirrors the cell micromilieu of the parent cell. Therefore, exosomes are promising surrogates for their parent cells. That is also why exosomes provide an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Current studies have identified valid non-invasive biomarkers that may be able to monitor disease severity. Exosomes are suggested to play an important role in interepithelial communication and are suggested to play a role in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation in CRS. They are, however, also involved simultaneously in several immunological processes including immune protection and immunosuppression. As the isolation of exosomes is time-consuming their value in everyday routine diagnostics has yet to be determined.
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26
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Kobiela A, Frackowiak JE, Biernacka A, Hovhannisyan L, Bogucka AE, Panek K, Paul AA, Lukomska J, Wang X, Giannoulatou E, Krolicka A, Zielinski J, Deptula M, Pikula M, Gabrielsson S, Ogg GS, Gutowska-Owsiak D. Exposure of Keratinocytes to Candida Albicans in the Context of Atopic Milieu Induces Changes in the Surface Glycosylation Pattern of Small Extracellular Vesicles to Enhance Their Propensity to Interact With Inhibitory Siglec Receptors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884530. [PMID: 35784319 PMCID: PMC9248261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection is a potential complication in the individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) and can affect clinical course of the disease. Here, using primary keratinocytes we determined that atopic milieu promotes changes in the interaction of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with dendritic cells and that this is further enhanced by the presence of C. albicans. sEV uptake is largely dependent on the expression of glycans on their surface; modelling of the protein interactions indicated that recognition of this pathogen through C. albicans-relevant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is linked to several glycosylation enzymes which may in turn affect the expression of sEV glycans. Here, significant changes in the surface glycosylation pattern, as determined by lectin array, could be observed in sEVs upon a combined exposure of keratinocytes to AD cytokines and C. albicans. This included enhanced expression of multiple types of glycans, for which several dendritic cell receptors could be proposed as binding partners. Blocking experiments showed predominant involvement of the inhibitory Siglec-7 and -9 receptors in the sEV-cell interaction and the engagement of sialic acid-containing carbohydrate moieties on the surface of sEVs. This pointed on ST6 β-Galactoside α-2,6-Sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) and Core 1 β,3-Galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1) as potential enzymes involved in the process of remodelling of the sEV surface glycans upon C. albicans exposure. Our results suggest that, in combination with atopic dermatitis milieu, C. albicans promotes alterations in the glycosylation pattern of keratinocyte-derived sEVs to interact with inhibitory Siglecs on antigen presenting cells. Hence, a strategy aiming at this pathway to enhance antifungal responses and restrict pathogen spread could offer novel therapeutic options for skin candidiasis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kobiela
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna E Frackowiak
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Biernacka
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lilit Hovhannisyan
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra E Bogucka
- The Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kinga Panek
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Argho Aninda Paul
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Lukomska
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Xinwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Krolicka
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Zielinski
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Milena Deptula
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Pikula
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Graham S Ogg
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- Experimental and Translational Immunology Group, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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27
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Wang W, Yue C, Gao S, Li S, Zhou J, Chen J, Fu J, Sun W, Hua C. Promising Roles of Exosomal microRNAs in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757096. [PMID: 34966383 PMCID: PMC8710456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of immune tolerance. Lupus nephritis (LN) is still a major cause of the morbidity and mortality of SLE. In clinical practice, diagnosis, and therapy of SLE is complicated and challenging due to lack of ideal biomarkers. Exosomes could be detected from numerous kinds of biological fluids and their specific contents are considered as hallmarks of autoimmune diseases. The exosomal miRNA profiles of SLE/LN patients significantly differ from those of the healthy controls making them as attractive biomarkers for renal injury. Exosomes are considered as optimal delivery vehicles owing to their higher stable, minimal toxicity, lower immunogenicity features and specific target effects. Endogenous miRNAs can be functionally transferred by exosomes from donor cells to recipient cells, displaying their immunomodulatory effects. In addition, it has been confirmed that exosomal miRNAs could directly interact with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathways to regulate NF-κB activation and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The present Review mainly focuses on the immunomodulatory effects of exosomal-miRNAs, the complex interplay between exosomes, miRNAs and TLR signaling pathways, and how the exosomal-miRNAs can become non-invasive diagnostic molecules and potential therapeutic strategies for the management of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenran Yue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuting Li
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianan Zhou
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaqing Chen
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Fu
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weijian Sun
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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28
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Elashiry M, Elsayed R, Cutler CW. Exogenous and Endogenous Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes: Lessons Learned for Immunotherapy and Disease Pathogenesis. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010115. [PMID: 35011677 PMCID: PMC8750541 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune therapeutic exosomes, derived exogenously from dendritic cells (DCs), the 'directors' of the immune response, are receiving favorable safety and tolerance profiles in phase I and II clinical trials for a growing number of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. DC-derived exosomes (EXO), the focus of this review, can be custom tailored with immunoregulatory or immunostimulatory molecules for specific immune cell targeting. Moreover, the relative stability, small size and rapid uptake of EXO by recipient immune cells offer intriguing options for therapeutic purposes. This necessitates an in-depth understanding of mechanisms of EXO biogenesis, uptake and routing by recipient immune cells, as well as their in vivo biodistribution. Against this backdrop is recognition of endogenous exosomes, secreted by all cells, the molecular content of which is reflective of the metabolic state of these cells. In this regard, exosome biogenesis and secretion is regulated by cell stressors of chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, including dysbiotic microbes, reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Such cell stressors can promote premature senescence in young cells through the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Pathological exosomes of the SASP amplify inflammatory signaling in stressed cells in an autocrine fashion or promote inflammatory signaling to normal neighboring cells in paracrine, without the requirement of cell-to-cell contact. In summary, we review relevant lessons learned from the use of exogenous DC exosomes for immune therapy, as well as the pathogenic potential of endogenous DC exosomes.
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29
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Lee M, Park SJ, Kim G, Park C, Lee MH, Ahn JH, Lee T. A pretreatment-free electrical capacitance biosensor for exosome detection in undiluted serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113872. [PMID: 34902643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The exosome is considered a useful biomarker for the early diagnosis of cancer. However, pretreatment of samples used in diagnosis is time-consuming. Herein, we fabricated a capacitance-based electrical biosensor that requires no pretreatment of the sample; it is composed of a DNA aptamer/molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) heterolayer on an interdigitated micro-gap electrode (IDMGE)/printed circuit board (PCB) system for detecting exosomes in an undiluted serum sample. The DNA aptamer detects the CD63 protein on the exosome as the biomarker, while the MoS2 nanoparticle enhances electrical sensitivity. In this study, for the first time, the IDMGE system was used to amplify the electrical signal efficiently for exosome detection. The IDMGE amplifies the capacitance signal as the gap between electrodes decreases, making it easy to detect the target by utilizing the heightened sensitivity. Moreover, it is possible to immobilize a bio-probe more efficiently than with an electrical sensitivity-enhancing electrode with the same area. The thiol-modified (SH-) CD63 DNA aptamer was introduced as the bio-probe that selectively binds to the CD63 protein on the exosome surface. The capacitance signal from the IDMGE electrical sensor increased linearly with the increase in the concentration of exosomes in human serum expressed on a logarithmic scale, the detection limit being 2192.6 exosomes/mL. The proposed biosensor can detect exosomes in undiluted human serum with high selectivity and sensitivity. A blind test was also carried out to test the reliability of the biosensor. The capacitance-based electrical biosensor thus offers a new platform for cancer diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungro Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Gahyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hyuk Ahn
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 99, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Shimizu S, Tojima I, Nakamura K, Arai H, Kouzaki H, Shimizu T. Nasal polyp fibroblasts (NPFs)-derived exosomes are important for the release of vascular endothelial growth factor from cocultured eosinophils and NPFs. Auris Nasus Larynx 2021; 49:407-414. [PMID: 34736807 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Significant eosinophil infiltration and tissue remodeling are common characteristics of conditions associated with chronic airway inflammation, such as chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp and bronchial asthma. This study was designed to elucidate the role of eosinophil-fibroblast interactions in tissue remodeling during chronic airway inflammation. METHODS Peripheral blood eosinophils or EoL-1 eosinophilic leukemia cells were cocultured with nasal polyp fibroblasts (NPFs). Coculture-induced release of exosomes, major components of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and a profibrotic cytokine, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Eosinophil-NPF interactions stimulated the release of exosomes and VEGF into culture supernatants. Coculture-induced release of exosomes was stimulated earlier than VEGF release, at 3 h of incubation. The average size of the EVs released by NPFs was 133 ± 3.6 nm. NPF-derived EVs (exosome concentration: 25 pg/mL) significantly stimulated VEGF release from EoL-1 cells. Pretreatment of NPFs with exosome inhibitor, GW4869 or DMA attenuated the release of exosomes and VEGF from cocultured EoL-1 cells and NPFs. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that eosinophil-fibroblast interactions are important in the pathophysiology of tissue remodeling in eosinophil-predominant airway inflammation and that NPF-derived exosomes play a crucial role in the release of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Tojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Keigo Nakamura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kouzaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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31
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Purghè B, Manfredi M, Ragnoli B, Baldanzi G, Malerba M. Exosomes in chronic respiratory diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112270. [PMID: 34678722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles released by almost all cell types, with a central role as mediators of intercellular communication. In addition to physiological conditions, these extracellular vesicles seem to play a pivotal role in inflammatory processes. This assumption offers the opportunity to study exosomes as promising biomarkers and therapeutic tools for chronic respiratory disorders. Indeed, although it is well-known that at the basis of conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis there is a dysregulated inflammatory process, an unequivocal correlation between different phenotypes and their pathophysiological mechanisms has not been established yet. In this review, we report and discuss some of the most significant studies on exosomes from body fluids of subjects affected by airway diseases. Furthermore, the most widespread techniques for exosome isolation and characterization are described. Further studies are needed to answer the unresolved questions about the functional link between exosomes and chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Purghè
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | | | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Malerba
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Respiratory Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
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Yu Y, Zhou Y, Di C, Zhao C, Chen J, Su W, Wu Q, Wu M, Su X, Xia Z. Increased airway epithelial cell-derived exosomes activate macrophage-mediated allergic inflammation via CD100 shedding. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8850-8862. [PMID: 34414666 PMCID: PMC8435458 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells (AECs) participate in allergic airway inflammation by producing mediators in response to allergen stimulation. Whether ovalbumin (OVA) challenge promotes exosome release from AECs (OVA‐challenged AEC‐derived exosomes (OAEs)), thereby affecting airway inflammation, as well as the underlying mechanisms, is unknown. Our study showed that AECs released an increased number of exosomes after OVA challenge, and the expression of Plexin B2 (PLXNB2; a natural CD100 ligand) was increased by a massive 85.7‐fold in OAEs than in PBS‐treated AEC‐derived exosomes (PAEs). CD100+F4/80+ macrophages engulfed OAEs to trigger the transcription of pro‐inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Plxnb2 transcripts increased in asthmatic lungs, and similarly, PLXNB2 protein was highly enriched in exosomes purified from asthmatic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Furthermore, aspiration of PLXNB2 or OAEs increased the recruitment of lung neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and dendritic cells in OVA‐challenged mice. Mechanistically, OAE aspiration enhanced the cleavage of CD100 by MMP14, which manifested as an increase in the soluble CD100 (sCD100) level in BAL fluid and lung homogenates. Knockdown of Mmp14 in macrophages prevented the cleavage of CD100 and reduced Ccl2, Ccl5 and Cxcl2 transcription. These data indicate that PLXNB2‐containing OAEs aggravate airway asthmatic inflammation via cleavage of CD100 by MMP14, suggesting potential therapeutic targets of OAE‐mediated asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Di
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiqi Zhao
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Xiao Su
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hovhannisyan L, Czechowska E, Gutowska-Owsiak D. The Role of Non-Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702381. [PMID: 34489951 PMCID: PMC8417238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), and especially exosomes, have been shown to mediate information exchange between distant cells; this process directly affects the biological characteristics and functionality of the recipient cell. As such, EVs significantly contribute to the shaping of immune responses in both physiology and disease states. While vesicles secreted by immune cells are often implicated in the allergic process, growing evidence indicates that EVs from non-immune cells, produced in the stroma or epithelia of the organs directly affected by inflammation may also play a significant role. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of allergy to which those EVs contribute, with a particular focus on small EVs (sEVs). Finally, we also give a clinical perspective regarding the utilization of the EV-mediated communication route for the benefit of allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Hovhannisyan
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of in vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Czechowska
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Jayaraman S, Gnanasampanthapandian D, Rajasingh J, Palaniyandi K. Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Potential Therapeutic Roles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:723236. [PMID: 34447796 PMCID: PMC8382889 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.723236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to myocardial abnormalities, cardiac ailments are considered to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to a recent study, membranous vesicles that are produced naturally, termed as "exosomes", have emerged as the potential candidate in the field of cardiac regenerative medicine. A wide spectrum of stem cells has also been investigated in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Exosomes obtained from the stem cells are found to be cardioprotective and offer great hope in the treatment of CVD. The basic nature of exosomes is to deal with the intracellular delivery of both proteins and nucleic acids. This activity of exosomes helps us to rely on them as the attractive pharmaceutical delivery agents. Most importantly, exosomes derived from microRNAs (miRNAs) hold great promise in assessing the risk of CVD, as they serve as notable biomarkers of the disease. Exosomes are small, less immunogenic, and lack toxicity. These nanovesicles harbor immense potential as a therapeutic entity and would provide fruitful benefits if consequential research were focused on their upbringing and development as a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Dhanavathy Gnanasampanthapandian
- Cancer Science Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research & Medicine-Cardiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kanagaraj Palaniyandi
- Cancer Science Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Kim JH. Diverse Effects of Exosomes on COVID-19: A Perspective of Progress From Transmission to Therapeutic Developments. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716407. [PMID: 34394121 PMCID: PMC8355618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of coronavirus and the causative agent of the current global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There are currently no FDA-approved antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and there is an urgent need to develop treatment strategies that can effectively suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection. Numerous approaches have been researched so far, with one of them being the emerging exosome-based therapies. Exosomes are nano-sized, lipid bilayer-enclosed structures, share structural similarities with viruses secreted from all types of cells, including those lining the respiratory tract. Importantly, the interplay between exosomes and viruses could be potentially exploited for antiviral drug and vaccine development. Exosomes are produced by virus-infected cells and play crucial roles in mediating communication between infected and uninfected cells. SARS-CoV-2 modulates the production and composition of exosomes, and can exploit exosome formation, secretion, and release pathways to promote infection, transmission, and intercellular spread. Exosomes have been exploited for therapeutic benefits in patients afflicted with various diseases including COVID-19. Furthermore, the administration of exosomes loaded with immunomodulatory cargo in combination with antiviral drugs represents a novel intervention for the treatment of diseases such as COVID-19. In particular, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used as cell-free therapeutic agents. Mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes reduces the cytokine storm and reverse the inhibition of host anti-viral defenses associated with COVID-19 and also enhances mitochondrial function repair lung injuries. We discuss the role of exosomes in relation to transmission, infection, diagnosis, treatment, therapeutics, drug delivery, and vaccines, and present some future perspectives regarding their use for combating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Carnino JM, Hao Kwok Z, Jin Y. Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Opportunity for Precision Medicine in Respiratory Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:661679. [PMID: 34368181 PMCID: PMC8342920 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.661679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by cells which play a well-known role in cell to cell communication. The most update to date nomenclature categorizes extracellular vesicles based on their relative size, protein markers, and/or the cell type of origin. Extracellular vesicles can be isolated from biological fluids using a variety of methods, including but not limited to, ultrafiltration, size-exclusion chromatography, differential ultracentrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, precipitation-based methods, and immunoaffinity capture. These nanovesicles carry distinct “cargo,” made up of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, and protein, which is delivered to nearby target cells. The “cargo” profile carried by extracellular vesicles is critical in their role of communication and resembles the physiological status of the cell they originated from. For the purpose of this review, we will focus on the miRNA cargo. Extracellular vesicle-miRNA profiles hold the potential to be used in diagnostic panels for a variety of diseases through a novel method known as “liquid biopsy.” In addition to this, extracellular vesicles may serve as a potential method to deliver drugs to specific cells within the body. This mini-review provides background into what extracellular vesicles are, methods of isolating these nanoparticles, their potential use as a biomarker and drug delivery system for precision medicine, and a summary of the current literature covering the role of some extracellular vesicle-cargo's in various pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Carnino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zhi Hao Kwok
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, United States
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Yan YY, Zhou WM, Wang YQ, Guo QR, Zhao FX, Zhu ZY, Xing YX, Zhang HY, Aljofan M, Jarrahi AM, Makabel B, Zhang JY. The Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles in COVID-19 Treatment: Opportunity and Challenge. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:699929. [PMID: 34368228 PMCID: PMC8345113 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.699929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection has become an urgent public health concern worldwide, severely affecting our society and economy due to the long incubation time and high prevalence. People spare no effort on the rapid development of vaccine and treatment all over the world. Amongst the numerous ways of tackling this pandemic, some approaches using extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging. In this review, we summarize current prevalence and pathogenesis of COVID-19, involving the combination of SARS-CoV-2 and virus receptor ACE2, endothelial dysfunction and micro thrombosis, together with cytokine storm. We also discuss the ongoing EVs-based strategies for the treatment of COVID-19, including mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-EVs, drug-EVs, vaccine-EVs, platelet-EVs, and others. This manuscript provides the foundation for the development of targeted drugs and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-yan Yan
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Wen-min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-ru Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, China
| | - Fu-xi Zhao
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Zhuang-yan Zhu
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yan-xia Xing
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Hai-yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Mohamad Aljofan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Jian-ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Exosomal noncoding RNAs: key players in glioblastoma drug resistance. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4081-4092. [PMID: 34273059 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioma, as one of the most severe human malignancies, is defined as the Central Nervous System's (CNS) tumors. Glioblastoma (GBM) in this regard, is the most malignant type of gliomas. There are multiple therapeutic strategies to cure GBM, for which chemotherapy is often the first-line treatment. Still, various cellular processes, such as uncontrolled proliferation, invasion and metastasis, may disturb the treatment efficacy. Drug resistance is another process in this way, which can also cause undesirable effects. Thereupon, identifying the mechanisms, involved in developing drug resistance and the relevant mechanisms can be very helpful in GBM management. The discovery of exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), RNA molecules that can be transferred between the cells and different tissues using the exosomes, was a milestone in this regard. It has been revealed that the key exosomal ncRNAs, including circular RNAs, microRNAs, and long ncRNAs, are able to modulate GBM drug resistance through different signaling pathways or by affecting regulatory proteins and their corresponding genes. Nowadays, researchers are trying to overcome the limitations of chemotherapy by targeting these RNA molecules. Accordingly, this review aims to clarify the substantial roles of exosomal ncRNAs in GBM drug resistance and involved mechanisms.
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Kawasumi T, Takeno S, Ishikawa C, Takahara D, Taruya T, Takemoto K, Hamamoto T, Ishino T, Ueda T. The Functional Diversity of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms in Human Nose and Paranasal Sinuses: Contrasting Pathophysiological Aspects in Nasal Allergy and Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7561. [PMID: 34299181 PMCID: PMC8304068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human paranasal sinuses are the major source of intrinsic nitric oxide (NO) production in the human airway. NO plays several roles in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis and the regulation of airway inflammation through the expression of three NO synthase (NOS) isoforms. Measuring NO levels can contribute to the diagnosis and assessment of allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In symptomatic AR patients, pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulate the expression of inducible NOS (iNOS) in the inferior turbinate. Excessive amounts of NO cause oxidative damage to cellular components, leading to the deposition of cytotoxic substances. CRS phenotype and endotype classifications have provided insights into modern treatment strategies. Analyses of the production of sinus NO and its metabolites revealed pathobiological diversity that can be exploited for useful biomarkers. Measuring nasal NO based on different NOS activities is a potent tool for specific interventions targeting molecular pathways underlying CRS endotype-specific inflammation. We provide a comprehensive review of the functional diversity of NOS isoforms in the human sinonasal system in relation to these two major nasal disorders' pathologies. The regulatory mechanisms of NOS expression associated with the substrate bioavailability indicate the involvement of both type 1 and type 2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachio Takeno
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (T.K.); (C.I.); (D.T.); (T.T.); (K.T.); (T.H.); (T.I.); (T.U.)
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Jouida A, McCarthy C, Fabre A, Keane MP. Exosomes: a new perspective in EGFR-mutated lung cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:589-601. [PMID: 33855679 PMCID: PMC8213600 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are major contributors in cell to cell communication due to their ability to transfer biological material such as protein, RNA, DNA, and miRNA. Additionally, they play a role in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, and recently, they have emerged as a potential source of information on tumor detection and may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tools. This review focuses on exosomes from lung cancer with a focus on EGFR mutations. Here, we outline the role of exosomes and their functional effect in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exosomes as novel biomarkers in early detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Jouida
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac McCarthy
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurelie Fabre
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Keane
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Huang F, Jia H, Zou Y, Yao Y, Deng Z. Exosomes: an important messenger in the asthma inflammatory microenvironment. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520903220. [PMID: 32096421 PMCID: PMC7111029 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520903220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China.,The Maternity and Child Care Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Haoyuan Jia
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingfen Zou
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China.,The Maternity and Child Care Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
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HMSC-Derived Exosome Inhibited Th2 Cell Differentiation via Regulating miR-146a-5p/SERPINB2 Pathway. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6696525. [PMID: 34095322 PMCID: PMC8140841 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6696525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global disease without specific treatment. Human mesenchymal stem cell- (HMSC-) derived exosomes (HMSC-exos) have been implicated for the amelioration of allergic inflammation by delivering miR-146a-5p in a mouse asthma model. However, the antiallergic activity and the underlying mechanism of HMSC-exos in AR remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of HMSC-exos in the pathogenesis of AR. Materials and Methods Blood specimens were collected from AR patients and healthy donators for investigation. HMSC and CD4+ T cells were used in the present study. Flow cytometry was used to characterize the population of Type 1 helper T (Th1) and Th2 cells. Specific siRNA and overexpressed plasmids were designed to silence or overexpress the expressions of miR-146a-5p and SERPINB2. Luciferase reporter assay was adopted to explore the binding site of miR-146a-5p and SERPINB2. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblots were performed to estimate the expression of target genes. Results The population of Th2 cells was significantly elevated in AR patients as compared with that in healthy donators. HMSC-exos could decrease the expression of SERPINB2 and the differentiation of Th2 cells. miR-146a-5p in HMSC-exos exhibited consistent effects and lowered the expression of SERPINB2 by binding on its 3′UTR region. Moreover, the differentiation of Th2 cells was promoted by SERPINB2 that could be reversed by HMSC-exos. Additionally, the miR-146a-5p expression was negatively associated with the SERPINB2 expression in the serum of AR patients. Conclusion HMSC-exos could inhibit the differentiation of Th2 cells via the regulation of the miR-146a-5p/SERPINB2 pathway. miR-146a-5p and SERPINB2 could be applied as potential targets for AR treatment.
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Srinivasan A, Sundar IK. Recent updates on the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 2:127-147. [PMID: 34414402 PMCID: PMC8372030 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2021.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway diagnosed with different endotypes and phenotypes, characterized by airway obstruction in response to allergens, bacterial/viral infections, or pollutants. Several cell types such as the airway epithelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells and different immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs), T and B cells and mast cells play an essential role during the pathobiology of asthma. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanovesicles produced by every cell type that facilitates intercellular communications. EVs contain heterogeneous cargos that primarily depend on the composition or cell type of origin and they can alter the physiological state of the target cells. EVs encompass a wide variety of proteins including Tetraspanins, MHC classes I and II, co-stimulatory molecules, nucleic acids such as RNA, miRNA, piRNA, circRNA, and lipids like ceramides and sphingolipids. Recent literature indicates that EVs play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma and may potentially be used as a novel biomarker to determine endotypes and phenotypes in severe asthmatics. Based on the prior reports, we speculate that regulation of EVs biogenesis and release might be under the control of circadian rhythms. Thus, circadian rhythms may influence the composition of the EVs, which alter the microenvironment that results in the induction of an immune-inflammatory response to various environmental insults or allergens such as air pollutants, ozone, diesel exhaust particles, pollens, outdoor molds, environmental tobacco smoke, etc. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent updates on the novel role of EVs in the pathogenesis of asthma, and highlight the link between circadian rhythms and EVs that may be important to identify molecular mechanisms to target during the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung disease such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashokkumar Srinivasan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, KS 66160, USA
| | - Isaac Kirubakaran Sundar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, KS 66160, USA
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Extracellular Vesicles and Asthma-More Than Just a Co-Existence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094984. [PMID: 34067156 PMCID: PMC8124625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures, which are secreted by almost every cell type analyzed so far. In addition to their importance for cell-cell communication under physiological conditions, EVs are also released during pathogenesis and mechanistically contribute to this process. Here we summarize their functional relevance in asthma, one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. Asthma is a complex persistent inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and, from a long-term perspective, airway remodeling. Overall, mechanistic studies summarized here indicate the importance of different subtypes of EVs and their variable cargoes in the functioning of the pathways underlying asthma, and show some interesting potential for the development of future therapeutic interventions. Association studies in turn demonstrate a good diagnostic potential of EVs in asthma.
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Epithelial exosomal contactin-1 promotes monocyte-derived dendritic cell-dominant T-cell responses in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1545-1558. [PMID: 33957164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes have emerged as a vital player in cell-cell communication; however, whether airway epithelial cell (AEC)-generated exosomes participate in asthma development remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to characterize the AEC-secreted exosomes and the potentially functional protein(s) that may contribute to the proinflammatory effects of AEC exosomes in the dendritic cell (DC)-dominant airway allergic models and to confirm their clinical significance in patients with asthma. METHODS Mice were treated with exosomes derived from house dust mite (HDM)-stimulated AECs (HDM-AEC-EXOs) or monocyte-derived DCs primed by HDM and/or contactin-1 (CNTN1). The numbers of DCs in the lung were determined by flow cytometry. Proteomic analysis of purified HDM-AEC-EXOs was performed. CNTN1 small interfering RNA was designed to probe its role in airway allergy, and γ-secretase inhibitor was used to determine involvement of the Notch pathway. RESULTS HDM-AEC-EXOs facilitate the recruitment, proliferation, migration, and activation of monocyte-derived DCs in cell culture and in mice. CNTN1 in exosomes is a critical player in asthma pathology. RNA interference-mediated silencing and pharmaceutical inhibitors characterize Notch2 receptor as necessary for relaying the CNTN1 signal to activate TH2 cell/TH17 cell immune response. Studies of patients with asthma also support existence of the CNTN1-Notch2 axis that has been observed in cell and mouse models. CONCLUSION This study's findings reveal a novel role for CNTN1 in asthma pathogenesis mediated through exosome secretion, indicating a potential strategy for the treatment of allergic airway inflammation.
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Immune-Associated Proteins Are Enriched in Lung Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles during Allergen-Induced Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094718. [PMID: 33946872 PMCID: PMC8125637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the proteomes of tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can lead to the identification of biomarkers of disease and can provide a better understanding of cell-to-cell communication in both healthy and diseased tissue. The aim of this study was to apply our previously established tissue-derived EV isolation protocol to mouse lungs in order to determine the changes in the proteomes of lung tissue-derived EVs during allergen-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation. A mouse model for allergic airway inflammation was used by sensitizing the mice intraperitoneal with ovalbumin (OVA), and one week after the final sensitization, the mice were challenged intranasal with OVA or PBS. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after the final challenge, and their lungs were removed and sliced into smaller pieces that were incubated in culture media with DNase I and Collagenase D for 30 min at 37 °C. Vesicles were isolated from the medium by ultracentrifugation and bottom-loaded iodixanol density cushions, and the proteomes were determined using quantitative mass spectrometry. More EVs were present in the lungs of the OVA-challenged mice compared to the PBS-challenged control mice. In total, 4510 proteins were quantified in all samples. Among them, over 1000 proteins were significantly altered (fold change >2), with 614 proteins being increased and 425 proteins being decreased in the EVs from OVA-challenged mice compared to EVs from PBS-challenged animals. The associated cellular components and biological processes were analyzed for the altered EV proteins, and the proteins enriched during allergen-induced airway inflammation were mainly associated with gene ontology (GO) terms related to immune responses. In conclusion, EVs can be isolated from mouse lung tissue, and the EVs’ proteomes undergo changes in response to allergen-induced airway inflammation. This suggests that the composition of lung-derived EVs is altered in diseases associated with inflammation of the lung, which may have implications in type-2 driven eosinophilic asthma pathogenesis.
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Trappe A, Donnelly SC, McNally P, Coppinger JA. Role of extracellular vesicles in chronic lung disease. Thorax 2021; 76:1047-1056. [PMID: 33712504 PMCID: PMC8461402 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in chronic lung diseases. EVs are emerging as mediators of intercellular communication and possible diagnostic markers of disease. EVs harbour cargo molecules including RNA, lipids and proteins that they transfer to recipient cells. EVs are intercellular communicators within the lung microenvironment. Due to their disease-specific cargoes, EVs have the promise to be all-in-one complex multimodal biomarkers. EVs also have potential as drug carriers in chronic lung disease. Descriptive discussion of key studies of EVs as contributors to disease pathology, as biomarkers and as potential therapies with a focus on chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. We provide a broad overview of the roles of EV in chronic respiratory disease. Recent advances in profiling EVs have shown their potential as biomarker candidates. Further studies have provided insight into their disease pathology, particularly in inflammatory processes across a spectrum of lung diseases. EVs are on the horizon as new modes of drug delivery and as therapies themselves in cell-based therapeutics. EVs are relatively untapped sources of information in the clinic that can help further detail the full translational nature of chronic lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Trappe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,CF Research Group, National Children's Research Centre, Childrens Health Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Seamas C Donnelly
- Department of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin & Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul McNally
- CF Research Group, National Children's Research Centre, Childrens Health Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Judith A Coppinger
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland .,CF Research Group, National Children's Research Centre, Childrens Health Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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ElBagoury M, Tolba MM, Nasser HA, Jabbar A, Elagouz AM, Aktham Y, Hutchinson A. The find of COVID-19 vaccine: Challenges and opportunities. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:389-416. [PMID: 33647555 PMCID: PMC7773313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a novel corona virus, causing COVID-19 with Flu-like symptoms is the first alarming pandemic of the third millennium. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to beta coronavirus as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Pandemic COVID-19 owes devastating mortality and destructively exceptional consequences on Socio-Economics life around the world. Therefore, the current review is redirected to the scientific community to owe comprehensive visualization about SARS-CoV-2 to tackle the current pandemic. As systematically shown through the current review, it indexes unmet medical problem of COVID-19 in view of public health and vaccination discovery for the infectious SARS-CoV-2; it is currently under-investigational therapeutic protocols, and next possible vaccines. Furthermore, the review extensively reports the precautionary measures to achieve" COVID-19/Flatten the curve". It is concluded that vaccines formulation within exceptional no time in this pandemic is highly recommended, via following the same protocols of previous pandemics; MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and excluding some initial steps of vaccination development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan ElBagoury
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; The Student Science and Technology Online Research Coop, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mahmoud M Tolba
- Pharmaceutical division, ministry of health and population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah A Nasser
- Microbiology and Public Health Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Punjab Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M Elagouz
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Yahia Aktham
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- The Student Science and Technology Online Research Coop, Ontario, Canada; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma and Laboratory Possibilities for Their Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052273. [PMID: 33668821 PMCID: PMC7956366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of many diseases, including lung disorders, with the possibility of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The analysis of EV in respiratory tract diseases faces many obstacles, including material collection from airways, standardization of isolation techniques, detection methods, the analysis of their content, etc. This review focuses on the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of atopic respiratory diseases, especially asthma, with a special focus on their clinical applicability as a diagnostic tool. We also summarize available laboratory techniques that enable the detection of EVs in various biological materials, with particular emphasis on flow cytometry. The opportunities and limitations of detecting EV in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were also described.
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Askenase PW. Ancient Evolutionary Origin and Properties of Universally Produced Natural Exosomes Contribute to Their Therapeutic Superiority Compared to Artificial Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1429. [PMID: 33572657 PMCID: PMC7866973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, are newly recognized fundamental, universally produced natural nanoparticles of life that are seemingly involved in all biologic processes and clinical diseases. Due to their universal involvements, understanding the nature and also the potential therapeutic uses of these nanovesicles requires innovative experimental approaches in virtually every field. Of the EV group, exosome nanovesicles and larger companion micro vesicles can mediate completely new biologic and clinical processes dependent on the intercellular transfer of proteins and most importantly selected RNAs, particularly miRNAs between donor and targeted cells to elicit epigenetic alterations inducing functional cellular changes. These recipient acceptor cells are nearby (paracrine transfers) or far away after distribution via the circulation (endocrine transfers). The major properties of such vesicles seem to have been conserved over eons, suggesting that they may have ancient evolutionary origins arising perhaps even before cells in the primordial soup from which life evolved. Their potential ancient evolutionary attributes may be responsible for the ability of some modern-day exosomes to withstand unusually harsh conditions, perhaps due to unique membrane lipid compositions. This is exemplified by ability of the maternal milk exosomes to survive passing the neonatal acid/enzyme rich stomach. It is postulated that this resistance also applies to their durable presence in phagolysosomes, thus suggesting a unique intracellular release of their contained miRNAs. A major discussed issue is the generally poorly realized superiority of these naturally evolved nanovesicles for therapies when compared to human-engineered artificial nanoparticles, e.g., for the treatment of diseases like cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Askenase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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